S1rj1rRI/~1962/2

NON-SELF-GOVERNING TERRITORIES

Summaries of information transmitted to the Secretary-General for 1961

Asian Territories: Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong North

UNITED NATIONS 'T - -

NON-SELF-GOVERNIN'G TERRITORIES BY ADMINISTERING MEMBER RESPONSIBLE FOR TRANSMITTING INFORMATION

Australia (continued) Cocos (Keeling) Islands Papua Fiji Gambia France Gilbert and Ellice Islands (condominium, United King­ dom) Grenada Hong Kong Jamaica!/ · New Zealand Kenya Cook Islands Malta Island Islands New Hebrides (condominium, France) Portugal Angola, including Cabinda Northern Cape Verde Archipelago Guinea (Portuguese) Pitcairn Island Macau and dependencies St. Helena Mozambique St. Kitts-- St. Lucia Sao Tom~ and Principe and dependencies Timor (Portuguese) St. Vincent Sarawak Spain Fernando P6o Solomon Islands Ifni R!o Muni Swaziland Spanish Sahara Trinidad and TobagoY United Kingdom UgandaY Aden Bahamas United States of America Barbados American Samoa Guam Bechuanaland United States Virgin Islands !1 jamaica attained independence on 6 August 1962, Brunei Y Trinidad and Tobago attainedindependenceon31 August 1962. Dominica Y Uganda attained independence on 9 October 1962. NON-SELF-GOVERNING TERRITORIES

Summaries of information transmitted to the Secretary-General for 1961

A sian Territories: Brunei Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong North Borneo Sarawak

UNITED NATIONS New York, 1963 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Brunei ...... 1

Cocos (Keeling) Islands 13

Hong Kong • • . . • • • 18 North Borneo • . . . Sarawak

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ECAFE: Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East

FAO: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations

ILO: International Labour Organisation

UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

UNICEF: United Nations Children's Fund

\nJHO: World Health Organization

-iv- BRUNEI

AREA AND POPULATION

The area of Brunei is 2,226 square miles (5,765 square kilometres).

Population at 1960 census

Malays 45' 135 Chinese 21,795 Sea Dayaks 3,900 Melanaus 318 Other indigenous peoples 9,850 Others 2,879 Total 83,877

Vital statistics 19')9

Birth-rate per thousand population 50.8 Infant mortality rate per thousand live births 93.1 Death-rate per thousand population 11.3 10.9 7-2

GOVERID.ffiNT

Constitution

Under the present Constitution, promulgated by the Sultan in 1959, there are three separate bodies (the Privy Council, the Executive Council and the Legislative Council) replacing the State Council as the supreme organ of t he State. The functions of the Privy Council are to advise the Sultan in relation to the amendment or revocation of any of the provisions of the Constitution, as well as on the appointment of persons of Malay customary ranks, titles, honours and dignities; OL the exercise of the prerogative of mercy; and on any other matters at the Sultan's request.

The supreme executive authority is vested in the Sultan. However, the Constitution provides that, in t he exercise of his powers and in the performance of his duties, the Sultan shall, subject to certain specified exceptions, consult

-1- BRUNEI with his Executive Council, which is in effect the chief executive body of the State. All of the fifteen members of the Executive Council, with the exception of the , the State Financial Officer and one other member, are inhabitants of Brunei. The Legislative Council passes laws for the peace, order and good government of the State, subject to the assent of the Sultan. In addition to the (Mentri Besar), who presides, there are fourteen official members, three nominated members and sixteen elected members. As a temporary measure, until arrangements can be made for elections to be held, the elected members are nominated by the Sultan. The Government had declared its intention of holding elections before the end of October 1962.

In November 1961, when the Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom and the declared that the creation of a Federation of was a desirable aim, they stated that the views of the Sultan of Brunei were being sought. In December 1961 the Sultan announced that he had instructed his Government to study the proposal for a Federation of Malaysia and to obtain the opinions of the Brunei people on it.

Public Service

Of the officers in the Public Service 'in 1961, thirteen were pensionable overseas officers, forty-nine were non-pensionable overseas officers, and eighty were local and other officers. By their main occupations, the eighty local and other officers were classified as follows: medical and dental, twelve; nursing, twelve; education, thirteen; public works, ten; and others, including agriculture, forests, lGbour, police, etc., thirty-three.

Training facilities

There are no local training facilities. Officers are sent for training overseas. In 1961, 133 members of the Public Service were being trained overseas, comprlslng 107 Malays, twenty-two Chinese, and four of other origins. Ninety-six of these Public Service members were studying in the Federation of Malaya, seventeen in Singapore, nine in , eight in the United Kingdom, one in New Zealand, one in the Philippines and one in Sarawak.

ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

The prcduction of oil is the principal industry and chief source of employment and income.

The value of external trade decreased from ;~M361.:!) million in 1959 to $M311 million in 1960 and ~p M288 million in 1961 • However, the favourable balance

.:!) The local is the Malayan ( ;.~M) which equals 2s .4d. sterling or $US0.327. -2- BRUNEI of trade continued, being $M172 million in 1961, compared with \iiM185 million in 1960 and $M235 million in 1959.

In the course of the formulation of the next development plan a study was made of the economic situation of Brunei, including the economic trend for the period 1955-1960.

AGRICULTU'il.E, LIVE-STOCK, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES

In 19611, replanting of rubber was carried out in certain areas. The total area planted under the first planting scheme was 2,400 acres, at a cost of $M444,446. Exports of sheet rubber totalled 1,763 long tons, valued at $M3,076,110, a decrease of 392 long tons. The decline in production was caused by the low price of sheet rubber in 1961.

Research carried out in 1961 included varietal, fertilizer, planting and cultivation trials for rubber, and fertilizer trials for coco-nuts.

To increase production of foodstuffs, export crops and live-stock remained the basic policy of the Department of Agriculture. Its budget for 1961 was $M940,310, compared with ~M911,760 in 1960 and $M821,194 in 1959.

Principal crops

Area (acres) Production 1959 1960 ~ 1959 1960 1961 Rubber (long tons)~ ~ 35,467 27,00QE) 27,00~ 1,646 2' 155 1 '763 Rice (thousand gantangs)c 6,265 6,694 7,009 1,036 1 '571 1 '614

~/ Production figures relate to exports only. ~/ Replies to a question in the population census of 1960 showed that there were about 2,500 owners of rubber plantations with a total acreage of about 27,000 acres, some 8,000 acres f ewer than previously estimated. ~ One gantang equals one gallon.

- 3- BRUNEI

The staff of the Forestry Depantment was increased, and vehicles were bought. The Department's budget for 1961 was $M212,532, compared with $M192,958 in 1960 and $M17 4, 771 in 1959. The first draft of the Manual of Brunei Dipterocarps and the preliminary draft of the ecological investigations undertaken in 1958 were completed by the Forest Botanist.

The value of heavy hardwoods produced in 1961 was m~153,787, compared with $M59, 620 in 1960 and ~~M1 39, 800 in 1959; the corresponding figures for light and medium hardwoods were ~M2 ,138,346, ~M62 ,948 amd $M1,255,500. The value of jelutong rubber exported was ~~M496,000 in 1961, compared with ~~M630,000 in 1961 and $M553,000 in 1959.

Fisheries development has increased considerably, owing mainly to the use of fast outboard-engined boats and the facilities offered by the Government in loans.

Marine fisheries catch (long tons)

Fish 2,401 2,341 2' 110 Prawns 282 251 231

MINING Al\JD POWER

Oil produced in Brunei is piped to Miri, just over the border in Sarawak, where there is a refinery which was established before oil was found in Brunei. A geological survey, started in 1957, was completed, and the report was published in 1960. The production of oil has been decreasi ng.

Production of oil

1960 1.2.§1_

Number of wells in operation 343 324 Class A crude oil from Seria and Jerudong (thousand long tons) 3,809 3 ,400 Class B crude oil from Seria (thousand long tons) 655 605 Total value of crude oil (thousand Malayan ) 241,430 208,559

In Brunei Town one 75 kw generating set was removed and re-erected in Muara power station, which was put in commission in November 1961. In addition to this 75 kw set, two unmanned sets of 18 kw and 12.5 kw were installed in Muara power station and a 5.5 hours daily supply was given. The Kuala Belait and Seria areas continued to get bulk supplies from the Brunei Shell Petroleum Company Ltd., generating plant at Seria. Total units generated and purchased by the Electrical Department for industrial and domestic consumption were 9,498,187 in 1961, compared with 9,158,289 in 1960 and 8,029,676 in 1959. -4- BRUNEI

,, TRANSPORT AND C01/IMUNICATIONS

There are 279 miles of roads, consisting of bitumen, metalled, gravel and earth roads, and bridle paths. Roads were improved during 1961 by surfacing, ii widening and straightening, but progress was slow owing to lack of heavy earth­ moving equipment.

Air service comprises seven flights weekly to and from Singapore via ; a weekly flight to and from Hong Kong; and regular flights to Jesselton, , , Lutong, Bintulu, and Kuching. The oil company has its own air fleet.

Sea-borne cargo loaded and discharged totalled 131,872 tons in 1961, compared li with 142,613 tons in 1960 and 103,794 tons in 1959. I Radiotelegraph communication is maintained with Singapore and thence with all parts of the world.

: PUBLIC FINANCE

Income tax paid by the oil company, which is Brunei's main source of revenue, has decreased with the decline of oil production. Total revenue, however, is still far above total expenditure, and there is no public debt.

Revenue and expenditure (thousand Malayan dollars) 1222. 1960 1961 Revenue 128,375 127,379 117,975 Expenditure 27,052 31,628 36,566

Main heads of revenue: Income tax 55,836 55,223 43 '770 Interest, currency profits, etc. 25 ,336 30.711 35,566 Revenue from government property 38,584 34,085 31,063 Customs 3,688 3,714 3,583 Main heads of expenditure: Public works 7,359 7,062 7,533 Education 3,725 4,983 6,057 Medical and health 2' 621 3,105 3,498

.I

-5-

II I

BRUNEI

Development finance

Expenditure on development (thousand Malayan dollars)

1959 1960 1961

Public works 5,646 3,427 2,426 Water supplies 1,220 1 '785 2' 136 Administration 1 '350 2,407 1,047 Education 2,421 1,599 595 Other 7,859 3, 512 1 , 171 Total 18' 496 12,730 7,975

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Imports and exports (thousand Malayan dollars)

~ 1960 Imports 62,966 62,879 57,99:

Exports 297,747 247,822

Re-exports 8,220 7,550 8, 73'

Principal imports: Printed matter, including currency notes 9' 697 9,876 Mining, construction and other industrial machines 3,04~ 4,107 3, 39 . Iron and steel 2,904:y 3,555 2,84· Road motor vehicles 2,752""i:/ 2,497 2,59: Rice 1 ,837a 2,359 2,45: Electric machinery, apparatus and appliances 2,58~ 1 '711 2,071 Tobacco, manufactured 1 '66'[jj 2' 124 1 '99. Petroleum products 1, 78 a 2,027 1 '931 Milk and cream, evaporated, condensed 1 or dried 738~ 1 '128 1 '33 Power generating machinery (except electric) 993~ 1 ,947 1 '19· Manufactures of metal, not otherwise specified 1 '761~ 1 '475 1 '17'

-6-

j BRUNEI

INTERNATIONAL TRADE (continued )

Imports and exports (continued ) (thousand :tv'alayan dollars) 1959 1960 1961 Principal exports: Crude oil 217,214~~ 240,066 224,104 Natural gas 483~ 673 748 Plantation rubber 2,973ij 5,067 3,076 Jelutong rubber 376- 354 338 Timber 864 919 Mangrove firewood 372 466 356

~/ April to December only.

Almost the entire trade of Brunei goes through the entrepot ports of Singapore and Labuan, with a small amount passing through neighbouring coastal ports.

SOCIAL CONDITIONS

No significant changes were reported in general social conditions, the status of women, town and rural planning and housing, or social security and welfare.

LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT

Unemployment in the sense of lack of opportunity to work is not a problem. The demand for artisans and skilled workers, and, to a lesser extent, for unskilled workers, is higher than the supply from local sources; it is met by r e cruiting artisans and skilled workers from Hong Kong, Malaya and , and unskilled workers from Sarawak and North Borneo. Permits for such workers are for limited periods only.

-7- BRUNEI

Distribution of labour in the principal categories of employment, 1961

Government Oil Rubber Sawmills, Others Total (public company woodwork- works) ing, etc.

Malays and Brune is 1,990 1, 054 123 120 450 3,737 Ibans 40 72 50 50 60 272 Chinese 106 593 20 110 1,000 1,829 Indians 3 43 50 96 Javar:.ese 5 32 10 15 62 Others 26 6 2 40 74 Total 2,170 1,8co 205 280 1,615 6,070

The number of apprentices in the oil company's trade school in 1961 was ninety-five, compared with 156 in 1960 and 197 in 1959.

STANDARD OF LIVING

Cost of living index (1952 = 100) 1959 Yearly average . 92.95 . 96.27' 94.83 Limits of monthly oscillation 86.27-98.77 94.61-97.89 90.77-99 These figures are based on the living requirements for a worker for the oi. company, his wife and three children.

PREVENTION OF CRIME AND TREA'IMEl'lT OF OFFENDERS

Persons convicted 1959 1960 1:.961 Offences Against the person 46 39 27 Against property 47 73 44 Traffic 1,062 721 959 Other 180 163 144

-8- BRUNEI

PUBLIC HEALTH

There was progress in tuberculosis control services in certain districts. More staff were being recruited for training in TB control such as in home visiting, BCG vaccination, mass X-ray surveys and the maintenance of a central tuberculosis register; other persons were being trained as laboratory technicians. In 1960, sixteen cases of malaria were reported, compared with sixty-six in 1959. Since March 1960 the routine spraying of malarious areas has been stopped, but cases reported to the health authorities as malaria and confirmed microscopically were followed up. Spot spraying was being carried out and treatment was being given to the cases and their contacts. Increasing resistance to the spraying operations was reported, mainly due to lack of interest following the virtual disappearance of malaria, but partly· because of the inconvenience of the spraying and the death of domestic animals.

A reduction in the infant mortality rate was being sought by health education in the maternal and child health clinics, by an increase in the number and areas of work of the health and midwifery sisters and their staff, and by the continued training and deployment in the towns and villages of departmentally trained midwives. The same measures were being aimed at improving maternal · health.

The Health Department expanded its work in connexion with environmental sanitation, municipal and port health activities, and the registration and compilation of statistics.

Water-borne sanitation was gradually being introduced. About 52 per cent of the population had piped water supplies in 1961.

Expenditure (thousand Malayan dollars) 1259 1960 1961 Recurrent 2,690 3,521 3,252 Capital 63 173 177

By municipal authorities (scavenging, refuse disposal, conservancy, etc.) 205 309 396

-9- BRUNEI

Medical and health staff 1959 1960 1961 Govt. Private Govt. Private Govt. Privat

Registered physicians 8 6 7 5 7 5 Medical assistants 24 36 24 30 24 15 Nurses of senior training 10 8 10 5 10 2 Certificated nurses 16 62 62 Partially trained nurses 71 33 22 32 22 33 Midwives of senior training 6 8 5 8 5 2 Certificated midwives 29 22 33 22 33 27 Partially trained midwives 7 9 9 Sanitary inspectors 4 1 4 1 4 1 Laboratory and X-ray technicians 6 10 5 9 11 9 Pharmacists 1 1 1 1

Institutions

Number Beds 1959 1960 1961 1959 1960 1961 General hospitals 2 2 2 ) 299 297 Rural hospital s 1 1 1 ) 375 84 75 Dispensar i es 3 2 2 16 19 15 Maternity and child welfare centres 9 9 9 Tuberculosis 2 2 2

EDUCATIONAL CONDITIONS

As the educational system has expanded, there have been problems of accommodation and staffing.

Three small Malay schools were built in 1961, and work began on new buildings for a Chinese middle school. More preparatory classes were added to a government English school.

Twenty additional teachers for government English schools were recruited from abroad (six on secondment from Malaya and fourteen on contract). There waE an increase of eighty-two posts in the est ablishment for Malay school teachers.

-10- BRUNEI

At the 1960 census, the number of children of school age totalled 25,527, comprising 13,878 Malays and 11,649 others. The school age group includes ages from 6 to 19 inclusive. As some children remain at school up to and beyond the age of 19, the whole of the age groups up to 19 have been included.

Of the population aged 10 and over, 25,724 were literate and 27,969 illiterate. Men attending literacy classes numbered 839 and women 219.

Expenditure 1960 1961 Recurrent (thousand Malayan dollars) 3,725 4,983 6,057 Capital (thousand Malayan dollars) 2, 420 1,599 595 Proportion of expenditure on education to total expenditure of Territory (per cent): Recurrent 15.76 Capital 12.56

Schools 1959 1960 1961 Inde- Inde- ~- Govt. pendent Govt. :Qendent Govt. Eendent

Primary 52 14 56 15 56 16 Secondary 3 4 3 8 5 7 Vocational l 1 1 Teacher-training 1 l 1

Pupils 1959 1960 1961 Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Primary 8,888 5,931 8,365 5,969 9,225 6,756 Secondary 758 362 1,007 513 1,254 646 Vocational 144 160 95 Teacher-training 64 84 8 84 17

-11- BRUNEI

Teachers 1959 1960 1961 Men --Women Men Women Men \{c

r Primary 360 218 328 215 370 t: Secondary 48 26 70 26 93 Vocational 10 10 23 Teacher-training 7 7 11

CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS AND MASS CCN~ICATIONS

There are five litraries, a L~storical ~nd a d~ tat~ng scciety, and photographic, nature study and garden clubs.

There is a weekly commercial newspaper in English with a circulation of 9,500. A fortnightly paper in Malay (circulation 3,000) is published by the Government and distributed free. The oil company distributes a free weekly newspaper in English, Malay and Chinese (circulation 7,500) to its employees. There are seven permanent cine~as, five mobile cinema units, ten 16-mm projec1 and one film strip projector. Radio Brunei broadcasts 137 hours a week; in 1961 there were about 7,000 radio receivers.

-12- COCOS (KEELING) ISLANDs!/

AREA

The Territory, situated in the Indian Ocean about 2,290 miles west of Darwin and 1,720 miles northwest of Perth, Australia, and consisting of twenty-seven small coral islands in two separate atolls, has a total land area of about five s~uare miles (thirteen s~uare kilometres). The islands, which formed part of the before November 1955, were transferred to Australia under the Cocos Islands Act, 1955, of the United Kingdom and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act, 1955, of the Commonwealth of Australia.

POPULATION

The main permanent population groups are Europeans and Cocos Islanders, who are descendants of the original Malayan settlers and constitute the largest population group in the islands. A census, taken on 30 June 1961, gave the total population as 606. Eight Indians employed on duties associated with the running of the power plant returned to Singapore during the year.

Resident :eopulation figures 1959 1960 1961 Cocos Islanders 407 418 423 Europeans 141 181 183 Indians 8 Total 548 607 6o6

GOVERNMENT

The Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act, 1955-1958, provides for the basis of the Territory's legislative, administrative and judicial systems, and is administered by the Minister of State for Territories. The Act empowers the Governor-General to make ordinances for the peace, order and good government of the Territory which are re~uired to be tabled in the Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia. Commonwealth acts do not apply to the Territory unle3s expressed to extend thereto. During the period under review two ordinances

!/ The years mentioned in this summary relate to the administrative year 1 July to 30 June. Where a year is mentioned without ~ualification, it refers to the twelve months ending 30 June in the year specified.

-13- COCOS (KEELING) ISLANDS were enacted: Maintenance Orders (Facilities for Enforcement) Ordinance, 1960, and Census Ordinance, 1961; and Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Citizenship) Regulatio 1961, were made under Commonwealth Acts.

An Official Representative appointed by the Minister of State for Territori under the terms of the Official Representative Ordinance 1955 is responsible for general administration, including health and education. On 28 July 1960 the then Official Representative left the Territory to take up appointment as Official Representative at and an Acting Official Representativ was appointed. At the close of the year the vacancy had not been filled.

The courts which exercise jurisdiction in the Territory are the Supreme Cou of Cocos (Keeling) Islands, the District Court, the Magistrate's Court and the Coroner's Court. In May 1961 a judge of the Commonwealth Industrial Court and of the Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory was appointed as Judge of the Supreme Court of Cocos (Keeling) Islands. During the year there vrere no cases for hearing by the courts and no cases were report~d requiring police action.

ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

Apart from the operations of the Australian Government, the economy of the Territory is based on the production and export of copra, all of which is grovm by the Clunies-Ross Estate. Exports of copra decreased from 410 tons in 1960 to 200 tons in 1961. The Territory is not self-sufficient and depends mainly on imports for food and other supplies from Australia and Singapore.

LAND, AGRICULTURE AND LIVE-STOCK

Excluding 361 acres bought by the Australian Government, all land in the Territory above high water mark is held in perpetuity by the Clunies-Ross famil~ under indenture granted in 1886. As both atolls are composed mainly of coral clinker, there is no real soil on the Territory. The poor soil conditions and the lack of fresh water impede the development of agriculture.

The coco-nut is the main crop and grows throughout the Territory. 'Ihe rhinoceros beetle has established itself in the coco-nut palms of t he main atolJ At the request of Clunies-Ross Estate, arrangements were made by the Department of Territories for consignments of parasites and predators in an attempt to control the rhinoceros beetle.

Small areas of pasture grasses have been established on South Island and Horsburgh Island. However, other than fowls, there is no live-stock in the Territory.

-14- COCOS (KEELING) ISLANDS

POWER AND INDUSTRY

Diesel generators, operated by the Clunies-Ross Estate and the Australian Department of Civil Aviation and the Overseas Telecommunications Commission, provide electric power. Because of the limitations on the power generat.ed, power for domestic use is limited.

Copra is produced on the Clunies-Ross Estate by the sun-drying and hot-air­ drying methods. The estate has a slipway and shipwright's shop for the building and maintenance of small craft.

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS

'I'here is no wharf in the Terri tory where ships can berth and no regular shipping service to the Territory. Fuel and oils are imported by vessels under charter to the Shell Oil Company of Australia from Singapore and Australia.

An international airport is established on West Island under the control of the Australian Department of Civil Aviation. During the year ~c.ntes Empire Airways operated a fortnightly service, in either direction, between Sydney · and Johannesburg, via Perth, Cocos and Mauritius; South African Airways also operated a fortnightly service, in either direction, between Johannesburg and Perth, via Mauritius and Cocos.

Air tran_§J2ort

1959 1960 1961 Aircraft 190 302 118 Passengers: Arrivals 245 280 245 Departures 215 254 218 In transit 2,903 3,168 3,870 Freight (kilos): Discharged 172,833 187,671 214,371 Loaded 28,839 20,445 20,967

The Australian Overseas Telecommunications Commission operates a telegraph station on Direction Island. This station is linked by submarine cables with Cottesloe in Western Australia, with Djakarta in and with Rodriguez Island in the Indian Ocean. 'I'he main telegraph routes between Australia and South Africa, and Australia and the Far East, pass through Cocos on these cables.

-15- COCOS (KEELING) ISLANDS

PUBLIC FINANCE

Recurrent and capital expenditures are met from money appropriated by tl Australian Government and placed under the control of its various department: However, expenditures incurred by departments having functional responsibili· in the Territory, other than the Departments of Territories and Works, are nc appropriated specifically for the services provided in the Territory.

Prior to 1960, the main revenue had been derived from reimbursements by employing authorities in the Territory of the cost of hospital and medical services provided by the Australian Government. Since 1960 individual patieJ have been charged for medical treatment and the capital expenditure has been borne by the Australian Government; the employing authorities no longer mee capital expenditure on the hospital.

Revenue and expenditure~ (Australian pounds)

1959 1960 1"

Revenue 14,690 5,947 2,. Expenditure: 78,182 32,478 63, By Department of Territories 35,512 29,807 54, By Department of Works 42,670 2,671 8,

The currency unit is the Australian pount (£A), which is equal to 16s. (sterling) or $US2.24.

SOCIAL CONDITIONS

No significant changes in social conditions were reported during the pe under review.

LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT

The copra industry operated by the Clunies-Ross Estate provides the mai source of employment for Cocos Islanders. The Clunies-Ross Estate provides housing, rations, medical services, clothing subsidies and pension benefits its workers, in addition to a cash wage paid in local token currency. Pensi above 50 per cent of salary are paid to workers reaching the age of 65.

The employment conditions for the European employees of the various employing authorities are designed to attract the required staff. In additi

-16- COCOS (KEELING) ISLANDS to basic salaries, special allowances ranging up to £A600 per annum are provided by the Australian Government, Qantas Empire Airways, Limited, and the Shell Company. Under an agreement governing the purchase of land for the airstrip, the Australian Government agreed not to offer excessive inducements to attract local labour away from the copra industry.

HOUSING

Housing is provided for married persons and single men on both West· and Direction Islands. Buildings erected on West Island during the year included two cottages for married personnel, a laundry and washroom for the single men's quarters and an extension to house a freezing unit acquired by Qantas Empire Airways.

PUBLIC HEALTH

The senior medical personnel, consisting of one Australian medical officer and a nursing sister, provide medical services on West Island and are responsible for public health matters generally.

On West Island there is a four-bed hospital equipped to handle most surgical and medical emergencies. The number of patients treated in the hospital increased from twenty-seven in 1960 to thirty-one in 1961 while the number of out-patients decreased from 1,260 to 1,112 during the same period.

Dental treatment is provided by a visiting dentist of the Australian Department of Health, and there was one visit during the year.

Specimens of mosquitoes were collected and forw~rded to the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine (University of Sydney) for identification during the year. The identification did not reveal the presence of anopheles.

EDUCATIONAL CONDITIONS

Free elementary education is provided by the Clunies-Ross Estate for the children of its employees. · The basic education is restricted to two or three years' .schooling in the vernacular.

'I'he school on West Island now provides for both primary and secondary schooling. At the end of the year there were six secondary pupils and fourteen primary pupils, a decrease of nine pupils from 196o. At the end of 1961 five pupils whose parents resided in the Territory were undergoing secondary education in Australia. The parents of these pupils are assisted by an education allowance of £Al45 a year for each child.

-17- HONG KONG

AREA

The total land area of the Territory is about 398 square miles (1,031 square kilometres), made up as follows: (a) the island of Hong Kong ru a number of small adjacent islets (29 square miles); (b) the Kowloon Peninsul1 (over three square miles); and (c) the New Territories including a large sect: of the mainland and 235 small islands (over 365 square miles).

POPULATION

In February and March 1961 the first census in thirty years of the popul! of Hong Kong was carried out with technical advice from ECAFE and largely in accordance with international techniques of census taking. Between the two censuses, the population of the Territory had increased from 849,751 in March to 3,129,648 in March 1961. On the basis of the census figures the total population of the Territory at the end of 1961 was estimated to be 3,226,400.

'I'he 1961 census revealed a number of interesting population trends. In i first place, it is a young population. Out of a total of 3,133,131 (includine 3,483 transients) of all ages, 1,277,088 (40 per cent) are under 15 and of thE no less than 500,726 (16 per cent) are under five. Secondly, the sex ratio nc longer shows a large excess of males as found in the 1931 census and recent population estimates. Thirdly, the proportion of households owning their own homes has also increased. In the New Territories 60 per cent of the families o~~ e rs and over 95 per cent of the boat people cvm the boats on which they anc their families pass their lives. In Kowloon and New Kowloon and on the islanc Hong Kong , the corresponding proportions are 11.9 per cent, 17.3 per cent and 13.2 per cent, and of the 687,209 households tbroughout the Territory no less 153,805 claimed to own their own homes. Lastly, in terms of language and geography rather than race or nationality, 3,074,000, or 98.2 per cent of the census population, are classified as Chinese. On the census day the number oj persons claiming to originate from Commonwealth and non-Commonwealt h count rieE totalled 33,140 and 16,607 respectively. Other non-Chinese alien residents tc over 2,100 , of whom the largest groups were United States citizens ( 760) ~ Japanese (385) , Portuguese (156) and Filipino (144).

Vital statistics 1959 1960 15 Birth-rate per thousand population 35. 2 36.0 31.

Infant mortality rate per thousand live births 48.3 41.5 3~ Death-rate per thousand population 6.8 6. 2

-18- HONG KONG

GOVERNMENT

Constitution

There are no elected members in either the Executive or the Legislative Councils. During his visit to Hong Kong in 1960 the Minister of State for Colonial Affairs announced that no radical or major change vras contemplated in the present constitutional position.

Public Service

All the officers of over thirty departments of the Government are members of the Civil Service. Its establishment increased from 50,433 at 3 April 1960 to 53,269 at l April 1961. At 31 December 1961 the actual strength of the Hong Kong Public Service consisted of 1,625 overseas officers and 48,277 local officers, compared with 1,593 overseas officers and 45,400 local officers for the previous year.

The Hong Kong Public Service has expanded very rapidly since 1949 i.rhen the total establishment was about 17,500. In 1950 the Public Service Commission vras established to improve the standard of efficiency of government servants and to implement the Government's policy of giving preference in appointment to well­ qualified local candidates.

Progress has been made in appointing local candidates to fill posts of greater responsibility. During 1961 the recruitment policy was reviewed with a view to reducing as far as possible the employment of overseas officers. The percentage of local officers in administrative and professional grades increased from 38.7 per cent in 1960 to 40.3 per cent in 1961. However, during the period April 1950 to January 1961 no local officers had been appointed to any of the five special posts or to the top posts of the Administrative Grade, the number of which increased from eleven to twenty-nine in the last decade.

Training facilities

The major government departments have their ovm training schemes for the training of civil servants and additional facilities are being provided. The recently established Government Training Unit helps to co-ordinate local in-service training schemes and it has reviewed departmental training progrannnes.

The number of local officers sent on courses overseas is steadily increasing . During the period 1952 to 1958, 224 were sent overseas for training, while the figures for 1960 and 1961 were 86 and· 90 respectively. The total expenditure on overseas training increased from $HKl.l million !/ in 1959/1960 to $HKl.4 million in 1960/1961 to $HK1.6 million in 1961/1962. To speed up the training of local

The local currency is the ($HK), which is equal to ls.3d. Sterling or $US 0.175. -19- HONG KONG officers for professional posts with a view to further reducing the number of overseas officers, provision has been made for granting scholarships to local officers to enable them to obtain basic qualifications of degree standard. During l96l there ivere no scholarship holders.

ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

In the last decade the pattern of Hong Kong's economy has changed and the Territory no longer depends on the entreRot trade alone. Industry has assumed a dominant role; locally manufactured or processed products in relation to the total export earnings ros·e from 42.2 per cent in l958 to 73 per cent in l96o and 75 per cent in l96l.

The continued industrial development is also reflected in the increase in the number of factories and workers. Excluding a large number of smaller concerns, there were 6,359 registered factories employing 27l,729 persons in l961, compared with 5,599 with 234,533 workers in l960. Several important industrial enterprises are owned and operated by non-Chinese or on a joint basis, but most industr.ialists are members of the local Chinese community.

Progress in the general economic development in l961 was reported. The value of total imports and exports amounted to $HK9,900 million in 1961, an increase of one per cent over the total for l960. However, the 1961 value of re~exports totalled $HK99l million, a decrease of 7 per cent from the 196o figures. Tourism has become an important industry. Excluding overseas Chinese, the number of incoming visitors of all nationalities exceeded 2l0~000 i n 1961, an increase of about 32 per cent over the l96o figure. Of the 210,000 tourists, about 34.5 per cent were from the United States, 32 per cent were from Commonwealth countries and 33.5 ivere from other countries.

The continued decline in its export trade with mainland has forced Hong Kong to turn for its livelihood to the sale abroad of the products of its expanding industry. In l96l the United States remained t he largest market for Hong Kong's domestic products, taking 23 per cent by value. Owing to a significant decline in the value of clothing exports to the United States, there was a noticeable decrease of $HK66 million in the export trade in 1961. During the year a Cotton Advisory Board was established to advise the Government on all matters relating to the cotton industr y, upon which the major portion of Hong Kong's trade depends.

AGRICULTURE AND LIVE-STOCK

Over 8l per cent of the total area of the Territory is marginal land and only about l 3 per cent·, or some fifty-one square miles, of the total area is arable land already exploited. Hong Kong depends mainly on imports for its grain and other food supplies.

-20- HONG KONG

In· the past decade there has been a marked change in Hong Kong's farming pattern. Because of the increasing demand for food, especially such protective foods as vegetables, fruit, eggs and poultry rr.eat, emphasis has been shifted to market gardening and the production of pigs and poultry. Consequently the area of land under padi continued to decrease and the area of land under permanent vegetable cultivation has steadily increased.

Principal crops

Area Production (acres) (metric tons)

1959 196o 1961 ~ 1960 1961 Rice (milled) 18,980 18,498 16,796 21,288 19,018 20,326

Vegetables 3,905 4,430 6,172 91,196 94,91~91,052~

~I For the fiscal year ending 31 March. The production for the fiscal year 1959 was 84,718 metric tons.

Live-stock (thousand head)

1959

Cattle and buffalo 19 21

Pigs 150 184

Poultry 2,350 3,086 3,290

FORESTRY

Prior to the Second World War, Hong Kong had an estimated area of over 100 square miles of both natural and established woodland. During the Japanese occupation much of this timber was stripped from the hillsides and catchment areas. In 1953 the Government adopted an afforestation prograreme with a target of 100,000 acres of new forest to be reached within twenty-five years by planting between 2,000 and 3,000 acres of forest reserves and village forestry lots annually. About 900 acres of new planting were established during 1961, compared with 965 acres in 196o and 1 , 959 acres in 1959.

-21- HONG KONG

FISHERIES

The Co-operative Development and Fisheries Department directs fisheries activities. Although the basic research work into pond fisheries is the responsibility of this department, extension vTork on cow.mercial fish ponds is done by the Agriculture and Forestry Department.

The Department administers the Fisheries Development Loan Fund, the capital of which increased frcm $HK2 million to $IDC5 million during 1961 in order to meet the increasing demands. During the year the representatives of the Department attended the ninth session of the Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council of FAO in Karachi.

The Territory's first primary product is marine fish. In 1961 the fishing fleet of Hong Kong consisted of 14,254 vessels (10,400 in 196o and 9, 400 in 1959), of ,.rhi ch 4, 254 were mechanized ( 3, 329 in 1960 and 2, 366 in 1959) • Mechanization of vessels and improvements in fishing methods have resulted in increased efficiency and larger catches over the past fe>·T years.

vJholesale marketing of fish 1959 Marine fish (long tons) 49,893 47,229 50,854 Vallle (thollsand Hong Kong dollars) 57,143 53,904 65,125

MINING

A variety of minerals is found in the Territory but production has generally declined. The ownership and control of all minerals is vested in the Crown under the Mining Ordinance, 1954. The Commissioner of Mines is empowered to issue prospecting and mining licences; mining leases are controlled by the Land Officer. At the end of 1961 there vrere three mining leases ( tvro in 196o), nineteen mining licences (twenty-one in 1960) and five prospecting licences (six in 1960) in operation.

Production

Quantity Value (long tons) (thousand Hong Kong dollars) 1959 1960 1961 1959 1960 1961 Iron 119,893 117,043 117,364 4,556 5,273 5,281 Clay 7,256 6,663 8, 429 784 791 1,497 Graphite 3,283 3,799 1>664 337 428 197 vJolframit e 39 31 17 210 246 85

-22- HONG KONG

POWER

Electricity is supplied by hro private companies: the Hong Kong Electric Co., Ltd. , and China Light and Power Co., Ltd. The former supplies electricity to the Island and the latter to Kowloon and the New Territories. At the end of 1960 the two companies had a joint generating· capacity of 352,000 bT (170,000 kw for the former and 182,500 kVr for the latter). The amount of electricity generated by the Hong Kong Electric Co. , Ltd. for the calendar year 1961 was 530, 149, 740 brh, an increase of 13.7 over the previous year, and the number of ·consumers at the end of 1961 was 106,171, an increase of 7.5 per cent over 1960. For the financial year l96o/l96l, China Light and Power Co., Ltd generated 962,907,500 m?h, an increase of 21 per cent over the previous year, and the number of consumers totalled 179,815 in 1960/1961, an increase of 17 per cent over the previous year.

INDUSTRY

Hong Kong's industrial development and expansion are facilitated by a number of favourable factors which include the advantages of a free port, freedom from trade restrictions, excellent shipping and commercial facilities , low taxation and plentiful productive labour. However, industrial· expansion is hampered by the scarcity of fresh water and the lack of flat land. To offset the shortage of flat land, the Government· continues to level hilly ground and use the spoil to reclaim land from the sea. Between 1955 and the end of 1961, 180 acres had been reclaimed for industrial use. At the end of 1961 over 100 factories were operating in the reclaimed area at Kwun Tong.

While the heavier industries such as shipbuilding and shipbreaking continue to be important, Hong Kong· has become best noted for the price, quality and range of its light industries. Among the heavY industries, the manufacture of machinery and parts and aircraft engineering have become important. Among the light industries, textiles have expanded to become the leading industry, playing a dominant role in Hong Kong's economy. In 1961 about 114,200 workers, or 42 per cent of the total labour force in registered factories and industrial undertakings, were employed in the spinning of cotton, silk, rayon and woollen yarns, weaving, and the manufacture of all types of garments and made-up goods. During the year the textile industry's exports represented 52 per cent of Hong Kong's exports of domestic products. Because of limitations plac·ed on some of its exports, the textile industry is facing increasing difficulties.

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS

Hong Kong is a focal point of most of the communication routes in· Eastern Asia and has become one of the four main shipping centres of the world. In 1961 an estimated 28,500 seamen were regularly engaged in a sea-going capacity in ships under many different national flags. Excluding numerous charter and other non­ scheduled flights, nineteen international airlines operated some 140 scheduled services each week at Hong Kong Airport during 1961. A feature of the year was the

-23- HONG KONG continued increase in the number of services operated by the most modern types of pure jet aircraft, vrhich accounted for more than half of Hong Kong Airport's scheduled movements.

Hong Kong has a· good road system, which was increased from 505 miles in 196o to 516 miles in 1961. The number of registered private motor cars increased from 26,884 in 1959 to 31,507 in 1960 and 35,778 in 1961. During the year the British Section of the Km·rloon-Canton Railway of twenty-two miles carried 6,834,481 passengers (6,843,679 in 19c0) and 329,489 metric tons (355,861 in 196o) of freight.

Arrivals and de~artures of aircraft and ~assengers 1961 International flights 10' 502 11,923 14,195 Passengers 380,904 478,298

Ocean-going vessels, passengers and cargo 1959 196o 1961 Number of vessels entered and cleared 9,104 10' 129. 10,979 Total net tonnage 28,200,126 30 ,203,118 34,311,186 Passengers 58,679 69,466 70 ' 139 Cargo (ueight tons) 5,608,390 6,509,911 6,977,390

Telecommunications 1959 196o Telephone: Direct exchange lines 68 ,000 ) 110,000 126,000 Extensions 26,500 ) Telegrams:~/ Transmitted 1,010 , 40o 971,901 1,020,499 Delivered 1,147,400 1,127, 920 1,206,414 Radiophone:~ Minutes outvrard 408 ,000 407, 558 440,050 Minutes imrard 553,000 572,403 589,481

~ Revised figures for 1960.

-24- HONG KONG

PUBLIC FINANCE

Hong Kong is financially self-supporting. In addition to substantial contributions to its external defence, the Territory continued to raise· its revenue from local resources to meet the cost of all worlm and services. Excluding the public debt, liabilities and assets were balanced at $HK601,682,477 for the fiscal year 1961 ending 31 March, compared with $HK587,826,355 for the previous year. At the end of the fiscal year 1961 the public debt totalled $HK97,534,6co or about $HK3l per head of population, compared with $HK93.9 million for 1960. At the end of the fiscal year 1961 a Revenue Equalization Fund stood at $HK138 million as a reserve against future deficits on current account; a Development Loan Fund, which increased by $HK72 million over 1960 to $HK259 million, existed as a revolving fund for financing economic and social development projects of a self-liquidating nature.

There was a small budget surplus for 1960/61 and the 1959/1960 deficit was due mainlY to the heavy cost of financing economic and social development programmes. Prior to l959/l96o, revenue had exceeded expenditure for over a decade, during which a substantial surplus had been accumulated. With the exception of small capital expenditure financed by borrowing, the major capital expenditure had been derived from the annual current revenue. The l96o/l96l capital expenditure totalled $HK277 million, compared with $HK206 million for l959/l96o and $HK205 million for 1958/1959. The 1961/1962 budget estimates· show that recurrent revenue is no longer able to finance all capital expenditure. Negotiations have been started with the World Bank for the purpose of borrowing money for major development schemes.

Revenue and expenditure (thousand Hong Kong dollars)

lq'J8/lq59 l959/l9f0 1960/1261

Revenue 629,337 664,635 859,234 Expenditure 589,958 709,954 845,298 Main heads of revenue: Internal revenue 194,781 193,494 237,150 Duties 111,378 120,872 166,994 Rates 74, 6o4 85, 345 100,716 Coloni al Development and Welfare grants 1,194 778 36 Main heads of expenditure: Public works 198,680 245,054 313,499 Defence 26,4o5 36,099 32,749 Police force 49,954 54,991 62,366 Subventions 6o,o66 78,641 92,917

-25- HONG KONG·

At the end of 1961 there vrere eighty-five licensed· banks, of which forty-three vere authorized to deal in foreign exchange. The number of local branch banks in· subsidiary centres of commerce and industry increased rapidly during the year. At the end of 1961 there were 101 branch offices, more than double the 196o figure. Interbank transactions were facilitated by a clearing house association with fifty-three members. Monthly clearings in 1961 and 196o averaged $HK2, 177 million and $HKl, 925 million respectively. Total bank deposits at 30 June 1961 \vere $HK3, 056 million and at ""5) were $HK3,27l million.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE The value of total imports and exports reached $HK9,900 million in 1961, an increase of one per cent over the total for 1960. The 1961 imports vrere valued at $HK5, 970 million uhich 1vas 2 per cent higher than the previous year. Food \'laS the principal import item, representing nearly 24 per cent of all · imports and valued at $HKl,406 million, an increase of 4 per cent over 196o. Mainland China remained Hong Kong's principal supplier of food and other commodities although the value of goods· imported from that country in 1961 fell by 13 per cent, compared "\·Ti th 1960.

The value of total exports decreased from $HK3,937.7 million in 1960· to $HK3, 930 million in 1961, of uhich $HK2, 939 million were domestic exports. The va·lue of 1961 domestic exports \vas about 2 per cent higher than the 1960 figure. Hm.;ever, the value of re-exports, vrhich totalled $HK99l million, was a decrease of 7 per cent from the 1960 figure. The United States remained the largest market for Hong Kong's domestic products. Other important purchasers of Hong Kong goods vrere the United Kingdom, Malaya (the Federation of Malaya and Singapore), Indonesia and Japan.

ImJ2orts and exports (million Hong Kong dollars)

1959 1960 1961 Imports 4, 949.• 37 5, 863.· 69 5, 970,. 39 Exports 3,277.54 3,937.71 3,930.04 Principal imports: Food 1,238'.03 l, 353'.23 l, 406'. 48 Crude materials 536'. 47 687'.46 723'.17 Manufactured goods (itemized) l, 604.39 l, 932.05 l, 771.46 Machinery and transport equipment 426.50 598.84 622.75 Principal exports: Food 310'.61 310·.49 312·. 51 Chemicals 181.22 181.14 232'. 72 Manufactured goods (itemized) 917.52 l, 150.03 1,182.66 ~Jis cellaneous manufactured articles 1,380.54 1,778.47 1,666.70 -26- HONG KONG Direction of trade (million Hong Kong dollars)

1959 1960 1961 Origin of imports (principal countries) China (mainland) 1,034'.17 1,185.90 1,028. 32 Japan 769.60 941'. 55 864.39 United States 516.68 72o·.o4 729.49 United Kingdom 573-72 664·.04 757'· 27 Thailand 196.89 207.98 256.05 Destination of exports (principal countries') United States 591'.01 763·. 37 701:.04 United Kingdom 462'.19 6oT.81 607'. 68 Malaya ~/ 380·.11 439-52 452'.19 Japan 231:.11 231'.01 229.79 Indonesia 75.17 153.46 225.69

SOCIAL CONDITIONS

The population of Hong Kong is predominantly Chinese and no significant problems connected \·lith r ace or cultural relations wer e reported for 1961. Ove J.~ 80 per cent of the total population lives in u'rban communities, in which neither race nor language operates as a social barrier.

In comparison with the birth and residence and the age and sex distribution of the previous census, the 1961 census found a normalization of the population structure in Hong Kong. In the first place, nearly half of the population wa s born in the Territory; it has become more settled. Formerly large numbers of men came to Hong Kong from mainland China uithout· their families and returned to their villages when they were ready to retire. Secondly, both the age and sex rates are those of a settled community. According to the census figures, only 3,483 persons out of a total population of 3,133,131 in March 1961 ~ere classified as transients, and there 1vere 1, 610, 650 males and 1, 522, 481 females.

The rapid natural increase in population and the· influx of immigrants, the majority of whom are refugees, resulted in congestion; overcrowding remains Hong Kong's basic social problem, ~hich has been aggravated by the lack and restriction of fresh water supplies and by housing shortages. The prov1s1on of adequate social and health services to meet the needs of the '\vhole population i s a major task confronti ng the administ r ation.

LABOUR A1'ID EMPlOTh'lENT The 1961 census shov1ed that in March 1961, there 1·rere about 1, 191,000 people er.gaged in some form of employment. Of this total, 788,384 were classified as permanent i n-1vorkers, who worked in or at the employers ' places; 57, 424 as employer s ; and t he remainder i ncluded casual or seasonal i n-1-rorkers, worker s on

~ The Federation of Malaya and Singapore. The larger portion of Hong Kong 's expor ts to Malaya, Japan and Indonesia 1vere re-exports. -27- HONG KONG commission or out-workers, trainees, and unpaid family helpers. About 82,000 people were directly engaged in agriculture and fishing, and, including dependants, about 80,0CO people relied on fishing for their livelihood, and 250,000 on agriculture.

At the time of the 1961 census only 20,000 people reported themselves as unemployed or seeking their first employment. Hong Kong's expanding economy has been able to absorb most skilled and many unskilled workers, but under-employment remains a major problem. The number of persons working as out-workers in small-scale cottage and handicraft industries and in the under-employed industrial fringe hao. been estimated at 200,000.

The continued increase in the industrial labour force is a notable feature in the structure of employment. During 1961, the number of registered or recorded factories rose by 760 to 6,359; · the number of workers employed in these factories increased by 36,196 to 271,729. Among the industrial undertakings, the manufacture of textiles and the footwear and wearing apparel industry absorbed the largest number of workers. The former employed 68,825 workers in 1961, compared with 62,076 in 1960. The latter engaged 45,389 workers in 1961 as against 46,109 workers in 1960.

Workers in registered factories

1959 1960 1961 Industrial undertakings 5,023 5,599 6,359 ) Workers: Male 122,766 134,146 271,729 Female 94,601 100,387 )

Dail..Y wage range (Hong Kong dollars) 1959 1960 1961 Skilled worlqnen 7'.CO to 18·.00 8·.oo to 21'.00 8·.oo to 21'.00 Semi-skilled 4·.oo to 8.00 4·.50 to 9.00 7'.00 to 10'.00 Unskilled workmen 2.50 to 6.00 3.00 to 7.00 3.00 to 8.00

There are no legal restrictions on the hours of work for men. Many male industrial worlcers do not enjoy a rest day but it is customary to grant unpaid leave on request. The introduction of regulations in 1959, restricting the normal working hours of all women and young persons to a maximum of ten hours in a d~, have increasingly affected the working hours of men employed in the same concerns. By the end of 1961, some 115 textile factories had intrcduced a system of three eight hour shifts; 24,798 men and 18,070 women were working eight hours a d~.

-28- HONG KONG

The Industrial Employment (Holidays with Pay and Sickness Allowance) Ordinance, 1961, prescribes six paid holidays a year and provides for tw·elve days 1 sick leave at half pay to all qualified manual workers and many non-manual workers engaged in industrial employment. It was intended to bring this ordinance into effect in 1962.

Trade unions and labour disputes

During 1961; seven new organizations were registered, but ten were removed from the register. At the end of 1961, there were 312 trade unions on the register (315 in 196o) consisting of 235 workers' unions (240 in 196o), 64 employers' organizations (63 in 1960) and 13 mixed unions (12 in 1960). The declared membership of the trade unions decreased from 247,281 in 196o to 233,658 in 1961. The trade unions are divided politically into two federations: the Hong Kong· Federation of Trade Unions and the Hong Kong and KmV"loon Trades Union Council. Independent unions are few and mostly small in membership.

Vocational training

Vocational training classes are organized by the labour Department, the Marine Department and the Agriculture and Forestry Department. Craft apprenticeship within the government services is provided by the Public Vlorks Department in electrical and mechanical workshops. Two government secondary schools provide five-year pre-apprenticeship courses.

The principal government institution for technical training is the Hong Kong Technical College. There were twenty-tw·o secondary technical schools with 3, 779 pupils in 1962. These schools ·prepare their pupils for the English School Certificate examination, and successfUl candidates usually continue their studies at the Technical College. For the academic year 1961/1962 the College had a record enrolment figure· of 747 fUll-time students and 7,321 students in part-time and evening classes. This represented an over-all increase of 893 students.

CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES

The co-operative movement continued to progress with the registration of forty-four new co-operative societies. At the end of 1961 the number of societies on the register totalled 348. Altogether there were fifteen different types of societies. An interesting development during the past few years was the growth in the number of co-operative building societies, formed by local civil servants·, and the formation of better living societies in rural areas and of credit unions.

Registered co-o12erative societies 1959 196o 1961 Number 257 308 348 Membership 14,183 17,072 19,215 Reserve fUnd (Hong Kong dollars) 352,530 493,157 611,393 -29- HONG KONG

STANDARD OF LIVING

A monthly retail price index covering a wide ra,nge of items found in the normal budget of both industrial and white-collar workers is published by the Comnerce and Industry Department. Taking March 1947 as the base of lCO, the average monthly figure for 1960 w-as 121. For the first eight months of 1961, the index varied betw·een 120 and 123. Typhoons and a seasonal shortage of vegetables and fish resulted in its rising to 126 in August and 128 in September. The index fell to 120 in December.

'IOHN AND RURAL PI..ANNING Al\lD HOUSING

In liaison "I·Tith the Town Planning Board, the Planning Division of the Fublic Vlorks Department, which is concerned mainly vTith the preparation of outline develo~ment plans, co-ordinates all planning activities. By the end of 1961, outline development plans had "teen prepared for thirty-three of the thirty-seven districts in the urban areas. In 1961 the Board published three district development plans, bringing the total to fourteen; ten had been approved by the Governor in Council. Control measures were introduced in the rural areas with the object of ensuring that all existing and nevT temporary buildings be covered by a permit from the District Office.

The 1961 census shm-1ed more than two million people lived in houses built of permanent material and that 130,095 house divellers had sub-standard accommodation such as basements, cocklofts and non-domestic space like stainvays and corridors. Including these people in the sub-standard housing, the total number of pebple whose housing condition appeared to be gravely inadequate totalled 726,577. In addition, a large proportion of the 138,320 boat people lived on the boats.

In spite of Hong Kong's continuous building boom and the Government's vigorous action in tackling the housing problem, serious shortages remained. The resettlement programme is considered one of the most important housing project undertaken by the Goverr~ent. Since 1954 the Resettlement Department, established to control and· resettle squatters, has built some 200 multi-storey blocks for 3tO,COO people. Elf the end of 1961 the Government had become, through its housing programme, the direct landlord of about 439,000 persons.

SOCIAL VlELFARE

Since the Social Vlelfare Office became a full-fledged department in 1958, it has maintained a close liaison -vrith many religious, charitable and voluntary organizations, engaging in welfare activities to deal with various social problems resulting from poverty; unemployment and under-employment, overcrowding and the lack of regular housing. The joint effort is intended not only to provide direct material aid but also to further the development of constructive social services such as corrmunity activities and youth work. The Social Welfare Department continued' its programne of con:munity development in resettlement estates and elsewhere. I ... -30- HONG KONG

During the year the Department began consultations 1vi th other government departments and vrith voluntary welfare agencies on the needs and pattern of social work over the next five years. The provision of an adequate number of trained social workers remained a major ·problem 'facing those res·ponsible for the planning and expansion of social welfare services. An important step toward the provision of more adequate training facilities was the enactment of the Social Work Training Fund Ordinance, 1961, which established a trust fund, obtained from a donation by the United Kingdom Committee for World Refugee Year, for the purpose of training social workers. During the year, the value of government bursaries awarded for the social studies courses at the University of Hong Kong was more than doubled; a greater number of officers from the· Social lvelfare Department were sent abroad for specialized training and seminars.

PREVENTION OF CRIME AND TREATMENT OF OFFENDERS

Against a background of urbanization, overcrow·ding and under-employment, serious crime in Hong Kong remained at a comparatively lolT level. However, juvenile delinquency and teenage violence have increasingly become a social problem. The number of juveniles on probation increased from less than 300 in 1960 to 500 in 1961; the number of social inquiries affecting juveniles, made at the request· of the court, also increased from 6oo during 1960 to nearly 1,000 during 1961.

Crime statistics 1959 1960 1961 Reports of serious crime 18,522 14,081 15,189 Resulted in arrest and prosecution 14,434 9,665 9,478 Percentage of crime detected 78 69 62

PUBLIC HEALTH

Government policy is to provide, directly or indirectly, lov cost or free medical and health services to the large section of the community which is unable to obtain medical attention from other sources. To this end, the Government maintains general, maternity, mental and infectious disease hospitals, and general and specialized out-patient clinics, and gives grants-in-aid to certain voluntary associations and medical missionary bodies maintaining hospitals where treatment is either free or at low cost.

Over one-third of the hospital beds in 1961 were assigned to the care of the mentally ill and to the treatment of tuberculosis and infectious diseases. There were 6,o44 beds available for all general purposes in 1961, an increase of 753 beds over 1960. The ratio· of hospital beds to thousand inhabitants was 1.9 beds in 1961, compared with 1.77 in 1960.

-31- HONG KONG

Tuberculosis remained the major health problem facing Hong Kong. It is estimated that 2 per cent of the adult population suffers from the disease in an active form. The total number of beds· available for tuberculosis patients was 1,825 in 1961 as against 1,879 in 196o. The majority of these beds are in government, voluntary or mission hospitals offering free or low cost hospital treatment. In 195l the death rate from all forms of tuberculosis was 208 per 100,000 population. The· rate had declined to 69.9 per 100,000 in 196o and 61.3 per 100,000 in 1961. The programme of protecting the youngest age group by BCG vaccination has produced encouraging results; the death-rate from all forms of tuberculosis in the under-5-age group fell by 84 per cent during 1954-1960. In 1961, over 79 per cent of babi·es born in the Territory received BCG vaccination within forty-eight hours of birth.

In August 1961, there was an outbreak of cholera in the Territory, and immediate· response to the call for immunization prevented the disease from spreading. During the first two weeks of the outbreak about two-thirds of the total population were immunized and a few hundred contacts were quarantined. Hm-rever, there was a total of fifteen deaths.

Expenditure

Excluding the sanitary services under the Urban Services Department and Urban Council, the actual expenditure of the Medical and Health Department increased from $HK39,792,228 in 1958/1959 to $HK45,925,081 in 1959/1960 and $HK56,573,091 in 1960/1961, For the same period, the sanitary eA~enditure of the Urban Services Department and Urban Council rose from $HK23 million to $HK28 million and $HK30 million. In addition, medical subventions increased from $HK14 million in 1958/1959 to $HK19 million in 1959/1960 and $HK22 million in 1960/1961.

Medical and health staff

1959 1960 1961 Govern- Private Govern- Private Govern- Private ment ment ment Registered and official physicians 320 761~ 222-p./ 77rfol 363 74421 Registered dentists 34 353 351 39 361 Registered nurses 995 1,073 694~ 1,041 8o4b/ 1,053 Registered midwives 161 970 673 1,032 131- 1, 709 Registered pharmacists 8 68 20 70 11 84

~/ Including provisionally registered physicians. EJ Information on the sharp decrease irr the number of government physicians, nurses and midwives is not available.

-32- HONG KONG

Institutions

Kun:ber Beds 1959 12_60 1961 1:2.2.2 1960 1961 Government hospitals 12 14 14 2,212 2,432 3,358 Government-aided hospitals 10 11 11 3,664 3,771 4,466 Private hospitals 9 8 10 1,678 1,683 1,316 Public dispensaries 14 17 19 148 204 244

EDUCATIONAL CONDITIONS

The 1961 census found that 74.6 per cent of the total population 10 years old and over were literate, or able to read and write Chinese or English. This is an improvement in comparison with the literacy of 51.4 per cent for the same age groups in the 1931 census. The 1961 census showed that the children of 6 to 14 yeaJ of age, who were not at school, totalled 114,783, including 29,000 children of the boat population. The 1961 census report listed all the areas where the drive towarc universal primary education needed to be intensified.

Education is neither free nor compulsory. The Government's seven-year plan for the expansion of primary education, which began in October 1954, oficially ended in 1961. The total increase in primary school places achieved by September 1961 was 313,000, about 98,000 places more than the target figure of 215,000. Including pupils enrolled at secondary schools and colleges, the enrolmeni in all schools totalled 658,618 in September 1961, an increase of 85,812 over 1960.

Under the Post-Secondary Colleges Ordinance, 1960, three Chinese colleges received statutory recognition and were admitted to government aid under new grant regulations. The three Chinese colleges (Chung Chi, New Asia and United College) held the second joint entry examination in July 1961; 1,023 candidates (804 in 19to sat for the examination and 546 (374 in 1960) satisfied the requirements for - entrance. In June 1961, a Chinese University Preparatory Committee was set up to advise on the establishment of a federal type university.

The University of Hong Kong, which has four faculties (arts, science, medicine and engineering and architecture) with 1961 enrolments of 631, 230, 353 and 201, respectively, celebrated its Golden Jubilee in 1961. Including demonstrators, the number of full-time teaching staff totalled 289, over 70 of whom are the University's own graduates. During the year the University's electrical engineeri~ courses, on which degrees were a"tvarded for the first time since the Second l/orld tla: were re-accorded full academic recognition by the Council of the Institute of Electrical Engineers.

-33- HONG KONG Ex-penditure

For the school year from l August to 31 July government expenditure on education increased from $HK82,429,120 in 1959 to $HKl04,650,512 in l9t0 and $ill(122,035,647 in 1961. In Government and government-aided primary and secondary schools a large number of places are reserved for the free education of poor children.

Schools~/

l958Ll959 l929Ll9Eo 196oL1961 Inde- Inde- Inde- Govt. Aided pendent Govt. Aided pendent Govt. Aided pendent PrimarylV / 53 389 1,002 71 411 1,131 83 432 l, 358 Seconda~ d/ 12 33 277 ll 36 239 14 39 258 Post-secondary-- 2 16 6 3 10 6 3 14 l, 787 1,918 2,207

~/ 1959/1961 figures on schools, pupils and teachers, relating to March of the year, are based on' Hong Kong: Educational Department, triennial Survey 1958-61, pp. 81-84; Educational Department, Armual Summary 1958-59, pp. 23-27; Ibid. 1959-60, pp. 21-26. El Figures include kindergartens; schools providing both primary and secondary departments are considered s.e.parate schools for each level. ~/ Including vocational schools. £/ Including teacher training but excluding adult education.

Pupils

l958Ll959 l959Ll96o 196oL1961 Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Primary 188,855 144,410 212,708 166,131 243,058 194,686 Secondary 42,313 26,472 45,052 29,061 50,085 33,548 Post secondary: Teacher training 584 634 927 1,031 2,554Y Other vocational 5,114 351 5,550 569 11,657~ General 2 2 424 1,267 ___s_243 lz"367 3,925~ To talE/ 412,424 464,939 536,959

Higher education: Men vlomen Men Homen Men Women In Hong Kong University 923 343 1,036 371 1,415 In the United Kingdom 1,687 1,846 l, 774

~/ Excluding student·s in the Evening Institute, adult classes and special afternoon classes. El Excluding kindergarten enrolments. -34- HONG KONG

Teachers

1958Ll959 1959L196o 196oL1961 Men Homen Men Homen Men vlomen Primary 4,375 6,627 4,891 7,657 5,099 7, 635 Secondary 2,176 1,025 2,216 1,108 2, 14o 1,066 Post secondary 4o4 60 415 48 431 71 14,667 16,335 16,448

CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS AND MASS CDMMUNICATIONS

A public library vTaS scheduled to be opened in the ne>v City Hall early in 1962. The University of Hong Kong, the Education Department, the British Council, the United States Information Service and the local chambers of corunerce maintain special libraries.

At the end of the year 192 periodicals and magazines 1vere listed by the Registrar of Ne1vspapers. These included three English and thirty-ti-ro Chinese daily newspapers, and eight English and eighteen Chinese periodicals. Unofficial estimates put the total circulation of Chinese-language daily newspapers at over 600,000. Four international news agencies maintain full-scale bureaus in the Territory: Agence France Presse, Associated Press of America, Reuter and United Press International.

Three separate organizations provide public broadcasting services in the Territory: the government station, Radio Hong Kong; Commercial Radio; and Rediffusion (Hong Kong) Ltd., which also operates a vired television service. At the end of 1961 there I·Tere about 11,000 subscribers to the t ·elevision service. During the year 132,594 wireless receiving licences I·Tere issued.

Hong Kong has become a large film producing centre. During the year the Territory's six major studios and many independent producers maintained t heir high output and produced over 3CO f eatur e f ilms in Chinese f or distr ibution locally and overseas.

-35- NORTH BORNEO

AREA

'Ihe Territory, with an area of 29,388 square miles (76,115 square kilometres), occupies the whole of the northern portion of the island of Borneo; its immediate neighbour on the west is Brunei. On the south, North Borneo is bounded by Sarawak and the Indonesian territory of .

POPULATION

At the 1960 census, the population of North Borneo totalled 454,421, compared with 334,141 at the 1951 census. The ethnic composition of the 1960 population was as follows: indigenous 306,498 (divided into: Lusun 145,229; Murut 22,138; Bajau 59,710; and others 79,~21); Chinese 104,542; Europeans 1,896; and others 41,485. Between 1951 and 1960, the indigenous peoples increased from 243,009 to 306,498, an increase of 63,489 persons, or 26.1 per cent; the number of Chinese rose from 74,374 to l04,542, an increase of 30,168 persons, or 40.6 per cent. The population was estimated at 460,000 in 1961.

Vital statistics 1959 1961 Birth-rate per thousand population 31.9 34.6 Infant mortality rate per thousand live births 65.3 70.0 55.3 Death-rate per thousand population 7·7 8.3 6.8

GOVERNMENT

Constitution

Under the present Constitution of North Borneo, which came into effect in 1960, the Executive Council consists of the Gove~or as President, four ex-officio members and five nominated members. 'I'he Legislative Council consists of the Governor as President, four ex-officio members, three official members, and twelve nominated members. In December 1961 further constitutional amendments were approved providing for the appointment of six more nominated members to the Legislative Council and two more members to the Executive Council. 'I'hese changes were expected to take place in 1962.

-36- NORTH BORNEO

Following the issue of a joint statement by the Prime Ministers of Great Britain and the Federation of Malaya in November 1961, declaring that the creation of a Federation of Malaysia was a desirable aim, a Commission was established to ascertain the views of the people of on the merger. The Commission visited North Borneo early in 1962.

Public Service

The Public Service continued to expand and local persons were reported to have come forward in greater numbers for more senior posts. However, in 1961 there was no local persons occupying a post in Division I. At the end of the year the Public Service was composed of 232 (200 in 1960) overseas officers and 4,182 (3,848 in 1960) local officers divided into three categories: (1) administration, professional heads of department grades; (2) executive and higher technical grades; and (3) clerical and minor technical grades. Forty-nine (20 in 1960) local officers held appointments in the first grade and 319 (234 in 1960) in the second grade. ~any overseas officers came from neighbouring Asian countries, and no overseas officers were engaged in the third grade. Under the present immigration policy, immigrants may not engage in employment in North Borneo unless they possess special skills or other attributes conducive to develq;:ment and not locally available.

Training facilities

At the end of 1960, the Government approved a three-year programme for the training of local persons, both within the Public Service and outside, to improve their efficiency in their present grades of employment and to equip them to fill higher posts in the Service and in industrial and commercial employment. Up to the end of 1963, this programme was expected to involve an expenditure of over $M 5 million. !/

In ~arch 1961, in-service training courses for members of the administrative and clerical services were started, the first course being for newly recruited officers in the clerical service. A new In-Service Training Centre was under construction and the building was expected to be ready for occupation in June 1962. During 1961 in-service training courses were conducted by the major departments of the Government.

From 1953 to December 1961 members of the Public Service who had been sent on study leave courses in the United Kingdom and elsewhere totalled 263, an increase of 15 since 1960.

The local currency is the ($M) which is equal to 2s .4d. sterling or $US 0.327.

-37- NORTH BORNEO

ECONOMIC CO~~ITIONS

North Borneo is principally an agricultural country. There are a few known mineral resources but none has yet been produced on a commercial scale. Much effort is being devoted to a search for natural resources.

In December 1960 the United Nations Special Fund approved North Borneo's application for a comprehensive survey of land, water and mineral resoUl:ces in the Labuk Valley. 'Ihe Government had been substantially a s sisted by a United Nations grant of $M2.3 million in connexion with t he scientific investigations of the Labuk Valley resources. The survey by the Special Fund will take three years and will include aerial photographs, soil surveys of an area of some 3,000 square miles, irrigation projects and the preparation of a general development plan for the whole of the Labuk Valley.

North Borneo's economy depends largely on exports of t hree primary products: timber, rubber and copra. Production of timber has risen rapidly in recent years; the value of timber exports amounted to $Ml02.7 million in 1961, an increase of $M4l.6 million from 1959, and exceeded that of rubber for the fourth year. The 1961 exports, including re-exports, amounted to $M220.3 million and the 1961 imports totalled $M215 million. Total external trade in 1961 was valued at $M4 35. 3 million, higher by $Ml6. 8 million than that of 1960. The sustained increase in economic activity was reflected also in the imports of machinery, petroleum products and vehicles. The value of machinery imports amounted to $M20 million in 1959, $M30 million in 1960, and $M28 million in 1961.

No statistics of private investment and private monetary savings are available. Development in this sphere has been encouraged, under the terms of the Pioneer Industries Ordinance, by exemption from the payment of export duty on cocoa, palm oil and palm kernels, and by a reduction until l January 1962 of the export duty on hemp. Upon the recommendation of the Immi grant Enterprises Ccmmittee, the Government approved in 1961 a number of such projects involving a capital investment of $M6.5 million. 'Ihe corresponding figure f or 1960 was $8.9 million. The North Borneo Credit Corporation has issued loans totall ing over $Ml.5 million for the establishment and develorment of small local enterprises, mainly agricultural in future.

LAND, AGRICUL'IURE AND LIVE-STOCK

'I'he greater part of the area of North Borneo is forested, unpopulated and without modern communications. It is estimated that not more than 6 per cent of the tota l area of 29,388 square miles is under cultivation.

All unalienated l and is the property of the Crown. Land reserved solely for use by indigenous persons amounted to 45, 382 acres in 1960 and 45,861 acres i n 1961. Land reserved for other public purposeo amounted to 12,805 acres, an increase of 225 acres over 1960. Excluding town areas, the non-indigenous i nhabi t ants held leases for about 555,791 acres in 1960 and about 565,000 acres

-38- NORTH BORNEO in 1961. About 231,000 acres (205,000 acres in 1960) of the total area leased to the non-indigenous persons were owned by Europeans, the balance being occupied by Asians. The European-owned land is generally used for such large-scale commercial crops as rubber, tobacco and hemp, while the land occupied by Asians is generally used for rubber, coco-nuts, rice and vegetable gardens. A high proportion of the population are smallholders farming on their own account.

There is no land use policy that is applicable to the whole Territory, but policy at the· level of the administrative districts is guided by district land utilization committees, which have been established in all districts.

'Ihere was no change in the Territory's agricultural and live-stock policy, which aims at increasing the production of economic crops, foodstuffs and live-stock under sound methods of husbandry, to achieve a balanced diversity of crops and live-stock.

Rubber continued to be the most important crop and exports increased in 1961 to 23,611 tons. However, with the increasing threat of competition from synthetic rubber, many producers were seriously considering alternative export crops. The Rubber Fund Board, with funds derived frcm a cess of all exported rubber, continued to produce high-yielding material for issue to smallholders and estates. Most of the rubber planted since 1956 has been of high-yielding clones, which accounted for over 41 per cent of the total acreage of 202,900 at the end of 1961, of which scme 122,000 acres were owned by smallholders and the remainder by estates of over 250 acres.

The 1960/61 padi crop was better than that of 1959/60; the estimated yield was 77,000 tons (equivalent to 47,200 tons of rice), compared with 64,900 tons (equivalent to 40,200 tons of rice) for 1959/60. The production of rice represented about two-thirds of the Territory's annual requirements.

Abaca (Manila hemp) is produced by estates. The production increased from 3,746 tons in 1960 to 4,115 tons in 1961. Owing to a drop in price, the value of total exports was only $M4.8 million in 1961, compared with $M5.2 million in 1960.

Principal crops Area Production~/ 1959 1960 1961 1959 1960 1961 ~ousand acres;- (---thousand long tons)

Rubber 161 173 20~ / 22 .9 22 23.6 Rice 77 77 6r 34 .5 40 . 2 47.8 Copra 48 51 79 59 79-6 69.3 Hemp 4 4 4.5 3 3-7 4.1

~/ Except for rice, figures relate to exports only. 'I'he figures for copra include re-exports. ~/ Wet padi only; figures for dry hill padi unavailable.

-39- NORTH BORNEO

Live-stock (estimates in thousands) 19_59 1960 1961 ~~ Buffalo 100 100 66.8 Cattle 25 25 14.5 Pigs 100 100 81.1 Goats 25 25 17.6 Horses 4 4 4.5 Poultry 4,000 4,000 1,000

The 1961 figures for live-stock were based on a census of agriculture, which was carried out on a 10 per cent sample basis in January 1961. As a result of the agricultural census, the previous estimates appeared to be too high. The number of animals slaughtered in local abattoirs has remained constant during the past few years, and in 1961 was: cattle, 1,434; buffaloes, 4,855; and pigs, 36,750.

FORESTRY

About 80 per cent, or some 23,350 square miles, of the total area remains under forest. Reserves increased frcm 3,578 square miles in 1959 to 4,105 square miles in 1960 and 6,454 square miles in 1961, or about 22 per cent of the total area of the Territory. Preliminary steps were taken for the reservation of an additional 2,140 square miles, and when this programme has been completed, over 30 per cent of the total area will have been constituted a s reserved forest.

The timber industry continued to grow, and at the end of 1961 consisted of four large overseas concessionaries, seven local firms working on special licence as a preliminary to the conclusion of concession agreements, and some sixty local firms working under annual licence. At -~ 72 per cent of the total timber production during the year came from tL existing and prospective concession holders.

Seventy-one sawmills were licensed in 1961, an increase of ten over 1960. Owing to the competition and a fall in price in the principal market, the Kenya and Bakau Extract Company, Limited, which started manufacturing cutch in North Borneo in 1896, decided to cease operations at the end of the year. Timber exports rose from 38,445,343 cubic feet, valued at $M57,393,045 in 1959 to 49,111,807 cubic feet, valued at $M86,173,972 in 1960 and 62,529,380 cubic feet, valued at $Ml00,688,047 in 1961. Japan, Hong Kong and Australia continued to be the largest consumers. During the year the timber industry1 s dependence on the Japanese market increased; this market constituted 78 per cent of timber exports, compared with 63 per cent in 1959 and 1960. The proportion exported to Australia and Hong Kong decreased by corresponding amounts to 3 and 12 per cent in 1'361.

-40- NORTH BORNEO

Production (thousand units)

1959 1960 1961

Timber (cubic feet) 43,346 59,647 72,628 Firewood (piculs) ~ 1,507 1,187 1,030 Charcoal (piculs) 33 34 42 Cutch (tons) 3.7 4 2.6

~ One picul equals 133.33 lbs.

FISHERIES

The Department of Agriculture is responsible for the administration of Government activities relating to fisheries. The first trawler built for the Department's Fisheries Branch was launched in October 1961. It is intended to use the craft for demonstration trawling and later for charter to local fishermen to encourage them to improve their methods. Trawling by two overseas fishing concerns continued and one company built a processing factory equipped for the export of quick frozen prawns. Tuna fishing by a Japanese company continued to expand. The value of all exported marine products from North Borneo totalled ~~M3 .3 million in 1961, an increase of 83 per cent over 1960.

The Department of Agriculture maintains a central breeding station at Tuaran to encourage pond fish culture. During the year thirty-one fish ponds covering a total of over six acres were constructed and stocked, making a total of 709 such ponds with a total water area of fifty-seven acres. Total production from fish ponds increased from eighteen tons in 1959 to twenty tons in 1960 and twenty-five tons in 1961.

MINING

The only minerals being actively worked are stone, coral, sand, clay and limestone. The production of stone and building materials was valued at $Ml ,825,650 in 1959, $M2 ,18l,080 in 1960 and ~M2 , 096,9 46 in 1961.

Mineral resources, which are viewed with some hope of economic development, include chromite, copper and nickel ores, asbestos and coal. Several oil companies conduct ed exploration and drilled wells in the Territory without discovering oil accumulations.

POWER AND INDUSTRY

North Borneo had no manufacturing industries in 1961, and its industrial development was confined mainly to the processing of raw materials, building construction and transport. -41- NORTH BORNEO

The North Borneo Electricity Board, a statutory body established under Ordinance No. 27 of 1956, is responsible for the provision and maintenance of electric power throughout the Territory. The Board supplied electricity to the ten major towns in 1961; in other towns electricity was supplied by private enterprises under licence. In order to meet the rapidly growing demand for power, the Board initiated in 1960 a two-year programme for the redisposition of plant and the construction of new stations. The following figures show the increase in the Board's growth.

Production and sales of electric power

1959 1960 1961

Installed capacity (Kw) 5,694 7,849 9,341 Consumers 6,462 7,163 8,202 Sales (thousand Kwh) 9,490 13,744 16,471

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS

In spite of the advances made in air communications, a large part of North Borneo remained inaccessible ex~ by jungle paths and rivers. The limited number of roads continued to impede development. Under a five-year (1959-1964) development plan for building several main and feeder roads, the construction of the first of five main roads, which connects Sandakan with Telupid in the interior, was completed during the year. Progress was made on the construction of the second main road (Jesselton-Papar) on the west coast.

The Government owns and operates a railway system about 116 miles in length. Lower rubber prices and a reduction in the volume of export timber carried by the railway in 1961 lowered revenue; hmvever, owing ma inly to an increase in fares and rates, the 1961 earnings of the railway increased by over 11 per cent, to $M2, 200,092.

Owing to the steady increase in timber exports, the volume of shipping entering and clearing from the Territory continued to expand. turing the year there was a notable increase in the number of Japanese and Norwegian vessels using North Borneo's ports.

Because of its geographic location and features, North Borneo depends heavily on air services for contact and communication with Brunei, Sarawak, Singapore, Hong Kong and the Philippines. The Department of Civil Aviation and Meteorological Services, which is a unit of the Unified Directorate of Civil Aviation for British Borneo, is responsible for the control and management of all a irfields and meteorol ogical stations in North Borneo . Internal air services are operated by Borneo Airways Limited, which is a private company with the Governments of the three Borneo Territories holding fifty-one of its shares. Ext ernal services to Singapore are operat ed daily by Mal a yan Airways Limited.

-42-· NORTH BORNEO

Roads and vehicles (miles) 1959 1960 1961 Metalled roads with bituminized surface 229 233 238 Other metalled roads 70 80 112 Earth roads 462 456 578 Total 761 769 - 918 Motor vehicles (number) 7,044 8,165 9,876

Railway traffic 1959 1960 1961 Passengers 655,196 706,578 728,092 Freight (tons) 48,337 48,805 47,609

Sea-borne traffic

Total gross tonnage of vessels entered and cleared 7,560,572 9,512,673 10,066,493 Cargo handled in tons 1,569,237 1,860,587 2,096,747 Passengers: Disembarked 55,970 74,753 73,532 Embarked 46,988 62,460 59,065

International air traffic 1959 1960 1961 Passengers: Embarked 19,828 13,414 15,090 Disembarked 19,672 13,354 15,087 Freight (kilos): Loaded 114,336 77,171 82,975 Discharged 276,745 200,724 212,757

Telecommunications

Since 1958 it has been possible to speak by telephone t o all centre s of the Territory. The demand for trunk telephone calls and f or new telephone installations continued to increase. The number of telephones connected

-43- NORTH BORNEO to public exchanges rose from 2,786 in 1959 to 3,320 in 1960 and 3,800 in 1961. Most of these telephones were connected to automatic exchanges.

All public telegraph circuits within North Borneo and externally to Sarawak and Brunei are eperated by the Posts and Telegraphs ~epartment. Cable and Wireless Limited provides telegraphic communication to all overseas destinations both by submarine cable and radio links to Hong Kong and Singapore.

PUBLIC FINANCE

The fiscal year coincides with the calendar year and the annual budget consists of two parts: ordinary revenue and expenditure; and the development budget. For the past several years ordinary revenue exceeded expenditure, and the substantial accruals to revenue enabled the Government to contribute over $Ml6 million to the Development Fund in 1961, instead of the original provision of $MlO million. At the end of 1961 the public debt remained at $M35 million, $M413,865 of which represented Colonial Development and Welfare loans.

Revenue and expenditure (thousand Malayan dollars)

1959 1960 1961 (actual) (actual) (estimate)

Revenue: Ordinary 46,811 59,048 67,945 Development 13,614 25,255 26,340 Total 60,425 84,303 94,285 Expenditure: Ordinary 42,514 56,252 62,439 ~evelopment 12,511 16,390 20,030 Total 55,025 72,642 82,469

Major heads of revenue: Customs 23,300 27,704 26,298 Licences and internal revenue 5,098 8,403 11,634 Forests 3,988 6,192 9,663 Lands 1,355 1,464 1,524 Colonial Development and Welfare grants 2,719 5, 312 6,880

Major heads of expenditure: / Public Works ~epartment and recurrent~ 7,811 10,133 11,681 Medical 3,468 4,009 4,561 Education 2,599 3, 243 4,285 a/ Public works non-recurrent is under development expenditure.

-44- NORTH BORNEO

Bevelo~ment expenditure (thousand Malayan dollars)

1959 1960 1961 (actual) (actual) (estimate)

Agriculture 790 813 1,210 Broadcasting and information 11 80 576 Civil aviation 933 1,163 914 Education 1,685 2,053 1,759 Electricity 1,700 8 Forests 33 40 45 Harbours 781 1,352 790 Housing 50 50 4oo Labuk natural resources surveys 68 Land and surveys 432 374 889 Marine 101 70 753 Medical 754 388 3o8 Miscellaneous services 30 312 175 Posts and telegraphs 761 440 462 Public works 5,586 7,380 10,935 Railways 563 175 702 Training 36 Total 12,510 16,390 20,030

BANKING AND CREDTI

In 1961 there were four banks (the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, the Charter Bank, Hock Hua Bank Limited and Chung Khiaw Bank Limited) operating in the Territory. 'I·he last two of the four banks opened offices during the year. The amount of currency estimated as being in circulation at the end of 1961 was $Mll5,585,890, compared with $Ml02,6oo,ooo for the previous year.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

In November 1961, a new Customs Duties Order and a new Customs Duties (Exemption) Order were introduced elimina ting the "blanket" duties for both imports and exports and preparing the way for the introduction of a Free Trade Area comprising North Borneo and Sarawak. The direct importation of goods from Japan remained subject to quota. Only a small number of highly specialized goods manufactured in and imported from the United States remained subject to licence. However, goods of United States and Japanese origin were imported freely from Singapore, but under licence from Hong Kong. The importation of rice remained subject to import control.

-45- NORTH EORNEO

The 1961 favourable balance of visible trade amounted to $M5.3 million, compared with $M26.7 million for the previous year. However, the external trade in 1961 was valued at $M435.3 million, which exceeded the previous year's record figure by $Ml6.8 million.

Imports and exports (million Malayan dollars)

1959 1960 1961

Total imports 155-5 195·9 215.0 Total exports (including re-exports) 177.6 222.6 220.3

Principal imports: :V.achinery 20.1 30.0 31.1 Provisions 17-3 22.3 24.3 Tobacco, cigars and cigarettes 9-7 12.8 24.6 Rice 7-9 8.4 10.3 Textiles and apparel 6.1 9-2 10.8 Building materials 2.8 2.8 2.8

Principal exports: Timber (logs and sawn) 61.1 90-7 102.8 Rubber 47.0 49.5 41.2 Copra (including re-exports) 35.1 40.2 27.1 Hemp 3.8 5.2 4.8 Tobacco 5.6 5-3 3-7 CUtch 1.5 1.6 1.1

Direction of trade (percentage of value)

1959 1960 1961 Original of imports (principal countries): United Kingdom 21.0 20.7 21.5 Malaya !!:.1 6.8 6.4 6.8 Hong Kong 8.0 8.3 11.9 Philippines 11.7 9-7 6.0 J apan 6.3 7-6 7-7 Thailand 5-9 5.0 5.6 United States 9-7 10.5 10.9 Destination of exports (principal countries): Rubber: United Kingdom 15.6 16.6 18.0 Malaya ~/ 30.7 35.0 28., Hong Kong 4.1 5.1 4. Timber: United Kingdom 1.6 1.2 -7 Japan 64.1 6 4.~ 80. 2 Hong Kong 13.8 11. 6 . 3 Australia 15. 2 15-7 4.9 Copra: United Kingdom 11.0 4.5 9.4 Malaya a/ 2 .2 -9 1.7 Netherlands 9 -5 3 -3 12.5 ~I The Federation of Malaya and Singapore. -46- NORTH BORNEO

SOCIAL CONDITIONS

North Borneo has a diversity of races speaking many different languages. No serious problem of race or cultural relations lvas reported in 1961. In January 1961 a multi-racial Cultural Association was founded for the promotion of racial harmony. Nevertheless, the racial relationship has inevitably been subjected to strain by the Malaysia issue.

LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT

The 1960 census shoHed that a total of 176,626 persons (123,317 males and 53,309 females) or 68.8 per cent of the total population aged 15 and over vTere economically active. Between the 1951 and 1960 censuses the total of economically 2ctive persons rose from 140,629 to 176,626 (by 26 per cent) \vhile the total population increased from 344,141 to 454,421 (by 36 per cent). Distribution of economically active persons among industries lvas as follows: agriculture, 142,113; services, 10,077; commerce, 7,734; manufacturing, 6,734; transport and communications, 4,657; building construction, 4,488; and other industries, 820. Seventy-nine per cent of the vrorkers ene;aged in agriculture vrere indigenous. The Chinese community \vas the main source of labour supply in other industries.

North Borneo's economic groVTth has created a demand for the services of skilled Harkers Hhich the Territory has not been able to meet from its 01m resources of manpmver. Unemployment, as it is knmm in industrially developed and densely populated countries, has not occurred in the Territory. Skilled and semi-skilled Harkers from several Asian countries have been allmved to enter North Borneo for employment. The chief source of supply is Hong Kong, lvhere •vorkers are recruited \vi th the agreement and under the supervision of the Hong Kong Government. The movement of unskilled 1vorkers from the neighbouring t erritories of Indonesia and the Philippines to ports on the east coast of North Borneo continued. On the basis of returns furnished by employers of tlventy or more 1vorkers, the number of Ha ge earners increased from 29,848 in 1959 to 34,098 in 1961. Statistics on smaller places of employment are unavailable , but the total number of wage earners in the service of employers Hith less than twenty 1vorkers \vas estimated at 40,000 in 1961.

vlage earners 1959 1960 1961 Agriculture ( on estates ) 13,953 l4,e64 12,881 Industry 12,132 14,010 16,022 Government departments 3,763 4,913 5,195 Total 29,848 33,787 34,098

-47- NORTH BORNEO

Under the labour code, ·1-1orkers living at their places of employment are provided 'iith housing in addition to their wages. In 1961, the a~erage daily wage for unskilled 'wrkers vras ~i> M3.48; for semi-skilled 'wrkers, ~M5.19; and for skilled 'wrkers, $M9. 76. The corresponding figures for 1960 'iere $M3. 41, $M4.94 and ~:i lVI9.09 respectively. According to the labour code all hours of employment are based on an eight-hour day and six-day ,.reek.

The trade union movement is still in an. embryonic stage. Bet,ieen 1960 and 1961, the number of unions remained unchanged at five but a slight increase in union membership was reported. In 1961 there were three labour disputes (four in 1960) involving 238 workers (152 in 1960) which resulted in the loss of 1,376 man-days (858 in 1960).

Vocational education

The government departments and a number of employers provide in-service training, but there is no formal apprenticeship. Pre-apprenticeship courses are provided by the Government Trade School in Jesselton. During 1961 there were sixty-seven boys attending three training courses (carpentry, motor mechanics and electrical -vrork), and English was introduced as the medium of instruction for all subjects and for all trainees under instruction in the school. Much of the school's eQuipment was provided under the Colombo Plan, principally by Australia and Canada.

CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES

Progress has been made in the registration of societies and promotional 'wrk with priority being given to rural areas. During 1961, twenty-seven new societies were registered, bringing the total to sixty-one with a combined membership of 5, 430. The societies were broadly classified into the follmiing groups: marketing and processing, 29; finance, one; consumer, 4; and others, 27. Most societies were multi-purpose in character, carrying out more than one of the following activities: village stores for consumer needs and sale of produce; milling of rice and coffee; padi savings and storage; rubber curing and sale; buffalo rearing and grazing; sale of meat, fish and vegetables; transport; tractor ploughing; labour contracting; and land purchase and land development. The last project was still in an early stage. In general the co-operative societies were becoming active village centres for rural community development.

Registered co-operative societies 1959 1960 1961 Number 14 34 61 Membership 901 2,458 5,430 Paid-up share capital (Malayan dollars) 23,743 53,523 100,153 Turnover (Malayan dollars) 69,764 271,327 497,188

-48- NORI'H BORNEO

STANDARD OF LIVING

Figures for an average monthly budget for indigenous and Chinese workers, published by the Department of Labour and Welfare, showed that the cost of certain basic commodities consumed by all sections of the community had remained comparatively steady.

Average monthly budget for wage-earners (Malayan dol~ars)

~ 1960 1961~ Indigenous workers: Foodstuffs 31.84 32.79 34.64 Clothing and bedding 3.45 3.42 3.10 Miscellaneous 13.09 13.97 14.47 Total 48.37 50.18 52.21 Chinese 1vorkers: Foodstuffs 34.71 37.56 38.23 Clothing and bedding 4.15 5-09 5.06 Miscellaneous 11.36 12.46 12.11 Total 51.22 55.11 55.40

~ Figures for Sandakan only.

TOWN AND RURAL PLANNING AND HOUSING

Under the Town and Country Planning Ordinance, 1950, town plans in eight major centres were put into force. One of the serious obstacles to execution of the plans is the lack of sui table Crmm land to meet the growing demand for low-cost residential sites. In Jesselton, the Government reclaimed some twenty-five acres of swamp sufficient to provide eighty-six building lots. Government housing developments were confined to the housing of its own staff. There v1as little development of low-cost housing.

SOCIAL 1tJELFARE

Welfare 1mrk is largely performed by voluntary bodies and community organizations. The Department of Labour and Welfare has been made responsible for co-ordinating and promoting the development of social 1·1elfare services. The Commissioner of Labour and Helfare acts as the chairman of the Social Welfare Council, which uas established in 1954 to co-ordinate the welfare work of the voluntary organizations and to advise the Government on matters of policy and administration in all fields of social welfare. The Council is not directly responsible for providing any social welfare services, and does not concern itsel f with individual cases. Funds made available to assisted welfare organizations increased from $Ml23,307 in 1960 to $Ml85,162 in 1961. I ... ··49- NORTH BORNEO

PREVENTION OF CRIME AND TREATMENT CF OFFE11DERS

There was a slight upward trend in over-all crime figures under the penal code. Cases against property increased substantially in 1961, while offences against the person remained at the same level as in 1960. Juveniles and young persons corrmitting penal code offences increased from 127 in 1959 to 140 in 1960 and 191 in 1961.

Crime statistics

1959 1960 1961

Penal code offences: Against lawful authority 53 83 76 Against public morality 13 10 12 Against the person 141 129 127 Against property 567 592 657 Others _]_ __1:2 --12 Tota l 781 829 894

Against local l aws 2,571 3,099 2,922

PUBLIC HEALTH

The Public Health Ordinance, which wa s passed by the Legislative Council in March 1960, came into e ffect on l J anuary 1961. The ordinance consolidat es all previous health legislation, save that relating to international quarantine, and provides for administration, notification, prevention and suppression of disease and for the promotion of general sanitation and environmental hygiene . Owing to difficulties of recruitment, three posts for medical officers had not been filled at the end of 1961. During the year a number of visitors took an intere st in the work of the Medical Department, including several experts from WHO.

There was no outbreak of major epidemic diseases during the year. The most common diseases continued to be malaria, tuberculos is and intestinal infestations. Cases of malnutrition continue d to come to notice l argely owing to the unexpected f ailure of crops in certa in ar eas or to the overmilling of rice. However, the numbe r of cases declined in 1961. Powder e d milk provide d by UNICEF was distributed in 1961 to ce rta in sel e cte d primary schools in the Territory. The low standards of hygiene and sanitation, particularly in rural areas, continued to cause a high incidence of bowel infections. In urban areas considerable progre ss was made in the insta llation of pure piped water supplie s and the sanitary disposal of excreta and refuse.

With assistance from the Australian Gove rnment through the Colombo Pl an, the anti- tuberculosis campaign, which opened i n 1960, made good progre ss dur ing

- 50·· NORTH BORNEO

1961. The work advanced so well that by May 1961 all the experts from Australia were able to return home. By the end of 1961 over ;o,cco children had been skin tested and some 20,CCO negative reactors given BCG inoculation. More than 40,000 persons had been X-rayed in connexion with the campaign. It was estimated that the disease was active in about 2 per cent of the persons over 15 years of age.

Since 1955 a project for the control of malaria has been undertaken jointly by the Government, WHO and UNICEF. In July 1961 the cam~aign was transformed into a country-wide malaria eradication programme. It is hoped to achieve final country-wide eradication of malaria by the end of 1968. The total cost of the prograrrme has been estimated at $M7.5 million, of which the Government will contribute over $M5 million and WHO and UNICEF the remainder. By the end of 1961, Lubuan Island was virtually free from the disease.

Expenditure (Malayan dollars)

1959 1960 1961 (actual) (actual) (estimate)

Medical Department 3,467,973 4,009,587 4,561,599 Development Plan ~ 753,768 388,474 308,466

~ Figures do not include all the capital expenditure on new buildings for medical and health purposes.

Medical and health staff

1959 l9q0 1961 Govt. Mission Priv. Govt. Mission Priv. Govt. Mission Priv.

Registered physicians 16 l 31 16 l 31 18 l 18 Nurses of senior training 7 3 l 9 3 l 12 5 l Ce rtificated nurses 186 53 206 53 206 53 Partially trained nurses 53 52 76 Certified midwives 68 3 40 66 3 40 50 6 41 Health Inspectors Grade I l l l Other health inspectors 14 14 25 Total 345 7 12#/ 364 7 12#/ 388 12 ll~

Excluding kampong midwives whose number increased from 64 in 1959 to 67 in 1960 and 69 in 1961 . ··51- NORTH BORNEO

Government institutions

Number Beds 1959 1960 1961 1959 1960 1961 General hospitals 2 2 2 479 511 671 Cottage hospitals 5 5 6 417 485 492 Mental hospitals l l l 14~/ 127~/ 15~/ Tuberculosis hospitals 2 2 2

Dispensaries: For out-patients 18 18 18 with beds 12 12 12 178 178 178

~ Patients under treatment in hospital at the end of the year.

EDUCATIONAL CONDITIONS

The 1960 census revealed that there were 80,000 children of primary school age and about 43,500 of secondary school age. At the beginning of 1962, some 60,000 children were reported in primary schools, representing about 75 per cent of the age-group, and some 5,850 in secondary schools, representing about 14 per cent of the corresponding age-group. The 1960 literacy rate is based on persons aged 10 years and over. Comparing with the 1~51 census figures of those aged fifteen years and over, the 1961 literacy rate was 243 as against 170 for 1951. Education is not compulsory and is free only in government schools. The educational system is based on a six-year primary school course using Malay, English or Chinese as the medium of instruction, followed by a five-year secondary course in English or a six-year course in Chinese. Valay language education is provided mainly by government schools; education, mainly by mission schools; and education, mainly by schools sponsored by local Chinese communities. Since 1960 an intensive programme has been developed to introduce a good foundation of English in the rural prirrary schools where most teaching has been conducted in Kalay. Two Australian Colombo Plan specialists, five English specialists provided from funds granted by the Nuffield Foundation and a team of local English specialists have been engaged in training teachers in the skills and techniques of the teaching of English as a foreign language.

Under the Education (Amendment) Ordinance, 1956, a Board of Education, comprising a ma jority of non-government members representing all interests, creeds and races, was established to advise the Governor on all matters relating to education. During 1961 the Board gave much active consideration to educational

- 52-· NORTH BORNEO

planning. It recommended that, as a practicable aim, every child should be provided with a place in primary schools by 1971; and that secondary education should be developed, in both its academic and its technical or vocational aspects, as widely as possible. In order to help to achieve this goal, the Board recommended the early establishment of a second primary teachers 1 training college, the institution of further emergency measures for in-service teacher training, and the development of new secondary schools, especially in the ~Ein centres of rural population. In connexion with a new Education Ordinance, the Board recommended considerable legislation designed to implement its proposals for the introduction of a unified salary scheme for teachers in grant-aided schools and for the introduction of education rates and cesses to establish a central education fund to finance the expansion of primary school facilities. The Education Ordinance, 1961, consolidates and amends the existing law relating to the supervision and control of schools and the teaching therein, and provides f er introducing uniform salary scales for teachers in grant-aided schools through the medium of a central education fund.

During the year College, the Government secondary school, was officially opened by the Governor. The total enrolment was 450 (340 boys and 110 girls), 210 (180 boys and 30 girls) of whom were bearding pupils.

There were no facilities for higher education in North Borneo in 1961. During that year, Sabah College in Jesselton provided a post-school certificate class in science. A similar course in arts in Sarawak was open to students from North Borneo. The total number of overseas scholarship a~ards received by students in North Borneo to study in colleges and unive rsities abroad increa sed from 50 in 1960 to 52 in 1961. The total enrolme nt in primary and seconda ry schools i n North Borneo i ncreased f rom 45,123 in 1959 to 50,763 in 1960 a nd 56 ,285 in 1961. t uring the year the Government Teacher Training College (Kent College) had 178 students , of whom 113 were men and 65 were women. The ordinary and development expenditures on education showed an appreciable increase in 1961.

Ex~end i ture (~alayan dollars) 1959 1960 1961 (actual) (actual ) (provisional )

Ordinary budget 2,598,841 3,243,276 4,519,324 Bevelopment budget 1,685,035 2,052,594 5, 397,986 Liberation Education Trust (rrainly on scholarshi ps) 69,475 94,344 76,983 Voluntary agencies 2,739,215 2,907,951

; ... -53- NORTH BORNEO

Schools

1959 1960 1961 Government 92 95 98 Mission 87 91 118 Chinese 89 89 86 Others 86 104 130 Total~ 354 379 432

~ In rr£ny cases both primary and secondary classes are in one school.

Pupils 1959 1960 1961 Primary school 41,726 46,957 51,936 Secondary schools 3,397 _l,8o6 4,349 Total 45,123 50,763 56,285

Boys 29,040 32,140 34,706 Girls 16,083 18,623 21,579 Total 45 ,123 50,763 56,285

CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS AND ~~SS COMMUNICATIONS

North Borneo has no museum but close liaison is maintained with the Sarawak Museum.

The Broadcasting and Information ~epartment administers the public library service in all the main towns of the Territory. ~ring the year the Je sselton Library, which acts as a central library for the Territory, and the Sandakan Library extended and improved building facilities. A new library was o~e ned in lahad ratu and was proving very popular. Donations from both the British Councjl and the Asia Foundation and the continued interest of local government authorities in making annual grants for the provision of books for the libraries in their areas ma de it possible to provide a steady stream of new books for most libraries . The Asia Foundation and the British Council have also assisted in training librarians from North Borneo in the United Kingdom. During 1961 some 45,000 books were borrowed from the public libraries, compared with 40,000 in 1960 and 25 ,000 in 1959.

- 54- I ... NORI'H BORNEO

In addition to the library service, the Broadcasting and Information ~epartment deals administratively with three closely related subjects of mass communications: the broadcasting service, the Press and publications, and the film and photography. Radio Sabah, a government-owned and operated broadcasting station, transmitted an average of ten hours (nine hours in 1960) daily, covering the whole Territory with a short v1ave transmitter and the Jesselton area with a medium-wave transmitter. Broadcasts were rr::ade in English, !>~.a lay, Kada zan and Chinese. News bulletins were broadcast in English six days a week, and in Chinese, Valay and Kadazan five days a week. The interest in the proposal for a Federation of Valaysia was reflected in broadcasts, which covered the meetings of the Valaysia Solidarity Consultative Coll'I!littee.

During 1961 six daily newspapers (five in Chinese and one in English, ~alay and Kadazan) and one monthly English news magazine were in circulation. Through its magazine - Radio Sabah Calling - the Press section of the Broadcasting and Inforrration ~epartment continued to supply official news and background inforrration to the local Press. The circulation of this magazine increased from 3,000 copies per issue in 1960 to over 3,800 copies per issue toward the end of 1961.

In 1961 there were thirty-three cinemas in operation, including those owned by rubber estates and timber camps. In addition, six travelling projectors served smaller towns and villages. The Film Library of the Bepartment of Broadcasting and Inforrration continued to supply films to co~ercial cinemas, the Department's own circuits and private borrowers.

-55- SARAWAK

AREA

The Territory, situated on the north-west coast of the island of Borneo and adjoining Brunei and North Borneo, has an area of 48,342 square miles (125,206 square kilometres), about one-sixth of the island.

POPULATION 1947 1960 1961 (census) (census) (mid-year estimate) Ethnic composition Indigenous: Sea Dayaks 190,326 237' 741 239,469 Land Dayaks 42,195 57,619 59,267 Me lanaus 35,560 44,661 45,155 Malays 97,469 129,300 132,903 Other Indigenous 29,867 37,931 38,562

Non-Indigenous: Chinese 145,158 229,154 236,473 Other Asians 5,119 6,492 6,691 Europeans 691 1,631 1,679 Total 546,385 744,529 760,199

Vital statistics 1959 1960 1961 Birth-rate per thousand population 26.3 25.3 25-9 Infant mortality per thousand live births 58. 2 6o.o 46.5 Death-rate per thousand population 5·9 5.8 5.2

-56- SARAWAK

GOVERNMENT

Constitution

Under the present Constitution, which came into force in 1957, the Territory is administered by a Governor, who is advised by a Supreme Council of ten members, and the power to make laws rests with a Council Negri consisting of forty-five members, of whom twenty-four are elected. During 1961 the Council Negri adopted the Government's White Paper proposals for constitutional and electoral advance. These proposals retain the present system of indirect election to the legislature and the present number of elected seats but the next election will be conducted on the basis of adult suffrage instead of the present limited franchise.

These constitutional proposals were framed without the concept of a Federation of Malaysia embracing the Federation of Malaya, the State of Singapore, the State of Brunei, North Borneo and Sarawak. The promulgation of this idea has dominated political thinking in the Borneo Territories. During 1961 a Regional Commonwealth Parliamentary Association Conference was formed to develop the idea of Malaysia. In October 1961 the Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom and the Federation of Malaya announced their agreement that such a Federation of Malaysia was a desirable aim and that a Commission should be appointed to ascertain the views of the people of North Borneo and Sarawak on the proposal. !}

Public Service

To localize the Public Service as rapidly as is compatible with the maintenance of responsible standards is the declared policy of the Sarawak Government. Progress in Borneanization of the Public Service was reported to be satisfactory. In November 1961, a Public Service Commission with a majority of unofficial members was set up to advise the Governor on appointments and promotions in the Public Service.

Trainin~ facilities

There is no university in Sarawak. Scholarships for higher education and training overseas are awarded by the Sarawak Government and under schemes promoted by the United Kingdom and the Colombo Plan Governments. At the end of 1961, 132 students were studying overseas under various scholarships on courses lasting over one year. A scholarship programme has been drawn up chiefly to produce suitably qualified local persons for the higher ranks of the Public Service.

!} Sarawak: Annual Report 1961, Kuching, 1962, pp. l-2 .

-57- SARAWAK

ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

The national income of Sarmvak is derived largely from the export of agricultural products. turing the period under review there was no change in the pattern of the economy in its almost complete dependence on the export of a few primary products: rubber, timber and pepper. With a decline in the prices of these primary products in comparison with 1959 and 1960, the year 1961 1-1as not as good financially as the two previous years. Exports were valued at $M397,234,369 for 1961 compared with $M488,290,454 for 1960 and $M533,390,873 for 1959. 2/ Excluding the re-export of petroleum, the export value of rubber, timber and pepper decreased from $M183,247,776 in 1960 to $Ml53,499,770 in 1961 or about 88 per cent of the total export earnings of Sarawak.

LAND, AGRICULTURE AND LIVE-STOCK

About three-quarters of Sarawak are still covered 1-1ith primary forest and agriculture is confined to the remaining area of some 11,500 square miles. The major portion of the agricultural land is under shifting cultivation, which is a cause of soil erosion. The soil of Sarawak 1 s agricultural land is generally poor and often of extreme acidity.

All land in Sarawak is classified under one of the following types: mixed zone land, Native Area land, Native customary land, interior area land or reserved land. There are about 4,400 square miles of mixed zone land and 2,500 square miles of Native Area land. The latter may be held only by an indigenous person of Sarawak while the former may be alienated under title to a non-indigenous person. During the year, 106 acres of mixed zone land, 236 acres of reserved land and about 12 acres of Native Area land 1-1ere constituted.

Among the factors which contribute to the slowness in agricultural progress are the system of land tenure, poor soil, shifting cultivation and the lack of communications. Land problems have delayed the economic and social development of the rural communities. As a first step in tackling the problem, a Land Commission was appointed to review all aspects of land legislation particularly in regard to the complicated question of Native customary rights.

Under the Revised Development Plan, 1959-1963, in which a total of $M36.3 million, or 23.6 per cent of the estimated total cost of the plan, is set aside for agriculture, good progress continued to be made in expanded programnes of research into soils, pepper and rice.

The local currency is the Malayan dollar ($M) which is equal to 2s.4d. sterling or $US0.327.

-58- SARMlAK

Principal crops

The principal cash crops are rubber, pepper, sago and coco-nut. Rice is the staple food and its export either as rice or padi is prohibited. Although about 75 per cent of the total cultivated area is devoted primarily to the production of dry rice, this, together with wet rice production can meet only about half of the Territory's requirements. Sarawak imported 59,293 metric tons of rice in 1961, compared with 45,710 metric tons in 1960. The acreage of wet and dry padi harvested during 1960/1961 season was approximately 269,917 acres, compared \-lith about 268,000 acres for the previous year. It is estimated that 95,331 tons of padi, equivalent to 57,199 tons of rice, vlere harvested in Sarawak in 1960/1961.

With the exception of five large estates, rubber production is maintained essentially by smallholders. Th~ planted area is estimated at 300,000 acres and the five estates of over 1,000 acres account for only 7,053 acres of the total area under mature rubber. About 80 per cent of the estimated area of 300,000 acres compTise old, unselected seedling trees nearing the end of their economic life.

Progress was made in the rubber planting scheme introduced in 1956 to encourage new planting and the replacement of old uneconomic rubber with selected high-yielding trees. From 1956 to the end of 1961 a total of 79,736 acres v1ere approved for nevl planting or replanting, a.n increase of 15,398 acres over 1960, and a total of 51,533 acres of high-yielding rubber had been planted by the end of 1961, an increase of 7,983 acres over the previous year. The estates accounted for an increase of 60 acres over 1960. In 1961, production was well maintained and exports amounted to 46,916 tons valued at $M83,256,933.

Pepper kept its place as the second most important cash crop in Sarawak and the total acreage of pepper was esti~ated at 7,000 to 8,000 acres in 1961, an increase of about l,CCO acres over 1959.

The area under sago was esti~ated a.t 150,000 acres. Exports of sago flour increased from 19,966 tons in 1960 to 24,409 tons in 1961. Coco-nut is entirely a srrallholders' crop and the acreage of coco-nuts i s estimat ed at 50,000 acres. The Coco-nut Planting Scheme, which aims to plant a total area of 20,COO acres during the five-year development period 1959-1963, continued to make good progress. By the end of 1961 over 9,000 acres had been planted.

- 59- SARAWAK

LIVE-STOCK

Animal husbandry plays little part in the rural economy and mixed farming with live-stock is not generally practised.

Production Imports 1959 1960 1961 1959 1960 1961

Buffaloes 8,735 9,364 9,892 ) 881 1,253 1,111 Cattle 5,751 5,204 a/ 7,020 ) Pigs 138,158 177,586- 255,841 9,081 13,263 16,585 Goats 7,788 9,021 8,021 Poultry ...... 61,798 57,136 35,298

~I Revised figure.

FORES'IRY

About three-quarters of Sarawak's total area of 48,342 square miles is still under virgin forest, of which 11,482 square miles have been legally constituted as forest reserve for the production of forest crops. Timber production is carried on by licensed sawmills, seventy of which were in operation in l96o and 1961. Total output figures of the sawmilling industry are not available. However, foreign trade statistics show that the timber industry in 1961 experie~ced a marked reduction in the demand for sawn ramin, compared with 1960, though the exports of logs exceeded those made during 1960. In both cases prices declined during the year.

In order to assist the sawmilling industry in its adoption of modern equipment, the services of a United Nations sawmill engineer were obtained in 1961. Since 1959 a five-year research programme has been in operation with emphasis on timber production, wood technology, botany, ecology and silviculture. In co-operation with the South-east Asia Science Co-operation Office of UNESCO a short course on botanical and ecological techniques was held during the year.

FISHERIES

The only fisheries work carried out by the Government concerns freshwater fisheries. The interest shown by farmers in freshwater fish culture continued to increase both in rural and urban areas. A total of ll357 new ponds was constructed and stocked in 1961, compared with 886 in 1960 and 832 in 1959. For the free use of freshwater fish, 2,297 applications were received during. 1961, an increase of more than 100 per cent over 1960. Similarly, the number of free distribution of freshwater fish fry increased from 59,208 in 1959 to 114,345 in 1960 and 298,657 in 1961.

-60- SARAWAK

MINING

Mineral production consists of bauxite, oil, gold, phosphate, stone, bricks and lime; of these, only oil and bauxite are exported. Mainly owing to the lower world price of oil, the 1961 value of Sarawak's mineral production was $Ml0,775,036, a slight reduction from 1960.

The oil industry is operated by Sarawak Shell Oilfields Limited which holds oil rights over 10,850 square miles of land and about 55,000 square miles of the off-shore continental shelf. The industry consists of a small declining field at Miri and a refinery and ocean loading facilities at Lutong. Most of Sarawak's oil export was produced in Brunei but piped to Sarawak where some of it was treated at Lutong Refinery before being exported.

Principal mineral production

1Q_59 1960 1961

Oil (United States barrels) 395,413 433,313 435,469 Bauxite (long tons) 206,848 284,830 253,389 Gold (fine ounces) 2,450 3,326 4,132 Phosphate (long tons) 619

POWER

Most of the electric power supplies in the Territory were provided by the Sarawak Electricity Supply Company Limited, a government-owned public utility undertaking. The licensing of minor public electricity supply schemes is carried out by the Chief Electrical Inspector under the provisions of the Electricity Ordinance. In general, these schemes provide no more than the amenity of electric light, and during 1961 nineteen such schemes with a total installed capacity of 304 kw were licensed.

The authorized capital for the Sarawak Electricity Supply Company Limited remained at $Ml0.5 million but its generating capacity and production continued to increase.

Capacity, production and consumers

1959 1960

Installed capacity (kw) 7,913 9,814 10,531 Production (thousand kwh) 13,317 16,031 18,922 Consumers 11,467 12,808 14,oo4

-61- SARAWAK

INDUSTRY

Manufacturing industry is mainly in the hands of private enterprise and still on a very limited scale. To promote industrial development the Government adopted a number of measures, including the provision of credit facilities, enactment of the Pioneer Industries (Encouragement) Ordinance, the granting of guarantees in respect of foreign investment, the establishment of the Borneo Free Trade Area, and the development of communications, industrial sites and other basic facilities.

Sarawak's manufacturing industry was confined l argely to the processing of primary produce for export and the manufacture of goods for local consumption. The manufacture of veneer sheets is a recent and expanding industry. Production figures are not available but foreign trade statistics show that 1,803,907 square yards of veneer sheets were exported in 1961, compared with 793,353 square yards for 1960.

TRANSPORT A1~ COMMUNICATIONS

There are no railways in Sarawak. In the construction of trunk and secondary roads, the outstanding feature of 1961 was the Government's decision to augment the road construction programme of 343 miles by the addition of a further 210 miles of new roads. Most of the new mileage of roads will provide a main line of communication passing through rural areas.

The total mileage of roads increased from 605 miles in 1959 to 705 miles in 1960 and 748 miles in 1961, about 168 (137 in 1959 and 153 in 1960) of which were bitumen or concrete. A total of 8,317 motor vehicles of all classes were licensed at the end of 1961, compared with 6,681 in 1960 and 5,408 in 1959.

Malayan Airways Limited operate daily services between Singapore and Sarawak's two civil airports in Kuching and Sibu. Borneo Airways Limited, whose base is at Labuan, North Borneo, operated an internal air service to eleven coastal and internal aerodromes in Sarawak. International air traffic continued to increase; the embarked and disembarked ~assengers at Kuching and Sibu airports totalled 21,480 and 20,968 in 1961 respectively, compared with 18,767 and 19,205 respectively for the previous year.

The Territory lacks deep water ports; neither Kuching nor Sibu is directly accessible by other than small to medium-size ocean ships. The opening of the new port at Tanah Futeh during 1961 was considered an important benefit for sea communications in Sarawak. The main system of internal communication is provided by local coastal and river vessels, which transport, import and export cargoes throughout the Territory. Continued progress was made during 1961 by the Marine Department's Hydrographic Survey Unit on charting rivers which had never been surveyed.

-62- SARAWAK

Telecommunications The development of the public telephone system continued. 'I'he International Radio Telephone Service from Kuching to Singapore and the Federation of Malaya inaugurated in November 1960 was extended to the United Kingdom. At the end of 1961 six automatic and forty-five manual exchanges with 3,697 telephones were in operation. Inland telegraph services are available between fifty-six centres in Sarawak and operated mainly by radio. The V.H.F. trunk radio network has received considerable attention and arrangements were completed during 1961 to connect the Kuching/Singaport H.F. international link to Sibu and to the United Kingdom.

FUBLIC FINANCE The fiscal year coincides with the calendar year, and the 1961 estimates follow the pattern adopted in 1958 of a recurrent and capital budget. Financially 1961, though not up to the record level of 1960, was not an unsatisfactory year. Revenue was up to expectation and recurrent expenditure was kept close to the estimate. The drop in the export prices of rubber, pepper and timber made it necessary to keep a close watch on recurrent expenditure in order to keep up with the capital development. A contribution of $M16 million ($M25 million in 1960) from the 1961 ordinary budget was made to the Capital Fund Account to finance development projects. Public debt, comprising debenture bonds and stocks decreased from $M25,278,500 in 1960 to $M25,097,037 in 1961.

Revenue and expenditure (thousand Malayan dollars) 1959 1960 1961 (actual) (actual) (estimate) Revenue: Ordinary 68,562 83,395 79,707 Extraordinary 1,809 1!089 1!347 Total 70,371 84,484 81,054 Expenditure: Ordinary 64,945 83,315 80,647 Extraordinary 27!469 28,531 38!961 Total 92,414 111,846 119,608 Major heads of ordinary revenue: Customs 37,883 46,806 38,720 Income Tax 10,101 12,401 12,750 Licences, taxes and internal revenue 3,859 4,092 3,680 Interest 3,441 3,925 6,150 Major heads of ordinary expenditure: Education 9,502 9,759 10,846 Medical 5,626 6,038 6,554 Public '-mrks 5,151 7,031 8, 216 Constabulary 4,119 4,270 4,413

-63- SARAWAK

Development finance

The total expenditure for the Five-year Development Plan (1959-1963) was estimated at $Ml53,681,834. About $M27 million was spent on development projects in 1961, compared with £M23 million in 1960. The development expenditure is financed by local revenue appropriations, accumulated surplus balances, rubber cess and loan funds, and Colonial Development and Welfare Grants. The bulk of the development expenditure was spent on the rubber planting scheme, improved communications and the expansion of educational facilities.

IN'I'ERNATIONAL TRADE

An important step to promote trade and industrial development was taken during the year with the conclusion of a Free Trade Area Agreement between Sarawak and North Borneo, which came into effect from the beginning of 1962. The principal object of the Agreement is to enable the bulk of the products of these two Territories to move between them freely without becoming liable to customs duties or excise simply as a result of such movement. Except for a short list of excluded items, all goods whether of area origin or imported from outside the Area are free from inter-territorial import duties. All goods transferred from one Territory to another are now exempt from export duties; but when goods liable to export duty are transferred to another Territory within the Free Trade Area and then re-exported outside the Area, they become liable to the export duty in force in the Territory of origin, which receives the resulting revenue.

Imports and exports (thousand Malayan dollars)

12.2.2. 1960 1961 Imports 455,066 444,923 411,739 Exports 533,391 488,290 397,234

Principal imports: Mineral fuels, lubricants and related rraterials 305,082 251,084 201,659 Food 55,771 59,449 76,178 Manufactured goods and sundries 37,228 43,478 46,400 Machinery and transport equipment 21,562 26,085 28,582

Principal exports: Petroleum, crude and refined 351,183 287,999 221,856 Rubber 94,898 122,440 83,257 Timber 31,040 43,607 41,597 Pepper 18,098 17,200 28,645 Illire nuts 19,976 14,101

-64- SARAWAK

SOCIAL CONDITIONS

No significant changes in general social conditions, human rights or the status of women were reported during the year.

LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT

Most cf the population is engaged part of the time in agricultural pursuits such as padi farming, the cultivation of small holdings, sago plantations, collection of jungle produce, etc. Employment for wages is in many cases merely a means of obtaining cash to supplement the products of labour on their own land. Owing to the continual shortage of labour and strict immigration control, there is no serious problem of unemployment.

The latest available figures show the total number of regular wage earners in the principal occupations in 1959 as 11,493, over half of whom were workers in the sawmills. Sarawak Shell Oilfields Limited is one of the larger private employing firms in the Territory. During 1961 the company employed 577 (624 in 1960) skilled and 297 (344 in 1560) unskilled workers, among whom Malays, Chinese and Dayaks respectively are roughly in the proportion of 64, 18-1/2 and 14-1/2, with the balance composed of a mixture of races.

Hours of work in the main industries, which are governed by the eight-hour day and six-day week, remained unchanged. In the Oil Company, weekly hours of work are forty-three and a half and overtime pay is one and a half times the ordinary rate. The hourly r ates of pay of the Oil Company's workers remained unchanged.

Sample daily wage rates (Malayan dollars)

1959 1960 1961

Rubber tappers ~/ 2.50 - 6.80 2.50 - 6.80 2.50- 7.00 Carpenters 4.50 -10.00 4.50 -10.00 4.50 -14.00 Sawmill workers 2.80 -13.00 2.80 -13.00 3.00 -14.00 Road and building construction 3.40 -14.00 3.40 -14.00 3.40 -14.00 Basic rate in oilfields: £/ Skilled 1.65 1.67 1.67 Unskilled 0 .71 0.71 0 .71

~ Free housing and other amenities are provided. ~ Rates per hour exclude a temporary cost-of-living allowance.

-65- SARAWAK

During the year two trade unions were registered and two agreed to amalgamate. The number of trade unions totalled thirty-nine at the end of the year, compared with thirty-eight for 1960. Industrial disputes were infrequent and no stoppage occurred during the period under review.

CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES

The communal way of life of the indigenous population provides a certain basis for co-operation. To assist the Government in a programme designed to improve and strengthen the co-operative movement, the services of an ILO expert were obtained in 1960 and he completed his one year mission in Sarawak in June 1961. In October 1961 another expert arrived in Sarawak on a one year's survey mission with a view to advising on the possibilities of developing co-operative marketing. During the year two senior co-operative officers were sent abroad for advanced study and training; one of them attended the ILO Co-operative Seminar in Denmark.

During 1961 thirty-eight (twenty-five in 1960) new societies were formed and registered. Thirty-six of the thirty-eight new societies were rural, and the majority of these new organizations were rural savings and loan societies. There were 201 societies on the register by the eno of 1961, compared with 178 societies for the previous year. The 178 societies had a total membership of 10,909.

SOCIAL vJELFARE

No general schemes of social security are in operation. The Social Welfare Council, a voluntary organization composed of official and unofficial members of various races, creeds and walks of life, carries out a welfare programme in consultation with the Government, which supports the work of the Council with an annual grant of $Ml90,000. In 1961 all affiliated welfare bodies and those receiving grants from the Council were requested to subrn it estimates of their annual requirements for its consideration. The introduction of estimates has facilitated the Council's planning of its future programmes.

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

The Community Development Committee is responsible for the planning and direction of specific projects aiming at the improvement of the economic, educational and health conditions of the indigenous population in the rural areas of the Territory. A similar but separate scheme, serving economically depressed villages of land Dayaks and Sea Dayaks, continued to make satisfactory progress during the year. Completing its initial four-year phase of development in 1961, the Padawan Scheme for Land Dayak villages continued satisfactorily for the first year of a further three-year period under Land Dayak leadership.

During the year, the Long Lama Centre scheme for imparting simple technical skills to the indigenouo people in the interior made notable progress and the Lemanak Centre scheme, serving an economically depressed Iban community, was

-66- SARAWAK launched. As a result of the visit of a WHO expert in 1960 it was recommended that a nutrition survey should be conducted through one of the established community development centres. Another visit to the Lemanak Centre in 1961 led to a further report which was under active consideration at the close of the year with a view to implementing recommendations relationg to the collection of data for a study of health standards and dietary habits.

PREVENTION OF CRIME AND TREATMENT OF OFFENDERS

The incidence of crime was considered to be generally low. However, the number of offences covered by the Penal Code rose by 8 per cent over the 1960 figure; the number of house-breakings and other thefts recorded a decrease. Murders increased by sixteen to twenty-one in 1961. The number of cases other than murder in which persons were killed or injured in shooting accidents rose by two to twenty-eight in 1961.

Altogether 631 male and eighteen female prisoners were committed during 1961, compared with 393 male and five female prisoners for the previous year. The daily average of female prisoners was five in 1961, compared with two in 1960.

PUBLIC HEALTH

In the field of public health the most serious event during 1961 was an outbreak of cholera which helped to demonstrate the importance of better sanitary conditions, especially in rural er€as. The first cases were diagnosed in Kuching in July but the outbreak was brought under effective control in October. During the outbreak 61 of the 270 cases were fatal.

The year 1961 marked the transition of large areas of Sarawak from the attack phase to the consolidation phase of its malaria eradication project. A revised plan for eradication was submitted to WHO, whose advisory team, consisting of a Senior Malaria Adviser, an Entomologist and a Sanitarian, continued to give technical advice to Sarawak.

Tuberculosis remalned a serious threat. Financial and technical assistance from Colonial Development and Welfare Funds and Colombo Plan sources was received for the carrying out of a scheme to control tuberculosis first in Kuching and then in the other main centres of the Territory. In March 1961 control operations commenced in Kuching. By the end of October 1961 nineteen schools had been visited and over 12,000 tuberculin tests and over 7,000 B.C.G. vaccinations had been performed.

Owing to the poor, or often non-existent, environmental sanitation facilities, a large number of cases of dysentery and enteric fever continued to be reported. In an effort to improve the environmental sanitation in rural areas, a scheme for the training of rural health overseers for this work was submitted to the Government for its approval.

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During the year a Mental Health Ordinance was enacted, replacing the out-of-date Lunacy Ordinance. The number of voluntary patients admitted to the mental hospital and attendances at the outpatient clinics during the year showed a marked increase. A research project to investigate the varying incidence of mental disorders in the different races in the Territory has been proposed.

Public health expenditure (thousand Malayan dollars) 1959 1960 1961 (actual) (actual) (estimates)

Recurrent expenditure 5,626 6,038 6,554 Capital expenditure l, 566 1,862 1,813 Total 7,192 7,900 8,367

Medical and health staff

The reorganization and consolidation of the activities of the Medical and Health Department, which began early in 1960, continued during 1961. The presence in medical headquarters of a specialist health officer to be renamed Assistant Director of Medical Services in 1962 greatly strengthened the preventive aspects of the Department's work. In August 1961, a medical officer was assigned to the Fifth Division of the Territory. Thus, each of the five divisions now has its own Divisional Medical Officer in administrative control of all the activities of the Medical and Health Department.

Concerning specialists and medical officers, the staff position deteriorated during 1961 with vacancies for an opthalmologist, a medical specialist and five medical officers. However, vacancies in the senior nursing staff were gradually filled during the year. The latest available figures showed that at the end of 1960 there were 63 registered medical practitioners: 32 Government, 4 Mission and 27 private. At the end of 1961 there were 443 trained midwives on the register.

During 1961 eighteen members of the medical staff returned to duty, having completed courses of training overseas in a variety of subjects. At the end of 1961 there were twenty-five government students and eight serving officers undergoing training in medical or para-medical subjects in Malaya, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and Canada.

Institutions

Progress on the construction of a new general hospital in Kuching under the Development Plan was slow but considerable improvements were made to the existing hospital. There are four general hospitals (684 beds), a mental hospital (300 beds), a leprosarium (520 beds) and a sanatorium (60 beds), twenty-nine static dispensaries (196 rest beds), and fourteen travelling dispensaries. Excluding accommodation for mental and leprosy patients but including a few mission hospitals, the total number of beds remained at approximately 1,000, or about one bed per 745 of the population. -68- SARAWAK

EDUCATIONAL CONDITIONS

Owing to the multiplicity of ethnic groups and languages, different school systems hav.e grown up to meet the varying needs of the population. The principal objectives of the Government's educational policy have been to bring the different school systems into a common national system. To achieve these objectives a number of steps have been taken, including the development of a national system of secondary education by the use of English as a medium of instruction and the introduction of a grant code to put all aided schools on the same financial basis.

A new education ordinance was enacted during the year, and one of its main purposes is to strengthen the provisions for controlling the registration of schools, supervisors, managers and teachers. During the year the Council Negri also approved a plan for the development of national secondary education, which sets out the need for using English as a common medium of instruction and a curriculwn with a common content for all types of secondary school. Under the Colombo Plan, the New Zealand Government provided a team of three experienced teachers to advise on the revision of the secondary school curriculum. During the year two new government secondary schools were opened in temporary premises and managements of Chinese-medium secondary schools were required to signify their agreement to a gradual scheme of conversion to the English medium.

Education is not yet free and compulsory. The Government aims to provide a six-year course of primary education for all children between the ages of 6 and 11 inclusive. The majority of pupils are in schools managed by locnl authorities, Chinese boards of management, missions and village committees, but an increasing number of secondary schools have been placed under government management.

In 1961 the total school age population was estimated at 216,985, compared with 203,193 in 1960. Progress has been made in narrowing the gap between the indigenous and the Chinese populations in educational opportunity and standards. At the end of 1961, there were 45,820 indigenous pupils in school, representing 33.9 per cent of the indigenous population of the school age, compared with 62,223 Chinese pupils representing 78.2 per cent of Chinese children of the school age. The proportion of indigenous pupils in secondary school remained very low.

There are two teacher-training colleges, one at Batu Lintang and the other at Sibu. During 1961 a new group of trainees was admitted at Sibu, and a new course at Batu Lintang was begun, with Colombo Plan staff aid from Canada, to train English teachers for Chinese-medium primary schools. The total enrolment at the teacher-training colleges increased from 306 in 1960 to 318 in 1961. The main development in technical education in 1961 was the establishment of a trade school in temporary premises at Kuching.

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Education expenditure (thousand Malayan dollars) 1959 1961 (actual) (estimates) Recurrent expenditure 9,503 9,759 10,846 Capital expenditure 2,715 1,904 3,853 Total 12,218 11,663 14,699

Schools lg')q 1960 1961 Primary Secondary Prirrary oeccndary Prirrary Secondary

Central Government 4 4 4 4 3 6

Aided: Local authority 378 424 469 Private (village committee) 5 5 5 Mission 139 15 146 14 141 13 Chinese ~/ 251 17 247 16 244 16 Unaided 32 24 6 25 13 Total 809 850 4o 887 48

~ Including a few schools under the management of missions and local authorities.

Pupils 1959 1960 1961 Boys Girls Boys--Girls Boys--Girls Schools Central Government 806 260 849 323 1,068 4o4 Aided: Local authority 18,551 7,735 20,985 9,254 22,426 10,815 Private (village commi ttee ) 475 386 540 414 575 451 Mission 12,401 6,908 13,363 7,703 13,251 7,608 Chinese ~ 27,322 20,008 27,941 21,366 27,075 21 , 805 Unaided 1,415 876 732 569 2, 082 1,261 Total 60,970 36,173 64,410 39,629 66,477 42,344 Grand Total 97,143 104,039 108, 821

~/ Including a few schools under the management of missions and local authorities.

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CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS AND MASS COMMUNICATIONS

The Sarawak Museum in Kuching has an excellent collection of Borneo arts and crafts and is an attraction to local peoples of all races as well as to visitors. A notable increase in the use of the Museum by adults and school children was reported during the year. Schools in the Kuching area began to conduct museum tours of instruction and the publication of a booklet, Sarawak in the Museum, by the Borneo Literature Bureau in 1961 in both Chinese and English editions filled a long-felt need.

In co-operation with the Sarawak Museum, studies of Borneo arts and crafts were undertaken. During the year the curator and others made extensive journeys far inland and more artists and singers came to the Sarawak Museum to study and make records. A candidate from North Borneo was selected to start training in ~ecember 1961 at the Sarawak Museum with a view to undertaking active field work later.

The Sarawak Central Library, administered by the Education Department, contained 35,000 volumes in English, Chinese and Malay at the end of 1961, an increase of 5,000 volumes over 1960. The British Council continued to present books and periodicals to the Sarawak Central Library and a gift of 350 books was also received from the Carnegie Corporation of New York during the year. Increasing use was made of all library services in Sarawak and the Central Library issues increased from 6o,247 in 1960 to 91,292 in 1961.

During 1961 two daily newspapers (one in Chinese and one in English) and one weekly in Iban were added to the list of newspapers and periodicals in publication, making a total of nine Chinese and two English daily newspapers and ten periodicals in Chinese, English, Malay and Iban.

Radio Sarawak, operating as a government department, broadcasts fourteen hours of programmes daily on two simultaneous transmissions, each radiating on both the short and medium wave bands. During the year short wave propagation and reception was further strengthened and satisfactory results in broadcasting between Singapore and the Borneo Territories were obtained. The development was especially beneficial to the Schools Broadcasting Service, which was developed and extended during the year.

In 1961 eight staff members of Radio Sarawak proceeded overseas for various courses of higher professional training and all technicians attended local courses. Local staff training is supplemented by correspondence courses financed by the Government.

-71- NON·SELF-GOVERNIN.G TERRITORIES BY GEOGRAPHICAL REGION

African and adjacent Territories Caribbean and Western Atlantic Aden Antigua Angola, including Cabinda Bahamas Basutoland Barbados Bechuanaland Bermuda Cape Verde Archipelago British Guiana Fernando POo British Honduras Gambia British Virgin Islands Gibraltar Cayman Islands Guinea (Portuguese) Dominica Ifni Falkland Islands Kenya Grenada Malta JamaicaY Mauritius Montserrat Mozambique St. Kitts-Nevis-Angullla St. Lucia .Nyasaland St. Vincent Rfo Muni Trinidad and Tobago.Y St. Helena Turks and Caicos Islands Sio Tom~ and Prt'ncipe and dependencies United States Virgin Islands Seychelles Southern Rhodesia Paclfic Territories Spanish Sahara American Samoa Swaziland Cook Islands Uganda!/ Fiji Zanzibar Gilbert and Ellice Islands Guam Asian Territories New Hebrides Brunei Niue Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Papua Hong Kong Pitcairn Island Macau and dependencies Solomon Islands North Borneo Tokelau Islands Sarawak Singapore Timor (Portuguese) and dependencies Y jamaica attained independence on 6 August 1962. 'Y Trinidad and Tobago attained independence on 31 August Y Uganda attained independence on 9 October 1962. 1962.