L'histoire De Keish

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L'histoire De Keish L’histoire de Keish Les premières nations vivent au Yukon depuis plusieurs milliers d’années et ont joué un rôle important dans l’histoire du territoire. Selon de nombreuses sources, la découverte d’or au ruisseau Bonanza a été faite par un homme de la Première nation Tagish. Les histoires que racontent les Autochtones à propos de la découverte de l’or mettent surtout l’accent sur les relations familiales et les responsabilités entre les personnages de l’histoire plutôt que sur la quête de l’or. L’homme de la Première nation Tagish qui a trouvé de l’or au ruisseau Bonanza portait le nom de Keish. Les anglophones l’appelaient « Skookum Jim » en raison de sa force légendaire. (En dialecte chinook, le mot « skookum » signifie « fort ».) Keish a déjà réussi à transporter 156 livres (70 kilos) de bacon sur son dos pour franchir le col Chilkoot! La soeur de Keish, Shaaw Tláa, avait épousé un blanc nommé George Carmack, qui lui donnait le nom de Kate. Deux ans avant la découverte de l’or au ruisseau Bonanza, Shaaw Tláa et George Carmack avaient quitté leur maison du sud du Yukon pour descendre le fleuve Yukon à la recherche de l’or. L’année d’avant, l’une des sœurs de Shaaw Tláa avait aussi entrepris de descendre le fleuve avec son époux pour chercher de l’or. Sans nouvelle du couple pendant deux ans, la famille a commencé à s’inquiéter de son sort. Keish était leur seul frère, et c’est à lui que revenait la responsabilité de s’assurer que Shaaw Tláa et sa sœur étaient toujours en vie, à l’abri du danger. Il décida donc de descendre lui aussi le fleuve pour essayer de découvrir ce qui était arrivé aux deux femmes. Deux de ses neveux, Káa Goox (aussi appelé Dawson Charlie), et Koołseen (aussi appelé Patsy Henderson) l’ont accompagné. Koołseen n’avait probablement pas plus de 11 ans. On a raconté par la suite que c’est lui qui avait pagayé pendant la majeure partie du voyage. Les trois hommes ont trouvé Shaaw Tláa, George et leur fille en train de pêcher le saumon à l’embouchure de la rivière Klondike, en compagnie de membres de la première nation de la région, qui parlaient le hän. C’était à l’été de 1896, et Keish, Káa Goox et Koołseen ont décidé de rester au campement avec les membres de leur famille jusqu’à l’arrivée de l’hiver. Pendant leur séjour, George leur a parlé d’un autre prospecteur, nommé Robert Henderson. Henderson avait trouvé de l’or dans un ruisseau qui se déversait dans la rivière Klondike, en amont du campement où le groupe s’était installé. George voulait partir à sa recherche pour savoir s’il y avait beaucoup d’or dans le ruisseau. Koołseen est resté au campement pour garder un œil sur les chiens et poursuivre la pêche, et les trois autres hommes sont partis en direction de la concession de Henderson. En chemin, ils ont eux aussi cherché de l’or, mais sans jalonner de concession, car ils voulaient trouver le meilleur filon possible. Ils se sont donc rendus jusqu’au campement de Henderson, mais n’y ont pas jalonné de concession. D’après certaines personnes, Henderson aurait insulté les Tagish, soit en leur interdisant de jalonner une concession à proximité de la sienne, soit en refusant de leur vendre du tabac, ou encore pour les deux motifs. De retour à leur camp de pêche, les membres du groupe se sont arrêtés pour se reposer et se sont endormis sous les arbres. Au réveil, Keish avait soif; il est donc aller s’abreuver au ruisseau. En se penchant pour boire, il a vu quelque chose de brillant sur les roches. Il a appelé Carmack et Káa Goox en leur demandant d’apporter la batée et la pelle. Au fond de la batée, il y avait plus d’or que les trois hommes en avaient vu de leur vie. Ils ont donc vérifié s’il y avait de l’or à quelques autres endroits, puis ont décidé de jalonner des concessions à cet emplacement même. Keish avait trouvé la meilleure concession possible par pur accident! George a jalonné une double concession de la découverte en acceptant de la partager avec Keish, qui a jalonné sa propre concession à côté de celle de George. Káa Goox a jalonné la concession de l’autre côté. Les trois hommes se sont ensuite empressés d’aller à Fortymile pour enregistrer leurs concessions en racontant leur découverte à tous ceux qu’ils croisèrent en route. L’histoire de Robert Henderson Bien que George Carmack, Skookum Jim et Dawson Charlie furent les premiers à jalonner des concessions au ruisseau Bonanza, Robert Henderson fut le premier à découvrir de l’or dans le bassin de drainage de la rivière Klondike. En fait, nombreux sont ceux qui estiment que le mérite d’avoir lancé la ruée vers l’or revient à Henderson, tandis que ce ne serait que sur les conseils de Henderson que Carmack et ses amis auraient fait de la prospection dans les ruisseaux qui se déversent dans la rivière Klondike. Robert Henderson a passé de nombreuses années à faire de la prospection dans toutes les régions du Nord. En 1894, il suivit l’avis du propriétaire d’un poste de traite appelé Joe Ladue et commença à faire de la prospection sur la rivière Indian. Henderson a passé environ deux ans à chercher de l’or dans les ruisseaux qui se déversent dans la rivière Indian. Un jour, en 1896, il décida de franchir la colline qui sépare la rivière Indian de la rivière Klondike. Le premier ruisseau qu’il croisa contenait plus d’or que tous les ruisseaux qu’il avait sondés autour de la rivière Indian; il lui donna donc le nom de Gold Bottom (ruisseau au fond doré), et décida de jalonner une concession qu’il commença à exploiter sur-le-champ. Puis il retourna à la rivière Indian pour raconter à d’autres prospecteurs qu’il y avait de l’or en plus grande quantité dans les ruisseaux qu’il venait de découvrir et leur conseiller de s’y rendre. Trois hommes sont donc retournés avec lui et ont réussi ensemble à trouver de l’or pour une valeur d’environ 750 $. En août, les vivres et les fournitures vinrent à manquer. Henderson se rendit donc chez Joe Ladue pour faire des achats. Sur le chemin du retour, il croisa George et Kate Carmack, accompagnés des membres de leur famille, Skookum Jim, Dawson Charlie, and Patsy Henderson (qui n’était pas apparenté à Robert Henderson) qui pêchaient le saumon en compagnie d’un groupe de personnes qui faisaient partie d’une première nation de la région, les Häns, à l’embouchure de la rivière Klondike. Robert Henderson raconta à Carmack qu’il avait découvert de l’or au ruisseau Gold Bottom. Il lui dit qu’il y avait de la place pour que lui, George, vienne y jalonner une concession, mais pas pour tous les membres du campement, car il voulait s’assurer qu’il resterait assez de concessions pour ses amis, prospecteurs des premiers jours tout comme lui. Peu après le départ de Henderson, Carmack, Skookum Jim, et Dawson Charlie décidèrent de prendre la route en direction du ruisseau Gold Bottom. Arrivés sur les lieux, l’endroit leur a plu et chacun d’eux jalonna une concession. Carmack dit alors à Henderson qu’il irait faire de la prospection au ruisseau Rabbit (qui était le nom du ruisseau Bonanza à l’origine) en s’en retournant vers le campement de pêche. Il promit à Henderson de lui faire signe s’il trouvait de l’or dans le ruisseau. En reprenant la route vers le campement de pêche, à l’embouchure de la rivière Klondike, les trois hommes découvrirent un endroit près du ruisseau Rabbit où il y avait une grande quantité d’or. En fait, il y avait tellement d’or que les hommes racontèrent par la suite que les couches d’or enfouies dans la boue ressemblaient à du fromage dans un sandwich. Il y avait tellement d’or qu’ils décidèrent de rebaptiser le ruisseau et de lui donner le nom de « Bonanza ». Chacun des trois hommes jalonna une concession; Carmack jalonna une double concession, celle de la découverte, puis Skookum Jim et Dawson Charlie jalonnèrent une concession de taille normale. Une fois leur travail terminé, les trois hommes se précipitèrent en direction de la ville de Fortymile pour y enregistrer leurs concessions. Ils racontèrent à tous ceux qu’ils croisèrent qu’ils avaient trouvé une grande quantité d’or, mais ne revinrent jamais le dire à Henderson. De nombreuses personnes provenant d’autres régions du Yukon étaient déjà en route vers la rivière Klondike lorsque Carmack et ses amis trouvèrent de l’or au ruisseau Bonanza. Ils avaient entendu parler de la découverte de Henderson au ruisseau Gold Bottom, et ils se rendaient sur place pour jalonner des concessions. Afin de reconnaître le rôle joué par Henderson dans les découvertes d’or au Klondike, le gouvernement du Canada lui consentit une rente de deux cents dollars par mois. L’histoire de George Carmack Bien que le gouvernement du Canada estime désormais que c’est à Keish (Skookum Jim) que revient le mérite d’avoir découvert de l’or au ruisseau Bonanza, George Carmack a toujours dit que c’était lui qui fut le premier à découvrir de l’or à cet endroit. Cette version de l’histoire de la découverte est fondée sur ce que Carmack a écrit à ce sujet plusieurs années après la découverte d’or au ruisseau Bonanza.
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