Index

Aceh, high court of 55 Babon River case 38, 64, 74-5, 117, 134- administrative courts, Indonesian 49, 249, 255, 260, 262, 271, 288 – administrative court jurisdiction Balai Budidaya Air Payau Jepara 135 95-8 Balai Tehnik Kesehatan Lingkungan – administrative court 97, 108- (Technical Institute for Environmental 10 Health) 138, 143, 172 – Presidential decrees, inability to re- Banger River case 38, 78-9, 112, 117-33, view 97, 103-5, 114, 258 146-9, 249, 252-3, 260, 262, 271, 285, – quality of judicial administration 14 287 – specialist training of judges in envi- Banti village 91, see also WALHI v. PT ronmental law 263-4, 291-2 Freeport case administrative environmental litigation Bapedal see Environmental Impact 93-116 Agency agriculture sector, environmental dis- Barito Pacific 37 pute resolutions in 46-7 Batang district government 165-6, 169- Amungme, indigenous people displaced 70, 281 by Grasberg mine 44, 106-7 Becker, Theodore L., definition of judi- APHI see Indonesian Forestry cial independence 15 Entrepreneurs Association Bedner, A., recommendations for judicial article 20 EMA 1982 cases 68-73 reform 265 article 34 EMA 1997 cases 36, 49, 63, 73- Bedono village 134, 136, 139-40, 142, 80, 89, 112-3, 121-2, 127, 137, 142, 148, 146-7, see also Babon River case 254-5, 291 Belumai River 38, 54, 72-3 article 37 EMA 36, 49, 57-66, 74, 111, Bina Produksi Melosia, PT 100-1, see also 247, 254, 256, 259, 292, see also repre- Sulae case sentative actions Bintang Buana, PT 134, 137, 139, see also article 1365 of the Civil Code 66-9, 71, 73- Babon River case 4, 76-7, 82, 98, 122, 127, 137, 142, 148 Bintang Triputratez, PT 118, 122, 129, see Association of Banger River Waste also Banger River case Victims see KKLB Black, Donald, styles of social control 5, Australia 17, 32, 276 – activist judiciaries 18 Blok Wakak (Mororejo farmers) 218, see – environmental standing 11 also Kayu Lapis dispute – training of Indonesian judges in en- Boulle, L., definition of mediation 21-2 vironmental law 264 Brazil, environmental public interest

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litigation 12 Council of Judicial Honour 265 Budi Acid Jaya, PT 62, see also Way Course on Environmental Law and representative action Administration (CELA) 264 cultural basis for mediation in Indonesia Canada, activist judiciary 18 151-3, 250-1, 273 Centre for Environmental Studies, Cumaraswamy, Dato Param (United University of Diponegoro 140, 158, Nations) 262 224, 231, see also Kayu Lapis Indonesia dispute Dayak peoples, displacement by logging Centre for Fisheries Research and 41 Development 56, 170 – Dayak Samihim community 42, 75, Cipta Paperia, PT 55-6, 170 see also Laguna Mandiri case Ciujung River case 39-40, 111, 170-2, – Kalimantan Peat Land project 79 187, 259, 281-2 – mining (KEM case) 45 Clean Rivers Program (Prokasih) 62, Dekoro community 38, 79, 118-31, 133, 122, 134-8, 142-5, 262 271, 28, see also Banger River case – Prokasih team 62-3 Department of Fisheries 135, 225 Code of Minimum Standards of Judicial Department of Industry 166 Independence, International Bar Department of Mining and Energy 44, Association 15 71, 106-7, 225 Community Forum for the Victims of Development Commission of the Central Unlicensed Mining 46 Java legislative assembly 225 community pressure 119, 121, 133, 147, Diponegoro University, Environmental 164, 168, 174, 182, 197, 266, 271, 279, Research Centre 140, 158, 224, 231 290 district courts, Indonesian compensation for environmental – Babon River case 75, 136, 140-4, 147, damage 3-4, 6-8, 26, 36-49, 54-5, 58- 260, 271, 288 63, 66-90, 101, 103, 110-3, 116-7, 120-2, – Balikpapan district court 70 126-37, 140, 142-8, 154, 159-62, 165-6, – Banger River case 79, 112, 119, 121, 169, 172-9, 183-9, 194-5, 198-206, 210, 125-7, 131-3, 147-8, 260, 271 213, 218-23, 227, 230, 232-3, 239, 243, – Central Jakarta district court see 246-7, 249, 252-61, 270-1, 275-6, 281-8, Reafforestation Funds (Kiani Kertas) 291 case; Kalimantan Peat Land case; Condro Purnomo Cipto, PT 134, 137, Indorayon case 139, see also Babon River case – challenge to Presidential Decrees, Consortium of Waste Victims (Konsor­ failure of 97, 104, 114, 258 sium Korban Limbah, KKL) 194-5, – Ciujung River case 56-7, 170-2 197, 208, 279 – community pressure 125, 133, 147, corruption, government and industry 271-2 37, 215 – comparison between outcomes of – Kalimantan Peat Land project 104 cases at district, high and Supreme – New Order period Reafforestation court levels 78-9, 112, 116, 131-3, 145- Fund 42, 94, 115 8, 252-3, 259, 272, 288 – Suharto, forestry concessions awar- – compensation claims for environ- ded by 39, 101-2 mental damage or pollution, success corruption, judicial 147, 221, 243, 250, of 116 262-3, 278, 286, 289 – Eksponen 66 case 42, 58-62, 111, – efforts to minimize 264-6, 293 262, 271-2

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– environmental private interest cases River case 247-8, 252-3 – South Jakarta district court see – environmental public interest cases, WALHI v. PT Freeport case outcomes before and after Suharto – specialist training of judges in envi- 115-6, 252, 270 ronmental law 331, 377 – environmental standing, principal of – Sulae case 100-1 94, 111, 113-4, 124, 246-7, 251, 254-5, – Surabaya district court see Surabaya 257, 259, 267 River case; Sarana Surya Sakti (PT – failure of public interest suits 114, SSS) case 251-2, 269-70 – WALHI v. PT Freeport 44, 91-2, 106- – failure to uphold claim for environ- 7, 114, 250, 260, 262, 269, 289 mental compensation despite eviden- – Way Seputih River representative ce 71, 148-9, 249 action 62-4, 111 – Indorayon case (Inti Indorayon – Yogyakarta district court 206 Utama, PT, case) 52, 94, 99-100, 111 Dukuh Tapak community 158-9, see also – judicial activism 61, 111 Tapak River case – jurisdictional ‘black hole’ between administrative and general courts, for East Asia, use of law to consolidate state environmental public interest suits power 19 114 Einfield, Marcus 184 – Kalimantan peat land (farmers’ com- Eksponen 66 representative action 42, pensation) case 79-80, 104-5, 114, 258, 58-62, 111-2, 247, 262, 271-2 285 Enim Musi Lestari, PT 84 see WALHI v. – Kota Baru district court see Laguna PT Pakerin case Mandiri case Environment Ministry (Ministry of the – Kuala Kapuas district court see Kali­ Environment) 130, 156, 207-11, 214, mantan peat land case 223, 266-7, 285 – Laguna Mandiri case 75-8, 82, 112 Environmental Bureau of Kendal see – Lubuk Pakam district court 72-3, Environmental Impact Agency, of 249 Kendal – Makale district court see Sulae case environmental dispute, Indonesian – Medan district court see Eksponen Environmental Management Act defi- 66 case nition of 35 – Metro district court 64 environmental dispute resolution, the- – Muara Jaya case 70, 253 oretical and Indonesian perspectives – North Jakarta district court 56-7, 1-47 170 environmental disputes in Indonesia, by – overview of environmental litigation sector (industry, forestry, mining, agri- cases 296-303 culture) 36-47 – Palur Raya 206 Environmental Impact Agency – Pekalongan district court see Banger – central or national (Bapedal) 56, 72, River case 119, 123-4, 130, 135, 156, 160-3, 165-8, – smog case 64-5, 111 170-1, 178, 187-8, 198, 222, 274, 281, – Sarana Surya Sakti, PT, case (PT SSS 283-4 case, Tembok Dukuh case) 69-70, 161- – of Central Java 140, 166, 173, 195, 3 209, 225, 234 – Sari Morawa case 71-3, 249 – of Karanganyar 195-6, 199-200, 209, – Semarang district court see Babon 213

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– of Kendal 225, 234-6, see also Kayu – institutionalization of 156-7, 293 Lapis Indonesia dispute – legislation 153-6 – of Semarang 135, 137-9, 142, 148, – objectives of 27 158, 221, 225, 228, 235 – overview of cases 304-5 – of Yogyakarta 172, 281, 283, see also – recommendations for resolving Samitex case environmental disputes in Indonesia environmental litigation 291-3 – access to litigation 246-51 – review of cases 157-89 – administrative courts, standing and – social-legal context 276-86 jurisdiction 93-8 environmental private interest cases – administrative environmental litiga- 246-7, 251-3, 259, 287-8, 300-3 tion 93-116 environmental public interest cases, – case outcomes, summary of 251-3 outcomes before and after Suharto – comparison with mediation 286-90 115-6, 252, 259-60, 270-1 – compensation for environmental da- environmental restoration 85-90 mage 66-80 environmental standing 11-2, 52-3, 246- – conditions for 10-20 7, 251, 254 – definition of 6-7 Enzritek, CV 118, 122, 129, see also – environmental restoration 85-90 Banger River case – general court jurisdiction 98-105 European Union, environmental – judicial decision-making, social- standing 11 legal context of 260-72 – legal framework 35-6, 49-116, 253-6 fishpond farmers see Babon River case; – objectives of 7-9 Kayu Lapis Indonesia dispute – overview of cases 296-303 forest fires 40, 42, 58-62, 64-6, 75-8, 83- – recommendations for resolving 5, 90, 102-3, 245, 272, see also Laguna environmental disputes in Indonesia Mandiri case 291-3 forestry sector, environmental dispute – representative actions 68-84 resolution in 39-43 – right to environmental information Formula 12 (plan for specialist 90-3 Indonesian environmental court) 264 – strict liability 80-5 Freeport case 43-4, 91-2, 106-7, 113-4, – substantive grounds 105-10 248-50, 260, 262, 269, 289 Environmental Management Act (EMA) (1997) 35-6 Gadjah Mada University 201 – article 20 (1982) 68-73, 86-8 general court jurisdiction 98-105 – article 34 (1997) 73-80 genetically modified cotton see – article 35 (1997) see strict liability Transgenic cotton case – article 38(2) (1997) 88-90 Gita Pertiwi 120, 136, 163 environmental mediation governor of Central Java 123, 160, 165-6, – access to 273-4 180, 209, 211, 214, 216, 220-6, 230-3, – definition 21-2 236, 238-9, 242-3, 274, 281, 283 – case outcomes, summary of 275-6 governor of South Sulawesi 101, see also – comparison with litigation 22-6, Sulae case 286-90 Grasberg mine – conditions for 27-34 – displacement of indigenous peop- – cultural basis and legal framework les, allegations of human rights abu- 151-3, 273-4 ses 44, 106-7, see also WALHI v. PT

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Freeport case Rights Commission – environmental impact 44 – interconnection environmental prac- Gunawan, Eddy (manager of PT tices with 9 Kanasritex) 177 Indah Kiat Pulp and Paper (PT IKPP) Hadi, Sudharto P. (University of 56, 167, 170, see also case; Diponegoro, Semarang) 147, 222, 224, Ciujung River case 231, 233, 237, 242 India Hardono, Sri 197 – activist judiciaries 18, 268 Hasan, Bob 42, 58, 115 – environmental standing 12 high courts, Indonesian – Supreme Court 12 – Babon River case 75, 112, 144-9, 271 indigenous peoples, displacement by – Banger River case 79, 112, 125, 128- logging 40-1 33, 253, 259-60, 262, 271 Indo Acidatama,case (PT Indo – Banjarmasin high court 77-8, 82-3, Acidatama Chemical Industries, PT see also Laguna Mandiri case IACI case) 173-5, 279 – comparison between outcomes of Indonesia Miki Industries, PT (IMI) 165, cases at district, high and Supreme see also Sambong River case court levels 112, 116, 133, 147-9, 252, Indonesian Centre for Environmental 259-60, 272 Law (ICEL) 157, 171, 174, 219-25, – Eksponen 66 case 62, 111-2 265-6 – environmental litigation cases, over- Indonesian Forestry Entrepreneurs view 296-303 Association, Bob Hasan 42, 48 – environmental private interest cases Indonesian Foundation for Legal Service 252-3, 300-3 (YAPHI) 120, 131, 136, 146 – environmental public interest cases Indonesian Foundation for Tropical 251-2, 296-9 Nature (Yayasan Alam Tropika – high court of Central Java see Babon Indonesia) 94 River case; Banger River case Indonesian Institute for an Independent – Kalimantan peat land (farmers’ com­ Judiciary (Lembaga Kajian dan pen­sation) case 80, 112 Advokasi untuk Indipensi Peradilan) – Laguna Mandiri case 75, 77, 82, 112, 265 255 Indonesian National Forum for the – Muara Jaya case 70, 259 Environment see WALHI – North high court see Indonesian Rainbow Foundation Eksponen 66 case (Yayasan Pelangi Indonesia) 94 – Palangka Raya high court see Indorayon case (PT Inti Indorayon Kalimantan peat land case Utama case, PT IIU case) 39, 51-2, 68- – Pupuk Iskandar Muda (PT PIM) 9, 99-100, 111, 113, 246, 251, 254, 257, case 55 288 – Reafforestation Fund (PT Kiani Industri Pesawat Terbang Nusantara, Kertas) case 98 PT (PT IPTN) 53, 93, 96-7, see also – strict liability, problems with inter- Reafforestation Fund (IPTN) case pretation of 112, 255, 259 industry sector, environmental dispute – Surabaya River case 88 resolution in 37-9 human rights Inhutani, PT 83-4, see also WALHI v. PT – abuses (violations) 44-5, 183-4 Pakerin case – commission see National Human Institute for Industrial Research and

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Development (Badan Penelitian dan – IPTN case Pengembangan Industri, BPPI) 123-4, – Kalimantan peat land case 127, 139, 158, 169 – Kelian Equatorial Mining case Institution for the Welfare of Mining – Kiani Kertas case Community and Environment 183 – Laguna Mandiri case International Bar Association (IBA) 15 – Muara Jaya case Inti Indorayon Utama case see – Sari Morawa case Indorayon case Kalimantan Peat Land case 42, 46-7, 79- Indo Perkasa Usahatama (PT IPU) 179- 80, 101-5, 112, 114-5, 253, 258, 269, 285 81 see Tawang Mas case Kanasritex case 38, 177-8, 187, 276, 279, IPTN, PT see Reafforestation Fund 281 (IPTN) case Kanten village 173, see also Indo Ismail, Ganang 179-80 see Tawang Mas Acidatama (PT IACI) case case Kapus River, mercury pollution of 46 Karanganyar Environmental Impact Java, environmental litigation see Agency 195-6, 199-200, 209 – Babon River case Karanganyar police 196, 208-9 – Banger River case Kayu Lapis Indonesia dispute (PT KLI – Ciujung River case case) 39, 215-44, 272, 274-85, 288 – Indo Acidatama case Kelian Equatorial Mining (KEM) case – Kanasritex case 45, 182-5, 187-8 – Kayu Lapis Indonesia dispute Kelompok Masyarakat Peduli – Naga Mas, PT, case Lingkungan (KMPL) farmers’ group – Palur Raya dispute 219-22, 233, 238, 243, 279 – Pura, PT, case Kemiri village 173, see also Indo – Sambong River case Acidatama (PT IACI) case – Sarana Surya Sakti, PT (PT SSS/ Kendal Regency 215, 220, 222, 225, Tembok Dukuh case) 234-9, see also Kayu Lapis Indonesia – Siak River dispute dispute – Sibalec case Keraf, Sonny (Environment Minister) – Singosari SUTET case 92, 195, 212-3, 222, 238, 243, see also – Sumber Sehat, PT, case WALHI v. PT Freeport case; Palur – Surabaya River case Raya dispute; Kayu Lapis Indonesia – Tapak River case dispute – Tawang Mas case Kerukunan Korban Limbah Kali Banger – Tyfountex, PT, case see KKLB Java, student demonstrations in post- Kesamtex, PT 118, 122, 129, see also Suharto era 133 Banger River case judicial behaviouralism 16 Kiani Kertas, PT see Reafforestation judicial corruption see corruption, judi- Fund (Kiani Kertas) case cial KKL see Konsorsium Korban Limbah judicial independence, definition of KKLB (Kerukunan Korban Limbah Kali (Becker, Theodore L.) 15 Banger, Association of Banger River judicial lack of understanding of envi- Waste Victims) 38, 78-9, 112, 117-33, ronmental law 82, 263, 292 146-9, 249, 252-3, 260, 262, 271, 285, Judicial Watch 265 287, see also Banger River case KLI, PT, case see Kayu Lapis Indonesia Kalimantan, environmental litigation see dispute

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Komoro, indigenous people displaced Monagro Kimia, PT 107-109, see also by Grasberg mine 44, 106-7 Transgenic cotton case Konsorsium Korban Limbah (KKL, Monsanto 107, see also Transgenic cot- Consortium of Waste Victims) 194- ton case 5, 197, 208, 279, see also Palur Raya Mororejo community 215, 217-8, 223, dispute 225-6, 243, 277, see also Kayu Lapis Kudus, Central Java 120, 136, 175-7, see Indonesia dispute also Sumber Sehat, PT case Muara Jaya case 45, 70-1, 252-3, 258-9, 268 Laguna Mandiri case 41-2, 75-8, 82-3, Musi Hutan Persada, PT 84 see also 112, 255, 259 WALHI v. PT Pakerin case Lake Wanagon disaster 91-2, 249, see musyawarah (traditional Indonesian con­ also WALHI v. PT Freeport case sensus-based dispute resolution) 28, Legal Aid Foundation of Indonesia 151-3, 155, 185, 208, 273, 276, 287 (Yayasan Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Indonesia, YLBHI) 157, 167, 247-8, Naga Mas case 39, 169-70, 187-8, 281-2 268 Nasution, Muslimin (Forestry Minister) Legal Aid Institute of Jakarta 56 94 Legal Aid Institute of Medan 55 National Human Rights Commission Legal Aid Institute of 64-5, see also 119, 182-4 Pekanbaru smog case National Environmental Impact Agency Legal Aid Institute of Semarang (LBHS) see Environmental Impact Agency 120, 136, 174, 178, 187, 219, 221, 228, National Research Council (Dewan Riset 240, 243 Nasional) 102, see also Kalimantan liberal legalism 20 Peat Land case litigation see environmental litigation, New Order government 39-42, 45-6, 104, comparison with mediation 22-6 117, 133, 153, 180, 212, 253, 261, 266-7, 270, 277-8, 280 Makarim, Nabiel (Second Deputy of Ngringo community 39, 191-214, 275, the National Environmental Agency; see also Palur Raya dispute Environment Minister) 119, 162, 167, Nyompe, Pius Erik 183 207, 210, 213, 264, see also Banger River case; Sarana Surya Sakti (PT SSS) case; Palur Raya dispute 39, 191-214, 238, 241- Siak River case, Palur Raya case 4, 270, 272, 274-84 Mangkang Wetan community 215, Pakerin see WALHI v. PT Pakerin et al. 217-9, see also Kayu Lapis Indonesia case dispute Pangestu, Projo 37 Mangunharjo community 215, 217-9, see Peat Land Project see Kalimantan peat also Kayu Lapis Indonesia dispute land case mayor of Pekalongan 123 Pekalongan, Central Java see Banger mayor of Semarang 64, 137, 181 River case mediation see environmental mediation Pekanbaru smog case 64-6, 111 mining sector, environmental dispute Petodanan village 169, see also Naga resolution in 43-6 Mas case Minister for Agriculture 107-9, 114, see Philippines, Environmental public inte- also Transgenic cotton case rest litigation 12 Moeljoharjo, Doeljarman, 201-2 Pladen village 176-7, see also Pura, PT Moersidik, Setyo Sarwanto 201-5 case

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Pompe, recommendations to strengthen 187-8, 258, 283 role and independence of Indonesian Sarana Tirta Kutolestari, PT 124, 126 courts 261-2, 265 Sari Morawa case 38, 71-3, 249, 258 Presidential Decrees, failure of challen- secretary-general of the Department of ges to 97, 104, 114, 258 Mining and Energy 106 Pringapus village 177, see also Sekawan Maju Pesat, PT 56, 170-1, see Kanasritex case also Ciujung River case Prokasih see Clean Rivers Program Semarang Diamond Chemical, PT (SDC) Pupuk Iskandar Muda, PT representa- 158-60, see also Tapak River case tive action 38, 55-6, 111 Semarang municipality 180, 215, 221-2, Pura, PT case 176-7, 186 225, 236, see also Kayu Lapis Indonesia Puri Sakti, PT 179, see also Tawang Mas dispute case Serang district government 171-2, 187, Puskud Mina Buana 134, 139, see also 281-2, see also Ciujung River case Babon River case Setyadi, Heru 201-3 Puspita Abadi, PT, 134, 137, 139, 143, see Siak River dispute 39, 167-8, 187, 189, also Babon River case 281, 283 Sibalec case 39, 86-8, 113, 258 Reafforestation Fund (IPTN) case 42, 53, Sinar Bambu Mas, PT 62, see also Way 93-8, 105, 114-44, 247, 269 Seputih River representative action Reafforestation Fund (Kiani Kertas) case Singosari SUTET case 71-2 43, 97-8, 105, 114-5, 247, 269 SLAPP suits (strategic lawsuits against Reafforestation Funds misappropriation, public participation) 255 Kalimantan Peat Land case 48, 103, social control, styles of (Donald Black) 115 5-6, 32, 276 recommendations for resolving environ- Sri Lanka, environmental public interest mental disputes in Indonesia 291-3 litigation 12 reformasi 113, 115, 133, 180, 212, 218, 238, Sriwulan village 134, 136, 139-40, see also 264, 269-70 Babon River case relational distance 5, 272, 276-7 standing see environmental standing representative actions 54-66 strict liability 14, 49, 68, 76, 80-5, 90, 112, Rio Tinto 45, 182-4, see also Kelian 137, 249, 254-6, 259, 263, 291-2 Equatorial Mining student demonstrations in post-Suharto Rodeo, PT 134, 137, 139, see also Babon era 133 River case substantive grounds 133, 105-11, 116, 246, 251, 259 Salim, Emil (Environment Minister) 75, Sugiharto, Eko 201-3 107 Suharto 37, 39-40, 42-3, 46, 58, 79, 101, Salim Group 75, 107, see also Transgenic 104, 115, 261, 266-7 cotton case – demise of New Order regime 41, Sambong River case 39, 165-6 117, 133, 212, 218, 238, 245, 270 Samidun Sitorus et al. v. PT Inti – Post-Suharto period (reformasi, post- Indorayon case 52, 68-9, see also New Order period), environmental Indorayon case law in 113, 133, 264, 269-71, 280 Samitex case 172-3, 187, 276, 281, 283 Sulae case 100-1 Santan Mas, PT 70 Sumatra, environmental litigation see Sarana Surya Sakti, PT, case (PT SSS, – Eksponen 66 case Tembok Dukuh case) 69-70, 161-3, – Indorayon case

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– Pekanbaru smog case procedure for class action 58, 61, 111, – Pupuk Iskandar Muda, PT, case 247, 259 – Way Seputih River representative – Regulations on Mediation Procedure action in Court (draft) 155-6 – WALHI v. PT Pakerin case – specialist training of judges in Sumatra, forest fires 108 environmental law 264 Sumber Baru, CV 134, 137, 139, see also – ‘toothless court’ 261 Babon River case Surabaya River case 39, 86-8, 113, 258 Sumber Sehat case 175-6, 186-7 Suryoko, Sri (Centre for Environmental Supreme Court, Indonesian Studies, University of Diponegoro) – acts of the state constituting policy 224, see also Kayu Lapis Indonesia fall outside powers of review 99 dispute – anti-corruption monitoring division Sutanto, Rachman 201-3 265 – Babon River case appeal 146 Tana Toraja area, Sulawesi 100-1, see also – Banger River case appeal 129-30, Sulae case 252-2 Tanah Lot dispute 144, 255, see also – comparison between out comes of SLAPP suits cases at district, high and Supreme Tapak River case 38, 158-61, 166, 186, court levels 133, 252, 272, 287 188-9, 278-80 – compensation awarded for Tawang Mas case 179-82, 187, 282 environmental damage, Muara Jaya Technical Institute for Environmental case 45, 70, 259 Health (Balai Tehnik Kesehatan – confirmation of conventional Lingkungan), Yogyakarta 136, 138, approach to the issue of standing 51 143, 145, 172 – environmental private interest cases, Tembok Dukuh see Sarana Surya Sakti, overview of 300-3 PT, case (PT SSS case) – environmental public interest cases, Transgenic cotton case 107-10, 114, 247 overview of 296-9 Tyfountex case 163-4, 187-9 – environmental public interest suits, failure of 252 United Kingdom – executive influence over 261-2, 265 – environmental public interest – Indonesian Centre for litigation, weakness of 13 Environmental Law, – public interest, conservative judicial recommendations 266 views of 18 – lack of successful environmental United Nations report on judicial public interest claims 252 corruption 262 – lack of resources 14 United States 44 – powers of review 99 – activist judiciaries 18 – principle of strict liability, problems – environmental public interest law surrounding the interpretation of 255 firms 13 – quality of judicial administration 14 – environmental standing 11 – Reafforestation Funds (Kiani Kertas) University of Diponegoro 140, 158, 222, case 43, 97-8, 105, 114-5, 247, 269 231 – recommendations to strengthen role University of Gadjah Mada 201 and independence (S. van Pompe) USAID, withdrawal of funding from 265 WALHI 248, 269-70 – Regulation No. 1 of 2002 on

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Venong Budi Indonesia, PT 62, see also Water and Public Works Agency (PU Way Seputih River representative Pengairan) see Kayu Lapis Indonesia action dispute Way Seputih River representative action Wakak River 216, 222, 225-7, 230, 235-6, 62-4, 111 239-40, 242, 285, see also Kayu Lapis West Java provincial government 171, Indonesia dispute see also Ciujung River case WALHI 39, 114-5, 157, 247-8, 288 West Papua see Grasberg mine; WALHI – environmental standing, use of 254, v. PT Freeport case 267-8 Wibisono, Goenawan 196-7, 200, 212 – funding from USAID withdrawn Wibowo, Poltak Ike (Mangunharjo after initiating legal action against farmers), 220, 224, 226, see also Kayu Freeport 248, 269-70 Lapis Indonesia dispute – Indorayon case 39, 51-2, 99-100, 246, Widiarto, Nugroho 201, 204 267 Wonorejo community 215, see also Kayu – Kalimantan Peat Land case 47, 101- Lapis Indonesia dispute 5 – Kelian Equatorial Mining case 45, YAPHI see Indonesian Foundation for 183-4 Legal Service – Laguna Mandiri case 77 Yayasan Alam Tropika Indonesia – Sambong River case 165 (Indonesian Foundation for Tropical – Surabaya River case 39, 86-8, 113 Nature) 94 – Tapak River case 159-60 Yayasan Pelangi Indonesia (Indonesian – WALHI v. PT Freeport case 44, 91- Rainbow Foundation) 94 2, 106-7, 113, 249-50, 260, 262, 269-70, YLBHI see Legal Aid Foundation of 289 Indonesia – WALHI v. PT Pakerin et al. case 42, Yogyakarta Environmental Bureau 83-5, 90, 263 Investigation Team 172

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