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Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Plant-Pollinator Interactions in Northern Norway

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Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Plant-Pollinator Interactions in Northern Norway Spatial and temporal dynamics of plant-pollinator interactions in northern Norway by Lisa Lunde Fagerli Master thesis (60 credits) Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis Department of Biosciences Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences UNIVERSITY OF OSLO May 2018 II Spatial and temporal dynamics of plant-pollinator interactions in northern Norway Lisa Lunde Fagerli III 2018 Title: Spatial and temporal dynamics of plant-pollinator interactions in northern Norway Author: Lisa Lunde Fagerli http://www.duo.uio.no/ Print: Reprosentralen, Universitetet i Oslo IV «Who was the blundering idiot who said that "fine words butter no parsnips?" Half the parsnips of society are served and rendered palatable with no other sauce.» William Makepeace Thackeray - Vanity fair (p 169), 1848. Anders, takk for planlegging, engasjement og kløkt. Takk for at du alltid finner plass og tid til meg, selv om det egentlig ikke finnes. Din støtte i form av «stå på»-kommentarer, optimisme og vitser er uten sidestykke. Anne, takk for grundige kommentarer, ærlighet og skarpsinn. Selv etter disse åra er det meg fortsatt en gåte hvordan du får det til. Og attpåtil med slik en moderlig varme og ro! Bård-Jørgen, takk for metodisk veiledning som aldri går på bekostning av biologien. Og takk for at du alltid står parat til å jule opp illsinte nordnorske kjerringer når jeg er trist og lei. Trond, takk for statistisk ekspertise og utfyllende svar uansett hvor dumme spørsmåla måtte være. Takk for at du har hatt genuin interesse i mine data, R-skript, analyser og ugjorte ideer. Mine to somre med feltarbeid på vakre Reinøya gikk ene og alene på grunn av all hjelpa jeg har fått fra fantastiske feltassistenter. Takk, Nellie, for et ihugga felt- og biologiengasjement. Din kunnskapshunger kan lede deg hvor enn du måtte ønske. Takk, Marius og Edgar, for alle timene dere talte fluer, natt som dag, uten å nøle. Takk, mamma, for at du viet en hel dag til å telle skrubbær og svelge fluer til det gikk rundt for deg. Ikke minst, takk for din kjærlighet og støtte! Takk, Oskar, for hjelp med døgnobservasjoner og et «biologisk eksperiment». De siste dagene på Reinøya ville ikke vært de samme uten ditt selskap med fisketurer, (fiske)middager og gitarspill. Takk for forløsende samtaler, et skarpt øye og varmt vennskap. Takk, Ingvild, for ditt muntre selskap på Reinøya, konferanser, bergenstur og KB. Takk for endeløs hjelp med feltarbeid, humlekunnskap, kommentarer og råd. Åra på Blindern ville ikke blitt de samme uten deilige og intelligente medstudenter – takk til alle dere. Silje, takk for latter, råd og designhjelp. Solveig, takk for utallige diskusjoner gjennom mastergraden og våre sene kollokviekvelder med kartongvin, trøffelpasta, samt en og annen Harry Potter-film på Svalbard. Malin, takk for at du er den som alltid vil henge, om det skulle være troll-i-eske eller Bygdømiddager. Magnus, takk for at du har vært min mest trofaste kollokviepartner helt fra starten av. Takk for at du er du! Jeg kan ikke se for meg somrene på Lunde uten mine faste roadtrippartnere som har fått meg helskinna opp, bedugget igjennom, men ned igjen med bena planta godt på jorda. Takk, Johan, Mansor, Ingrid og Martin. Henrik, en ekstra takk for pytagorasteoremer. Teo, en ekstra takk for ferier, empati, diskusjoner og vennskap. Til sist, takker jeg Nille for å være min trofaste og masete venn når jeg trenger det. Pappa, takk for ditt heroiske engasjement for Lunde. Takk for din støtte i oppgava og livet mitt. Takk til resten av familien og min hele slekt som har lagt grunnlag for denne oppgava. V ABSTRACT The area north of the Arctic circle has long, cold winters and short summers with midnight sun. In the face of climate change, this area has warmed the most, resulting in a reduced spring snow cover and extended summer season. Plant-pollinator interactions is an important ecosystem function, but pollinators worldwide are declining. Warming of the Arctic will amplify in the future, which may lead to even longer summers or species invasions, events that could negatively affect native plants and pollinators. For two successive years, I studied the plant-pollinator system of a coastal subarctic region in northern Norway. The first year, I observed flower visitation throughout the summer and along an elevation gradient from sea level to the tree line, a proxy for ambient climatic conditions. I also estimated seed set of three focal plant species – Cornus suecica, Melampyrum sylvaticum and M. pratense. The second year, I performed a bagging experiment on M. sylvaticum and M. pratense and I observed flower visitation throughout the day during continuous light conditions. Elevation negatively affected seed set of C. suecica but did not affect flower visitation or seed set of M. sylvaticum and M. pratense, which indicate a robustness to changes in season length. However, my environmental recordings did not detect a climatic gradient along the elevation gradient. I showed that M. sylvaticum and M. pratense self-pollinate, perhaps as an adaptation to low pollinator availability. Flower visitation was affected by seasonal variation, probably due to differences in climate or the phenology of plants and insects. Last, I found that flower visitation followed a diurnal rhythm despite continuous light conditions, and independent of temperature, humidity or the presence of sun. I discuss that floral signals (e.g. scent emission) could control flower visitor rhythmicity, but that the plants in my study area do not exploit the opportunity of nocturnal pollination. With continued Arctic warming, plant-pollinator interactions could be at risk. However, my results from a coastal subarctic region indicate a robustness towards changes related to a warmer climate and longer summers. VI Table of contents 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Methods .......................................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 STUDY AREA............................................................................................................................. 9 2.2 STUDY SPECIES ...................................................................................................................... 10 2.2.1 Cornus suecica L............................................................................................................. 10 2.2.2 Melampyrum spp. L ....................................................................................................... 11 2.3 STUDY DESIGN ....................................................................................................................... 12 2.3.1 Elevation gradient ......................................................................................................... 12 2.3.2 Bagging experiment ....................................................................................................... 14 2.3.3 Daily variation ................................................................................................................ 15 2.4 DATA COLLECTION ................................................................................................................. 16 2.4.1 Flower visitation data – elevation gradient ................................................................... 16 2.4.2 Seed set – elevation gradient ........................................................................................ 17 2.4.3 Seed set – bagging experiment ..................................................................................... 20 2.4.4 Flower visitation data – daily variation ......................................................................... 20 2.5 STATISTICAL ANALYSES .......................................................................................................... 20 2.5.1 Spatial variation in flower visitation (H1.1) ................................................................... 25 2.5.2 Spatial variation in seed set (H1.2-a-c) .......................................................................... 25 2.5.3 Pollinator limitation in Melampyrum spp. (HA2.1-a-b) .................................................. 26 2.5.4 Seasonal variation in flower visitation (H3.1) ............................................................... 26 2.5.5 Daily variation in flower visitation (H3.2) ...................................................................... 26 3 Results........................................................................................................................................... 28 3.1 SPATIAL VARIATION ............................................................................................................... 28 3.1.1 Spatial variation in flower visitation .............................................................................. 28 3.1.2 Spatial variation in seed set........................................................................................... 30 3.2 POLLINATOR LIMITATION IN Melampyrum spp. ................................................................... 33 3.3 TEMPORAL VARIATION .......................................................................................................... 33 3.3.1 Seasonal variation in flower visitation .......................................................................... 33 3.3.2 Daily variation in flower visitation ................................................................................
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