Acknowledgments
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I AM GRATEFUL FOR THE MANY FRIENDS AND COLLEAGUES who helped me complete my work on the Indian Ecumenical Conference. Faculty mentors George Cummings, Tim Lull, David Steward, Russell Thornton, and Gerald Vizenor supervised my initial efforts while I was a student at the Grad uate Theological Union. John Dizikes and Forrest Robinson perused my dis sertation after I joined them on the faculty of the University of California at Santa Cruz. Historians Karin Gedge, Phil Gleason, Gene McCarraher, Linda Przybyszewski, Kathleen Riley, Beth Schweiger, Roberto Trevino, Beth Wenger, and David Yoo critiqued an early draft of chapter one as part of our collaboration through the Young Scholars in American Religion program. Beth Bailey, Trina Carter, Margaret Connell-Szasz, Ruth Salvaggio, and Fer enc Szasz read other portions of this manuscript while I was a faculty member at the University of New Mexico. Vine Deloria, Jr., Jack Forbes, Darin Kee watin, Ian MacKenzie, Jean Molesky, Kerry Riley, Victoria Rue, and Dorene Wiese also responded to draft material at various stages of the project. Schol arly editors Henk Vroom, Lee Irwin, and P. Jegadish Ghandi and George Cheriyan published my articles on the ecumenical movement. At the Univer sity of Oklahoma, Steve Gillon, Andy Horton, Clara Sue Kidwell, and Randy Lewis offered helpful readings, Malinda Brown retouched the video stills, Josie Adams prepared the map, and Karen Sheriff LeVan copyedited the entire manuscript. Four anonymous readers reviewed the manuscript while it was under consideration by several academic publishers. I am indebted to the numerous librarians, archivists, administrators, clerks, technicians, journalists, photographers, and Conference participants throughout Canada and the U.S. who supplied me with invaluable books, arti cles, manuscripts, audiotapes, photographs, films, and memories relating to the ecumenical movement. I am thankful for the internal and external funding that sustained my work on the Indian Ecumenical Conference: a Junior Faculty Development Award 308 I AROUND THE SACRED FIRE from the Division of Humanities at the University of California at Santa Cruz; a Summer Stipend Award from the National Endowment for the Humanities; travel expenses from the Center for the Study of Religion and American Cul ture at Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis; a Faculty Re search Grant from the Research Allocations Committee at the University of New Mexico; and an Individual Research Grant from the American Academy of Religion. Finally, I am fortunate that religion editor Gayatri Patnaik believed in this project, and that I had the opportunity to work with her and the other fine people at Palgrave. James Treat treaty®ou. edu NOTES ABBREVIATIONS ACCIAJ Anglican Church of Canada General Synod Archives (Toronto, On tario), Anglican Journal I Canadian Churchman ACC/NMO Anglican Church of Canada General Synod Archives (Toronto, On tario), Native Ministries Office ACC/PC Anglican Church of Canada General Synod Archives (Toronto, On tario), Program Committee ACCIPO Anglican Church of Canada General Synod Archives (Toronto, On tario), Primate's Office ACC/PWRDF Anglican Church of Canada General Synod Archives (Toronto, On tario), Primate's World Relief and Development Fund CCCB Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops (Ottawa, Ontario), Archives DL David Lavell (Kingston, Ontario), Personal Collection GTU Graduate Theological Union Library (Berkeley, California) JT James Treat (Norman, Oklahoma), Personal Collection MHS/AICC Minnesota Historical Society Library (St. Paul), American Indian Chicago Conference Collection NAAIAICC National Anthropological Archives, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution (Washington, DC), American In dian Chicago Conference Manuscripts NAA/CSM National Anthropological Archives, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution (Washington, DC), Center for the Study of Man Collection NAC National Archives of Canada (Ottawa, Ontario) NGS National Geographic Society (Washington, DC), Archives NI Nakoda Institute, Goodstoney Band of the Stoney Tribe (Morley, Alberta) NIYC National Indian Youth Council (Albuquerque, NM), Archives SG Sig Gerber (Toronto, Ontario), Personal Collection SU/SS Stanford University Libraries (Palo Alto, CA), Special Collections, Stan Steiner Papers TUIKEK Trent University Archives (Peterborough, Ontario), Kenneth E. Kidd fonds 310 AROUND THE SACRED FIRE UA!HTM University of Arizona Library (Tucson), Special Collections, Hopi Traditional Movement Papers UCC/BHM United Church of Canada Archives (Toronto, Ontario), Board of Home Missions fonds 509, series 2 UCC/DMC United Church of Canada Archives (Toronto, Ontario), Division of Mission in Canada fonds 512, series 3 UCC/EEMJ United Church of Canada Archives (Toronto, Ontario), Elgie Ellingham Miller J oblin fonds 3148 UNC/NC University of North Carolina Library (Chapel Hill), North Carolina Collection UT/RC University of Toronto (Ontario), Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, Rochdale College Collection YULL York University Law Library (Toronto, Ontario) PROLOGUE 1. Vine Deloria, Jr., Custer Died for Yow· Sins: An Indian Manifesto (New York, NY: Macmillan, 1969), 31-32, 148; James Treat, "Introduction: An American Cri tique of Religion," in For This Land: Writings on Religion in America by Vine De loria, Jr., edited by James Treat (New York, NY: Routledge, 1999), 8-11. 2. Deloria, Custer, 2, 121, 268. 3. Deloria, Custer, 101-124. 4. Deloria, Custer, 2, 112, 115, 119, 167,243,246,248,263. 5. Deloria, Custe1; 19, 83, 195, 197-224. 6. Deloria, Custer, 122; "A Proposal for an Indian Ecumenical Conference Pre sented by the Instimte for Indian Smdies," [December? 1969], 4-8, NAA/AICC, collection MS 4806, box 2; "Indian Ecumenical Conference Announced," July 7, 1970, 1, ACC/NMO, collection GS85-6, box 1, file 16; Robert K. Thomas, The Indian Ecumenical Movement: A Gmssroots Religious Movement, lecmre delivered at the Summer Public Lecmre Series of the Vancouver School of Theology, July 21, 1986 (Vancouver, British Columbia: Vancouver School of Theology, 1986), audiocassette; Vine Deloria, Jr., e-mail to author, February 29, 2000. 7. You Are on Indian Land, produced by George C. Stoney, directed by Mort Ransen (Montreal, Quebec: National Film Board of Canada, 1969), videotape, 3 7 min.; Ernest Benedict, "Indians and a Treaty," in The Only Good Indian: Essays by Canadian Indians, edited by Waubageshig (Toronto, Ontario: New Press, 1970), 137-140; Troy R. Johnson, The Occupation of Alcatraz Island: Indian Self Determination and the Rise of Indian Activism (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1996), 49ff. CHAPTER 1 1. "Plan to Attend!" Akwesasne Notes 1, no. 3 (1969): 14; "Indian Unity Conven tion," Akwesasne Notes 1, no. 7 (1969): 48; Mike Power, "1 ,000 at Parley Light Pipe of Unity," Akwesasne Notes 1, no. 8 (1969): 5; "Indians Gather to Form Own Policy, Exchange Views on Minority Plight," Akwesasne Notes 1, no. 8 (1969): 1. 2. Power, "1,000 at Parley," 5; Laurence M. Hauptman, The Iroquois Struggle for Survival: World War II to Red Power (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Pre3s, 1986), 216-217. NOTES I 311 3. Power, "1,000 at Parley," 5; "6 Indian Nations Gather in Effort to Save Lands," Akwesasne Notes 1, no. 8 (1969): 5; Charles Russo, "Unity Hope of Indians," Syracuse Herald-Journal, August 20, 1969. 4. "Mohawk Indian Wants to Fight against Customs with Groceries," Akwesasne Notes 1, no. 8 (1969): 5; "Iroquois Will Rule Land Again Indians Told," Akwe sasne Notes 1, no. 8 (1969): 6; Russo, "Unity." 5. "Iroquois Will Rule Land Again Indians Told," 6; Russo, "Unity." 6. Vine Deloria, Jr., Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto (New York, NY: Macmillan, 1969), 18, 113-114, 119, 124,246,278. 7. Elizabeth Chidester Duran, "Clinton Rickard: Chief of the Tuscaroras-Grand President, Indian Defense League of America," Contemporary Indian Affairs 1, no. 1 (1970): 39-41; "Clinton Rickard, 91, Tuscarora's Chief," New York Times, June 17, 1971, 44; Jack Forbes, "The New Indian Resistance?" Akwesasne Notes 4, no. 3 (1972): 21; Clinton Rickard, Fighting Tuscarora: The Autobiography of Chief Clinton Rickard, edited by Barbara Graymont (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1973), 58-66, 75-77; Barbara Graymont, "Editor's Introduc tion," in Fighting Tuscarora: The Autobiography of Chief Clinton Rickard, edited by Barbara Graymont (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1973), xxvii-xxviii; Laurence M. Hauptman, The Iroquois and the New Deal (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1981), 16-17; "Deskaheh: An Iroquois Patriot's Fight for In ternational Recognition," in Basic Call to Consciousness, rev. ed., edited by Akwe sasne Notes (Summertown, TN: Book Publishing Company, 1991), 18ff. 8. Duran, "Clinton," 41-42; Rickard, Fighting, 13, 52-53,69-89, 125-128; Haupt man, Iroquois and the New Deal, 17, 181; Hauptman, Iroquois Strnggle, 5-6, 205-207. 9. A. M. Rosenthal, "Indian Tribesmen Call at U.N. in Vain," New York Times, May 9, 1950, 10; "Iroquois See Vishinsky in Annual U.N. Protest," New York Times, October 24, 1950, 9; Rickard, Fighting, 70-71, 78, 131-132, 161-162; Joane Nagel, American Indian Ethnic Renewal: Red Power and the Resurgence of Identity and Culture (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1996), 160-161. 10. "Hopi Claim Religion Is Bar to Service," Arizona Republic, May 24, 1941, 10; Frank Waters, Book of the Hopi (New York, NY: Ballantine Books, 1969), 388-392; Earl Shorris,