Magisteruppsats Master’S Thesis  One Year

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Magisteruppsats Master’s thesis  one year

Engelska 30 hp English 30 credits

Collocates of trans, transgender(s) and transsexual(s) in British Newspapers: A Corpus-Assisted Critical Discourse Analysis

Kajsa Törmä

MID SWEDEN UNIVERSITY Department of Humanities (English)

Examiner: Terry Walker, [email protected] Supervisor: Rachel Allan, [email protected] Author: Kajsa Törmä, [email protected] Degree programme: Master’s programme in English Studies, 60 credits Main field of study: English Semester, year: Spring, 2018 Abstract Through their coverage in the mass media transgender people and the trans rights movement have only recently stepped into the public eye. Because this emergence is so recent, it has not been widely studied within the field of linguistics. This thesis aims to explore the representation of transgender people in newspapers using an approach informed by corpus linguistics and critical discourse analysis. Using collocation and concordance line analysis it identifies and discusses what semantic prosodies exist surrounding transgender people in The Daily Mail and The Guardian during 2015–2017. Many different semantic prosodies were found, and most of them were neither clearly negative nor positive towards transgender people. The prosodies were found to sometimes overlap and reinforce each other, and dominant news stories surrounding transgender people seemed to have great staying power. The overall conclusion is that transgender language in newspapers is still in its formative years and that additional research in this field is necessary.

Keywords: CDA, Corpus Linguistics, Newspaper Discourse, Semantic Prosodies, Transgender

Table of Contents 1. Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Aim ...... 2 2. Background and Previous Research ...... 2 2.1 Definition of Transgender and Current Legislation ...... 3 2.2 Media Style Guides ...... 3 2.3 Research Context ...... 4 2.4 Corpus Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ...... 6 3. Material and Method ...... 8 3.1 Material ...... 9 3.1.1 NOW Corpus ...... 9 3.1.2 Newspaper Selection ...... 10 3.2 Method ...... 11 3.2.1 Search Words ...... 11 3.2.2 Methodological Process and Limitations ...... 11 4. Results and Analysis ...... 13 4.1 Negative Semantic Prosodies ...... 13 4.1.1 Sensationalism ...... 14 4.1.2 Focus on Bodies and/or Transition ...... 15 4.2 Problematic Semantic Prosodies ...... 16 4.2.1 Trans Identity in Relation to Other Identities ...... 17 4.2.2 Dominant News Stories ...... 20 4.2.3 Trans People and Crimes ...... 23 4.3 Positive Semantic Prosodies ...... 25 4.3.1 Trans Community and a Global Perspective on Trans People ...... 25 4.3.2 Trans Visibility and Representation ...... 27 4.3.3 Trans Rights and the Special Needs of Trans People ...... 29 5. Discussion ...... 31 5.1 Differences and Similarities between Newspapers ...... 32 5.2 The Problematic Nature of Trans Reporting ...... 33 5.3 Pervasive Semantic Prosodies ...... 34 5.4 Influence and Staying Power of Dominant News Stories ...... 35 6. Summary and Conclusion ...... 35 Works Cited ...... 37 Appendix 1. Complete List of Collocates ...... 40 Appendix 2. Complete List of Texts ...... 43

1. Introduction Even though transgender people are regarded as equal in the eyes of the law in Great Britain, a survey from the LGBT1 organization Stonewall shows that transgender people in Britain regularly experience discrimination at home, at work, within healthcare and when looking for homes (Bachmann and Gooch 2017). Moreover, a British transgender woman was granted permanent residency in New Zealand because of the discrimination she faced when living in England (Ainge Roy 2017). Being transgender (or trans, the terms are used interchangeably throughout this study) means that a person’s gender identity does not correspond with the sex that was determined at birth (see 2.1 for further details). In short, even though being trans is perfectly legitimate, the discrimination that trans people face seems to indicate that public opinion is still uncomprehending towards or opposed to trans people. In order to understand why this is the case, it is important to investigate the institutions that help form public opinion. According to Van Dijk (2008: 55), printed mass media (i.e. newspapers) is one of the most powerful institutions based on their influence and number of readers. This is because “control over public discourse is control over the mind of the public”, and newspapers control a large portion of the public discourse (2008: 14). Baker (2014: 107) argues that news language is “one of the most influential ways that discourses can be circulated, maintained or challenged”. This study will examine the representation of trans people in two widely-read British newspapers (The Daily Mail and The Guardian) by combining corpus linguistic methods (CL) and critical discourse analysis (CDA). It is a methodological synergy that combines the quantitative aspects of CL, mainly collocation and concordance line analysis, with the qualitative analysis of CDA. This study is largely inspired by Baker (2014) who used collocation and concordance line analysis to establish what semantic prosodies exist around gay men in The Daily Mail. He argues that “homophobic practices are enabled through discourses” and that “[t]he analysis of language is therefore an important way of understanding the extent to which a society is homophobic, as well as giving a window onto the nature of such homophobia” (2014: 107). These statements have the potential to hold equally true for trans people and transphobia, and thus, this is the main motivation for this study. So far, there is a dearth of studies concerning the representation of trans people in the news media, and this study intends to begin to fill that gap.

1 Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender 1

I will begin by stating the aim and research questions of the present study (1.1). I then move on to describe the background, research context and methodological framework in section 2. Section 3 describes the material and the methodology of the study. The results and analysis is presented in section 4 and key findings are then discussed in section 5. In section 6 I summarize my study and propose some ideas for further research.

1.1 Aim The aim of this study is to examine collocates of the terms trans, transgender(s) and transsexual(s) in order to identify and discuss semantic prosodies related to transgender people in two British newspapers during 2015–2017. A semantic prosody is the attitudinal or evaluative context that the occurrence of certain collocates might contribute to (see 2.3). In this study I will attempt to answer the following five research questions:

1. What are the most common collocates of trans, transgender(s) and transsexual(s)? 2. How are these collocates interrelated? 3. What semantic prosodies do these collocates reflect? 4. Are there any differences between the newspapers’ representation of trans people? 5. Do the different semantic prosodies form one united image or are there contradictory semantic prosodies?

The trans movement is relatively new in Britain, and as legislation has been enacted trans people have become more visible to the public eye and more stories about trans people have started to appear in the mainstream media. According to Van Dijk, newspapers tend to “remain within the boundaries of a flexible, but dominant consensus” (2008: 56) and not explicitly challenge the opinion of the public. However, since the trans movement is only just entering the general public domain, it may be that there is no established dominant consensus. Because of this, as well as the topic’s recent emergence and the dearth of previous research, this study will take an exploratory standpoint and no hypotheses will be formed at this point.

2. Background and Previous Research This section will begin with an explanatory background of what being transgender means and the current legislation surrounding trans people in Britain (2.1). I then move on to summarize the Trans Media Watch’s style guide (2.2) and to give an overview of the research context (2.3). In 2.4 I explain the theoretical framework for this study (corpus linguistics and critical discourse analysis). 2

2.1 Definition of Transgender and Current Legislation UK LGBT organization Trans Media Watch (2015) defines transgender people as “people who experience the need to present themselves as and/or who identify as other than the gender they were assigned at birth”. A trans person does not have to undergo any surgical procedures in order to identify as transgender. In the UK, trans legislation has come a long way compared to many other parts of the world. The Gender Recognition Act 2004 allows trans people to change their legal gender after passing a review by a ‘Gender Recognition Panel’. In order to pass the review, the applicant must have been diagnosed with gender dysphoria, which by definition is the same thing as being transgender but is classified as a psychological disorder. Furthermore, they need to have transitioned, meaning that they need to have started to live as their preferred gender, at least two years earlier. There is no demand for the person to have undergone any surgical procedures, which is the case in many other countries. In 2017, the UK Ministry of Justice announced that they would review the current legislation anew to determine if it was possible to remove these demands and instead allow people to self-determine their legal gender and change it through a paperwork process only (Dunne 2017). The reason for this is that many trans people disagree with the fact that their gender identity needs to be classified as a psychological disorder and that it needs to be determined by a panel rather than by themselves. There are no reports on the progress of this review at the time of the present study (June 2018).

2.2 Media Style Guides In order to avoid misrepresentation of transgender people in the media, several trans organizations around the world have published style guides for the media that explain what language and terminology should be used and what should be avoided when reporting on transgender people. This section will summarize the style guide provided by the Trans Media Watch, as well as briefly look into The Guardian’s own style guide (The Daily Mail does not have a public style guide). Trans Media Watch is a UK organization that describes itself as “a charity dedicated to improving media coverage of trans and intersex issues”, and one of the ways they do this is by providing a style guide for the media on trans language. This style guide provides some general guidelines on reporting on trans people as well as lists of words that should and should not be used. In short, the general guidelines state that the media should avoid offensive, ridiculing or sensationalist language when reporting on trans people. They also advise against focusing too much on the medical history of the trans person in question, using the person’s chosen name and pronouns and avoiding revealing their previous identities without permission. Furthermore,

they explain that there is no correlation between a person’s gender identity and their sexuality. Finally, they stress that trans people, and trans children in particular, need to be treated with respect and care. As for how to refer to trans people, the recommendation is to use trans and/or transgender (as adjectives) and refrain from using transsexual. Finally, they also list terms which are found offensive by the majority of the trans community and therefore should be avoided entirely: sex change, sex swap, tranny, transsexual (when used as a noun), transgender (when used as a noun), pre-op/post-op, shemale, heshe, gender-bender, hermaphrodite (Trans Media Watch 2015). The Guardian has its own style guide with a short section on trans people that seems to concur with the Trans Media Watch’s recommendations: “Where relevant, use transgender at first mention, thereafter trans, and only as an adjective: transgender person, trans person; never ‘transgendered person’ or ‘a transgender’” (Marsh and Hodson 2017).

2.3 Research Context As mentioned in the introduction, there is a gap in linguistic research when it comes to the media discourse surrounding transgender people, and this study thus draws on research from a range of related areas. In this section I will begin with a brief account of research conducted by trans organizations. I will then look at relevant research on trans people from a media science perspective and a women’s studies perspective. Finally I will describe a piece of linguistic research by Hackl et al. (2016) on the representation of trans people in the media in connection with a specific news story. Trans organizations sometimes conduct their own research, in the form of polls or questionnaires that allow trans people to self-report their experiences on a certain topic. This type of research can be problematic since it is not necessarily conducted from a scientific standpoint, and also because it is conducted by organizations that can be assumed to have a strong bias on the topic. However, these reports offer useful insights into trans people’s self- reported experiences. A recent survey by Stonewall, a UK LGBT organization, was answered by 733 trans people and focused on discrimination. The survey found that 41 percent of participants reported that they have “experienced a hate crime or incident” (Bachmann and Gooch 2018: 6) because of their gender identity and 40 percent adjust the way they present themselves in order to avoid such discrimination (Bachmann and Gooch 2018: 7). The study also reports that trans people experience discrimination at work, at home and within healthcare systems, as mentioned in section 1. On the topic of trans people in the media, one of the respondents said:

We are constantly questioned on our existence, treated hostilely and ridiculed in the name of debate. We are constantly exposed to hate and criticism in media and daily life as the public respond to the media's attitudes. I'm sick of being described as a mentally ill freak. (Bachmann and Gooch 2018: 24)

Trans Media Watch, whose style guide is summarized in 2.2, conducted another survey which focused solely on the representation of trans people in the media. The survey had 256 respondents and showed, amongst other things, that trans people are concerned about the “inaccuracy, poor research and inappropriate use of language” in the media and that even though an article might be positive towards trans people, such language “could make an item damaging even when it seemed to have been approached from a sympathetic angle” (Trans Media Watch 2010: 8). The representation of trans people in the media has also been studied within the field of media science. One such study focused on whether the representation of trans women in fictional media can influence people’s opinion about trans people in general (Solomon and Kurtz-Costes 2017). The study hypothesizes that transphobia might (partially) stem from the fact that trans people are a very small subset of the population, which means that few people get to interact with trans people directly but instead form their opinions based on media portrayals (2017: 36). The study investigates if it is possible to change people’s minds about trans people by exposing them to different types of media representation. The results showed that subjects who were exposed to positive representations of trans people did not feel more positive towards trans people afterwards whereas subjects who were exposed to negative representations felt more negative towards trans people afterwards. This led Solomon and Kurtz-Costes (2017: 37) to the conclusion that even though visibility and representation are important “not all media representation elicits positive change, and negative or otherwise stereotypical portrayals of minority characters can reinforce negative biases”. Campisi (2013) performed a study where the methodology was CDA, even though the linguistic aspect was not foregrounded since the article pertains to women’s studies. The study focused on the representation of two character’s in youth TV shows, one homosexual character and one transgender character. The methodology consisted of a combination of studying the TV networks that produced the show (their political affiliations, funding and previous work) as well as close-reading and watching of transcripted episodes. Campisi then identified and analyzed key themes in the characters’ narratives. The key themes for the trans character she identified was: “family and friendship, gender binary and masculinity, bullying and violence, the physical body, and likeability (including references to being ‘more than’ his trans identity)”

(2013:108) which are themes that she found to be consistent with previous literary representations of trans people. She argues that representation of trans youth is important in order for the normalization of being trans. Campisi concludes by claiming that “imperfect, normalized queer and trans* youth characters do meaningful cultural work by resonating with youth viewers and creating important spaces for discussion, education and celebration of queer and trans* youth identities” (2013:139). Hackl et al. (2016) conducted a study on the language used in news reporting regarding the coming out of Chelsea Manning in 2013. She was a soldier in the U.S. Army who was court- martialed after revealing sensitive information to the web site WikiLeaks. The day after her sentencing she came out as a transgender woman. By analyzing newspaper articles published two weeks after Manning’s coming out statement Hackl et al. found that international media, although reluctantly, “gradually changed from a male to female representation” (2016: 478) but that U.S. media outlets were more hesitant. They based this on data showing that media outlets tended to use Chelsea’s former name Bradley and the pronoun ‘he’ more often than her desired name (Chelsea) and pronoun (she). This is a process that within the trans community is called dead naming. Hackl et al. suggest that the media’s unwillingness to represent Manning as her chosen gender was a matter of the audience recognizing the name Bradley Manning better than Chelsea Manning and that the media valued this more highly than an accurate representation of a trans person. Moreover, the study showed that trans people in general, not just Manning, experienced increased visibility in news media during the two-week period due to the news story (2016: 482). In their final statements, Hackl et al. (2016: 482–483) encourage journalists to consult style guides when reporting on trans people and researchers to further explore transgender representation in both newspapers and other media.

2.4 Corpus Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis In this study I employ a combination of corpus linguistic (CL) methods and critical discourse analysis (CDA). This synergy might seem counter-intuitive at first since CL mostly deals with quantitative data and CDA with qualitative data. However, the combination of methods has been studied, tested, and evaluated by, amongst others, Hardt-Mautner (1995) Baker et al. (2008) and Baker (2012). These studies have in turn helped provide a methodological framework that has been employed in later studies (Baker 2014; Boeva 2015; Al Fajri 2017). Corpus linguistics is a methodology that can be used to study a number of different linguistic phenomena through large samples (corpora) of ‘real-life’ language. Its main benefit is that it allows researchers to consider large sets of empirical data and make objective claims

about language (McEnery & Wilson 1996: 87). However, it is important to recognize that even though a corpus might be representative, it is still a finite sample of language (McEnery & Wilson 1996: 61). Furthermore, the data obtained from a corpus still requires human processing, analysis and interpretation (Baker et al. 2008: 277). CDA, on the other hand, is a type of discourse analysis that moves beyond just describing discourse and instead tries to explain it in terms of social structure and power relations. Power and control are central notions in CDA, and van Dijk argues that power can be described as “access to or control over public discourse and communication” (2008: 89). By extension, the people who control more influential discourse are more powerful. Van Dijk claims that mass media “are most pervasive, if not most influential, when judged by the power criteria of recipient scope” and that, furthermore, the audience generally perceives newspapers as being more reliable and of higher quality than other types of news sources (2008: 55). Newspapers are therefore powerful both because they have access to and control over a large part of the public discourse and because people tend to view them as a reliable source of information. Sometimes within CDA, this type of power is even referred to as “mind control” (van Dijk 2008: 11). CDA is most often performed by analyzing samples of text, as well as relating them to the producer of the text, society, power structures etc.. Most criticisms of CDA have been towards the data used in the studies. Researchers have been accused of cherry-picking data in order to prove their point instead of using representative data and there has been criticism about generalizing results from small data-sets (Baker et al. 2008: 281–283). CDA thus benefits from the “more objective, quantitative CL approaches, as quantification can reveal the degree of generality of, or confidence in, the study findings and conclusions” (Baker et al. 2008: 297). Many studies that use this combination of methods follow the same basic framework (Baker et al. 2008; Baker 2014; Boeva 2015; Al Farji 2017). Data is collected through the CL methods of collocation and concordance. Most studies then group together collocates that seem to contribute to the same topic or semantic prosody and analyze the topics/prosodies (rather than analyzing the collocates one by one), using complementary concordance analysis when necessary. This allows for identifying patterns within the discourse that is being analyzed. Collocation is the non-random co-occurrence of words within a text or corpus. Baker (2006: 95–96) explains that collocation is “when a word regularly appears near another word, and the relationship is statistically significant in some way”. Collocation is a useful tool for deciding the focus of the study and it also helps eliminate researcher bias since the data decide what the focus of the study will be rather than it being decided beforehand by the researcher (Baker et al. 2008: 278). Although collocation is only a statistical measurement, it is closely

related to the notions of semantic preference, semantic prosody, and lexical priming. Semantic preference and semantic prosody are two terms that are sometimes used interchangeably but are sometimes given their own, separate, definitions. They both refer to the semantic environment, or context, that a certain word appears in. Baker et al. say that semantic prosodies are the “semantic extension of collocation” and explains that a collocate does not need to be directly adjacent to the search word in order to have an effect on it (2008: 278). However, this is true for semantic preference as well. Sinclair, on the other hand, describes the difference between them by saying that semantic prosodies are “evaluative or attitudinal and are used to express the speaker’s approval (good prosody) or disapproval (bad prosody) of whatever topic is momentarily the object of discourse” (1996: 87), whereas a semantic preference is not necessarily evaluative. All collocates are thus semantic preference, but not all collocates contribute to a semantic prosody. The most common definition used in earlier studies is by Louw (2000), who says that a semantic prosody is “a consistent aura of meaning with which a form is imbued by its collocates” (Louw 2000). This study will subscribe to both Sinclair’s and Louw’s definition of semantic prosody as being evaluative in nature, and it will, therefore, focus mainly on collocates that contribute to a semantic prosody. As for lexical priming, it is a theory developed by Hoey which links corpus linguistics to psycholinguistics, which he explains in the following manner: As a word is acquired through encounters with it in speech and writing, it becomes cumulatively loaded with the contexts and co-texts in which it is encountered, and our knowledge of it includes the fact that it co-occurs with certain other words in certain kinds of context. (Hoey 2005: 8)

This theory is based in corpus linguistics but it also helps to form a bridge between CL and CDA. The theory of priming within CL is not that far from the theories of power (re)production and mind control in CDA described at the beginning of this section. Hoey (2005: 182) even claims that mass media is one of the main ways that our individual primings become harmonized, or shared, with those of our speech community.

3. Material and Method In 3.1, the material used in the study and how it was selected will be described in more detail. In 3.2 the methodological procedure will be described.

3.1 Material 3.1.1 NOW Corpus The NOW corpus is a fully automated corpus created by Mark Davies and is hosted by Brigham Young University (BYU). It contains newspaper articles from newspapers written in English from all over the world. It currently (June 2018) has approximately 6 billion words, but it is growing in size daily. BYU hosts a number of different corpora (among them the Corpus of Contemporary American English, COCA) with a shared interface that allows the user to perform different types of searches, such as concordance and collocate searches, depending on the purpose of their study. It is fully automated in the sense that it finds, downloads and tags texts through the use of software without any human supervision or post-editing. The main benefit of this type of corpus compared to manually created ones is described by the corpus’ creator Mark Davies in the following manner:

One of the challenges facing corpus creators and users is the fact that so many corpora quickly become ‘stale’. They may do a great job of representing the language from 10– 20 years ago, but there is nothing from the last year or two – or especially the last month and definitely not from yesterday (2017: 1).

Consequently, the main strength of a fully automated corpora is that it can provide the researcher with current data, allowing for synchronic studies to be conducted. However, it also means that the software used can be possible sources of error. One of the main issues for this study was that the software might download duplicates of certain articles which would skew the results. The NOW corpus has an inbuilt function that removes duplicates, but this was determined to be unreliable when checking the results manually. This function was thus disabled and duplicates were instead identified and removed by manually going through the results and investigating concordance lines that appeared similar. The NOW corpus allows its users to create sub-corpora based on a number of different criteria, such as source, time period and words contained within the texts. This function was used to create the two corpora used in this study. However, the size of the sub-corpora is limited to 1000 texts or less by the software, and thus certain limitations were necessary. The source was set to The Daily Mail and The Guardian respectively, and the time-period to 2015-2017. This time period was chosen in order to obtain data that allowed for a synchronic analysis, focusing on the current language surrounding trans people, as well as to limit the size of the sub-corpora. The sub-corpora were also limited to articles containing the search words: trans, trangender(s) and/or transsexual(s). Consequently, each sub-corpus created contains all texts

from the given time period in which at least one of the search words appeared (from each newspaper).

Table 1. Size of the sub-corpora in terms of words and texts Newspaper Words Texts The Daily Mail 456,103 397 The Guardian 1,025,345 786

As can be seen in Table 1, there was a significant size difference between the two sub- corpora created due to the fact that the search words appeared more often in The Guardian than in The Daily Mail during this time-period. This was somewhat expected since The Guardian, in general, publishes more and longer articles. A complete list of all texts in each sub-corpus is available in Appendix 2.

3.1.2 Newspaper Selection The choice of newspaper selection was made based on two criteria: readership figures, and genre. Firstly, since the aim of the study is to discuss current media discourse, it was necessary to base the selection on readership figures in order to make sure that the data used in this study actually represents the most dominant media discourse, i.e. the most read newspapers. Secondly, as there is a comparative aspect to this study, another criterion was the genre of the newspaper; one broadsheet and one tabloid needed to be included. The decision to limit the study to two newspapers was made based on the aim, size, and timeframe of the study. A broader selection of newspapers, beyond the scope of this study, would be needed in order to fully compare the two genres since one cannot say with certainty that those with the highest readership figures are representative of the genre. Based on these criteria the following newspapers were selected:  The Daily Mail, a tabloid newspaper with a monthly readership of 29,697,000.  The Guardian, a broadsheet newspaper with a monthly readership of 24,946,000. These figures include both print, PC, and mobile editions of the newspapers (National Readership Survey 2017). Another aspect that might also affect the discourse is the political affiliation of the newspapers. The Daily Mail is a conservative newspaper whereas The Guardian is a center-left newspaper.

3.2 Method In 3.2.1 I will describe how the search words were selected and the complete methodological process and the study’s limitations will be described in 3.2.2.

3.2.1 Search Words In order to be able to investigate the discourse surrounding trans people, it was necessary to determine what search words would enable this. The search words in this study are trans, transgender, transgenders, transsexual and transsexuals. The choice of these search words was based mainly on the Trans Media Watch’s style guide (see 2.1) and on pilot searches in the NOW corpus. A preliminary pilot search in the NOW corpus showed that transgender and trans seem to be the most common terms, but that transsexual and the noun plurals transgenders and transsexuals are also in use. A problem with these search words is that there are many more ways of referring to and talking about trans people than these search words capture (Baker 2014: 109). Other possible search terms could have been transvestite, tranny, shemale, crossdresser etc. These were excluded since they did not generate any or very few hits in the corpus during the pilot searches. As the aim of this study is to investigate the most dominant discourse, my method is to look at the most common ways of referring to trans people, rather than looking at all possible ways of referring to them, which these search words facilitate.

3.2.2 Methodological Process and Limitations After the sub-corpora were compiled searches for collocates were carried out. For the purpose of this study, the span for collocates was set to include four words to the left and four words to the right of the search word, which is the default span set in the NOW corpus. When it comes to statistical measures, the Mutual Information (MI) score is the only one that the NOW corpus offers and as this is an accepted way of selecting collocates in similar studies (used by e.g. Baker 2014), that was the one used. One of the advantages of using the MI score is that it varies very little depending on corpus size (Gablasova, Brezina and McEnery 2017: 169). Therefore, it is a viable way of comparing collocates across corpora, which is beneficial since the two corpora in the present study vary so much in size. The MI score is calculated by an algorithm and basically compares the observed frequency with the (statistically) expected frequency and “the higher the number, the stronger the collocation” (Baker 2006: 101). The conventional lower limit when using the MI score is 3 (Baker 2014: 136) and this is the limit that was employed in this study as well. A problem with the MI score is that it tends to give high scores to low-frequency words (Baker 2006: 102), however, this was counteracted by only including

collocates with a raw frequency of a minimum of three. Although three is quite a low limit, this approach largely eliminates collocates that appear by chance. Baker (2014: 111) argues that when examining semantic prosodies, even collocates with low frequencies could possibly “contribute towards an overall picture” and should be taken into account. Furthermore, in line with earlier studies (Baker 2014; Boeva 2015; Al Farji 2017), only collocates that were nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs were included in the present study, with function words excluded. Names of persons and organizations were also excluded since these are not evaluative in nature. However, place names were included since these were decided through concordance line analysis to be evaluative and therefore to contribute to a semantic prosody. In this manner, all collocates that matched the criteria was compiled for each corpus. In order to then get an equal number of collocates from each newspaper and counteract the size difference between the corpora, the top 60 collocates from each newspaper (according to the MI score) were selected for this study. However, there is an overlap where the same collocate appears in both corpora or together with several of the search words. For example, the collocate bisexual appears five times in the data as it collocates with both trans and transgender in The Guardian and also with trans, transgender and transsexual in The Daily Mail. In the results section, the normalized frequencies for these collocates are conflated into one number (for each newspaper) but they were kept separate in the raw data to illustrate the pervasiveness of certain collocates throughout the search words and/or newspapers. Within the top 60 collocates, most were found to be evaluative and therefore contributing to a semantic prosody. Ten collocates were not evaluative and thus only semantic preference (namely 17-year-old, 19- year-old, woman, pupils, student, teen, folk, folks, individuals, persons: see Appendix 1) The study then moved on to identify semantic prosodies by finding collocates that seemed to contribute to a similar discourse, for example words describing sexual preference, such as bisexual, gay, and lesbian were grouped together. However, most semantic prosodies were not as straightforward as the previous example, and the collocates were instead grouped into semantic prosodies by consulting the concordance lines. In this manner, less obvious collocates could be determined to contribute to a semantic prosody. For example, requires and requiring were determined to contribute to the prosody relating to the bathroom bills (see 4.2.2) and Detroit was determined to fit into the “trans people are victims” prosody (see 4.2.3). The analysis was then further assisted by using tools such as dictionaries and the Trans Media Watch’s style guide. Dictionaries was used in order to fully understand the meaning and connotations of certain collocates (see 4.2.1 and 4.3.3) and the style guide was used when determining whether the semantic prosody was positive, negative or problematic.

In order to further illustrate the connection between the collocates relating to one particular semantic prosody (see 4.2.1), two collocational networks were created. A collocational network is a table or chart which shows how collocates are interrelated. A word which collocates with the search word might also collocate with several other of the search word’s collocates. Hence, collocational networks illustrate that collocation is not just a linear relationship between words but rather a “network of interrelated terms” (Baker 2006: 117). These networks were created by performing additional collocate searches for each of the collocates, and connecting the ones who were also collocates to each other in the illustration of the network. Another collocational tool that was used in order to obtain more information about the prosody was second-order collocates. These are words that collocate with one (or more) of the collocates of a search word but not with the search word itself (see 4.2.2).

4. Results and Analysis In this section I present the semantic prosodies found for the collocates of trans, transgender(s) and transsexual(s) in the two newspapers, starting with negative ones (4.1), moving on to problematic ones (4.2) and then positive ones (4.3). The results are presented in tables that account for which collocates were found in each newspaper and the normalized frequency (NF) for each collocate will be presented within brackets next to the collocate. The results were normalized to frequency per million words. If a collocate appears together with multiple search words, the NF for each search word will be conflated into one number. The full results, including search words and MI score for the collocates, are provided in Appendix 1. The concordance lines presented are numbered (1, 2, 3…) and in the Figure caption it will be made clear if the concordance lines are all concordance lines for a collocate or only a sample. If a sample is used, the total number of concordance lines (for both newspapers and all search words) will be presented in brackets.

4.1 Negative Semantic Prosodies This section will look at two different semantic prosodies that are directly negative or harmful towards trans people, and which are both advised against by the Trans Media Watch (2015). The semantic prosodies that will be presented are: “trans people and their behavior is sensational” (4.1.1) and “focus on trans people’s bodies and/or transition” (4.1.2).

4.1.1 Sensationalism Table 2 contains collocates which all, in some way or another, describe trans people and their behavior as either sensational or scandalous.

Table 2. Collocates contributing to “trans people and their behavior is sensational” (NF in brackets) Newspaper Collocates The Daily Mail accept (13.15), affair (6.58), fact (6.58), openly (28.5) The Guardian embraced (2.93), openly (8.78)

Affair is scandalous in the sense that it refers to inappropriate sexual behaviour. A concordance analysis shows that all instances of the collocate appeared in connection with one specific news story, as shown in Figure 1.

1 was home to her politician brother who had an affair with a transsexual woman. (DM) 2 Kelly Jr (pictured together in 1948) had a public love affair with a transsexual woman in the 1970s. (DM) 3 the family’s image when the politician had a public affair with a transsexual woman in the 1970s, (DM) Figure 1. All concordance lines for affair

Consequently, this collocate might not be used regularly. However, it is noteworthy that the story is about sexual behavior and that the search word that this collocate appeared together with was transsexual. In 5.2, a case will be made for the idea that the term transsexual perpetuates the (false) notion that being trans is linked to one’s sexual behavior or preference. The other collocates are embraced, openly, accept, and fact and a sample of concordance lines is presented in Figure 2.

4 because his family struggled to accept that she is transgender. (DM) 5 when gay and transgender women are embraced as colleagues and friends, not fired from good jobs (G) 6 out as transgender, revealed: 'The fact that I am Trans and the fact that my past (DM) 7 She was Oklahoma City's first openly transgender police officer and now teaches(G) Figure 2. Sample of concordance lines for accept (6), embraced (3), fact (3) and openly (22)

These collocates are all used in order to legitimize being trans. The need to legitimize it, in turn, implies that being trans is not normal, but rather something sensational and sometimes shameful. Accept and embraced suggest that being welcoming towards trans people is an active

choice, rather than the default. Openly suggests that one can keep being transgender hidden which implies that it might be shameful to be transgender. Fact appears in phrases such as in concordance line 6: “The fact that I am trans”. This type of statement emphasizes that being trans is not a choice, and defends the right to identify as trans. Whereas these words might seem to be positive and welcoming, they emphasize that being trans is not seen as normal. People who are perceived as normal do not need to be accepted or embraced by society, neither do they have to come out and be openly heterosexual or justify their gender identity as a fact.

4.1.2 Focus on Bodies and/or Transition Table 3 shows collocates that focus on either trans people’s bodies or their transition. For this semantic prosody, no collocates were found in The Daily Mail whereas three were found in The Guardian.

Table 3. Collocates contributing to “focus on trans people’s bodies” (NF in brackets)

Newspaper Collocates The Guardian female-to-male (2.93), identifying (2.93), transitioned (2.93)

All three collocates have a normalized frequency of 2.93 which indicates that this semantic prosody is not prevalent. However, it is one of the prosodies with the most potential to hurt trans people. The Trans Media Watch (2015) explains that this type of discourse is negative and should be avoided because it is an invasion of a person’s privacy and “[a]s with all medical therapy, these are private matters between an individual and their doctor and should never be referred to without permission”. They go on to say that a person’s transition should only be referred to if it is necessary to the specific news story. The concordance lines for the collocates identifying and transitioned are presented in Figure 3.

8 on the books that prosecute people for identifying as trans, that this could leave people open (G) 9 would include trans women or men identifying as women who have not physically (G) 10 admissions policy to allow trans people identifying as women to apply for entry (G) 11 28-year-old is a transgender man who transitioned two years ago. Changing the gender marker (G) 12 Transgender people who have transitioned to the opposite sex would not be affected (G) 13 assessed the mental health of 73 socially transitioned transgender children aged three to 12, (G) Figure 3. All concordance lines for identifying and transitioned

In all of these concordance lines, the gender identity and/or transition seem to be of importance to the news story. Line 8 is about trans people being prosecuted because of their gender identity, lines 9, 10 and 12 are about the rights of trans people and line 13 is about the health of trans children. All of these examples are about trans people in general, and only line 11 is concerned with a specific person. However, that line as well seems to be about the process of transitioning in more general terms: “[c]hanging the gender marker”. Hence, these collocates might have been used in situations that warranted it. However, the concordance lines in Figure 4 show that this is not the case for the collocate female-to-male.

14 story of Brandon Teena, a transgender female-to-male who was raped and murdered (G) 15 appealing to other communities, including female-to-male transgender customers (G) 16 having an ill-fated tryst with a female-to-male transgender teacher at her university (G) Figure 4. All concordance lines for female-to-male

To begin with, the Trans Media Watch (2015) strongly advises against using this term (as well as the reverse male-to-female) since it is focuses too much on a person’s body and transition. Concordance line 14 is about a trans person falling victim to a crime, line 15 is about demographics, and line 16 is about a conflict involving a trans person. In none of these cases does it seem necessary to go into detail about a person’s body or transition. Moreover, transgender already implies a transition from one gender to another which makes the term female-to-male redundant.

4.2 Problematic Semantic Prosodies In this section I will present semantic prosodies that are not clearly negative or positive towards transgender people. In 4.2.1, the first prosody discussed is “trans people and other sexual preferences/gender identities”, which is the most prevalent according to the normalized frequencies in my data. After this, the semantic prosody “trans people and other minorities” is presented. Then, two semantic prosodies relating to two dominant news stories are discussed in 4.2.2: “trans people and the bathroom bills” and “trans people and the attempted military ban”. Finally, the semantic prosodies “trans people are victims” and “trans people are the perpetrators of crime” are presented (4.2.3).

4.2.1 Trans Identity in Relation to Other Identities The search words frequently collocated with words describing other minority groups. Table 4 show collocates that links trans people to other sexual preferences and/or gender identities.

Table 4. Collocates contributing to “trans people and other sexualities/gender identities” (NF in brackets)

Newspaper Collocates The Daily Mail bisexual (127.16), gay (175.4), gays (6.58), intersex (8.77), lesbian (6.58), non-binary (8.77) The Guardian bi (5.85), bisexual (99.48), intersex (31.21), lesbians (5.85), non- binary (15.61), non-conforming (4.88)

As can be seen in Table 4, trans people are often mentioned in connection with a range of different sexual preferences (bi, bisexual, gay, gays lesbian, lesbians) and/or gender identities (non-binary, non-conforming, intersex). Baker found similar results in his study on gay men, where gay often collocated with the other sexual preferences lesbian and bisexual. He calls it “inclusiveness strategies”, which connect groups that might “experience similar issues” (2014: 119). However, trans people are also often mentioned together with other gender identities, such as non-binary, non-conforming and intersex in addition to the different sexual preferences.

17 those identifying as trans, gender-queer or non-binary, are treated (DM) 18 towards the LGBT lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender community (G) 19 poor treatment of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) people (DM) Figure 5. Sample of concordance lines for non-binary (20), and bisexual (161)

In concordance line 17, trans is listed together with gender-queer and non-binary, which are both examples of gender identities. In concordance line 18, on the other hand, it is listed together with lesbian, gay, and bisexual, which are sexual preferences. There are also some examples of the two different categories meeting, as in concordance line 19 where both sexual preferences, lesbian, gay, and bisexual, and the gender identity intersex are listed. The collocational networks for the search words in the respective newspapers are illustrated in Figures 6 and 7 below:

Figure 6. Collocational network of sexual preferences/gender identities in The Daily Mail.

Figure 7. Collocational network of sexual preferences/gender identities in The Guardian.

In The Daily Mail, in particular, there is a strong network between the words gay, lesbian, and bisexual, which are all sexual preferences. The collocational network for The Guardian, on the other hand, shows stronger links between the words intersex, non-binary and bisexual. Hence, both the concordance lines and collocational networks seem to indicate that there might be two different, but sometimes overlapping, semantic prosodies at work, rather than just one: “being trans is a sexual preference” and “being trans is a gender identity”. The first one seems to be stronger in The Daily Mail whereas the second one seems to be stronger in The Guardian. The collocational networks also illustrate an interesting point regarding the search word transsexual. Transsexual only rendered results in The Daily Mail, and its collocates are exclusively related to sexual preferences: lesbian, gay, bisexual. The Trans Media Watch (2015) discourages the use of the word transsexual and the word might bear too strong connotations to sexuality, especially considering that other words ending in -sexual (i.e. homosexual, bisexual) often refer to a person’s sexual preferences. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the -sexual in homosexual refers to a person’s sexual preferences whereas the -sexual in transsexual refers to a person’s sex (OED 2018).

The next semantic prosody is “trans people and other minorities”, and there are only two collocates to consider: color (28.28) and disabled (3.9), both of which appear in The Guardian. The two terms are not interrelated but they both contribute to the same semantic prosody. A concordance analysis of the word color shows that it mostly appears as a modifier together with trans/transgender and thus refers to persons who are both trans and of color, as can be seen in Figure 8.

20 almost all of them transgender women of color, and likely an underestimate (G) 21 Trans people, and especially trans women of color, have to endure all sorts of indignities(G) 22 especially transgender women of color, would have to face any additional burdens (G) Figure 8. Sample of concordance lines for color (29)

Another interesting point is that this collocate appears with American spelling (instead of British colour), even though the newspapers in question are British. This might indicate that the trans movement more visible in the US, and that British reporting is affected by American reporting (see 4.2.2 regarding dominant news stories, and 4.3.3 where collocate Center is discussed). Moreover, both color and disabled also appear in a similar manner as gay, lesbian and bisexual were shown to be in the proceeding section, as a form of inclusion, which can be seen in Figure 9.

23 lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, people of color and queer indigenous people (G) 24 transgender and gender nonconforming people – and especially transgender women of color. (G) 25 excludes women of color – or disabled women, trans women, sex workers, Muslims, Jews, poor people (G) 26 and that women, people of color, transgender people, immigrants, workers, the disabled (G) Figure 9. Sample of concordance lines for color (29) and disabled (4)

In concordance lines 23–26, trans people are grouped together with an array of different minority groups. The common denominator is that these groups are at a disadvantage in society when it comes to power. The people they are being grouped together with are minority groups that do not have the most common and/or accepted, sexuality, color of skin, nationality, religion etc.

4.2.2 Dominant News Stories Hackl et al. (2016) found that the specific news story that was the subject of their study increased visibility for transgender people during a brief period of time. Two news stories with a similar effect were identified in this study: the bathroom bills in the USA and President Trump’s attempt to ban trans people from serving in the US army. Both of these stories originated in America and mostly concerned Americans. However, their strong presence in British media as well suggests that Hackl et al. (2016) are correct and that high profile news stories like this increase the visibility of all trans people all over the world. A bathroom bill is a law that decides which bathroom a transgender individual is allowed to use. It can be either inclusive and allow trans people to use the bathroom which corresponds with their preferred gender, or exclusive and force trans people to use the bathroom of the gender on their birth certificate. During the 2010’s these bills started to appear across different states in America, and figured in newspapers across the world. There are three collocates to consider concerning the news stories of the bathroom bills: bathrooms (25.59) which appears in both newspapers and requires (3.9) and requiring (4.88) which only appear in The Guardian. A collocate search for the word bathrooms was conducted in both corpora in order to collect second-order collocates, to obtain more information about this semantic prosody. These are presented in Table 5 below.

Table 5. Collocates of bathrooms

Newspaper Second-Order Collocates The Daily Mail access, denied, locker rooms, people, public, students, use The Guardian access, comport, consistent, gender, gender neutral, girls, locker rooms, match, matching, men, neutral, public, school, students, unfettered, use, using

These collocates tell us that the bathrooms at hand are public bathrooms and/or bathrooms in schools (students, locker rooms, school). Collocates such as access, denied, unfettered and comport tell us that there is some sort of regulation as to who is allowed to use certain bathrooms. In The Guardian, there are also collocates that relate to the gender identity of the bathroom users: gender, gender neutral, men, girls. Finally, the words match, matching and consistent together with the previous information seem to indicate that the gender identity of the bathroom user must match the bathroom.

27 the ordinance related to use of public bathrooms by transgender men and women (DM) 28 evidence of transgender people entering bathrooms to commit assault in other cities (G) 29 Legislation requiring transgender students to use bathrooms corresponding (G) Figure 10. Sample of concordance lines for bathrooms (20), requires (4) and requiring (5)

Together with the second-order collocates, the concordance lines in Figure 10 further illustrate what the news story, and this semantic prosody, was about. Line 27 shows that this law mainly concerned public bathrooms, which explains why second-degree collocates such as students and locker rooms appeared. Line 28 seems to illustrate one motivation for the law; that it would be dangerous to allow trans people access to whatever bathroom they want to use since they might commit assault. Finally, line 29 relays information about the law and what it requires. The other major news story during the time period examined in the present study was President Trump’s attempt to ban trans people from serving in the U.S. Army. The collocates are presented in Table 6.

Table 6. Collocates contributing to “trans people and the attempted military ban” (NF in brackets)

Newspaper Collocates The Daily Mail ban (3.27), bans (8.77), ranked (6.58), serve (17.54), serving (24.12), soldier (13.15) The Guardian ban (21.46), banning (2.93), comparison (2.93), enlist (3.9), personnel (2.93), serve (8.78), serving (11.7), troops (13.65)

There is a significant overlap between the newspapers, with different forms of the words serve and ban appearing in both newspapers. However, there are also some collocates which are exclusive to each newspaper. For The Daily Mail, there are two such collocates: soldier and ranked. When looking at the expanded concordance lines (see examples 1 and 2 below) it can be seen that these two collocates sometimes appeared together, relating to the same news story.

(1) Winterbourne - who started her career as a man – is the most highly ranked transgender soldier in the Army and the only one to become an officer (Boyle 2015)

(2) In 2015, Captain Hannah Winterbourne became the Army's most highly ranked transgender soldier and the first to become an officer (Nicol 2017)

Both of these concordance lines relate to the same news story, but they were published over two years apart. The first line was published on January 18, 2015, and the second one on

February 11, 2017. This suggests that high profile news stories about trans people seem to have a lot of staying power. Another example of this can be found in another concordance line for soldier.

(3) Chelsea Manning, the transgender U.S. Army soldier responsible for a massive leak of classified information (Moon 2017)

Chelsea Manning’s public coming out, which was the subject of Hackl et al.’s study (2016) occurred in 2013. That study focused on the two weeks following Chelsea Manning’s coming out statement. Example III is from an article published in 2017, five years later. Whereas the collocates exclusive to The Daily Mail relate to individuals, the collocates exclusive to The Guardian instead relate to groups of people: personnel, troops, enlist.

30 including his ban on transgender military personnel. It has described Trump as (G) 31 announced in such fashion that transgender troops would no longer be allowed to serve (G) 32 to stop allowing transgender people to enlist and to stop paying for gender reassignment (G) Figure 11. Sample of concordance lines for personnel (3), troops (14) and enlist (4)

All three examples in Figure 11 seem to talk about the ban in a more general way, focusing on the consequences for the army as a whole. Lines 30–32 all concern what a ban of trans people in the military would entail. Line 32 also concerns another aspect of the news story, a financial one. The last collocate that only appeared in The Guardian was comparison. In itself, comparison is not directly related to the military at all. However, it was deemed to contribute to this semantic prosody when the concordance lines were consulted, as seen in Figure 12 below.

33 Transgender care cost in comparison with total Pentagon healthcare spending (G) 34 Transgender care cost in comparison with a single F-35s fighter plane (G) 35 Transgender care cost in comparison with a combat ship (G) Figure 12. All concordance lines for comparison

All three times comparison collocates with transgender it is in order to compare the healthcare cost of transgender people with another expense for the military which seems to indicate, much like line 32, that there is an aspect of this news story that is concerned with money and spending.

4.2.3 Trans People and Crimes In this section two different semantic prosodies are discussed. Firstly, “trans people are victims” and secondly, “trans people are perpetrators of crimes”.

Table 7. Collocates contributing to “trans people are victims” (NF in brackets)

Newspaper Collocates The Daily Mail discriminated (6.58), intern (6.58), murdered (10.96), protections (17.54), slur (6.58) The Guardian Detroit (3.9), homicide (4.88), murdered (3.9), murders (5.85)

The collocates in Table 7 show that there are two different types of crime that trans people are victims of, violent crimes and discriminatory crimes. The violent crimes are murders, as the collocates murdered, murders and homicide show. A sample of concordance lines in Figure 13 shows that it is not necessarily a matter of reporting on specific murders or incidents, but rather the murder rate among trans people in general.

36 Williamson as just one of the many transgender teens murdered in the U.S. this year (DM) 37 The Human Rights Campaign report documented 21 transgender homicide victims so far in 2015 (G) 38 the setting for a case involving yet another murdered trans woman of color (G) Figure 13. Sample of concordance lines for murdered (9) and homicide (5)

In line 36 the victim is described as “one of the many”, in line 37 the number of murder victims “so far” is relayed and in line 38 the victim is “yet another murdered trans woman”. When a murder of a trans person occurs, it appears that the newspaper immediately talks about it in more general terms. Detroit was also determined to contribute to this semantic prosody because of the context it tended to appear in, as can be seen in example 4 from The Guardian below.

(4) the death of a black transgender woman from Detroit who was fatally shot Saturday morning (Felton 2015)

Whereas collocates relating to murders of trans people appeared in both newspapers, a second category of crimes could be found in the collocates from The Daily Mail: discriminatory crimes. The collocates discriminated, protections, intern, and slur all appear in this context.

39 a Virginia case that a high school discriminated against a transgender teen by forbidding (DM) 40 a proposal to grant non-discrimination protections for gay and transgender people (DM) 41 discrimination targeting a transgender intern and defended the female (DM) 42 The term ‘tranny’ has been used as a slur for transgender people (DM) Figure 15. Sample of concordance lines for discriminated (3), protections (8), intern (3), and slur (3)

It seems that there are two different semantic prosodies at work here, where one is related to trans people as victims of violent crimes and the other is related to trans people as victims of discriminatory crimes. Table 8 below seems to illustrate the opposing semantic prosody, that trans people are not victims, but perpetrators, of crimes.

Table 8. Collocates contributing to “trans people are perpetrators of crimes” (NF in brackets)

Newspaper Collocates The Daily Mail inmates (8.77), prisoners (10.96) The Guardian detainees (3.9), inmates (3.9), prisoners (12.68)

Inmates, prisoners, and detainees are all near synonyms and they all refer to incarcerated people. The sample of the concordance lines in Figure 16 seems to show that this semantic prosody, rather than actually portraying trans people as criminals, is about the well-being of incarcerated trans people.

43 created a housing unit for transgender detainees in 2011 in Santa Ana, California (G) 44 Nearly two-thirds of trans inmates report sexual assault (G) 45 Five trans inmates in male jails have killed themselves (DM) 46 sufficiently address the needs of transgender prisoners. (DM) Figure 16. Sample of concordance lines for detainees (4), inmates (7) and prisoners (18)

Lines 43–46 respectively address issues of housing units, sexual assault, suicide and special needs for incarcerated trans people. So while the collocates of this prosody might initially seem to be about trans people committing crimes the concordance lines show that these collocates might, in reality, overlap with or contribute to one of the discourses in 4.3.1 being “trans people have special needs” or even in some cases the discourse discussed previously in this section: “trans people are victims”.

4.3 Positive Semantic Prosodies Semantic prosodies that overall contribute to a positive image of trans people are discussed in this section. Firstly, the semantic prosodies “trans people are a community” and “the trans community is global” are presented in 4.3.1. Secondly, the semantic prosody “trans representation and/or visibility” is described (4.3.2) and the final section (4.3.3) looks at “trans rights” and “trans people have special needs”.

4.3.1 Trans Community and a Global Perspective on Trans People Trans people are often grouped together, and talked about in more general terms. Table 9 shows collocates relating to the idea of there being a “trans community”.

Table 9. Collocates contributing to “trans people are a community” (NF in brackets)

Newspaper Collocates The Daily Mail community (155.66), growing (6.58) The Guardian cis (4.88)

As for the most frequent collocate, community (from The Daily Mail) concordance lines 47 and 48 in Figure 17 show that it is used mainly in positive discourse:

47 she wants to give back to the trans community,” said Chase Strangio (DM) 48 marks a turning point in how the transgender community will be treated by the media (DM) Figure 17. Sample of concordance lines to community (71)

The only collocate that contributes to this semantic prosody in The Guardian is cis. Cis or cis-gender is a relatively new word that originated in the 1990s and means the opposite of transgender. A cisgender person is a person whose gender identity and biological gender at birth have always corresponded (OED 2018). The reason it has been categorized as contributing to “trans people are a community” is because the concordance lines in Figure 18 suggest a community-like relationship between trans women and cis women.

49 eliding the experiences of trans women and cis women are dismissed as bigoted ol’ bitches (G) 50 with the International Women’s strike. Cis and trans women across the world can join hands (G) Figure 18. Sample of concordance lines to cis (5)

This seems to indicate that not only do trans people see themselves as a community, but trans women also feel like a part of a general female community. Consequently, even though cis means the opposite of trans, the usage seems to be positive towards trans people rather than negative. A reason for this could be that the term cis originated in the trans community, rather than outside it (Trans Media Watch 2015). It is a way of challenging the hegemonic discourse, where being cis-gender or heterosexual is not just seen as default or normal. The collocate growing is an extension of the semantic prosody “trans people are a community” as seen in Figure 19. Rather than it being the trans community that is growing, concordance lines 51–53 below show that it is rather a matter of how the visibility or support for the trans community is growing.

51 visibility for trans people is growing rapidly – most often young trans people feel (DM) 52 there is growing public pressure for trans inmates to be allowed to serve their time (DM) 53 TRANS activism is a growing phenomenon and is to be welcomed and embraced (DM) Figure 19. All concordance lines for growing

The trans movement and trans community exist not only in Great Britain and the Western world but as Table 10 below shows, the trans movement and community is global:

Table 10. Collocates contributing to “the trans movement is global” (NF in brackets)

Newspaper Collocates The Daily Mail Thailand (8.77), Peru (8.77) The Guardian Colombia (5.85), Egypt (2.93)

Even though the newspapers in this study are British, and this study is mainly concerned with transgender representation in Britain, these collocates show that trans issues are a global issue and that there are trans people in many parts of the world. All of these countries are countries in which the trans rights movement has not come as far as it has in Britain, which is reflected in the concordance lines in Figure 20.

54 life is much easier for trans men in Colombia than for trans women (G) 55 attacks against LGBT people in Egypt has singled out transgender women (G) 56 was started to help promote Thailand’s transgender community to the mainstream (DM) 57 But they are transgender women of Peru, who are forced to live so completely outside of society (DM) Figure 20. Sample of concordance lines for Colombia (6), Egypt (3), Thailand (4) and Peru (4)

4.3.2 Trans Visibility and Representation Table 11 below presents collocates relating to the visibility and representation of trans people within different fields.

Table 11. Collocates contributing to “trans visibility and representation” (NF in brackets)

Newspaper Collocates The Daily Mail actress (6.58), athletes (6.58), character (6.58), contestant (13.15), featuring (6.58), pageant (6.58), pioneer (6.58), visibility (6.58) The Guardian casting (3.9), compete (2.93), narratives (2.93), protagonist (2.93), visibility (10.73)

Firstly, there is almost no overlap between the newspapers. The only collocate that appears in both newspapers is visibility. However, some of the collocates are from the same domain, such as actress and character from The Daily Mail and casting and protagonist from The Guardian, which all concern the movie or television industry. Figure 21 shows a sample of concordance lines for these collocates:

58 She is the first transsexual actress to be nominated for a Primetime Emmy (DM) 59 break their tradition of casting trans actors in clichéd roles (G) 60 called on casting directors to allow trans talent to take on trans roles (G) 61 there was going to be an animated trans character, voiced by a trans actress (DM) 62 To have a badass, openly trans character on network t.v. would have been awesome (DM) 63 the first major shows with a transgender protagonist. (G) 64 debut novel about a young, transgender protagonist who travels Nigeria to find his father (G) Figure 21. Sample of concordance lines for actress (3), casting (4), character (3) and protagonist (3)

Apart from line 64 which is about a book rather than a movie, the collocates are about the movie or television industry. Even though there was little overlap between the collocates, there seems to be an overlap in topic between the newspapers. Moreover, the discourse is also positive towards trans people and talks about how trans people are breaking into this industry. Concordance line 58 and 63 talks about “the first” trans people in different senses. Concordance line 59 is about breaking traditions and line 62 uses the word “awesome” to describe trans representation. There are also a number of collocates in this semantic prosody that seem either loosely connected or not connected at all: athletes, compete, contestant, featuring, pageant and pioneer.

While they are collocates belonging to a range of different domains, Figure 22 reveals that they all contribute to this discourse prosody in some sense.

65 now the IOC allows transgender athletes to compete against women (DM) 66 the first openly transgender swimmer to compete for an NCAA Division I program (G) 67 BNTM's first ever transgender contestant a tattooed waitress and a Liverpudlian (DM) 68 as well as a campaign featuring a transgender male model (DM) 69 which is the biggest transgender beauty pageant in the world (DM) 70 his latest role as transgender pioneer Lili Elbe in The Danish Girl (DM) Figure 22. Sample of concordance lines for athletes (3), compete (3), contestant (6), featuring (3), pageant (3) and pioneer (3).

Lines 65 and 66 are both about trans athletes. Line 67 and 68 are both about trans models (the acronym BNTM stands for Britain’s Next Top Model). Line 69 is about a trans beauty pageant and line 70 is about a trans role in a movie. The common denominator for all of these collocates is that they show that trans people are represented in many different, various fields. Lines 65– 67 additionally show that trans people are breaking into new fields, by the use of words such as “now”, “first” and “first ever”. The final two collocates are narratives and visibility, and a sample of concordances for these are given in Figure 23.

71 Given the lack of positive trans narratives out there, she felt under pressure to present (G) 72 are misunderstood and ridiculed, trans narratives have the potential to humanize us (G) 73 Don't think for a moment that the current visibility of transgender people implies a recent emergence (G) 74 welcomes the increased visibility for transgender people, even as he worries (G) 75 bring increased awareness and visibility to the transgender community (DM) 76 to helping increase transgender visibility across the board (DM) Figure 23. Sample of concordance lines for narratives (3) and visibility (14)

Although these collocates are similar to the previous ones in this section in the sense that they also concern the representation and visibility of trans people within different fields, these collocates also seem to appear when this visibility and representation is problematized. In line 71, a person feels “pressure” around trans narratives and in line 74 a person “worries”. Line 73 points out that the increased visibility should not be misinterpreted as a recent emergence or increase of trans people. These concordance lines all imply, in different ways, that trans visibility and representation can be problematic, and that trans narratives and representation are not inherently good. However, even though these lines problematize representation, they are

also positive towards it as well. For example, line 72 says that “trans narratives have the potential to humanize”, and in line 74 the person who “worries” also “welcome” increased visibility. Lines 75 and 76 talk about increasing the awareness and visibility for trans people in general, using phrases such as “community” and “across the board”.

4.3.3 Trans Rights and the Special Needs of Trans People I will begin this section by discussing the semantic prosody “trans rights” and then move on to “trans people have special needs”.

Table 12. Collocates contributing to “trans rights” (NF in brackets)

Newspaper Collocates The Daily Mail activist (8.77), activists (6.58), advocate (6.58), advocates (8.77), allows (6.58), criticized (6.58), importance (6.58), issues (8.77), lobby (8.77), rights (98.66), surrounding (6.58), vocal (6.58) The Guardian affecting (2.93), allowing (9.75)

As Table 12 shows, most collocates that contributes to this semantic prosody were found in The Daily Mail, and there is no overlap at all between the newspapers.

77 Actress and famed transgender rights activist Alexis Arquette, who had reportedly (DM) 78 Advocates of transgender rights, like the unidentified student above (DM) 79 - legal issues, issues surrounding transgender persons (DM) Figure 24. Sample of concordance lines for rights (45), activist (10), advocates (4), issues (4) and surrounding (3)

Figure 24 shows some examples of how some of the collocates are interrelated and how they appear together. Line 79 says that there are “legal issues (…) surrounding transgender persons”, which illustrates that not only is the trans movement concerned with the acceptance and support of the public, but also with laws and politics. Line 77 mentions “transgender rights activists” and line 78 talks about “advocates for transgender rights”. This further illustrates how the trans movement is still underway, and that people are actively fighting for more rights. In his study, Baker (2014) separates some of the collocates that have been determined to contribute to this semantic prosody into two separate prosodies. Amongst others, he separates activist and rights, claiming that activist contributes to the prosody “gay people are politically militant”, which is negative, (2014: 117) whereas rights contributes to “gay people have or want

rights”, which is positive (2014: 119). However, because of the strong relationship between the two words in this study, I found them difficult to separate from each other. Certain collocates in this study might have more negative or “politically militant” connotations, such as criticized, lobby, and vocal whereas others might be more positive or neutral such as allows or importance. However, the sample of concordance lines in Figure 25 shows that there seems to be little difference between the contexts in which they are used. Concordance lines 80-84 below are all quite neutral in tone and concerned with the same topic, transgender rights. Therefore, these are classified as contributing to one and the same semantic prosody in the present study.

80 approved a measure that allows transgender people to legally change (DM) 81 It has been criticized by transgender representatives (DM) 82 approval from the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender lobby (DM) 83 that does not teach the importance of gay or transgender rights will be ‘failing (DM) 84 has been vocal around transgender rights along with her family (DM) Figure 25. Sample of concordance lines for allows (3), criticized (3), lobby (4), importance (3) and vocal (3)

There are only two collocates relating to this semantic prosody found in The Guardian: affecting and allowing. A sample of concordance lines are presented in Figure 26.

85 many of the issues affecting the trans and intersex community have (G) 86 forfeiting their right to enact legislation affecting trans lives (G) 87 posts songs and talks about issues affecting the trans community (G) 88 allowing transgender offenders to experience the system (G) 89 the guidance by Barack Obama allowing transgender people to use the bathroom (G) 90 directing the Pentagon to stop allowing transgender people to enlist (G) Figure 26. All collocates for affecting and a sample of concordance lines for allowing (10)

Affecting seems to be concerned both with the issues that affect trans people (line 85 and 87) and with legislation that affects trans people (line 86). Allowing is also concerned with legislation, and appears in contexts that have already been discussed earlier. Line 88 is about trans people in prison (see 4.2.3) whereas line 89 and 90 is about the high profile news stories presented in 4.2.2: the bathroom bills and the attempted military ban. The next semantic prosody, “trans people have special needs” is to some degree an extension of the previous semantic prosody. The collocates are presented in Table 13.

Table 13. Collocates contributing to “trans people have special needs” (NF in brackets)

Newspaper Collocates The Guardian accommodate (3.9), Center (15.6), underwear (2.93)

Whereas the previous semantic prosody, “trans rights”; was about the need for legislation or rights, this semantic prosody operates on a smaller scale, and is about the more specific needs trans people might have in specific situations. Accommodate was judged to contribute to this prosody when the concordance lines in Figure 27 were consulted.

91 confusion and controversy over how schools should accommodate transgender students (G) 92 will cease to require the nation’s schools to accommodate transgender students and employers (G) 93 Eton has not yet been required to accommodate a transgender pupil (G) 94 restrooms and other facilities, as long as they also accommodate transgender people. (G) Figure 27. All concordance lines for accommodate

Concordance lines 91-93 are concerned with how schools work to accommodate transgender students, whereas line 94 is concerned with bathrooms and probably more closely related to the story of the bathroom bills in 4.2.2. The next collocate, Center, in itself implies that trans people have special needs since the function of a center is often to help vulnerable groups of people or people with special needs. It is worth noting that, like color, this collocate appears with the American spelling, rather than as British “centre” even though the newspapers are British. This suggests that the provision for trans people is more predominant in the US and that such centers are more common there. The collocate also always appears with a capital ‘C’, indicating that the word appears as part of a name. The final collocate, underwear, only appeared in connection with one specific news story during one day about an underwear company with trans people as its target audience.

5. Discussion The aim of this study was to explore what semantic prosodies exist surrounding trans people in two British newspapers. Due to the exploratory nature of the study, no hypothesis was formulated. The more specific research questions that I attempted to answer in this study were:

1. What are the most common collocates of trans, transgender(s) and transsexual(s)? 2. How are these collocates interrelated?

3. What semantic prosodies do these collocates reflect? 4. Are there any differences between the newspapers’ representation of trans people? 5. Do the different semantic prosodies form one united image or are there contradictory semantic prosodies?

The first three research questions are answered in the results section, however, I will attempt to answer question 4 and 5 in this section, as well as highlighting and contextualizing key findings that were not explicitly addressed in the research questions in 5.3 and 5.4. I will start by answering question 4 in 5.1, and then move on to attempt to answer question 5 in 5.2. In 5.3, the pervasiveness of certain semantic prosodies will be discussed, and in section the staying power of dominant news stories will be addressed in 5.4.

5.1 Differences and Similarities between Newspapers Overall, there was a large overlap of collocates between the two newspapers. Out of the 60 collocates from each newspaper, almost a third of them (17) were the same collocates. An even bigger overlap can be seen if the different word forms of collocates are taken into account. For example, ban appeared in both newspapers as an exact match, whereas banning only appeared in The Guardian and bans only appeared in The Daily Mail. Furthermore, even when there was little or no overlap between collocates there was sometimes an overlap in topic. Such an overlap was shown in 4.3.2, where actress and character appeared in The Daily Mail and casting and protagonist appeared in The Guardian. Even though the collocates are different, they relate to the same topic. However, some differences were found between the newspapers. The semantic prosodies about trans people’s bodies (4.1.2), the linking of trans people to other minorities (4.2.1) and the special needs of trans people (4.3.3) were only found in The Guardian. This does not necessarily mean that these semantic prosodies are absent from The Daily Mail, but rather that they are not as prevalent. No prosodies were found that were exclusive to The Daily Mail, but 12 collocates contributing to the semantic prosody of trans rights (4.3.3) were found in The Daily Mail compared to 2 found in The Guardian. This is somewhat surprising since The Guardian is, in general, regarded as a more serious newspaper than The Daily Mail, and this is one of the more serious semantic prosodies. It is also one of the prosodies which are more positive towards trans people, and thus, it is additionally surprising that it is more prevalent in a conservative newspaper such as The Daily Mail, in comparison to a centre-left newspaper such as The Guardian. Conservative politics and news sources tend to be more hesitant towards

trans people in general. However, there is not enough data in this study to draw any firm conclusions from these specific findings. Further studies are needed in order to confirm the absence or underrepresentation of the semantic prosody relating to trans rights in The Guardian.

5.2 The Problematic Nature of Trans Reporting Question 5 is concerned with the consistency of trans reporting, and whether there are contradictory representations of trans people in the newspapers. As the the results secion reveals, it was possible to identify both positive and negative semantic prosodies in both newspapers, as well as prosodies that were not clearly positive or negative, but problematic. When attempting to categorize the semantic prosodies as either positive or negative it became clear that this is not as easy as it sounds. This is partly due to the fact that the prosodies are “interlinked, contributing to an overall picture” (Baker 2014: 124) rather than being separate entities. Another contributing factor could be the newness of the subject (in newspaper discourse). At the time of Baker’s study on gay men (2014), the gay movement had already come a long way. There were already established norms on how to talk about gay people and most people understood what being gay meant. As for trans people, the trans rights movement is still underway, and there are still many people who do not know what being transgender means. Consequently, there are not as many rules and/or norms for how to talk about trans people, which means that it is more difficult to categorize the semantic prosodies, particularly when limited material is being considered, as in the present study. The conclusion is that there is not one united image of trans people within news reporting, but rather a number of different and sometimes competing representations. A possible reason for this, as well as a factor which made categorizing the material into positives and negatives hard, is that the guidelines provided by the Trans Media Watch (2015) are mostly concerned with what not to do. This made it easy to determine which semantic prosodies were negative since these explicitly challenged or broke the guidelines. As for how to positively represent trans people, there are mostly guidelines on vocabulary, pronoun use, and vague statements calling for newspapers to “take particular care” and use “sensitive” language. Whereas the advice on what to avoid is very clear and objective, the advice on what to do is instead subjective and open to interpretation. Solomon and Kurtz-Costes (2017) found that it was easier to influence people’s opinions about trans people to the negative, and that sometimes only one negative experience was enough to shift a person’s opinion about trans people. Therefore, it makes sense for the style guide to mostly focus on how to avoid negative reporting. However, in order to fully achieve good, consistent and positive reporting there need

to be guidelines for how to do this as well. This vagueness of the guidelines suggests that trans reporting is still in its formative years and that while there is a dominant consensus on what constitutes bad reporting, there is not yet a dominant consensus on what constitutes good reporting.

5.3 Pervasive Semantic Prosodies In his study, Baker (2014) found that the semantic prosodies were hard to tease out from each other and that two or more semantic prosodies could occur at the same time. He says that this type of frequent co-occurrence can result in them reinforcing or invoking each other “due to the fact that in other articles, readers have encountered both discourses occurring in tandem” (2014: 124). This is closely related to Hoey’s (2005) theory of priming (see 2.4). Throughout the present study, there are several examples of overlapping semantic prosodies. Moreover, two of the semantic prosodies seem to be more pervasive than others as they appear in many different contexts: “trans people and other sexual preferences/gender identities” (see 4.2.1) and “trans people are victims” (see 4.2.3). The semantic prosody that links trans people to other sexual preferences/gender identities occurs together with the semantic prosodies of trans people and crimes (see 4.2.3) and trans rights (see 4.3.3). These are prosodies that relate to issues where trans people might have a shared experience with other minority groups, and Baker claims that the grouping together or listing of minority identities is indeed a strategy used by newspapers in order to show awareness of the fact that these groups experience similar issues (2014: 119). Many topics and vocabulary are shared between transgender people and homosexual people, which can be seen when comparing the results of this study to Baker’s (2014) study. An example of collocates that were found in both studies are discriminate, murder, openly, affair, community, activist, lobby. While inclusion strategies might be one explanation for the pervasiveness of this prosody throughout different contexts, the LGBT acronym could be another. From a lexical priming perspective, the frequent co-occurrence of these words (lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans) might have influenced the connotations of the words themselves. This might explain why being trans is sometimes misinterpreted as a sexual preference rather than a gender identity. Trans has become embedded with the meanings of lesbian, gay and bisexual (which are all sexual preferences) due to their co-occurrence. Another pervasive prosody that could be seen overlapping with several others is “trans people are victims” (see 4.2.2 and 4.3.3). This prosody was found to often be generalizing, and instead of just talking about a single trans person it talked about trans people as a group.

Expressions such as “one of the many”, “yet another one”, and “all the transgender murder victims” moved the focus from the person in the news story to a broader perspective of the victimization of trans people. Van Dijk (2008: 46) says that it is common for news media to use these types of expressions to legitimize people’s existing opinions and strengthen the idea of positive self-representation and negative other-representation. In colloquial terms, this means that these expressions strengthen the “us vs them”-feeling of the readers. This semantic prosody confirms the idea that trans people are more often the victims of crime, which is negative other- representation. It also strengthens the positive self-representation of cis-gender people since it makes them feel safe and secure since they are not as likely to become victims of crime.

5.4 Influence and Staying Power of Dominant News Stories Hackl et al. (2016: 482) found that big news stories concerning trans people have the ability to take over discourse and increase visibility for trans people overall. The two dominant news stories found in this study about the bathroom bills and the attempted military ban (see 4.2.2) somewhat confirm this. Even though the stories concerned trans people in America, they were thoroughly covered by the British press as well. This suggests that these stories increased the visibility of trans people even outside their own country. However, something that Hackl et al. (2016) did not investigate or discuss was the staying power of these stories. Their study was limited to the two-week period after the story of Chelsea Manning broke in 2013. The present study shows that Chelsea Manning is still mentioned in 2017, four years later. Furthermore, the same staying power could be seen when looking at a story about Captain Hannah Winterbourne (see 4.2.2), where two articles about her were published over two years apart. This seems to show that not only do stories about trans people increase the visibility of trans people short- term, they also have great staying power. This indicates that the way news media report on high profile news stories concerning trans people has the possibility to influence the discourse around trans people for years, especially considering the idea that trans reporting is still in its formative years.

6. Summary and Conclusion This study aimed to explore and map what semantic prosodies exist around transgender people in The Daily Mail and The Guardian during 2015–2017. It mostly follows a theoretical framework developed in earlier studies (Baker et al. 2008; Baker 2014; Boeva 2015; Al Farji 2017) where collocation and concordance lines are used in order to identify semantic prosodies.

This study also supplements previous methods with second-order collocates, collocational networks, media style guides, and dictionaries. The results showed that many different semantic prosodies co-exist at the moment, and the prosodies were categorized as either negative, problematic or positive. The negative prosodies break the guidelines provided by the Trans Media Watch (2015) by either sensationalizing trans reporting or focusing on trans peoples bodies and/or transition. The problematic prosodies are the victimization of trans people, the dominance of certain news stories and the connection between trans people and other minority groups. Finally, the positive prosodies focus on the trans community, trans visibility and representation, and trans rights. Whereas the style guide provided by the Trans Media Watch (2015) proved helpful when identifying negative prosodies, there was little advice on how to represent trans people accurately, making it harder to determine which prosodies were actually positive and which were problematic. In line with methodologically similar research, collocations helped focus the study, but it proved difficult to fully tell the prosodies apart (Baker 2014). There was an overlap between prosodies, and two of them (trans people and other sexual preferences/gender identities and trans people are victims) proved to be more pervasive, appearing in a number of contexts. During the 2015–2017 two dominant news stories were present (the bathroom bills and attempted military ban). These news stories were global and seemed to have great staying power. Overall, due to the topic’s recent emergence into mass media discourse and the public eye, trans reporting is still in its formative years. Whereas this study can only provide a snap- shot of the data considered, it helps map out semantic prosodies for further research. At this point in time, studies on trans reporting need to be exploratory, as the trans movement is still in motion. As for future research, studies with wider scopes than the present one are needed in order to further examine the suggestions made in this one. Since the topic of trans people is highly politicized, it is important to use methods which allows researchers to look at non- linguistic factors as well as linguistic ones (such as CDA). Furthermore, since this study is synchronic, new data will be needed in order to keep research on trans people up to date. Newspapers today are forming the discourse of the future and there needs to be a consensus on how to accurately represent trans people. This means conducting and consulting research, creating more exhaustive style guides for the media, and listening to the trans community.

Works Cited

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Appendix 1. Complete List of Collocates Table 1 and 2 show the full data-sets used in the present study from The Daily Mail and The Guardian respectively. NF stands for Normalized Frequency and these results are normalized to frequency per million words. MI stands for MI-score.

Table 1. Data from The Daily Mail sorted by MI score (from high to low)

Semantic Prosody/Preference Search Word Collocate NF MI scandalous transsexual AFFAIR 6.58 7,94 inclusion transsexual BISEXUAL 6.58 7,11 inclusion trans NON-BINARY 8.77 6,97 perpetrators trans INMATES 8.77 6,41 inclusion transsexual LESBIAN 6.58 5,9 victims transgender INTERN 6.58 5,85 victims transgender SLUR 6.58 5,44 inclusion transgender BISEXUAL 114 5,4 people transgender PERSONS 15.35 5,34 visibility transsexual ACTRESS 6.58 5,26 inclusion transgender INTERSEX 8.77 5,05 military transgender BANS 8.77 5,05 perpetrators transgender PRISONERS 10.96 5,01 victims transgender PROTECTIONS 17.54 4,68 visibility transgender PIONEER 6.58 4,68 visibility transgender CONTESTANT 13.15 4,66 victims transgender DISCRIMINATED 6.58 4,63 trans rights transgender ADVOCATES 8.77 4,59 trans rights trans ACTIVIST 8.77 4,48 people transgender INDIVIDUALS 32.89 4,37 age transgender 17-YEAR-OLD 10.96 4,27 trans community trans COMMUNITY 37.27 4,25 visibility transgender VISIBILITY 6.58 4,12 military trans BAN 8.77 4,11 bathrooms transgender BATHROOMS 10.96 4,1 trans children transgender TEEN 21.92 4,09 trans rights transgender IMPORTANCE 6.58 4,05 military transgender RANKED 6.58 3,98 military transgender SOLDIER 13.15 3,96 military transgender BAN 37.27 3,94 trans issues are global transgender THAILAND 8.77 3,85 trans rights transgender CRITICIZED 6.58 3,85 visibility trans CHARACTER 6.58 3,81 trans rights trans ACTIVISTS 6.58 3,79 trans community trans GROWING 6.58 3,74

scandalous transgender OPENLY 28.5 3,7 trans women transsexual WOMAN 6.58 3,68 trans rights trans ISSUES 8.77 3,63 trans rights transgender LOBBY 8.77 3,61 inclusion transsexual GAY 6.58 3,6 trans community transgender COMMUNITY 118.39 3,58 inclusion trans BISEXUAL 6.58 3,55 trans rights transgender SURROUNDING 6.58 3,53 visibility transgender ATHLETES 6.58 3,53 victims transgender MURDERED 10.96 3,48 trans rights transgender ALLOWS 6.58 3,46 military transgender SERVE 17.54 3,43 trans rights transgender ADVOCATE 6.58 3,39 military transgender SERVING 24.12 3,34 trans children transgender STUDENT 48.23 3,31 inclusion transgender GAYS 6.58 3,27 visibility transgender PAGEANT 6.58 3,27 trans rights transgender ACTIVIST 21.92 3,22 inclusion transgender GAY 168.82 3,2 trans rights transgender VOCAL 6.58 3,19 visibility transgender FEATURING 6.58 3,19 scandalous transgender ACCEPT 13.15 3,18 focus on bodies/transition trans FACT 6.58 3,15 trans rights transgender RIGHTS 98.66 3,13 trans issues are global transgender PERU 8.77 3,1

Table 2. Data from The Guardian sorted by MI score (from high to low)

Semantic Prosody/Preference Search Word Collocate NF MI focus on bodies/transition transgender FEMALE-TO-MALE 2.93 6,71 inclusion transgender BISEXUAL 81.92 5,73 military transgender ENLIST 3.9 5,71 inclusion trans BI 5.85 5,6 military transgender TROOPS 13.65 5,47 inclusion transgender NON-CONFORMING 4.88 5,33 age trans 19-YEAR-OLD 2.93 5,18 people trans FOLK 3.9 5,16 visibility trans VISIBILITY 10.73 5,13 victims transgender HOMICIDE 4.88 5,03 inclusion trans INTERSEX 17.56 5,02 perpetrators transgender PRISONERS 12.68 4,95 people transgender PERSONS 2.93 4,83 inclusion trans NON-BINARY 8.78 4,81 perpetrators transgender DETAINEES 3.9 4,71 trans community trans CIS 4.88 4,6

trans issues are global trans COLOMBIA 5.85 4,6 bathrooms transgender BATHROOMS 14.63 4,56 military transgender SERVING 11.7 4,54 trans people have special needs transgender ACCOMMODATE 3.9 4,54 people transgender INDIVIDUALS 30.23 4,52 victims trans MURDERS 5.85 4,52 visibility transgender PROTAGONIST 2.93 4,38 inclusion transgender INTERSEX 13.65 4,36 bathrooms transgender REQUIRING 4.88 4,27 intersectional trans COLOR 16.58 4,27 trans people have special needs trans UNDERWEAR 2.93 4,26 visibility trans NARRATIVES 2.93 4,26 trans people have special needs transgender CENTER 15.6 4,25 inclusion transgender NON-BINARY 6.83 4,23 intersectional trans DISABLED 3.9 4,16 trans rights transgender ALLOWING 9.75 4,1 victims transgender MURDERS 5.85 4,08 military transgender BAN 21.46 4,05 perpetrators trans PRISONERS 5.85 4,05 trans rights trans AFFECTING 2.93 3,98 perpetrators transgender INMATES 3.9 3,9 inclusion trans BISEXUAL 17.56 3,88 military transgender COMPARISON 2.93 3,83 military transgender PERSONNEL 2.93 3,83 visibility trans CASTING 3.9 3,83 victims transgender DETROIT 3.9 3,8 military transgender SERVE 8.78 3,75 people trans FOLKS 3.9 3,71 scandalous transgender EMBRACED 2.93 3,71 perpetrators trans INMATES 2.93 3,7 trans women trans WOMAN 67.29 3,66 victims transgender MURDERED 3.9 3,64 focus on bodies/transition trans IDENTIFYING 2.93 3,6 trans children trans PUPILS 3.9 3,6 bathrooms transgender REQUIRES 3.9 3,58 trans children transgender TEEN 4.88 3,57 intersectional transgender COLOR 11.7 3,55 military transgender BANNING 2.93 3,54 scandalous transgender OPENLY 8.78 3,54 trans issues are global transgender EGYPT 2.93 3,54 military trans SERVING 3.9 3,49 focus on bodies/transition transgender TRANSITIONED 2.93 3,48 visibility transgender COMPETE 2.93 3,48 inclusion transgender LESBIANS 5.85 3,46

Appendix 2. Complete List of Texts

Table 1.Texts included in The Daily Mail corpus

No. Publishing Date Title 1 15-01-03 Suicide note of transgender Leelah Alcorn is DELET.... 2 15-01-10 Queen's guards rocked by complaint of gay soldier .... 3 15-01-12 Ken Morley thrown out of Celebrity Big Brother hou.... 4 15-01-18 British Army's first transgender officer says she .... 5 15-01-21 The 14 ingredients in McDonald's FRIES 6 15-01-23 BEL MOONEY: My oldest friends are shunning me beca.... 7 15-01-27 19 Kids and Counting's Jim Bob and Michelle Duggar.... 8 15-02-03 QUENTIN LETTS: This sketch was written under the r.... 9 15-02-17 Mary Beard trolled by transgender activists on Twi.... 10 15-02-19 EVERY dress worn by Oscars best actress winners si.... 11 15-02-25 The fats that you SHOULD be eating and the ones yo.... 12 15-02-26 'Michelangelo of butt injections' who killed break.... 13 15-02-26 Eddie Redmayne's first picture as transgender Eina.... 14 15-02-26 Extraordinary Lili Elbe, who Eddie Redmayne is set.... 15 15-02-26 Jihadi John's old university was a 'hotbed of radi.... 16 15-02-27 Brady Bunch's Barry Williams accused of abandoning.... 17 15-03-02 Fraudster conned Wandsworth prison guards into let.... 18 15-03-06 'Michelangelo of butt injections' wraps up nearly .... 19 15-03-08 Transgender woman at center of claims Planet Fitne.... 20 15-03-09 North Yorkshire couple put collection of over 2000.... 21 15-03-17 Kendra Wilkinson admits she can't watch old episod.... 22 15-03-28 Neil Moore jailed for fraud tricks his way out of .... 23 15-04-08 How can a child of three need transgender counsell.... 24 15-04-08 Origins of Russian fireball found: Scientists say .... 25 15-04-14 Transgender toxic tush victim Rajee Narinesingh sh.... 26 15-04-15 Choose frozen veg over canned, full-fat milk inste.... 27 15-04-17 Judge who leaked private details of Charlize Thero.... 28 15-04-21 Parents of five-year-old transgender boy Jacob Lem.... 29 15-04-24 Bruce Jenner attacked by Wendy Williams ahead of D.... 30 15-04-24 Transgender woman stripped, shaved and 'pulverized.... 31 15-04-25 ABC insider claims Kris Jenner is LYING over Bruce.... 32 15-04-26 PETER McKAY: Warped logic of trying to brainwash t.... 33 15-05-05 KardBlock browser extension lets you block all men.... 34 15-05-14 Big Brother's most shocking moments over course of.... 35 15-05-24 Americans grossly overestimate the size of the US .... 36 15-06-02 How Rob Kardashian reacted when Kim sent stepdad C.... 37 15-06-04 ESPN's decision to award Caitlyn Jenner ESPY coura.... 38 15-06-10 Caitlyn 'Bruce' Jenner isn't 'deserving' of ESPN a.... 39 15-06-10 Peanuts 'slash risk of cancer, dementia, heart att.... 40 15-06-11 Laverne Cox shines as Statue of Liberty on LGBT is.... 41 15-06-15 As Kate Middleton shows off super-slim post-pregna.... 42 15-06-26 Caitlyn Jenner embraces Kylie in new clip of I Am .... 43 15-06-27 Belgian doctors give healthy woman green light to .... 44 15-06-29 Bar Refaeli talks about wanting lots of children w.... 45 15-07-02 Transgender students can use bathroom of their gen.... 46 15-07-06 Inside the TWA terminal at JFK built in 1962 that .... 47 15-07-13 Caitlyn Jenner shares being part of the transgende.... 48 15-07-14 Andy Cohen apologizes after calling Amandla Stenbe.... 49 15-07-16 Caitlyn Jenner's ESPY supporting cast from Kendall.... 50 15-07-16 Master of the Hunt, 54, has cut-price gender reass.... 51 15-07-16 Transgender Jazz Jennings shares details of her st.... 52 15-07-17 Jennifer Lopez hugs man on set of Shades Of Blue a.... 53 15-07-19 Caitlyn Jenner leaves The Abbey in West Hollywood .... 54 15-07-20 Transgender reporter Zoey Tur accused of battery a.... 55 15-07-20 Vogue names Caitlyn Jenner one of its best dressed.... 56 15-07-28 Latin Kings gang member Joshua Vallum accused of m.... 57 15-08-01 Caitlyn Jenner under fire from transgender friends....

58 15-08-02 Ambassador Ted Osius has become faces of Vietnam's.... 59 15-08-08 Transgender Jazz Jennings knew she was a girl born.... 60 15-08-17 Japanese artist Megumi Igarashi makes quirky sculp.... 61 15-08-17 Transgender model Amiyah Scott joining Real Housew.... 62 15-08-25 ISIS have killed 'at least' 30 people for being ga.... 63 15-08-28 Caitlyn Jenner 'to be sued for $18.5 million by vi.... 64 15-09-08 PrEP HIV drug 'PREVENTS the virus developing in 10.... 65 15-09-10 Channel 4's Hunted reviewed by Christopher Stevens.... 66 15-09-14 Caitlyn Jenner supports gay marriage after standof.... 67 15-09-14 Parents of larger families are happier and more sa.... 68 15-09-17 Pope Francis' White House visit includes opponents.... 69 15-09-20 BBC's Dr Who was a heap of witless tosh writes CHR.... 70 15-09-24 The Secrets Rules of Modern Living and Boy Meets G.... 71 15-10-02 Oak Park High School students march in support of .... 72 15-10-05 Transgender six-year-old's father on family's batt.... 73 15-10-07 Stepchildren of Kim Howe killed in Caitlyn Jenner .... 74 15-10-08 Caitlyn Jenner to be 'honored as Glamour magazine'.... 75 15-10-12 Philadelphia man charged with ' murder of transgen.... 76 15-10-13 C4's Girls To Men's transgender stars share pictur.... 77 15-10-15 Khloe Kardashian hits back at Dennis Hof of brothe.... 78 15-10-17 Annie Teriba accused of 'rape' by Oxford Universit.... 79 15-10-18 Caitlyn Jenner goes to the cinema as the Kardashia.... 80 15-10-19 Katherine Heigl coos over a pair of cute pooches a.... 81 15-10-19 Stephen Port's parents tell of their shock as thei.... 82 15-10-24 Prostitution in Papua New Guinea where TWO THIRDS .... 83 15-10-27 Lily Garcia laid to rest among 100s of mourners a .... 84 15-10-28 Krzystof Charamsa attacks the Vatican after coming.... 85 15-10-28 SEBASTIAN SHAKESPEARE: Paris Hilton, the intellect.... 86 15-10-30 Now Erica Jong to shatter another taboo in new boo.... 87 15-10-30 Quiet dignity of Marines shames the riot rabble, A.... 88 15-10-31 Forget 39 types of gentleman just give me one ramp.... 89 15-11-03 The Latest: Mayor laments rejection of equal right.... 90 15-11-06 Space travel and lack of gravity mess with astrona.... 91 15-11-06 Trixie Maristela crowned winner of world's biggest.... 92 15-11-08 The Facts of Life's Kim Fields on joining the cast.... 93 15-11-09 Caitlyn Jenner is Transgender Champion at Glamour .... 94 15-11-09 Jennifer Hudson in embellished silver gown at Glam.... 95 15-11-11 Caitlyn Jenner looks leggy in mini dress ahead of .... 96 15-11-15 9/11 hero's husband returns his wife's award after.... 97 15-11-16 The Real Housewives Of Atlanta's Porsha Williams i.... 98 15-11-17 Charlie Sheen faces lawsuits after HIV positive re.... 99 15-11-17 Thinx video debuts transgender man on his embarras.... 100 15-11-20 Rose McGowan shaves her head in a series of bold s.... 101 15-11-24 We can't just keep throwing money at the black hol.... 102 15-11-28 Elementary school cancels reading of I Am Jazz aft.... 103 15-12-01 Ted Cruz says 'the overwhelming majority of violen.... 104 15-12-03 Pantone names TWO colors of the year for the first.... 105 15-12-03 The most searched for internet terms of 2015 in th.... 106 15-12-05 Tyson Fury should be dropped from BBC Sports Perso.... 107 15-12-06 Kerry McFadyen's daughter is Britain's youngest ca.... 108 15-12-07 Time magazine releases the eight finalists for 201.... 109 15-12-08 Care of transgender prisoners in England and Wales.... 110 15-12-10 Jake Graf's video sees transgender men give VERY h.... 111 15-12-10 Rotherham care home girls were 'repeatedly raped b.... 112 15-12-11 Scientists say there may be a mega-planet SUPER EA.... 113 15-12-11 Synestra De Courcy died of drug overdose days befo.... 114 15-12-14 Melbourne's back garden: Dodging storms, and a few.... 115 15-12-16 BBC Sports Personality of the Year is a noisy page.... 116 15-12-17 Kendra Wilkinson had sex with husband Hank Baskett.... 117 15-12-18 Bullied by teachers, many LGBT Cambodians drop out.... 118 15-12-18 Eddie Redmayne and the glorification of those born.... 119 15-12-21 Transgender man who knew from the age of five that.... 120 15-12-23 Bodies of 6 US soldiers killed in Bagram suicide b.... 121 15-12-27 Tijuana's rampant prostitution and unprotected sex....

122 15-12-30 Caitlyn Jenner and Eddie Redmayne 'to meet' after .... 123 15-12-30 Reality TV hows have shed millions of viewers as t.... 124 16-01-01 11-year-old is youngest victim of revenge porn, Fr.... 125 16-01-02 Burt Reynolds' memoirs of a Hollywood macho man 126 16-01-06 Fulvia Pellegrino spends £52k on 4 boob jobs, 2 ro.... 127 16-01-06 Killings of human rights defenders rise, LatAm far.... 128 16-01-07 Jeremy Corbyn's NUS supporter Shelly Asquith oppos.... 129 16-01-08 The struggle of Peru's transwomen who sell their b.... 130 16-01-08 Transgender rapist is sent to male prison after be.... 131 16-01-09 CoE liberals pile pressure on Archbishop to stop t.... 132 16-01-11 Qatar bans Eddie Redmayne film The Danish Girl bec.... 133 16-01-13 Miss Tiffany's Universe 2016 full of women who wer.... 134 16-01-14 Leonardo DiCaprio and The Revenant lead the Oscars.... 135 16-01-17 Hundreds of women gather at 'free the nipple' picn.... 136 16-01-28 Transgender teen, 17, who was beaten and tormented.... 137 16-01-31 Leicester are already champions of sticking it to .... 138 16-02-09 Transgender ex-soldier who joined the army to be '.... 139 16-02-12 California freshman is uncomfortable changing in f.... 140 16-02-14 BAFTA 2016 red carpet sees A-list glamour in elega.... 141 16-02-14 BAFTAs sees Game Of Thrones' Emilia Clarke n a plu.... 142 16-02-14 Kate Winslet wins Best Supporting Actress at the B.... 143 16-02-17 BBC'sHappy Valley loses 300k viewers amid complain.... 144 16-02-21 Movie industry of being a 'straight, white, boy's .... 145 16-02-25 Gay man taking daily HIV prevention pills contract.... 146 16-02-26 50 Cent shares 'butt art' of ex Chelsea Handler on.... 147 16-03-02 Reverend son of famed televangelist Billy Graham c.... 148 16-03-07 New York gives transgenders free use of toilets 149 16-03-07 NYC to allow a person of ANY gender to choose whet.... 150 16-03-11 Israel raids Palestinian TV station accused over u.... 151 16-03-14 Gang member charged with murder of transgender Mer.... 152 16-03-15 The secret lives of Brazil's sex workers 153 16-03-16 Parents pull children out of primary school in out.... 154 16-03-18 Foes of Charlotte gender ordinance call for specia.... 155 16-03-19 Breasts make my golf better! Caitlyn Jenner reveal.... 156 16-03-20 Head of top girls' school blames health and safety.... 157 16-03-23 Bachelorette star Ali Fedotowsky reveals the sex o.... 158 16-03-24 Denise Welch joins EastEnders as a member of the S.... 159 16-03-24 Lawmakers withdraw proposal on business nondiscrim.... 160 16-03-25 Stunning drone photographs reveal how wild fires a.... 161 16-03-28 The Latest: Group says debate shows lack of LGBT p.... 162 16-04-02 'Call me old-fashioned but I tend to think of peop.... 163 16-04-04 Groups rally to call for veto of religious objecti.... 164 16-04-08 Springsteen cancels show because of North Carolina.... 165 16-04-09 LIZ JONES: People who called Gap racist? They're a.... 166 16-04-11 Gender identity clinic for the young sees number o.... 167 16-04-14 Ruby Rose shows off dyed hair on xXx: Return Of Xa.... 168 16-04-19 Capital of conservative Utah will name street for .... 169 16-04-19 North Carolina business leaders demand repeal of t.... 170 16-04-22 Obama presses for repeal of anti-transgender, anti.... 171 16-04-23 Ruby Rose shares coffee break with Nina Dobrev on .... 172 16-04-25 Teen claims he was kicked out of Ted Cruz campaign.... 173 16-04-25 Thai police warn gangs of 'ladyboys' are targeting.... 174 16-04-26 Caitlyn Jenner makes a glamorous arrival in off th.... 175 16-04-26 Trump looks set to sweep all five northeastern sta.... 176 16-04-27 Remarkable photos of Kings Cross in its heyday by .... 177 16-05-02 Education secretary calls for repeal of 2 transgen.... 178 16-05-04 Illinois families sue over transgender access to l.... 179 16-05-10 Cruz campaign rallies supporters to take control o.... 180 16-05-13 GM stops sale of SUVS; mileage on window stickers .... 181 16-05-14 Andreja Pejic shows off toned midriff in chic ense.... 182 16-05-16 'Mama Oprah' celebrates first group of her African.... 183 16-05-24 EPHRAIM HARDCASTLE: David Cameron's giving his for.... 184 16-05-24 Sam Neill says turning down Priscilla Queen Of The.... 185 16-05-31 Break it down! Chef and shoe fanatic posts drool-w....

186 16-06-02 RICHARD LITTLEJOHN says the closure of 1800 public.... 187 16-06-06 Kinky Boots cast including performs song in suppor.... 188 16-06-12 Pictured: First victims of the Orlando massacre ar.... 189 16-06-13 Thousands attend vigils around US for Orlando vict.... 190 16-06-13 World unites in tribute to victims of the Orlando .... 191 16-06-15 Donald Trump hammers Hillary Clinton for taking Mu.... 192 16-06-15 Tory councillor blasts UK vigil for victims of Orl.... 193 16-06-19 Blood test may give five-year warning of a heart a.... 194 16-06-21 Plus-size model Tess Holliday cradles her newborn .... 195 16-06-23 JAN MOIR: Jacko and the awful corrupting power of .... 196 16-06-23 Transgender man, 34, from Utah named PETA's Sexies.... 197 16-06-24 Delhi University's transgender students narrate ta.... 198 16-06-29 Louis Tomlinson 'plans to seek joint custody of ba.... 199 16-06-30 Highlights of plan to end ban on transgender servi.... 200 16-06-30 Poland 1-1 Portugal (3-5 on penalties): Ricardo Qu.... 201 16-06-30 US embassy in Abidjan pulls photo of gay men at Or.... 202 16-07-11 Anglican Church of Canada votes against same-sex u.... 203 16-07-11 Sex education is 'unfit for the smartphone generat.... 204 16-07-11 Transgender treatment clinics overwhelmed as numbe.... 205 16-07-12 'Bernie is now officially part of the rigged syste.... 206 16-08-11 Kendall Jenner lands Vogue's most coveted cover an.... 207 16-08-20 How the gold medalists of Rio 2016 stack up agains.... 208 16-08-22 Mexican police turn blind eye to murders of transg.... 209 16-08-25 Salem police investigating explosion of LGBT newsp.... 210 16-08-25 Transgender teacher was told to 'think of the chil.... 211 16-08-28 Want fabulous skin? Eat FAT! LIZ EARLE reveals how.... 212 16-09-06 Rob Lowe's sex tape gets plenty of replays at his .... 213 16-09-12 Under the shadow of China's economic slowdown, the.... 214 16-09-13 'Family over everything': The Arquette siblings gr.... 215 16-09-13 Former lover of Alexis Arquette sells sex tape fea.... 216 16-09-15 Marc Jacobs under fire for 'cultural appropriation.... 217 16-09-16 Marc Jacobs defends his models' dreadlocks after c.... 218 16-09-17 Scientists discover 'super cute' dinosaur that cou.... 219 16-09-17 Tony Hale, Derek Hough honored for advocacy ahead .... 220 16-09-23 Whoopi Golberg reprises Ghost role of Oda Mae Brow.... 221 16-10-04 Caitlyn Jenner expresses relief over Kim Kardashia.... 222 16-10-12 Paris exhibition unveils methods, intrigues of 'se.... 223 16-10-15 WHY IT MATTERS: Issues at stake in election 224 16-10-19 Transgender man sues city of Houston and two cops .... 225 16-10-20 Gay rights groups build alliances to counter clima.... 226 16-10-21 Grandmother of murdered Myls Dobson is rushed from.... 227 16-10-22 Curt Schilling comes out of left field and asks Ja.... 228 16-10-22 Lisa Vanderpump is the real deal housewife of Beve.... 229 16-10-23 Christian parents of girl, 14, who wants to change.... 230 16-10-28 Social workers accuse Christian family of 'emotion.... 231 16-10-29 Man accused of murdering a woman and injuring two .... 232 16-11-02 'Women are more than capable of rising to the top!.... 233 16-11-02 Robbie exorcises ghost of Winner: Singer and his w.... 234 16-11-08 Laura Rodgers and Curtys Entoine Taylor charged in.... 235 16-11-08 Rurik Jutting found guilty of Hong Jong prostitute.... 236 16-11-10 Anti-Trump protests continue around country 237 16-11-16 Body of missing 26-year-old man found buried in sh.... 238 16-11-18 Peru president, APEC host, warns of threats to fre.... 239 16-11-24 Transgender cop is kept out of LGBT event because .... 240 16-11-26 British amateur pilot, 72, attempting to fly the l.... 241 16-11-26 Burnley 1-2 Manchester City: Sergio Aguero nets a .... 242 16-11-28 Fiat scion 'fakes his own kidnapping after running.... 243 16-11-28 REVEALED: Caitlyn Jenner shares title of her forth.... 244 16-11-30 Study of hate Tweets reveals Midlothian is UK's mo.... 245 16-12-04 Neo-Nazi group puts up racist posters at the Unive.... 246 16-12-05 12 of the 33 victims who were killed in the Oaklan.... 247 16-12-06 Transgender student named king of Kansas school da.... 248 16-12-08 'Minister for Women and Equalities' title is the p.... 249 16-12-08 Elle Fanning cuddles Kirsten Dunst on last day of ....

250 16-12-08 Major survey of transgender Americans finds pervas.... 251 16-12-11 Oxford University says students must use gender ne.... 252 16-12-13 Gender, our children and the death of common sense.... 253 16-12-20 Stunning transgender woman shares graphic video of.... 254 16-12-22 Brave transgender girl Avery Jackson targeted by t.... 255 16-12-23 Mother of Josh Vallum who killed transgender Merce.... 256 16-12-24 Reuters Health News Summary 257 16-12-26 Donkey ride bans, chicken-dancing councillors, Arm.... 258 16-12-27 Ex-boyfriend accused of beating 'Catwoman' Jocelyn.... 259 16-12-28 KU libraries' gender pronoun pins part of inclusio.... 260 17-01-01 University of Sussex student union bans use of 'he.... 261 17-01-04 Researchers splashed out £50000 of taxpayers' on s.... 262 17-01-04 Revealed, the scare tactics of the men who want to.... 263 17-01-08 Sydney 7-Eleven AXE attack by a blonde woman caugh.... 264 17-01-14 Andrea Bocelli backs out of singing at Trump's ina.... 265 17-01-18 Obama to respond if Trump threatens Dreamers, righ.... 266 17-01-18 Obama's 'misjudgments of his presidency' 267 17-01-21 Hundreds of thousands of American women protest Tr.... 268 17-01-21 Thousands of women head to Washington to protest T.... 269 17-01-21 Women's march organizers face fury for snubbing Hi.... 270 17-01-23 Caitlyn Jenner steps out in all white for a round .... 271 17-01-26 Theresa May congratulates GOP and says 'beware' of.... 272 17-01-27 Public are banned from knowing identity of asylum .... 273 17-01-30 Father-of-five loses court battle to see her child.... 274 17-01-31 Trump's pick for education accused of plagiarizing.... 275 17-02-01 Vegetable oil drastically increases your risk of D.... 276 17-02-02 The moment I found one of my family was on anti Tr.... 277 17-02-04 Inside the hidden world of Indonesia's transgender.... 278 17-02-07 From a hippy henna artist to a transgender beauty .... 279 17-02-11 Take a pay cut to duck war: Soldiers are offered a.... 280 17-02-22 Privileged Cambridge dropout who became the poster.... 281 17-03-02 Why doesn't the House of Lords move to Brussels? R.... 282 17-03-02 Winning the war on terror: From the badlands of Pa.... 283 17-03-04 All that glitters! Mardi Gras revellers in high sp.... 284 17-03-04 PETER HITCHENS: Just a bit of TV fun? Wait until t.... 285 17-03-04 Texans make videos for conservative non-profit say.... 286 17-03-09 Canada's 'Prince of Pot' arrested in Toronto 287 17-03-15 The feud that won't die! Caitlyn Jenner will accus.... 288 17-03-16 The Lord of fine dining! Scott Disick bonds with h.... 289 17-03-17 Red is the new black! Laverne Cox rocks new curly .... 290 17-03-17 She's no Real Housewife! Caitlyn Jenner won't join.... 291 17-03-18 'I have made a TON of mistakes': Ex-CEO of period-.... 292 17-03-21 Transgender father of a trans teen girl reveals ho.... 293 17-03-23 First look! Reunited cast of Twin Peaks revival un.... 294 17-03-24 EXCLUSIVE: Family of race-faker Rachel Dolezal ref.... 295 17-03-24 Is this why Sydney is no longer a top holiday spot.... 296 17-03-25 Feminism was BAD for two-thirds of woman, says FAY.... 297 17-03-27 Busy boss! Kris Jenner is seen leaving studio in a.... 298 17-03-31 Australian model Andreja is first transwoman GQ ma.... 299 17-03-31 Businesses cash in on after effects of Cyclone Deb.... 300 17-03-31 The top London lawyer who's changed gender THREE t.... 301 17-04-01 Anti-Trump LGBTQ protesters march on Ivanka's hous.... 302 17-04-04 Photographer documents death of Britain's coal ind.... 303 17-04-10 Caitlyn Jenner underwent gender reassignment surge.... 304 17-04-21 PLATELL'S PEOPLE:Kate risks ridicule by playing th.... 305 17-04-22 How James and Lachlan Murdoch set about an overhau.... 306 17-04-23 Sean Hannity forced to deny he harassed a contribu.... 307 17-04-24 The scandalous past of Grace Kelly's childhood hom.... 308 17-05-04 Survivor trans contestant Zeke Smith 'grateful and.... 309 17-05-05 Say Yes to the Dress features its first polygamous.... 310 17-05-07 Portland soccer coach comes out as transgender to .... 311 17-05-08 Richard Simmons sues over sex change lie 312 17-05-15 Brisbane chef transgender sex worker gruesome murd.... 313 17-05-17 Chelsea Manning is released from Kansas prison

314 17-05-18 Chelsea Manning shares first picture of herself si.... 315 17-05-22 Data on transgender surgeries reveals surge in dem.... 316 17-06-06 Girlfirend of Tom Cruise son Connor is a blonde be.... 317 17-06-08 Foot tapping to some cool beats! Salman Khan promo.... 318 17-06-10 AP News in Brief at 12:04 am EDT 319 17-06-12 A star in breaking! Trump's LA walk of fame spot v.... 320 17-06-13 Gang member pleads guilty in death of transgender .... 321 17-06-16 Church of England chief backs 're-christenings' af.... 322 17-06-16 March of the thought police: Tim Farron's ousting .... 323 17-06-26 Chrissy Teigen, Donald Trump and the man behind Pe.... 324 17-06-28 'This politically correct push is very dangerous':.... 325 17-07-02 Former sergeant Dame Kelly Holmes joins fellow ser.... 326 17-07-04 Why I fear out-of-control migration is stirring da.... 327 17-07-09 Tale of two VERY modern dads: Both transgender men.... 328 17-07-10 Anything Kim can do! Caitlyn Jenner slips into whi.... 329 17-07-22 Tories ban playground 'gay' taunts: Teachers told .... 330 17-07-26 The psychology of furries: Expert says dressing up.... 331 17-07-28 Make-up artist creates the same look using product.... 332 17-07-30 Soaring number of children confused over their gen.... 333 17-07-31 'I had to remind myself who the f**k I am': Tess H.... 334 17-07-31 PIERS MORGAN: JK Rowling's disabled boy slur again.... 335 17-08-01 Ivanka fails to raise a smile as she leaves her ho.... 336 17-08-02 Trump's disapproval rating at an all-time high - b.... 337 17-08-03 Court orders Justice Department to release files a.... 338 17-08-05 Tower Hamlets bosses insist flats replacing a clos.... 339 17-08-05 Trouble brewing in Nigeria swamps threatens econom.... 340 17-08-10 A brilliant impressionist, likeable lad and a true.... 341 17-08-10 You know you're getting old when the stars of The .... 342 17-08-15 Lesbians are more likely to seek healthcare if its.... 343 17-08-22 I was delighted when I heard the CPS was cracking .... 344 17-08-23 Trump gives the Pentagon six months to kick out tr.... 345 17-08-24 See the light! President Donald Trump retweets 'ec.... 346 17-08-25 By Dominic Sandbrook for the Daily Mail 347 17-08-26 'No one is above the law': John McCain slams Trump.... 348 17-08-26 'This man is a disgrace': Interior Secretary Ryan .... 349 17-08-27 Transgender military members take to the red carpe.... 350 17-08-28 And fellow award nominee Kyle Sandilands has now t.... 351 17-08-28 West Wing advisers call Ivanka 'Princess Royal' an.... 352 17-09-18 HIV sufferers who smoke are more likely to die fro.... 353 17-09-22 Is this mother right to help her 6-year-old change.... 354 17-09-24 My girls are not 'girls': Head of top single-sex s.... 355 17-09-26 Husband of teacher, 30, and 'world's best mother' .... 356 17-09-26 Third of 16 to 22-year olds say they are either ga.... 357 17-09-28 PIERS MORGAN: Farewell to the Hef, the King of Sex.... 358 17-09-28 Rights groups condemn reported mass arrests of LGB.... 359 17-09-29 AN WILSON on the new dark age of intolerance: You .... 360 17-09-30 NHS saves sperm of transgender teenagers aged 12 s.... 361 17-10-01 20 foods that will nourish your brain, the ones to.... 362 17-10-01 Transgender teen says he was kicked out of Christi.... 363 17-10-02 The rise of transgender reversals: Surgeon in sex-.... 364 17-10-12 AP PHOTOS: Editor selections from Latin America, C.... 365 17-10-20 Bumper check! Caitlyn Jenner catches the eye of a .... 366 17-10-21 Couple accused of trafficking HUNDREDS of girls fo.... 367 17-10-30 Football Manager 2018: In rare event fictional pla.... 368 17-10-31 Theresa May's 'deputy' Damian Green tops dirty dos.... 369 17-11-04 Watch out ladies! Foxtel 'in talks' with former fa.... 370 17-11-08 Jeffrey Tambor hits out at former assistant accusi.... 371 17-11-09 'Karma, brother': Actress sister of anti-transgend.... 372 17-11-10 Age-defying Caitlyn Jenner, 68, looks sleek in for.... 373 17-11-10 Some kind of wonderful: Chelsea Manning is the bel.... 374 17-11-11 'Jazz is being taken advantage of as part of a lar.... 375 17-11-11 'The consequences of these actions go far': Transg.... 376 17-11-12 Key aide to Archbishop of Canterbury quits because.... 377 17-11-12 Let little boys wear tiaras, says the Church of En....

378 17-11-17 A to Z of politically correct madness: The Left's .... 379 17-11-19 Fading ink! Is Demi Lovato getting rid of huge Lio.... 380 17-11-19 Half of transgender prisoners could be sex offende.... 381 17-11-20 'They told me I may as well be dead': 'New generat.... 382 17-11-24 Inspirational! Daughter of Bangladesh-born immigra.... 383 17-11-27 Surprise parents? Nats Getty and her transgender g.... 384 17-12-01 Can the Duchess of Cambridge cope with Meghan mani.... 385 17-12-10 The highs and lows of the news in 2017 386 17-12-12 Feminist kicked out of Labour Christmas party beca.... 387 17-12-19 Erectile dysfunction (ED) may be an early sign of .... 388 17-12-20 Democrat running for governor of New Mexico is acc.... 389 17-12-20 TJ Miller now accused of being transphobic by tran.... 390 17-12-21 After an earth-shattering year, meet my heroes and.... 391 17-12-21 Rogue coppers and this sinister abuse of power: RI.... 392 17-12-22 Revealed: How Oxford University is home to loud mo.... 393 17-12-26 'Pregnant' Kylie Jenner WAS at Kardashian Christma.... 394 17-12-28 Reverend Al Sharpton said President Trump is 'a sy.... 395 17-12-28 Twitter mercilessly mocks Lewis Hamilton as image .... 396 17-12-29 By Dominic Sandbrook for the Daily Mail 397 17-12-30 Fury as the Trump administration fires ALL 16 memb....

Table 2. Texts included in The Guardian corpus

No. Publishing Date Title 1 2015-01-02 The Theory Of Everything, Birdman, Dying Of The Li.... 2 2015-01-05 Ohio transgender teen's suicide note: 'Fix society.... 3 2015-01-05 Transgender woman is elected district mayor in Ind.... 4 2015-01-06 US distributors of Pride accused of removing gay r.... 5 2015-01-08 Chasing the Scream by Johann Hari review – taking .... 6 2015-01-10 Worse things still happen at sea: the shipping dis.... 7 2015-01-11 Golden Globes 2015: our prediction for winners of .... 8 2015-01-14 UN Barbershop conference aims to get men talking a.... 9 2015-01-16 Facebook at Work is a recipe for utter calamity th.... 10 2015-01-16 James Dawson: we need to take action on mental hea.... 11 2015-01-16 Vagina Monologues playwright: 'It never said a wom.... 12 2015-01-17 The Art of Being Normal by Lisa Williamson – an en.... 13 2015-01-19 'No jerks, cops or oppressive behaviour': music's .... 14 2015-01-20 Trans Pacific Partnership: Obama ready to defy Dem.... 15 2015-01-22 The Lynx effect: ad land begins to reflect the liv.... 16 2015-01-23 The secret history of same-sex marriage 17 2015-01-23 Wikipedia votes to ban some editors from gender-re.... 18 2015-01-27 Critics of the Vagina Monologues must acknowledge .... 19 2015-01-28 Riot grrrl: 10 of the best 20 2015-01-29 To end violence against trans people, the police m.... 21 2015-01-30 Soho protesters fight to save 'spirit of London' 22 2015-01-31 The Art of Being Normal by Lisa Williamson - revie.... 23 2015-02-02 Are universities doing enough to support transgend.... 24 2015-02-02 What happened when I confronted my cruellest troll.... 25 2015-02-03 Closing time for gay pubs – a new victim of London.... 26 2015-02-04 Boy Meets Girl: the BBC's trans sitcom is part of .... 27 2015-02-06 In praise of … Rebecca Root 28 2015-02-06 Safe space or free speech? The crisis around debat.... 29 2015-02-07 Michaela DePrince: 'There are practically no black.... 30 2015-02-13 Iranian translator of Blue Is the Warmest Colour '.... 31 2015-02-14 The science of what excites kinky people doesn't e.... 32 2015-02-16 Antivirals like Truvada make it possible for gay m.... 33 2015-02-16 Fallon Fox on life as a trans athlete: 'The scope .... 34 2015-02-17 Compassionate care – a superpower or just part of .... 35 2015-02-19 Native American activist to sue Facebook over site.... 36 2015-02-23 US marine given not guilty plea in trial for murde.... 37 2015-02-23 Westminster University students try to stop 'homop.... 38 2015-02-24 Patricia Arquette wants people of color to fight f.... 39 2015-02-25 Hot 97 v Power 105.1: battle of the New York hip-h....

40 2015-02-25 New Museum's Generational Triennial: wired for the.... 41 2015-02-27 Most sex workers have had jobs in health, educatio.... 42 2015-03-01 George Brandis censured over treatment of Gillian .... 43 2015-03-04 UK minister asks foreign governments to clarify ri.... 44 2015-03-06 What to Facebook is a 'fake name' may be the expre.... 45 2015-03-09 Inside the University of Oxford's Museum of Natura.... 46 2015-03-10 Bound and gagged? Fifty Shades of Grey has sex rem.... 47 2015-03-12 Trans life: fond memories of coming out in Afghani.... 48 2015-03-12 Utah's LGBT anti-discrimination bill passes with b.... 49 2015-03-13 How Pope Francis fooled us all on LGBT issues 50 2015-03-17 DC Comics pull cover of Batgirl menaced by Joker a.... 51 2015-03-17 India will hope to snuff out Bangladesh's spirit o.... 52 2015-03-18 Love is ... five gay films going global in the nam.... 53 2015-03-24 Sweden adds gender-neutral pronoun to dictionary 54 2015-03-27 Get Hard highlights Hollywood's 'toxic representat.... 55 2015-03-27 The chocolate companies on the hunt for a sustaina.... 56 2015-03-31 Equality groups ready for counterattack against wa.... 57 2015-03-31 The future of loneliness 58 2015-04-02 Being transgender in a transphobic society leads t.... 59 2015-04-05 Is 10% of the population really gay? 60 2015-04-05 Schools should teach positive portrayal of same-se.... 61 2015-04-13 Downsizing is possible: how I embraced a life of s.... 62 2015-04-14 Faith no more: how the British are losing their re.... 63 2015-04-14 The impact of conflict on Nigeria's children, and .... 64 2015-04-14 The silence on abuse of transgender inmates in US .... 65 2015-04-15 Photo highlights of the day 66 2015-04-18 Jon Stewart: why I quit The Daily Show 67 2015-04-19 Apathy or antipathy? Why so few young people vote 68 2015-04-22 Adventures in Australia: journeys of discovery to .... 69 2015-04-23 The human cost of funding cuts: diversity declines.... 70 2015-04-24 Hillary Clinton rouses women's summit with first b.... 71 2015-04-26 The stars of Girlhood: 'Our poster is all over Par.... 72 2015-04-29 Bruce Jenner and the 'trans narrative': it's time .... 73 2015-05-07 Between You & Me: Confessions of a Comma Queen.... 74 2015-05-11 The cliche of the lone male gamer needs to be dest.... 75 2015-05-17 Soho stories: celebrating six decades of sex, drug.... 76 2015-05-20 Love review: Gaspar Noé's hardcore 3D sex movie is.... 77 2015-05-21 Chinese translation app looks into the souls of Re.... 78 2015-05-21 Church of England to consider transgender naming c.... 79 2015-05-21 Transgender inmate seeking taxpayer-funded surgery.... 80 2015-05-22 A history of human rights abuses in fairytales 81 2015-05-24 'The police didn't see Deen as a victim despite bl.... 82 2015-05-26 Eight ads that shatter tired gender stereotypes 83 2015-05-26 Josh Duggar allegations: we're so used to giving f.... 84 2015-06-02 John Waters receives 'crown of queer royalty' at 2.... 85 2015-06-03 Flower power: 140 years of Liberty prints to star .... 86 2015-06-03 RuPaul: 'Drag is dangerous. We are making fun of e.... 87 2015-06-04 Ipso accused of ignoring Sun attempt to 'victimise.... 88 2015-06-07 Turkey election: ruling party loses majority as pr.... 89 2015-06-08 Beatings, abuse and blame: being transgender in Eg.... 90 2015-06-08 Becoming Us is a real and touching TV portrayal of.... 91 2015-06-09 Murders of LGBT and HIV-positive people in the US .... 92 2015-06-09 What do the politically correct brain police have .... 93 2015-06-11 Fast and curious: what do you make of Sense8's tel.... 94 2015-06-12 Don't let corporations spoil the spirit of Pride 95 2015-06-13 Rachel Dolezal accused of 'blackface' by adopted b.... 96 2015-06-14 Rise of the mermaids: Weeki Wachee's biggest attra.... 97 2015-06-16 Antony Hegarty condemns 'genocide' of indigenous p.... 98 2015-06-16 Share your experiences of being transgender at wor.... 99 2015-06-23 Governments accused of 'perpetrating violence agai.... 100 2015-06-23 No artificial ingredients: what it takes to get sy.... 101 2015-06-23 Raging in the free world: the many furies of Neil .... 102 2015-06-24 'I got a standing ovation' – your stories of being.... 103 2015-06-25 Obama's reply to a trans woman proves LGBT advocac....

104 2015-06-25 What same-sex marriage reform could mean for the L.... 105 2015-06-26 Apocalypsis: welcome to the epic end of world show.... 106 2015-06-27 Government launches anti-trolling website to help .... 107 2015-06-28 Confederate flag down, rainbow flag up: this is th.... 108 2015-06-28 Hold the applause for Facebook's rainbow-colored p.... 109 2015-06-28 San Francisco Pride leads celebration of supreme c.... 110 2015-06-29 Queer Laboratory Life: Recognising the work of LGB.... 111 2015-07-02 Universities leader rejects Jo Johnson criticism o.... 112 2015-07-04 LGBT activists call for new focus on violence agai.... 113 2015-07-04 We'd dig ourselves a deep hole if we took politics.... 114 2015-07-10 Gay Men's Chorus of Washington to bring LGBT messa.... 115 2015-07-10 How Magic: the Gathering became a pop-culture hit .... 116 2015-07-12 Best holiday reads 2015 117 2015-07-13 Small businesses oppose anti-LGBT bias of religiou.... 118 2015-07-15 Comic Sarah Franken: why I became a woman after 40.... 119 2015-07-16 Ireland passes law allowing trans people to choose.... 120 2015-07-16 Prosecution absent for most of trial of Australian.... 121 2015-07-16 Trafficking gang that sexually exploited hundreds .... 122 2015-07-17 A day in the life of a sex therapist 123 2015-07-18 The perils of even raising the 'penalty' of mother.... 124 2015-07-19 #BlackLivesMatter: the birth of a new civil rights.... 125 2015-07-19 Lib Dem leader Tim Farron accused of 'illiberal' a.... 126 2015-07-21 And the Oscar may go to … 40 key movies in content.... 127 2015-07-23 Al Pacino: 'What's the point of quitting?' 128 2015-07-23 Are we overdoing our use of 'over' or would that b.... 129 2015-07-24 'Gay genes': science is on the right track, we're .... 130 2015-07-25 I won't vote in US elections anymore – I don't wan.... 131 2015-07-26 A history of the Scott Trust 132 2015-07-27 Catch-up TV guide: from the bloodshed of Banshee t.... 133 2015-07-27 What's behind Beijing's drive to control the South.... 134 2015-07-28 Penny Arcade: New York 'doesn't see the value of c.... 135 2015-07-29 New Hampshire school officials distance selves fro.... 136 2015-07-29 Venice film festival: an intriguing bill full of b.... 137 2015-07-31 Florida man charged with murder in shooting death .... 138 2015-08-03 Transgender singer accuses American Idol of seekin.... 139 2015-08-05 Peter Abetz points to positive legacy of his high-.... 140 2015-08-05 Press council urges better reporting of violence, .... 141 2015-08-06 Republican debate: Donald Trump still focus of cam.... 142 2015-08-10 'They target us': latest US transgender murder rev.... 143 2015-08-10 Jamaica's first public gay pride event a symbol of.... 144 2015-08-12 Chelsea Manning may face solitary confinement for .... 145 2015-08-12 Eddie Redmayne salutes courage of Caitlyn Jenner a.... 146 2015-08-14 My 16-year-old daughter is convinced she needs a s.... 147 2015-08-14 Vivid green pesto, great wine and fabulous walks ….... 148 2015-08-17 Military children display higher rates of substanc.... 149 2015-08-21 Living in the age of permawar 150 2015-08-27 A History of the World in 100 Objects by Neil MacG.... 151 2015-08-29 Neil Gaiman: 'my parents didn't have any kind of r.... 152 2015-09-01 Rentboy wasn't my 'brothel'. It was a tool to stay.... 153 2015-09-01 The unreality of politics in 2015 makes the presid.... 154 2015-09-02 Kim Davis's denial of same-sex marriage licenses i.... 155 2015-09-03 'How can you be a Republican?': life as part of Ne.... 156 2015-09-09 The hottest TV shows of autumn 2015 157 2015-09-10 The penis: barometer of heart and head 158 2015-09-12 Transgender children: 'This is who he is – I have .... 159 2015-09-15 Wikipedia's view of the world is written by the we.... 160 2015-09-15 Women bear emotional and financial burden of incar.... 161 2015-09-16 Many trans people still are denied healthcare beca.... 162 2015-09-17 Madonna at Madison Square Garden review – 'There i.... 163 2015-09-19 Is Britain's generation of trans actors on the ver.... 164 2015-09-20 Emmy awards 2015: huge night for HBO as Game of Th.... 165 2015-09-24 Boy Meets Girl: a transgender comedy full of sitco.... 166 2015-09-24 Underwear for trans people: the torture of binding.... 167 2015-09-28 Gerda Wegener: 'The Lady Gaga of the 1920s'

168 2015-10-05 Isle of Man leader draws line under 'dark days' an.... 169 2015-10-07 Kenya's anti-gay laws are leaving LGBT community a.... 170 2015-10-07 Transgender stars of Sundance hit Tangerine focus .... 171 2015-10-08 Teddy Ferrara review – fierce tale of homophobia o.... 172 2015-10-11 Two LGBT murders within 24 hours leaves community .... 173 2015-10-20 Lloyd's of London boss is first woman to top LGBT .... 174 2015-10-20 The Brave Man video is a fair portrait of trans li.... 175 2015-10-22 Fear lies at the heart of opposition to 'political.... 176 2015-10-24 'Bathroom predator' spin on Houston equal rights b.... 177 2015-10-24 The magic number: how many people have you slept w.... 178 2015-10-26 Muslim leaders in UK warn of 'worrying' levels of .... 179 2015-10-28 UK police warn more than 1900 people of death thre.... 180 2015-10-31 'I have an orgasm about 60% of the time': readers .... 181 2015-11-01 Is this the end of marriage? 182 2015-11-02 Robin Talley: 'it's important for fiction to show .... 183 2015-11-04 Reform Jews in US poised to pass resolution in sup.... 184 2015-11-06 Trespassers on the rooftops: a secret history of M.... 185 2015-11-08 Evil but fabulous: in praise of films' complicated.... 186 2015-11-09 Story of a transgender schoolteacher: 'I limp thro.... 187 2015-11-13 Attempts to ban speakers 'put mission of universit.... 188 2015-11-13 How can we protect children from the harmful effec.... 189 2015-11-13 Transgender homicide rate hits historic high in US.... 190 2015-11-13 Volkswagen car sales fall more than 5% in wake of .... 191 2015-11-15 Tangerine review – tenderness amid the artificiali.... 192 2015-11-16 Meet Nina Freeman, the punk poet of gaming 193 2015-11-18 Does The Man in the High Castle prove that the bes.... 194 2015-11-19 Apec leaders condemn terrorism as protests mark fi.... 195 2015-11-19 Pernicious work of World Congress of Families fuel.... 196 2015-11-20 Partner of transgender woman found dead in prison .... 197 2015-11-21 Germaine Greer's rudeness is part of the point of .... 198 2015-11-22 Lily Tomlin: 'I don't relate to any of my life, ex.... 199 2015-11-22 Monday's best TV: London Spy; Sepp Blatter Exposed.... 200 2015-11-23 Zoolander 2 accused of transphobia over Benedict C.... 201 2015-11-24 How do you prove you are gay? A culture of disbeli.... 202 2015-11-24 PSG to wear 'Je suis Paris' shirts in honour of te.... 203 2015-11-24 Tschan Andrews: 'The Zoolander 2 trailer is just a.... 204 2015-11-27 Marina Hyde's Lost in Showbiz: Zoolander 2 and the.... 205 2015-11-27 Queer men like me are the victims of street harass.... 206 2015-11-28 Transparent's Gaby Hoffmann: 'The whole question o.... 207 2015-11-30 £8bn shortfall in tackling Aids threatens 'million.... 208 2015-11-30 How can care home staff support residents' sexual .... 209 2015-12-01 US marine guilty of killing transgender woman in P.... 210 2015-12-03 The best biography and memoir books of 2015 211 2015-12-04 Targeting of London Muslims triples after Paris at.... 212 2015-12-04 The best politics books of 2015 213 2015-12-06 Sunset Song review – a lyrical triumph 214 2015-12-06 The best art books of 2015 215 2015-12-07 Lou Reed's Walk on the Wild Side: what became of C.... 216 2015-12-08 Wednesday's best TV: Prey; The Secrets of the Mona.... 217 2015-12-09 Transparent: finally, a realistic portrayal of fin.... 218 2015-12-10 The Last of the Light: About Twilight by Peter Dav.... 219 2015-12-13 Alicia Vikander: 'I made five films in a row befor.... 220 2015-12-13 Rachel Dolezal: 'I wasn't identifying as black to .... 221 2015-12-14 What are the best children's books of 2015? 222 2015-12-16 'Socialism' the most looked-up word of 2015 on Mer.... 223 2015-12-16 For trans people, NHS delays are all too often a m.... 224 2015-12-17 Four held in Thailand after Briton's death in reso.... 225 2015-12-18 Schuyler Bailar, Harvard's transgender swim star: .... 226 2015-12-19 2015, the year in film: Mad Max: Fury Road, Tanger.... 227 2015-12-19 Steven Toast and friends: an oral history of 2015 228 2015-12-20 How Hillary Clinton is building an army of millenn.... 229 2015-12-20 Will Ferrell: 'Ignorance is a key part of comedy' 230 2015-12-21 Mya Taylor: the transgender actor who could make H.... 231 2015-12-21 The playlist: the best electronic of 2015 – Holly ....

232 2015-12-23 Alexis Soloski's top 10 New York theatre of 2015 233 2015-12-24 Chelsea Manning spends sixth Christmas in prison w.... 234 2015-12-26 Stories behind the pictures of 2015: July to Septe.... 235 2015-12-28 2015: the top news stories of the year in numbers 236 2015-12-28 Gender fluidity went pop in 2015 – and it's not ju.... 237 2015-12-29 The 2015 gender dictionary – from fluidity to skol.... 238 2016-01-03 Philadelphia Mummers parade officials denounce act.... 239 2016-01-04 New year brings new challenges for both sides of r.... 240 2016-01-04 The most unmissable culture of 2016 241 2016-01-05 Jaden Smith laughs in the face of gender stereotyp.... 242 2016-01-06 Trial of Baltimore officer in Freddie Gray case en.... 243 2016-01-08 Bafta 2016 nominations: Bridge of Spies soars and .... 244 2016-01-12 State of the Union 2016: Obama targets Trump and f.... 245 2016-01-13 The Danish Girl and the sexologist: a story of sex.... 246 2016-01-14 #OscarsSoWhiteAndStraight: the Academy fails at di.... 247 2016-01-15 Justin Welby says sorry to LGBTI community for hur.... 248 2016-01-19 Transgender children, the law, and a boy born in t.... 249 2016-01-23 A sex toy for women's health: dildo designer talks.... 250 2016-01-24 Diversity on television is not just a black and wh.... 251 2016-01-25 Bernie Sanders makes impassioned defense of social.... 252 2016-01-27 Catherine McGregor sorry for 'weak' jibe at David .... 253 2016-01-31 SAG awards 2016 reward TV actors of color in a sea.... 254 2016-02-01 Indian LGBT activists hold vigils before court rul.... 255 2016-02-01 Kung fu pandering: Dreamworks' threequel does best.... 256 2016-02-08 Internet trolling: quarter of teenagers suffered o.... 257 2016-02-12 The Art of Being Normal by Lisa Williamson – revie.... 258 2016-02-13 How Baftas stole a march on the 'so straight' Osca.... 259 2016-02-13 Peter Tatchell: snubbed by students for free speec.... 260 2016-02-14 Axis of Awesome comedian Jordan Raskopoulos on bei.... 261 2016-02-14 Stephen Fry hits back at criticism of Baftas 'bag .... 262 2016-02-15 LGBT event with Peter Tatchell to go ahead despite.... 263 2016-02-21 Public toilets – the key battleground for bigots w.... 264 2016-02-22 #HollywoodSoWhite: diversity report gives damning .... 265 2016-02-22 Turnbull orders review of Safe Schools LGBTI progr.... 266 2016-02-26 Trans children allowed to express identity 'have g.... 267 2016-02-28 Senator Jeff Sessions of Alabama endorses Donald T.... 268 2016-02-29 Out of the bars and into the streets: how Mardi Gr.... 269 2016-03-02 New York City mayor ends boycott of St Patrick's D.... 270 2016-03-02 Practices such as no-platforming threaten to stran.... 271 2016-03-05 'Building a rainbow nation': the Sydney Gay and Le.... 272 2016-03-05 Caitlyn Jenner offers to be Ted Cruz's 'trans amba.... 273 2016-03-06 London, city of pleasure 274 2016-03-07 Online harassment of women at risk of becoming 'es.... 275 2016-03-07 When my father came out as transgender, the realis.... 276 2016-03-11 Are we all too tolerant of our differences now? 277 2016-03-14 My 20s was a decade of science, socialism and slee.... 278 2016-03-16 A Sissy's Progress: the dangerous power of an effe.... 279 2016-03-18 Young people needn't feel pessimistic. We can pion.... 280 2016-03-23 North Carolina blocks local laws on transgender us.... 281 2016-03-23 Transgender detainees at high risk of assault in U.... 282 2016-03-25 Traditional families are not the only preserve of .... 283 2016-03-26 Not just for kids: how Zayn Malik and Justin Biebe.... 284 2016-03-27 Bridge of Spies; Tangerine; Horse Money; The Night.... 285 2016-03-28 Donald Trump wins backing of former Australian Lab.... 286 2016-03-28 Murray Hill: 'I'm more than a drag king. Why can't.... 287 2016-03-30 Six reasons taxpayers can be proud of UK aid 288 2016-03-31 We're tired of fighting for marriage equality – le.... 289 2016-04-02 Ian McEwan criticised by campaigners over transgen.... 290 2016-04-02 Kezia Dugdale reveals she is in a relationship wit.... 291 2016-04-02 More business leaders join criticism of North Caro.... 292 2016-04-02 No amount of 'free from' labelling will make proce.... 293 2016-04-03 'A force of nature': Ruby Rose presented with majo.... 294 2016-04-04 Picturing 'techies': photo project captures the un.... 295 2016-04-04 The Art of Being Normal by Lisa Williamson – revie....

296 2016-04-05 LGBT couples can be refused service under new Miss.... 297 2016-04-06 'Biology not always destiny', says Ian McEwan afte.... 298 2016-04-07 I counsel LGBTI people and know the personal harm .... 299 2016-04-10 Axis of Awesome, Nazeem Hussain and Sara Pascoe pr.... 300 2016-04-11 Gender identity clinic for under-18s sees number o.... 301 2016-04-12 Johann Hari: 'The opposite of addiction isn't sobr.... 302 2016-04-12 Please stop asking if trans people are a figment o.... 303 2016-04-13 Is it too late to stop the trolls trampling over o.... 304 2016-04-14 Insults and rape threats. Writers shouldn't have t.... 305 2016-04-18 Obama's immigration action prompts heated exchange.... 306 2016-04-21 Foreign Office warns LGBT tourists of North Caroli.... 307 2016-04-21 Hillary Clinton meets with families of Sandy Hook .... 308 2016-04-22 A public crisis, with a feeling of deja vu – the o.... 309 2016-04-22 The Sunlight Pilgrims & The Dead Queen of Bohe.... 310 2016-04-22 The winners of the Sony world photography awards 2.... 311 2016-04-24 Bernie Sanders: 'I lost states because poor people.... 312 2016-04-24 I thought it's now or never, says student who came.... 313 2016-04-28 Donald Trump's lack of female support may ruin his.... 314 2016-04-30 Anyone could become a target': wave of Islamist ki.... 315 2016-05-03 Sightseeing: the most dazzling art and design of s.... 316 2016-05-04 No data exists on suicide among gay and trans Indi.... 317 2016-05-04 The TTIP and TPP trade deals: enough of the secrec.... 318 2016-05-05 The same strategies that helped Ted Cruz rise were.... 319 2016-05-06 Chicago plans 'Skyline' network of cable cars 320 2016-05-08 Bafta TV awards 2016: Wolf Hall director says BBC .... 321 2016-05-09 Seven days, three speeches: one week in the life o.... 322 2016-05-09 Why 'trust your instincts' is terrible advice for .... 323 2016-05-11 Ryan eases off Trump: 'I want to be part of GOP un.... 324 2016-05-15 Creed; The Danish Girl; When Animals Dream; Mojave.... 325 2016-05-16 Attacks against queer people have a long history. .... 326 2016-05-16 Trans singer of Against Me! burns birth certificat.... 327 2016-05-16 Trump's 'women problem' doesn't sway Republican le.... 328 2016-05-17 'I have a clarity of purpose' – how Bill Shorten b.... 329 2016-05-17 Muslim states block 11 LGBT groups from attending .... 330 2016-05-18 Stop telling women they're doing feminism wrong 331 2016-05-19 Canada's Trans Mountain oil pipeline clears hurdle.... 332 2016-05-19 Satanic sharks and killer donuts: best of the wors.... 333 2016-05-20 The face of American fascism? Decoding sheriff Joe.... 334 2016-05-21 Yale introduces gender-neutral bathrooms amid nati.... 335 2016-05-22 Why isn't there a Grindr for straight people? 336 2016-05-28 Is Oklahoma trying to be America's least progressi.... 337 2016-06-01 Could Roz Ward keep her job if she liked the Austr.... 338 2016-06-01 Trump has been involved in thousands of lawsuits, .... 339 2016-06-04 Sexuality today: how we embarked on a new age of f.... 340 2016-06-05 Gay men's lives have changed for the better, and G.... 341 2016-06-11 A new book examines how the rise of female power c.... 342 2016-06-11 How did bathrooms get to be separated by gender in.... 343 2016-06-11 Secret Teacher: Schools have come a long way since.... 344 2016-06-12 Florida terror attack kills 50 in deadliest mass s.... 345 2016-06-13 Orlando victims: travel agent, brand manager and t.... 346 2016-06-15 Prince William appears on cover of gay magazine At.... 347 2016-06-20 EU referendum live: Warsi swaps sides over 'nudge-.... 348 2016-07-16 Cameron had six years to change Britain. So what d.... 349 2016-07-21 Chief whip calms reselection fears of Labour MPs w.... 350 2016-07-28 Whatever happened to Hollywood's really evil villa.... 351 2016-07-29 'I was heartbroken': former Miss Great Britain Zar.... 352 2016-07-29 The return of Caster Semenya: Olympic favourite an.... 353 2016-07-30 At home in the club: the LGBT parties changing the.... 354 2016-07-30 From Labour's hard left to Donald Trump, it's been.... 355 2016-07-30 Meet Hari Nef: actor, model – and Elle's first tra.... 356 2016-07-31 Author: The JT LeRoy Story review – the unmasking .... 357 2016-07-31 Joy, clay and nudity: a weekend in the woods with .... 358 2016-07-31 Rural counties across the US becoming a powder keg.... 359 2016-08-01 Coalition of activists affiliated with Black Lives....

360 2016-08-02 Behind Tim Kaine's everyman charm, there's a polit.... 361 2016-08-03 Get ready for the coming wave of technologically e.... 362 2016-08-03 Thursday's best TV: The 80s With Dominic Sandbrook.... 363 2016-08-06 Why activists brought the Black Lives Matter movem.... 364 2016-08-07 New York's 'queer health warrior': city official f.... 365 2016-08-07 Pedro Almodóvar: 'Nobody sings. There's no humour..... 366 2016-08-08 'Seeds of hate' sown as Tanzania starts LGBT crack.... 367 2016-08-08 Stephen Lawrence: new images of potential witness .... 368 2016-08-08 The Fate of Gender: Nature, Nurture and the Human .... 369 2016-08-09 Tales of the West Bank: Ben Ehrenreich's The Way t.... 370 2016-08-10 Violence during Uganda's Pride shattered my illusi.... 371 2016-08-11 Baltimore officers cited for mistreatment of women.... 372 2016-08-11 US Daily Beast website takes down article discussi.... 373 2016-08-11 We Have Always Lived in the Castle: America's quee.... 374 2016-08-13 I'm scared of what the estrogen shortage might do .... 375 2016-08-18 Young people are wrongly targeting their anger aga.... 376 2016-08-20 How Tracey Norman, America's first black trans mod.... 377 2016-08-20 Trump and Clinton's free trade retreat: a pivotal .... 378 2016-08-21 Sluggy McSlugface no more: sea slug named for fly-.... 379 2016-08-22 The secret life of an army officer: I'm a liberal .... 380 2016-08-22 Trump: 'I'm not flip-flopping' on immigration plan.... 381 2016-08-23 The shocking murder of trans activist Hande Kader .... 382 2016-08-23 Trump says he'll get rid of 'all the bad' US immig.... 383 2016-08-25 Transgender 'Ken doll' cake brings controversy to .... 384 2016-08-26 Judge: North Carolina must give transgender people.... 385 2016-08-27 May the force be with us 386 2016-08-28 Where was Putin when Corbyn needed him? 387 2016-08-29 Trump's slump in Nascar country deepens Republican.... 388 2016-08-29 '90% of YA is crap': the debate that dominated the.... 389 2016-08-31 It's oh so cultural: the sharpest sounds of autumn.... 390 2016-09-01 Ian McEwan: 'You can't make identity the outer lim.... 391 2016-09-02 'Double standard' in C of E on homosexuality is le.... 392 2016-09-05 Higher proportion of men than women report online .... 393 2016-09-10 Roman Catholic Tim Kaine says church may change sa.... 394 2016-09-11 Embrace of the Serpent; Bad Neighbours 2; Our Kind.... 395 2016-09-12 Clinton and Trump to release medical information –.... 396 2016-09-12 Reclaiming 'butch': 'It's surprising how much of a.... 397 2016-09-13 How we made Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakd.... 398 2016-09-17 At a global forum of feminists, one thing is clear.... 399 2016-09-17 India opens the doors of its fashion world to new .... 400 2016-09-17 Transgender soldier is first female to serve on Br.... 401 2016-09-18 Finally an awards show that didn't suck: 2016 Emmy.... 402 2016-09-18 Health without wealth: eat well for less 403 2016-09-18 Jeffrey Tambor calls on industry to hire more tran.... 404 2016-09-20 Emmys confirm new wave of lesbian visibility: 'Eve.... 405 2016-09-21 Chelsea Manning readies for disciplinary hearing o.... 406 2016-09-21 Researchers say there are no benefits of testoster.... 407 2016-09-22 When I was scared, my gun-owning neighbors helped .... 408 2016-09-24 10 things you need to know about vaginas 409 2016-09-26 'He has a real shot': Stephen King talks about his.... 410 2016-09-26 Big investors join list of heavyweights against No.... 411 2016-09-26 Clinton shows strength over Trump in one of histor.... 412 2016-09-26 Louis Theroux: The condition of Australia's Indige.... 413 2016-09-26 Pakistan police accused of illegally killing hundr.... 414 2016-09-28 Ayahuasca and anal beads: the hallucinogenic art o.... 415 2016-09-30 Google invites Kenyan anti-gay activist to Web Ran.... 416 2016-10-01 Inside corporate America's stand against transgend.... 417 2016-10-02 Ann Coulter: 'Finally, we have a candidate who car.... 418 2016-10-02 Louis Theroux: 'I have a slight fear of intimacy' 419 2016-10-02 Runner Robert Young's cheating is exposed but a sp.... 420 2016-10-07 Saturday's best TV: Boy George's 1970s; The X Fact.... 421 2016-10-07 WikiLeaks releases what appear to be Clinton's pai.... 422 2016-10-14 The Woman Who Left review – haunting drama of guil.... 423 2016-10-20 Documentary film-makers face decades in prison for....

424 2016-10-20 Gay men are battling a demon more powerful than HI.... 425 2016-10-21 Marlon James calls for action on diversity instead.... 426 2016-10-25 Mormon and gay: church says you can be both, but a.... 427 2016-10-25 Curt Schilling's Breitbart podcast: a generous ser.... 428 2016-10-31 From Black Mirror to Body Melt: the best film and .... 429 2016-11-03 LGBT characters on TV will make up larger percenta.... 430 2016-11-09 Why are we ignoring the sexual health of women who.... 431 2016-11-11 Australia, China, and the lunacy of Trump's talk o.... 432 2016-11-11 Trans people are terrified of what lies ahead. We .... 433 2016-11-12 Democratic defeat could herald lurch to right for .... 434 2016-11-12 Suicide hotline calls reached record high as Trump.... 435 2016-11-14 Elza Soares review – thrilling sonic sci-fi from t.... 436 2016-11-14 From Weiner to Making A Murderer: this is the gold.... 437 2016-11-16 Clinton: 'There have been times when I wanted neve.... 438 2016-11-18 Religious faith is no obstacle to support for marr.... 439 2016-11-22 Trump drops threat of criminal investigation into .... 440 2016-11-25 Eddie Izzard reveals years of transgender abuse to.... 441 2016-11-26 LGBT Jakartans: 'Worse than a nuclear bomb? We jus.... 442 2016-11-29 Disney's Moana strikes at the heart of proto-Trump.... 443 2016-11-29 How feminists embraced the radical open letter 444 2016-12-02 The state is an enabler of sexual violence. So wha.... 445 2016-12-03 Laura Jane Grace on being transgender in the age o.... 446 2016-12-07 Hospital chaplain loses same-sex wedding discrimin.... 447 2016-12-07 Malta becomes first European country to ban 'gay c.... 448 2016-12-07 Underground artists fear Oakland fire will spur a .... 449 2016-12-08 Neil Young: Peace Trail review – a political dream.... 450 2016-12-08 Risk of poverty and suicide far higher among trans.... 451 2016-12-10 'It's not about your age, it's about your ideas': .... 452 2016-12-11 The 50 best TV shows of 2016: No 9 Transparent 453 2016-12-13 The reality of Safe Schools 454 2016-12-15 North Carolina Republicans seek to curb Democratic.... 455 2016-12-16 'A policeman took a full swipe at my head': Lesley.... 456 2016-12-17 For God's sake Pope Francis, don't retire. The wor.... 457 2016-12-17 How people are preparing for Trump's presidency 458 2016-12-18 Zainab Salbi on gender equality: 'This is not the .... 459 2016-12-21 Negotiations to repeal North Carolina 'bathroom bi.... 460 2016-12-21 The 50 best podcasts of 2016 461 2016-12-21 Battle of the Bastards to San Junipero: what was t.... 462 2016-12-24 2016's best bits: why culture was crucial 463 2016-12-25 I don't have Christmas spirit this year. So I'm fa.... 464 2016-12-28 Hidden gay British histories take centre stage 50 .... 465 2016-12-28 The timeless wonder of candlelight, a glimmer of l.... 466 2016-12-31 Texas federal judge halts Obama protection of tran.... 467 2016-12-31 UK companies 'linked to Azerbaijan pipeline briber.... 468 2016-12-31 Where the supreme court battle goes from here: 'Th.... 469 2017-01-01 Paul Abbott: 'Shameless became too hysterical. I w.... 470 2017-01-01 Texas looks set to follow North Carolina with push.... 471 2017-01-03 Obama's legacy: the promises, shortcomings and fig.... 472 2017-01-07 Hurt this peddler of hate speech by mocking his id.... 473 2017-01-10 'Yes we did': Obama lifts up America one last time.... 474 2017-01-10 President Barack Obama gives farewell speech in Ch.... 475 2017-01-12 Three things I've learned about the real meaning o.... 476 2017-01-14 Inauguration protests: your guide to where you can.... 477 2017-01-17 Barack Obama commutes majority of Chelsea Manning'.... 478 2017-01-17 Betsy DeVos hearing prompts fears for campus sexua.... 479 2017-01-17 Chelsea Manning has suffered enough. Finally, Obam.... 480 2017-01-17 How Chelsea Manning lifted lid on harsh facts of U.... 481 2017-01-18 Turnbull's statement on burqas and public safety i.... 482 2017-01-20 What you need to know about Trump's first speech a.... 483 2017-01-21 I didn't join the march. I've had enough of Obama'.... 484 2017-01-21 The Women's March reminded us: we are not alone 485 2017-01-24 I'm a trans artist – why am I expected to be an ac.... 486 2017-01-25 Malcolm Turnbull cools on TPP ratification in face.... 487 2017-01-28 Two nights on Milo Yiannopoulos's campus tour: as ....

488 2017-01-30 Boy Scouts of America allows transgender children .... 489 2017-01-31 UK issues posthumous pardons for thousands of gay .... 490 2017-02-01 UC Berkeley cancels 'alt-right' speaker Milo Yiann.... 491 2017-02-05 Annette Bening: 'Women don't have to do everything.... 492 2017-02-05 If festival crowds can unite to help a crowdsurfer.... 493 2017-02-05 Lady Gaga keeps political poker face while singing.... 494 2017-02-05 Lady Gaga's Super Bowl performance: heavy on the h.... 495 2017-02-05 Super Bowl Sunday: commercials, music and everythi.... 496 2017-02-05 The Guardian view on Trump v the judges: hastening.... 497 2017-02-06 Women: let's strike. Then Trump will see our power.... 498 2017-02-08 The House of Bernarda Alba review – Hunter is a do.... 499 2017-02-10 Trump plans new security policy after travel ban b.... 500 2017-02-12 A history of the love song in 10 tracks 501 2017-02-12 Meryl Streep says Trump provokes 'brownshirts and .... 502 2017-02-13 John Waters: 'A new kind of anarchy is going to ha.... 503 2017-02-13 The Homosexuals, or Faggots: new play satirises wh.... 504 2017-02-14 Milo Yiannopoulos delays memoir to add details of .... 505 2017-02-15 British Women's Tour organisers excited by prospec.... 506 2017-02-17 Adele's tribute to Beyoncé was a frank admission o.... 507 2017-02-18 Trevor Phillips: 'Political correctness ushered in.... 508 2017-02-19 Women and desire: the six ages of sex 509 2017-02-20 Drop in teenage suicide attempts linked to legalis.... 510 2017-02-20 The left needs to take a leaf out of Jesus' book –.... 511 2017-02-21 Strikes were a part of Women's Day before. With Tr.... 512 2017-02-22 David LaChapelle: can the king of hyper-real photo.... 513 2017-02-22 Trump administration revokes transgender students'.... 514 2017-02-24 Parents of transgender students fear for children'.... 515 2017-02-25 Rachel Dolezal: 'I'm not going to stoop and apolog.... 516 2017-02-26 Alison Goldfrapp: 'Artists are private people, obs.... 517 2017-03-02 Jessa Crispin: the woman at war with lifestyle fem.... 518 2017-03-03 Greyball: how Uber used secret software to dodge t.... 519 2017-03-03 Sydney Mardi Gras guide: how to get the best out o.... 520 2017-03-03 Why Beauty and the Beast isn't the first Disney mo.... 521 2017-03-04 What's next for the women's movement? 522 2017-03-06 'Something's happening ...' How the Women's March .... 523 2017-03-06 Melbourne trials female figures on pedestrian cros.... 524 2017-03-09 Whether trans or cis, let women be what they want .... 525 2017-03-12 Cillian Murphy: 'It is getting absurd with the dum.... 526 2017-03-13 He who must not be named: how Harry Potter helps m.... 527 2017-03-13 Prawn sex … and other future sounds of Russia 528 2017-03-14 Champion runner jailed for attempted murder of UK .... 529 2017-03-14 Ricky Gervais's transgender jokes show we're all i.... 530 2017-03-14 The Handmaiden: the return of erotic cinema 531 2017-03-18 Identity is the issue of our age: so why can't we .... 532 2017-03-20 Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie on transgender row: 'I ha.... 533 2017-03-21 Neil Gorsuch distances himself from mentor who com.... 534 2017-03-24 Refuge and rebellion: how queer artists worked in .... 535 2017-03-27 As Jared Kushner ascends White House ladder, Senat.... 536 2017-03-30 Goldfrapp: Silver Eye review – a decent but unsurp.... 537 2017-03-30 HSBC offers choice of transgender titles for bank'.... 538 2017-04-01 Tate Britain celebrates 50 years of gay freedom 539 2017-04-02 HSBC should forget Mr, Mrs and Mystery. Here's the.... 540 2017-04-03 Dave Chappelle, Ricky Gervais and comedy's 'ironic.... 541 2017-04-05 Death of a She Devil by Fay Weldon review – a reac.... 542 2017-04-05 Gender-diverse students on youth allowance warned .... 543 2017-04-07 Weinstein Company appeals against R-rating for tra.... 544 2017-04-08 Lena Dunham: 'As a woman in Hollywood, you just ca.... 545 2017-04-09 Death of a She Devil by Fay Weldon review – provoc.... 546 2017-04-09 Queer British Art 1861-1967 review: indifferent sh.... 547 2017-04-15 Solve Scotland's deep social ills, don't target Ca.... 548 2017-04-16 Monday's best TV: Broadchurch; Inside the Freemaso.... 549 2017-04-18 NCAA returns March Madness to North Carolina after.... 550 2017-04-18 Opponents of Safe Schools are scared because the w.... 551 2017-04-22 'Why not share the spotlight?' The rise of the pea....

552 2017-04-23 Intersex and proud: model Hanne Gaby Odiele on fin.... 553 2017-04-24 'Getting rid of the beard is a challenge': the sec.... 554 2017-04-25 What does the business world make of Trump 100 day.... 555 2017-04-29 The rugby buddy movie that tackles homophobia with.... 556 2017-05-01 How artificial wombs will change our ideas of gend.... 557 2017-05-02 BBC revives Tomorrow's World name for season of pr.... 558 2017-05-02 Jordan Raskopoulos: 'Makeup is this proto symbol o.... 559 2017-05-02 Outgoing human rights commissioner Gillian Triggs .... 560 2017-05-04 Everything we know about the new season of Twin Pe.... 561 2017-05-05 Dance of death: are the days of the moshpit number.... 562 2017-05-05 Trump's second pick for army secretary drops out o.... 563 2017-05-06 New National Union of Students leader is determine.... 564 2017-05-09 Chelsea Manning envisions life after prison: 'I ca.... 565 2017-05-12 Eurovision! by Chris West review – what a song con.... 566 2017-05-13 Chelsea Manning prepares for freedom: 'I want to b.... 567 2017-05-15 Peaks and troughs: ranking the careers of the retu.... 568 2017-05-17 Sister of the sword: Wu Tsang, the trans artist re.... 569 2017-05-18 Police not to blame for Mayang Prasetyo and Marcus.... 570 2017-05-21 Glad to be gay: leading figures on 50 years of lib.... 571 2017-05-22 Texas to pass bill banning transgender students fr.... 572 2017-05-26 The public flogging of two gay men and what it say.... 573 2017-05-27 'Fiction takes its time': Arundhati Roy on why it .... 574 2017-05-27 Me and my penis: 100 men reveal all 575 2017-05-28 'We want a better future': young first-time voters.... 576 2017-05-30 Theresa May under fire for changing her mind about.... 577 2017-05-31 'This is not OK': Martina Navratilova repeats call.... 578 2017-06-02 Margaret Court: astounding champion who found God .... 579 2017-06-02 The Ministry of Utmost Happiness by Arundhati Roy .... 580 2017-06-04 I'm glad a gay man of colour will be Irish prime m.... 581 2017-06-08 Icelandic band Sigur Rós pledge celebration of equ.... 582 2017-06-11 Can you write your way to happiness? 583 2017-06-11 The Ministry of Utmost Happiness by Arundhati Roy .... 584 2017-06-19 The power of AFL football: Pride game helps foster.... 585 2017-06-19 We are the invisible victims of the DUP's anti-abo.... 586 2017-06-21 Footy Show host Sam Newman criticised for 'reckles.... 587 2017-06-22 ABC comes up short with Catalyst revamp 588 2017-06-24 A clumsy liberal's guide to saying the right thing.... 589 2017-06-25 Life after opioid addiction: three survivors tell .... 590 2017-06-26 Half of trans pupils in the UK 'tried to take thei.... 591 2017-06-26 US travel ban will kick off 'summer of litigation'.... 592 2017-06-28 Arundhati Roy on The Ministry of Utmost Happiness .... 593 2017-06-28 Is the saccharine message of #Loveislove really wh.... 594 2017-06-29 As Facebook blocks the names of trans users and dr.... 595 2017-06-29 Chelsea Manning to show exhibit of self-portraits .... 596 2017-06-30 From Glow to The Handmaid's Tale: the best of July.... 597 2017-06-30 Saturday's best TV: Doctor Who finale; Melvyn Brag.... 598 2017-06-30 Transgender recruitment in US military delayed by .... 599 2017-07-01 'At last I felt I fitted in': writers on the books.... 600 2017-07-03 50 Shades of Gay review – from public toilets to e.... 601 2017-07-07 Finally, a gay Blind Date. What took so long? 602 2017-07-09 Coconut oil: are the health benefits a big fat lie.... 603 2017-07-09 KKK rally over Confederate statue stirs deep-roote.... 604 2017-07-09 Who's afraid of Gloria Allred? Meet America's most.... 605 2017-07-11 'I feel on the verge of extinction': the battle fo.... 606 2017-07-14 'I'm scared. But this work needs to be shown': Zan.... 607 2017-07-14 1972: The Future of Sex and Latitude festival: thi.... 608 2017-07-15 'I was pretending to be a boy for a variety of rea.... 609 2017-07-15 The ultimate hike: three tasters of Canada's Great.... 610 2017-07-18 The next casualty of Betsy DeVos? Civil rights pro.... 611 2017-07-19 Six ways Trump is 'dismantling' the US after six m.... 612 2017-07-23 Government to allow gay men to give blood three mo.... 613 2017-07-25 Daniel Craig, Judi Dench and Idris Elba lead Briti.... 614 2017-07-26 Dream Daddy: how the gay dad dating sim became a h.... 615 2017-07-26 Man Booker prize 2017 longlist led by Arundhati Ro....

616 2017-07-26 Morning mail: Trump's ban on transgender troops 617 2017-07-26 Thursday briefing: House of cards – Britain's brok.... 618 2017-07-26 Trans healthcare costs are actually a tiny proport.... 619 2017-07-26 Trump tweets expulsion of transgender troops 620 2017-07-27 Anthony Scaramucci is vindictive, petty and unprin.... 621 2017-07-27 Friday briefing: Dark side of the Mooch – and Obam.... 622 2017-07-27 Hatred of LGBTQ people still infects society. How .... 623 2017-07-29 'The president is a pyromaniac': the week Trump se.... 624 2017-07-29 Is the American republic built to withstand a male.... 625 2017-07-29 Mixed-sex wards endanger and humiliate women 626 2017-07-29 The Observer view on Donald Trump's unfitness for .... 627 2017-07-29 The Resistance Now: this is the sound of 'repeal a.... 628 2017-07-30 The Handmaid's Tale review – no television event h.... 629 2017-07-30 The Tories are on the right side of the transgende.... 630 2017-07-30 Trump's new chief of staff will establish clear 'p.... 631 2017-07-31 John Oliver: 'No one is better than Trump at claim.... 632 2017-07-31 University sexual assault report released – live 633 2017-08-03 'White queers are really good at erasing us': the .... 634 2017-08-05 'I've got my summer sorted': the holiday plans of .... 635 2017-08-05 Edinburgh fringe fights for right to party amid co.... 636 2017-08-05 Sara Pascoe: LadsLadsLads review – breakup tales f.... 637 2017-08-06 'This is like medicine to him': why Trump still ne.... 638 2017-08-06 Is it time for the media to stop taking politics s.... 639 2017-08-06 Marriage equality: five Liberal MPs back Dean Smit.... 640 2017-08-06 Morning mail: Liberals prepare for marriage equali.... 641 2017-08-06 Transgender 'bathroom bill' leaves Texas Christian.... 642 2017-08-07 Horror remains in alternative vision of Guantánamo.... 643 2017-08-08 The conservatives turning against Donald Trump 644 2017-08-10 Chelsea Manning fronts Vogue magazine's September .... 645 2017-08-10 Golf club diplomacy: Trump thanks Putin for expell.... 646 2017-08-10 Tales of transformation: transgender plays at Edin.... 647 2017-08-10 Wild Bore review – a public humiliation for critic.... 648 2017-08-12 'Increasingly Nazified' white nationalist rally de.... 649 2017-08-13 James Damore, Google, and the YouTube radicalizati.... 650 2017-08-13 Who's Paul Kelly kidding? Churches don't need more.... 651 2017-08-15 An Indiana Jones spoof and the destruction of Palm.... 652 2017-08-15 Charlottesville residents recall horror of car att.... 653 2017-08-15 No, Mr Trump, we're not the same as the neo-Nazis 654 2017-08-18 Saturday's best TV: Inspector Montalbano; Child Ge.... 655 2017-08-20 Edinburgh theatre review: The Divide; Flight; Adam.... 656 2017-08-20 Hate is hate. Online abusers must be dealt with ha.... 657 2017-08-20 The 25 hidden TV gems you need to see 658 2017-08-20 The Once and Future Liberal reviews: identity and .... 659 2017-08-22 What trans soldier Albert Cashier can teach Trump .... 660 2017-08-24 News Corp channel switch leaves ABC scrambling to .... 661 2017-08-24 Turd Reich: San Francisco dog owners lay minefield.... 662 2017-08-25 Controversial Trump adviser Sebastian Gorka out of.... 663 2017-08-26 Tracking Trump: president confuses and confounds i.... 664 2017-08-26 Why Donald Trump pardoned the unpardonable Joe Arp.... 665 2017-08-27 Jim Mattis tells US troops America has 'problems',.... 666 2017-08-27 Police investigate online abuse against charity fo.... 667 2017-08-29 Transgender troops can stay in US military for now.... 668 2017-08-30 'Exorcise the language of domination': how NON Wor.... 669 2017-08-30 Canada introduces gender-neutral 'X' option on pas.... 670 2017-08-30 Liberals can't hope to beat Trump until they truly.... 671 2017-08-31 Can the onslaught of TV reboots and revivals survi.... 672 2017-09-02 From Gravity to Transparent: the best of film and .... 673 2017-09-04 After Harvey, it's clear the secret of Houston's s.... 674 2017-09-04 The future of computing as predicted by nine scien.... 675 2017-09-05 Is it really a win for queer rights if we exclude .... 676 2017-09-06 Same-sex marriage postal survey is lawful, high co.... 677 2017-09-08 Happy birthday to Ally McBeal: a show well ahead o.... 678 2017-09-10 Eddie Izzard: 'Everything I do in life is trying t.... 679 2017-09-11 That could have been me: Benjamin Law on the suici....

680 2017-09-13 Model fired by L'Oreal for racism remarks will be .... 681 2017-09-13 Ofcom criticises UK broadcasters for 'woeful' lack.... 682 2017-09-15 'Transition caused more problems than it solved' 683 2017-09-16 Chelsea Manning's story highlights the key issues .... 684 2017-09-17 I've always been an Arab. It was only when I moved.... 685 2017-09-20 New Zealand election policy by policy: how Nationa.... 686 2017-09-22 Girls are more than their looks. It's up to all of.... 687 2017-09-23 Dave Eggers: 'As the hurricane bore down, Trump tw.... 688 2017-09-23 Moving to a war zone was better than living with w.... 689 2017-09-23 Secrets of the TV writers' room: inside Narcos, Tr.... 690 2017-09-23 Virtual reality is no match for the empathetic gen.... 691 2017-09-24 LCD Soundsystem review – dream band back from the .... 692 2017-09-24 The week in TV: Strike; Electric Dreams; Doc Marti.... 693 2017-09-25 Marriage equality voter turnout may leave campaign.... 694 2017-09-25 Rocks thrown through windows amid spate of homopho.... 695 2017-09-25 Senior member of Germany's far-right AfD to addres.... 696 2017-09-27 'I started dry retching': the compassion of a trau.... 697 2017-09-28 CBSO/Gražinyte-Tyla review – trio of trebles bring.... 698 2017-09-28 Outcry as Azerbaijan police launch crackdown on LG.... 699 2017-09-30 'Family is gross': TV's dysfunctional relationship.... 700 2017-09-30 Colombians in search of beauty risk death from 'co.... 701 2017-10-01 First same-sex couple to marry in Germany celebrat.... 702 2017-10-01 Natalie Dormer: 'The British get very kinky under .... 703 2017-10-04 Nobel peace prize 2017: who are the likely nominee.... 704 2017-10-05 If feminist Linda Bellos is seen as a risk, progre.... 705 2017-10-05 The Death and Life of Marsha P Johnson review – tr.... 706 2017-10-08 'A transition to joy and freedom': trans life in C.... 707 2017-10-08 LGBT people in Egypt targeted in wave of arrests a.... 708 2017-10-08 The trans experience in Colombia: 'This is where w.... 709 2017-10-09 Morning mail: Abbott says climate change is 'absol.... 710 2017-10-09 The Butchering Art: Joseph Lister's Quest to Trans.... 711 2017-10-15 Gay rights activists welcome NHS quizzing of patie.... 712 2017-10-16 Labor rules out extra religious freedoms in same-s.... 713 2017-10-16 Marise Payne defends ADF provision of gender reass.... 714 2017-10-17 As a trans veteran I'm angry at calls to stop fund.... 715 2017-10-17 Tajikistan authorities draw up list of gay and les.... 716 2017-10-19 'All of us will be victims at some point': why Bis.... 717 2017-10-19 Obama delivers veiled but withering rebuke of Trum.... 718 2017-10-19 Male writers still dominate book reviews and criti.... 719 2017-10-24 Don't deny trans people their rights because of ma.... 720 2017-10-26 The war against Pope Francis 721 2017-10-29 Blue Planet II review: the ocean as you've never s.... 722 2017-10-29 More than 150 sign letter denouncing sexual harass.... 723 2017-10-29 When man meets metal: rise of the transhumans 724 2017-11-01 The Silence of the Lambs review – psycho-killer Ha.... 725 2017-11-03 After 42 years of sex discrimination laws, why for.... 726 2017-11-03 Other stories: why now is the time for a new movie.... 727 2017-11-08 Danica Roem: the transgender face of the Democrats.... 728 2017-11-08 Democrats mark anniversary of Trump's election wit.... 729 2017-11-08 What's happened to Trump's popularity since the el.... 730 2017-11-09 'Fever has broken,' says Hillary Clinton, after De.... 731 2017-11-10 Eton College head: our young men need to be more g.... 732 2017-11-11 Democratic victories point to growing anti-Trump c.... 733 2017-11-12 Billie Jean King: 'Be ahead of your time – that's .... 734 2017-11-12 Meet the progressives elected after Trump: America.... 735 2017-11-12 Punk girls: portraits from the underground – in pi.... 736 2017-11-12 The 2022 Gay Games will be a historic moment for L.... 737 2017-11-12 The Florida Project review – thrillingly vibrant 738 2017-11-13 LGBT campaigners welcome Church of England guidanc.... 739 2017-11-14 Australia's same-sex marriage postal survey result.... 740 2017-11-14 I've fallen in love with my country all over again.... 741 2017-11-15 'Allah doesn't care if you are transgender': the I.... 742 2017-11-17 Baillie Gifford winner David France on his Aids me.... 743 2017-11-17 Jeffrey Tambor accused of sexual misconduct on Tra....

744 2017-11-19 Jeffrey Tambor on assault allegations: 'I don't se.... 745 2017-11-19 The week in TV: Howards End; Love, Lies & Reco.... 746 2017-11-22 Mythos review – the Greek myths get the Stephen Fr.... 747 2017-11-25 Best books of 2017 – part one 748 2017-11-25 Transgender rights row intensifies as book fair is.... 749 2017-11-26 Best books of 2017 – part two 750 2017-11-26 Coalition strife laid bare by sobering Queensland .... 751 2017-11-27 What next for the TV shows caught in the post-Wein.... 752 2017-11-29 Australian teenagers with gender dysphoria able to.... 753 2017-11-29 The seven rages of David Mamet: genius or symbol o.... 754 2017-11-30 Roy Moore feuds with Jimmy Kimmel and claims to be.... 755 2017-11-30 Shira A Scheindlin 756 2017-12-02 Stunts! Bumps! Fake Trumps! 25 pop-culture myths t.... 757 2017-12-02 The 11 biggest victories against Trump by the resi.... 758 2017-12-02 The real hate club: we shouldn't scroll back too f.... 759 2017-12-03 The week in TV: The Robot Will See You Now; The Se.... 760 2017-12-04 Our LGBQTI mob are killing themselves. Isn't it ti.... 761 2017-12-04 Would a gay monarch cure the church of its homopho.... 762 2017-12-05 The 50 best TV shows of 2017: No 10 Transparent 763 2017-12-10 EIB accused of marring EU climate goals with €1.5b.... 764 2017-12-10 Susannah Clapp's best theatre of 2017 765 2017-12-11 The prospect of a Roy Moore victory should make yo.... 766 2017-12-12 Italy declares state of emergency after deadly gas.... 767 2017-12-12 The right-wing takeover of the US court system wil.... 768 2017-12-13 The 50 best shows of 2017: No 4 Blue Planet II 769 2017-12-14 Laws for safe use of driverless cars to be ready b.... 770 2017-12-14 Roy Moore issues fiery video refusing to concede: .... 771 2017-12-16 Homelessness: 'People think it can never happen to.... 772 2017-12-18 Apart from a few dark laughs, there's not much joy.... 773 2017-12-18 Reckoning with a culture of male resentment 774 2017-12-18 Transgender inmate complained of bullying by guard.... 775 2017-12-20 Judges to revisit case of transgender Jewish woman.... 776 2017-12-20 Triple M's plan to run 'Ozzest 100' is an embarras.... 777 2017-12-22 A teenager transitions, and tolerance and uncondit.... 778 2017-12-24 Why 2017 was the year of the beauty mogul 779 2017-12-25 How I became Christian again: my long journey to f.... 780 2017-12-26 Student leaders criticise Jo Johnson after threat .... 781 2017-12-27 Marriage equality is a reality – so what's the nex.... 782 2017-12-28 Ashes 2017-18: Australia v England fourth Test, da.... 783 2017-12-28 From Alden Ehrenreich to Zazie Beetz: the 40 risin.... 784 2017-12-29 The history of 2017 in seven charts 785 2017-12-30 2017 Eyewitness: our summary of the defining image.... 786 2017-12-30 The AZ of 2018: from A-listers on the small screen....