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On the Therapeutic Applications of Music in Persian Medicine Narjes Gorji, Reihaneh Moeini*, Seyyed Ali Mozaffarpur

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On the Therapeutic Applications of Music in Persian Medicine Narjes Gorji, Reihaneh Moeini*, Seyyed Ali Mozaffarpur Traditional & Integrative Medicine TRADITIONAL AND INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE Trad Integr Med, Volume 6, Issue 1, Winter 2021 Review On the Therapeutic Applications of Music in Persian Medicine Narjes Gorji, Reihaneh Moeini*, Seyyed Ali Mozaffarpur Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran Received: 15 Nov 2020 Revised: 4 Feb 2021 Accepted: 9 Feb 2021 Abstract Music history is as old as human history and it has been used as a way to reduce human suffering. Persian Medicine (PM) scholars as one of the oldest traditional medicines applied music for health and disease management. This study aims to introduce some of the views and recommendations of PM sages about importance and application of music in disease improvement. Definition and applications of music were collected from main PM medical text books and then databases including Science direct, PubMed, Scopus and Google scholar were searched to evaluation the efficacy of PM recommendations in conventional medicine from 1980-Jan-1 to 2020-Nov-1. PM used music and melody with several instruments to calm and soothe mind and body. Great PM scientists like Rhazes (10th), Farabi (10th) and Qutb o Din (14th), were dominant figures in terms of musical knowledge. They used music for treatment of several conditions including nervous system diseases (headache and epilepsy), sleep disorders, heart weakness and palpitation, digestive system disorders (gastrointestinal ulcer and appetite), sexual dys- function, and also for pain management. Nowadays, some of their suggested applications are examined in research studies and are used in academic healthcare environments against several diseases. Accord- ing to PM, to achieve the maximum impact of music effects in mind and body, several points should be considered including coordination of rhythm and melody with physical and mental characteristics and temperaments (Mizaj) of the listener and his/her illness. The duration of listening to the music can also be important. Attention to these points in today’s research may lead to interesting results. Keywords: Music therapy; Persian medicine; Traditional medicine; Avicenna Introduction improvement is not related only to current Nowadays music therapy as a complementary century. therapy has an acceptable situation and in last History of music indeed is as old as human history decades many studies have been done about and the nature seems to be the first music teacher efficacy of music in disease improvement [1- of the humankind [5]. The first systematic music 4]. But attention to music in health and disease instrument dates back to 45,000 years ago. It is Citation: Gorji N, Moeini R, Mozaffarpur SA. On the Therapeutic Applications of Music in Persian Medicine. Trad Integr Med 2021; 6(1): 41-54. *Corresponding Author: Reihaneh Moeini Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran Email: [email protected] Copyright © 2021 Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Published by Tehran University of Medical Sciences. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (https://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). Noncommercial uses of the work are permitted, provided the original work is properly cited. Traditional & Integrative Medicine 2021, Vol. 6, No. 1 41 http://jtim.tums.ac.ir Music in Persian medicine N. Gorji et al. not easy to judge how and when humans started applications of music therapy from main PM using music as a therapy, but it seems that even books was extracted and finally in the third in the far past, when treatment was associated phase searching on new data was performed to with mysterious concepts, the use of music was find new evidences for those applications. flourishing with the same purpose i.e. facilitating Applications and specific considerations of medical treatment [5,6]. Based on Egyptian music were collected by searching specific key papyrus records, music-healers who were both words including "music (Musiqi)" and sound priests and therapists used music to impress the or voice (lahn) in eight main medical text soul according to their religious beliefs about books of PM (Hedayat Almoteallemin Fi Teb illness [6]. by Al-Akhvini Al-Bokhari (8th century AD) Moreover, one of the most influential medical [9], Masaleh al- abdan wa al- anfos by Balkhi schools and a source of knowledge to modern (9th century AD) [10], Al-Havi by Rhazes (10th medicine is Persian medicine (PM), which grew century AD) [11], Al-Qanun Fi Al-Tib by in the Iranian plateau (600 A.D.) [7]. Nonetheless, Avicenna (11th century AD) [12], Zakhireh many of PM books and references concerning Kharazmshahi by Jorjani (12th century AD) music and its effects on diseases, particularly [13], Kholasat Al-tajarob by Razes (16th century mental disorders, were not translated into Latin AD) [14], Kholasat Al-hekma by Khorasani from Arabic, the scientific language of that time (18-19th century AD) [15] and Exir-e-Azam in Islamic countries. There are reasons for that by Azam Khan (19th century AD) [16]) and a major one of which is the complexity of main key sentences and concepts were defined and concepts used in the expression of melodies and coded. Moreover, using Noor software, these rhythms (magham) in this kind of music [8]. words were searched in other references as While the literatures on the history of music well. Then by constant comparison of data and effects on diseases are not scant, based on our codes, significant phrases about application of best knowledge, no complete study has published music in health maintenance and treatment were attempting to focus specifically on opinions of identified and registered thoroughly. Persian scholars about this topic. Therefore, this PubMed, Science direct, Scopus, Google study aims to introduce the history of music in scholar and Web of science were searched for PM, famous scholars and their viewpoints and all applications that were collected from above recommendations about application of music in PM physician's references such as "Music management of diseases. therapy" and related words from 1980-Jan-1 to 2020-Nov-1. Methods Inclusion criteria were any systematic review Our study has three main phases. Firstly, short and meta-analysis study, clinical or animal review about history of music therapy in Persian evidence of the efficacy of PM recommendations medicine was presented. In second phase the in English. 42 Traditional & Integrative Medicine 2021, Vol. 6, No. 1 http://jtim.tums.ac.ir Music in Persian medicine N. Gorji et al. Findings therapy (Fig1) [13,16,19,20]. Persian medicine (PM) Reference to music and its therapeutic effects PM, also known as the Iranian traditional are available in many medical books and medicine (ITM), is the sum of all the knowledge treatises [13,20,21] used in diagnosis, prevention and elimination Some PM sages believed that the knowledge of of diseases in Persia from ancient times to the the basics of music was a complete necessity present which has been shaped on experience for physicians, while others did not agree with and analogy [17]. PM roots back to before 8000 this idea maintaining that mere understanding years B.C. and it is a branch of the so-called of what is suitable music for every patient Greco-Arabic medicine, or maybe the root of sufficient for the therapist [22]. In this line, that, as quoted by Cyril Elgood [7]. many of PM physicians were also musician. PM scholars’ attention to music is so substantial Music therapy in Persia and the pioneers that music was not only used in treatment, but Persia has been one of the few areas, which also considered essential in maintaining health has persistently maintained its identity and of physique and soul [10]. individuality throughout history, a fact that is “In the tangible pleasures, nothing can enter reflected in its classical music. Archaeological wisdom to the same extent as music which is the evidence reveals that musical instruments were greatest gratification” [10]. used in Persia during the Elamite era around In this point of view, each mode or "Magham" 800 BC [18]. of music is a concept of melody that determines However, little data were found about Persian tonal relations and an overall indication of music in the ancient world, especially concerning the melodic patterns [23]. Each Magham is the music of the Achaemenid Empire. As associated with a specific part of body, affecting it is stated, many important documents of it more than other parts. Some Maghams of knowledge from the large territory of Persia, Persian music include Nava, Isfahan, Oshagh, including knowledge of medicine and music, Hoseini and Zangule [20]. may be destroyed in great attacks in different Rhazes (854-925 AD) is one of the greatest historical periods [18]. scientists in the world who has been working on Evidence from the post-Islamic period is music effects in disease management. He built much higher; from many books that have one of the biggest hospitals in Baghdad, one survived after Islam, we understand Persian section of which was devoted to mental patients. physicians used music and melody with several He used music for treatment of his patients. He instruments to calm and soothe mind and body was oud player and wrote a treatise about music besides the different types of treatments such entitled “fil Jomale al-Musiqi” before the age of as phytotherapy, aromatherapy (utilization of 30 [24-28]. essential oils from herbs), and touch-massage Abu Nasr al-Farabi (872–950 AD), known as Traditional & Integrative Medicine 2021, Vol. 6, No. 1 43 http://jtim.tums.ac.ir Music in Persian medicine N. Gorji et al. Alpharabius, is very prominent in the science of Indication of music therapy in PM music therapy. He explained theories, methods Pediatric advice to apply, and purpose of music as well as a Persian scholars explained interesting points variety of rhythms and melodies in his books to be followed by parents during first days such as “Ehsa’al’ Ulum” and “Musiqi Kabir” and months of child’s birth.
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