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Field Guide – Common Trees and Shrubs of Georgia
Introduction Up to 400 species of trees and shrubs grow in Georgian for- ests. This Field Guide contains information about 100 species of trees and shrubs from 38 plant families. The abundance of relict and endemic timber species (61 species endemic to Geor- gia and 43 species endemic to the Caucasus) indicates the high biodiversity of Georgian forests. Georgian forests provide habitats and migration corridors to a range of wild fauna, and play an important role in the conserva- tion of the genetic diversity of animal species in the region. In conditions of complex and deeply dissected relief, characteristic to Georgia, forests are especially important due to their climate regulation, water regulation and soil protection functions. Forests also ensure the continuous delivery of vital benefits and resources to the population, and facilitate the development of a range of industries. Introduction In this Field Guide each plant family is displayed in a different color. The Field Guide contains an alphabetical index of species, as well as the names of species in Latin and English, as estab- lished by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. The Field Guide also contains a brief description of the taxo- nomic characteristics, range and protection status of each spe- cies. Alphabetical Index Name in English Name in Latin # Alpine Currant Ribes alpinum 59 Bay Laurel Laurus nobilis 62 Begonia-Leafed Lime Tilia Begoniifolia 92 Bitchvinta Pine Pinus pithyusa 6 Black Alder Alnus barbata 28 Black Elder Sambucus nigra 31 Black Poplar Populus -
Central European Vegetation
Plant Formations in the Central European BioProvince Peter Martin Rhind Central European Beech Woodlands Beech (Fagus sylvatica) woods form the natural climax over much of Central Europe where the soils are relatively dry and can extend well into the uplands in the more southern zones. In the north, however, around Sweden it is confined to the lowlands. Beech woodlands are often open with a poorly developed shrub layer, Characteristic ground layer species may include various helleborines such as Cephalanthera damasonium, C. longifolia and C. rubra and sedges such as Carex alba, whilst in others, grasses like Sesleria caerlea or Melica uniflora may predominate, but in some of the more acidic examples, Luzula luzuloides is likely to dominate. There are also a number of endemic ground layer species. For example, in Carpathian beech woods endemics such as Dentaria glandulosa (Brassicaceae), Symphytum cordata (Boraginaceae) and the fern Polystichum braunii (Dryopteridaceae) may be encountered. Fine examples of primeaval beech woods can be found in the limestone Alps of lower Austria including the famous ‘Rothwald’ on the southeastern slopes of Dürrentein near Lunz. These range in altitude from about 940-1480 m. Here the canopy is dominated by Fagus sylvatica together with Acer pseudoplatanus, Picea abies, Ulmus glabra, and on the more acidic soils by Abies alba. Typical shrubs include Daphne mezereum, Lonicera alpigena and Rubus hirtus. At ground level the herb layer is very rich supporting possibly up to a 100 species of vascular plants. Examples include Adenostyles alliariae, Asplenium viridis, Campanula scheuchzeri, Cardamine trifolia, Cicerbita alpina, Denteria enneaphyllos, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Galium austriacum, Homogyne alpina, Lycopodium annotinum, Mycelis muralis, Paris quadrifolia, Phyteuma spicata, Prenanthes purpurea, Senecio fuchsii, Valeriana tripteris, Veratrum album and the central European endemic Helliborus niger (Ranunculaceae). -
The Aromatic-Medicinal Plant Taxa of Pure Scots Pine Stands in Sürmene - Camburnu (Trabzon)
Int. J. Sec. Metabolite, Vol. 4: 3 (2017) pp. 517-529 Special Issue 2: Research Article ISSN: 2148-6905 online Journal homepage: http://www.ijate.net/index.php/ijsm The Aromatic-Medicinal Plant Taxa of pure Scots pine stands in Sürmene - Camburnu (Trabzon) Arzu ERGÜL BOZKURT *1, Salih TERZİOĞLU2 1Artvin Çoruh University, Faculty of Forestry, Artvin, Turkey 2Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Forestry, Trabzon, Turkey Received: 04 May 2017 – Revised: 21 September 2017 - Accepted: 03 November 2017 Abstract: Forests not only produce wood raw material ecosystems, but also that have rich medicinal and aromatic plants. In addition to this situation, forests have been produced many goods and services. Regulation of protection- utilization balance with wood and non-wood herbal products is very important to these ecosystems. In order to ensure sustainable utilization of forest ecosystems, first of all, it is necessary to identify the natural resource components in these ecosystems. In this study, medicinal-aromatic plants of natural Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands, which are a sensitive ecosystem, were investigated in 2013-2014. Pinus sylvestris has special ecological conditions in Sürmene-Çamburnu (Trabzon) region because in this region Pinus sylvestris is descending down to the beach. In the study, 81 (77%) out of 105 vascular plant taxa were found to have medicinal-aromatic potential. The parts of the identified plant taxa used for different medical and aromatic purposes are explained in detail. In addition, recommendations were made about regulation of utilization in sensitive ecosystems. Keywords: Pinewood, medicinal-aromatic plant, flora 1. INTRODUCTION Forests are the ecosystems that produce not only wood raw material but as well non-wood forest products. -
Fruit Trees, Nut Trees, Plants, Seeds, Books & Sundries
Agroforestry Research Trust Fruit trees, nut trees, plants, seeds, books & sundries www.agroforestry.co.uk Agroforestry: what is it? The simplest definition of agroforestry is that it is the integration of trees and agriculture/horticulture to create a more diverse growing system. In agroforestry the aim is to promote more use of perennial crops, notably tree and shrub crops, because they are more resilient, more sustainable and ecologically sound. Agroforestry systems can vary in complexity from the very simple, eg occasional trees planted in pastures to provide shade, emergency forage and nitrogen (via nitrogen- fixing bacteria), to the more complex systems like forest gardens, which may utilise hundreds of species to create a self-sustaining and interconnected system. The Agroforestry Research Trust The Trust is a registered charity, set up to educate and research into perennial crops and agroforestry. We have 20 acres of trial grounds in Devon including forest gardens and other systems. There are public guided tours through the growing season of our sites (see website at https://www.agroforestry.co.uk/research-site-tours/ for info and dates). We also run courses and seminars in forest gardening, growing nut crops and the forest garden greenhouse (with subtropical forest garden) in Devon. Dates and more info on website at https://www.agroforestry.co.uk/product-category/courses/. The Forest Garden Network This is an informal network of people planning or already cultivating their own forest gardens or agroforestry systems on farms, with the aim to facilitate visits to each other’s sites – one of the best ways to improve our knowledge about temperate agroforestry. -
Red List of Vascular Plants of the Czech Republic: 3Rd Edition
Preslia 84: 631–645, 2012 631 Red List of vascular plants of the Czech Republic: 3rd edition Červený seznam cévnatých rostlin České republiky: třetí vydání Dedicated to the centenary of the Czech Botanical Society (1912–2012) VítGrulich Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic, e-mail: [email protected] Grulich V. (2012): Red List of vascular plants of the Czech Republic: 3rd edition. – Preslia 84: 631–645. The knowledge of the flora of the Czech Republic has substantially improved since the second ver- sion of the national Red List was published, mainly due to large-scale field recording during the last decade and the resulting large national databases. In this paper, an updated Red List is presented and compared with the previous editions of 1979 and 2000. The complete updated Red List consists of 1720 taxa (listed in Electronic Appendix 1), accounting for more then a half (59.2%) of the native flora of the Czech Republic. Of the Red-Listed taxa, 156 (9.1% of the total number on the list) are in the A categories, which include taxa that have vanished from the flora or are not known to occur at present, 471 (27.4%) are classified as critically threatened, 357 (20.8%) as threatened and 356 (20.7%) as endangered. From 1979 to 2000 to 2012, there has been an increase in the total number of taxa included in the Red List (from 1190 to 1627 to 1720) and in most categories, mainly for the following reasons: (i) The continuing human pressure on many natural and semi-natural habitats is reflected in the increased vulnerability or level of threat to many vascular plants; some vulnerable species therefore became endangered, those endangered critically threatened, while species until recently not classified may be included in the Red List as vulnerable or even endangered. -
Seed Propagation of Mediterranean Trees and Shrubs SEED PROPAGATION of MEDITERRANEAN TREES and SHRUBS
APAT Agency for the protection of the environment and for technical services Seed propagation of mediterranean trees and shrubs SEED PROPAGATION OF MEDITERRANEAN TREES AND SHRUBS Legal Information The Agency for the protection of the environment and for technical services nor any person or company acting on the behalf of the Agency is responsible for the use that may be made of the information contained in this report. APAT - Agency for the protection of the environment and for technical services Via Vitaliano Brancati, 48 - 00144 Roma - Italy A great deal of information is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Italian server (www.apat.it) © APAT ISBN 88-448-0081-0 May be reproduced citing the source Graphic Layout Layout: Franco Iozzoli, APAT Cover: Paolo Orlandi, APAT Printing Co-ordination APAT Printed in Italy by I.G.E.R. srl - Viale C. T. Odescalchi, 67/A - 00147 Roma Printed on ecological paper Printing completed in April 2003 AUTORI The present publication is the translation of Chapter 12 of the ANPA Handbook ‘Propagation of Mediterranean trees and shrubs from seed’ (Propagazione per seme di alberi e arbusti della flora mediterranea). Beti Piotto and Anna Di Noi Editors, 2001 CONTENTS Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1 PREFACE 3 G. Cesari INTRODUCTION 5 B. Piotto 1. WHY PROPAGATE TREES AND SHRUBS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN FLORA FROM SEED B. Piotto, A. Di Noi 7 2. TREES AND SHRUBS WITHIN THE MEDITERRANEAN ENVIRONMENT: SUBDIVISION ACCORDING TO MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND TO TEMPERATURE ZONES B. Piotto, A. Di Noi 9 2.1. Subdivision according to morphological characteristics 9 2.2. -
2016 COURS N°10 MYRTALES, Mélastomatacées, Pénéacées
COURS N°10 MERCREDI LE 11 JANVIER 2017 Descriptions de plantes ! ! ! 1 plante sous-ligneuse, la tige présente un épiderme transparent sous lequel on trouve un parenchyme cortical vert. Il y a une moelle, un anneau de bois dur. Le rameau est vert avec des stries rougeâtres. Les feuilles sont composées, opposées, décussées, imparipennées, avec 9 folioles (du moins pour les euphylles). Les folioles sont opposées, simples, entières, dentées sur le bord, la nervation est pennée, bien visible. Il y a de petites dents sur la nervure centrale, presque noires. A l’aisselle des feuilles partent de nouveaux rameaux. L’inflorescence est une cyme de capitules (les plus vieilles fleurs sont au centre), cymes bipares. Les capitules : bractées vertes, bien serrées les unes contre les autres se terminant en pointe. Les bractées sont sur plusieurs rangs, plus courtes et plus longues. Les fleurs périphériques sont ligulées, jaunes. Il y a un stigmate, ce sont des fleurs femelles. Au centre, les fleurs sont tubulées, avec un stigmate bifide, 5 pétales soudés en un tube, un ovaire infère. Au sommet de cet ovaire se trouve quelques poils (pappus) qui correspondent aux sépales. C’est une Astéracée à feuilles opposées (ce qui est rare en Europe). Les Astéracées européennes sont à feuilles alternes sauf Arnica. C’est Tagetes lemmonii. Originaire du sud de la Californie et du Nord ouest du Mexique. Stinkerde Hoffart, cultivé à titre ornemental. ! ! ! 2 tronçon d’une plante à tige rigide. Cette tige, un chaume, avait 6 m de haut. Il y a des nœuds et des entrenœuds. Les entrenœuds sont creux, les nœuds présentent une cloison. -
Agroforestry Research Trust
Agroforestry Research Trust Fruit trees, nut trees, plants, seeds, books & sundries August 2010-July 2011 Agroforestry: what is it? The simplest definition of agroforestry is that it is the integration of trees and agriculture/horticulture to create a more diverse growing system. In agroforestry the aim is to promote more use of perennial crops, notably tree and shrub crops, for several reasons: Perennial crops are more resilient to the vagaries of the climate and more reliable in cropping than annually-cultivated crops. This may become increasingly important as climate change occurs: the latest indications are that the warming of the earth is occuring faster than anticipated and over the next 50 years, between 2° and 5 C rise in Britain looks likely. This will mean increasingly frequent droughts in summer, thus threatening many annual agricultural crops. Modern agriculture is inefficient in energy terms, whereas agroforestry relies on perennial crops which need less labour and require less energy input to maintain than annual crops. Perennial crops are much more sustainable in the long term, especially where they are planted in diverse mixtures which are planned to perform well together. Perennial crops have other important benefits, some of which are less easy to quantify. Trees and forests are essential facets of life on earth and help control and regulate wind, moisture, rainfall, temperature and so on. They are also linked with cultural and spiritual values. Agroforestry systems can vary in complexity from the very simple, eg occasional trees planted in pastures to provide shade, emergency forage and nitrogen (via nitrogen-fixing bacteria), to the more complex systems like forest gardens, which may utilise hundreds of species to create a self-sustaining and interconnected system. -
Transactions / Lincolnshire Naturalists' Union
LINCOLNSHIRE NATURALISTS' UNION TRANSACTIONS, 7909-1911 "V^OIjTJlivdlB T-WO. EDITED BY ARTHUR SMITH, F.L.S., F.E.S., and R. W. GOULDING. A CHECK-LIST OF LINCOLNSHIRE PLANTS. Revd. E. Adrian Woodruffe-Peacock, f.l.s., f.g.s. EXPLANATION OF SIGNS. Natural history divisions i to 12 are in 54 N. Lines., plus sign before divisions 13 to 18 in 53 S. Lines. The ( + ) division numbers signifies that the species has been recorded for all those divisions. The other form ( + all) that the plant has been found in every division of the county. The minus ( — ) sign before division numbers imphes that the species has been recorded for all the divisions except those indicated. The sign of multiplication (x) shows a hybrid. The equal ( = ) sign implies that the plant's record of frequency will be found under its second name in this list. A division number in parenthesis (12) implies that I have every reason to believe the plant is now extinct in its recorded locality for this division, but there is no doubt it was once there— (see Equisetiim hyemale, L.). An asterisk * after division number or numbers means I have seen no Lincolnshire specimens, and do not know of one; where there is no doubt about the authority for such records I say so. The information in this list is up to the date of Foreword. THE FLORAL LIST. ACER CAMPESTRE, L. 1851. Watson. —17. ACER PSEUDO-PLATANUS, L. 1S20, Thompson. +all. [ACERAS ANTHROPOPHORA, Br. 1843. Mistake.] ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM, L. 1820, Thompson. +all. ACHILLEA PTARMICA, L 1820, Ward. -
On the Relationship Between Pollen Size and Genome Size
Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Botany Volume 2010, Article ID 612017, 7 pages doi:10.1155/2010/612017 Research Article On the Relationship between Pollen Size and Genome Size Charles A. Knight,1 Rachel B. Clancy,1 Lars Gotzenberger,¨ 2 Leighton Dann,3 and Jeremy M. Beaulieu4 1 Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA 2 Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia 3 Robinson College, Cambridge, CB3 9AN, UK 4 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Charles A. Knight, [email protected] Received 22 December 2009; Accepted 2 April 2010 Academic Editor: Ilia Judith Leitch Copyright © 2010 Charles A. Knight et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Here we test whether genome size is a predictor of pollen size. If it were, inferences of ancient genome size would be possible using the abundant paleo-palynolgical record. We performed regression analyses across 464 species of pollen width and genome size. We found a significant positive trend. However, regression analysis using phylogentically independent contrasts did not support the correlated evolution of these traits. Instead, a large split between angiosperms and gymnosperms for both pollen width and genome size was revealed. Sister taxa were not more likely to show a positive contrast when compared to deeper nodes. However, significantly more congeneric species had a positive trend than expected by chance. -
Reproductive Characteristics As Drivers of Alien Plant Naturalization and Invasion
Reproductive characteristics as drivers of alien plant naturalization and invasion Dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences presented by Mialy Harindra Razanajatovo at the Faculty of Sciences Department of Biology Date of the oral examination: 12 February 2016 First referee: Prof. Dr. Mark van Kleunen Second referee: Prof. Dr. Markus Fischer Konstanzer Online-Publikations-System (KOPS) URL: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-0-324483 Summary Due to human activity and global movements, many plant species have been introduced to non-native regions where they experience novel abiotic and biotic conditions. Some of these alien species manage to establish reproducing naturalized populations, and some naturalized alien species subsequently become invasive. Invasion by alien plant species can negatively affect native communities and ecosystems, but what gives the alien species an advantage under novel conditions is still not clear. Therefore, identifying the drivers of invasions has become a major goal in invasion ecology. Reproduction is crucial in plant invasions, because propagule supply is required for founding new populations, population maintenance and spread in non-native regions. Baker’s Law, referring to the superior advantage of species capable of uniparental reproduction in establishing after long distance dispersal, has received major interest in explaining plant invasions. However, previous findings regarding Baker’s Law are contradicting. Moreover, there has been an increasing interest in understanding the integration of alien plant species into native plant-pollinator networks but few studies have looked at the pollination ecology of successful (naturalized and invasive) and unsuccessful (non-naturalized and non-invasive) alien plant species. -
Flora of Çaltepe and Çeletepe (Bolu)
Available online: January 13, 2020 Commun.Fac.Sci.Univ.Ank.Series C Volume 29, Number 1, Pages 1-49 (2020) ISSN 1303-6025 E-ISSN 2651-3749 https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/communc/issue/51836/619430 FLORA OF ÇALTEPE AND ÇELETEPE (BOLU) AYDIN ÇELİK, İSMAİL EKER ABSTRACT. This study was carried out to reveal the vascular plant diversity of Çaltepe and Çeletepe. During 2015−2018, 2340 plant specimens were collected from the research area and 363 genera and 767 taxa belonging to 81 families were determined. Of all the collected taxa, 66 are endemic and endemism rate is %8.60. The IUCN threat categories of endemic and rare plants at global level are as follows: 1 taxon in “CR” category, as well as 4 taxa “EN”, 4 taxa “VU”, 9 taxa “NT”, and 45 taxa “LC”. Also, 3 rare taxa are found in the “VU” category, as well as 1 rare taxon in the “DD” category at regional level. 56 taxa are new records for the province of Bolu. The largest families in the study area are as follows: Asteraceae 97 taxa (%12.65), Fabaceae 62 taxa (%8.08), Lamiaceae 51 taxa (%6.65), Rosaceae 44 taxa (%5.74), Poaceae 37 taxa (%4.82), Brassicaceae 35 taxa (%4.56), Caryophyllaceae 32 taxa (%4.17), Apiaceae 28 taxa (%3.65), Boraginaceae 27 taxa (%3.52) and Orchidaceae 24 taxa (%3.13). The distribution of taxa into phytogeographic regions are as follows: 234 taxa (%30.50) Euro-Siberian, 64 taxa (%8.34) Mediterranean, 46 taxa (%5.99) Irano-Turanian, and 423 taxa (%55.15) multiregional and/or unknown.