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2016 COURS N°10 MYRTALES, Mélastomatacées, Pénéacées

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2016 COURS N°10 MYRTALES, Mélastomatacées, Pénéacées COURS N°10 MERCREDI LE 11 JANVIER 2017 Descriptions de plantes ! ! ! 1 plante sous-ligneuse, la tige présente un épiderme transparent sous lequel on trouve un parenchyme cortical vert. Il y a une moelle, un anneau de bois dur. Le rameau est vert avec des stries rougeâtres. Les feuilles sont composées, opposées, décussées, imparipennées, avec 9 folioles (du moins pour les euphylles). Les folioles sont opposées, simples, entières, dentées sur le bord, la nervation est pennée, bien visible. Il y a de petites dents sur la nervure centrale, presque noires. A l’aisselle des feuilles partent de nouveaux rameaux. L’inflorescence est une cyme de capitules (les plus vieilles fleurs sont au centre), cymes bipares. Les capitules : bractées vertes, bien serrées les unes contre les autres se terminant en pointe. Les bractées sont sur plusieurs rangs, plus courtes et plus longues. Les fleurs périphériques sont ligulées, jaunes. Il y a un stigmate, ce sont des fleurs femelles. Au centre, les fleurs sont tubulées, avec un stigmate bifide, 5 pétales soudés en un tube, un ovaire infère. Au sommet de cet ovaire se trouve quelques poils (pappus) qui correspondent aux sépales. C’est une Astéracée à feuilles opposées (ce qui est rare en Europe). Les Astéracées européennes sont à feuilles alternes sauf Arnica. C’est Tagetes lemmonii. Originaire du sud de la Californie et du Nord ouest du Mexique. Stinkerde Hoffart, cultivé à titre ornemental. ! ! ! 2 tronçon d’une plante à tige rigide. Cette tige, un chaume, avait 6 m de haut. Il y a des nœuds et des entrenœuds. Les entrenœuds sont creux, les nœuds présentent une cloison. Même structure qu’un chaume de blé. Il n’y a pas de bois. A la base, la section du chaume est ronde, puis il présente un méplat au niveau des rameaux latéraux. Au niveau des nœuds, il y a 2 rameaux, un gros et un moins gros. Les rameaux sont distiques. Les gros rameaux sont très longs. Ces rameaux sont identiques au chaume principal mais plus petits. A l’extrémité de chaque rameau il y a 2 feuilles. Les feuilles sont simples, entières, acuminées, lancéolées, pétiolées, les nervures sont parallèles. Un bord de la feuille est denté, l’autre un peu moins. Entre la gaine et le limbe, il y a un pétiole (caractéristique de la sous-famille des Bambusoïdées). Les autres Poacées n’ont pas de pétiole. Phyllostachys nigra (à chaque nœud 2 rameaux, 1 plus grand que l’autre et un méplat), de la famille des Poacées, sous-famille des Bambusoïdées. Originaire de Chine. Le tissu dur du chaume est composé d’un anneau de sclérenchyme qui contient des faisceaux libéro-ligneux. ! ! ! 3 rameau ligneux prélevé sur un arbuste de 3 à 4 m de haut. Ecorce brune, anthocyane au soleil, lenticelles, moelle brune. Les feuilles sont alternes, un pas de 2/5ième. Elles sont simples, entières, persistantes, coriaces, discolores, plus claires en dessous, la nervation est pennée. La feuille est un peu gaufrée, le bord est lisse. Les feuilles ne vivent pas longtemps (un peu plus qu’un an). A l’aisselle des feuilles, il y a des infrutescences qui sont des cymes. Le fruit est une baie rouge avec une seule graine. Les fleurs avaient 5 sépales, 5 pétales, n étamines, un ovaire infère, 5 carpelles. Cotonoeaster salicifolia de la famille des Rosacées, sous-famille des Pomoïdées. Originaire de Chine. Le mot cotoneaster veut dire cognassier sauvage, aster désignant une plante sauvage. Ordre des Myrtales Famille des Mélastomacées ou Mélastomatacées Melastoma veut dire bouche noire, du au fait que les baies noircissent la bouche. Ce sont des plantes ornementales. 4000 espèces, plus de 150 genres, tous tropicaux, et " Américains. Les feuilles sont opposées, de forme originale et caractéristiques. ! Tococa sp. Elles présentent une nervure principale et une de part et d’autre (3 en tout) et une nervation réticulée au bord de la feuille. Elles sont souvent poilues. Elles sont grandes et les étamines sont poricides (s’ouvrent par un trou) et de forme invraisemblable. Le fruit est une capsule ou une baie. Ce sont des plantes qui accumulent l’aluminium. Genre Melastoma 40 espèces originaires d’Asie tropicale. Baie comestible. ! Melastoma malabathricum Genre Tibouchina 200 espèces, la plupart au Brésil. ! Tibouchina grandifolia Le nom est unresolved selon The Plant List. Peut être Tibouchina heteromalla qui serait synonyme de Tibouchina grandiflora (qui n’existe pas selon Plant List). Ce n’est pas la plus grande fleur. ! ! Tibouchina granulosa ! Tibouchina semidecandra Originaire du Brésil, photographié à l’île de la Réunion. 10 demi étamines. ! Tibouchina urvilleana Brésil. ! Tibouchina viminea Unresolved selon Plant List. Genre Medinilla 125 espèces autour de l’Océan Indien. ! ! ! ! Medinilla magnifica Philippines. Une anthère développée est bleue et se termine par un pore, l’autre anthère est avortée. Aime le chaud et l’humidité. ! Medinilla superba Photographié à Madère. Genre Dissotis 60 espèces en Afrique. The genus name is based on the Greek word dissos, which means 'twofold'.[3] This refers to the two types of anthers that is a characteristic of this genus. ! Dissotis canescens ! Dissotis rotundifolia Famille des Pénéacées 5 genres, 25 espèces, endémiques de la province du Cap. En latin Penaeaceae Genre Sonderothamnus ! Sonderothamnus petraeus Ordre des Crossosomatales On y a rajouté 2 familles, Famille des Stachyuracées 6 espèces de l’Himalaya et de la Chine du Nord. Genre Stachyurus ! Stachyurus chinensis Famille des Staphyléacées Jadis classée près des marronniers et des érables. 5 genres et 30 espèces. Genre Staphylea Staphylea pinnata Arbuste à feuilles pennées et grappes de fleurs blanches, 10 étamines, 3 carpelles, fruit en outre. Arbuste rare à cause du surbroutage. ! ! Staphylea x elegans Hybride entre Staphylea pinnata et Staphylea colchica. C’est un hybride fertile. Ordre des Picramniales Ordre des Huertéales Ordre des Brassicales Famille des Brassicacées=Crucifères 3000 espèces, 390 genres, poussant dans les régions tempérées nord. Pas sous les tropiques et pas dans les régions tempérées sud. En France 48 genres et 200 espèces, en Alsace 42 genres et 80 espèces. Ce sont des herbacées, des sous-ligneuses. Prenons l’exemple du brocoli, la base est assez grosse. Il y a d’abord un épiderme transparent couvert d’une cuticule de cire. Puis un parenchyme cortical tendre et comestible, puis un anneau de bois et au milieu une moelle tendre et comestible (ceci pour expliquer le sous- ligneux). Les inflorescences sont des grappes et les fleurs sont très homogènes dans toute la famille : 4 sépales libres, 4 pétales libres avec un onglet et un limbe, 6 étamines, le fruit est une silique (si elle est + longue que large) ou une silicule (si elle est plus large que longue). Rien à voir avec la taille, même si une silicule est une petite silique, c’est la forme qui compte. Le fruit est sec et déhiscent, c’est une capsule bizarre. ! La coupe transversale montre 2 loges et une placentation pariétale. La placentation devrait être axile. Il y a une fausse cloison. ! 2 carpelles, un à droite et un à gauche (2 stigmates mais un en haut et l’autre en bas). Donc on ne peut pas dire 2 stigmates (stigmate de traviole). L’interprétation : pourquoi silique et pas capsule ? En réalité on pense qu’il y a 4 carpelles et 4 stigmates (2 carpelles stériles et pas de stigmate et 2 carpelles fertiles qui portent les stigmates). Une autre caractéristique des Brassicacées est leur goût piquant. 2 substances se trouvent dans des cellules différentes. Une enzyme, la myrosinase qui hydrolyse la myrosine (maintenant on l’appelle glucosinolate) dont l’hydrolyse donne des isothiocyanates (huile de moutarde). Les plantes appartenant à la famille des Brassicaceae (choux, navet, colza,moutarde, raifort, cresson...) contiennent des glucosinolates qui, sous l’action d’une enzyme endogène (la myrosinase), sont transformés enisothiocyanates, composés soufrés qui ont une saveur plus ou moins âcre et donnent leur goût particulier à leurs préparations culinaires. C’est un avantage pour la plante car ces substances écœurent les herbivores, tuent les nématodes, les champignons et les bactéries sont incommodés. La bactérie Helibacter pilori déteste les Brassicacées, donc il faut en manger pour l’éviter. Certains pucerons, cependant, stockent ces substances et deviennent toxiques pour leurs prédateurs. Cependant manger trop de Brassicacées, n’est pas top non plus. Car ils contiennent un anion SCN, soufre, carbone,… en compétition avec l’iode. Formation de goitre. Les thiocyanates sont des composés intégrant l'anion [SCN]−, qui est la base conjuguée de l'acide thiocyanique (HSCN). Toutes les Brassicacées sont comestibles. Leur classification est épouvantable. On peut les classer d’après leurs fruits : silique ou silicule ? La silique ou silicule a t’elle un bec ou non ? La silique a un pédoncule, le stigmate peut avoir un style ou non (c’est ça le bec). Ce bec peut être très grand et même creux, et contenir une graine. La silique s’ouvre par la chute des 2 carpelles latéraux, laissant la cloison. D’autres siliques sont lomentacées et la silique se coupe en segments (c’est le cas du radis sauvage). Puis dans la classification intervient aussi la façon dont l’embryon est plié dans la graine. axe bractée ! Dans la graine on voit les 2 cotylédons et la radicule pliés de façon différente. (I K L) Chez nous elles seront classées selon leur utilité, alimentaire, ornementale, celles qui servent et les inutiles. Brassicacées alimentaires Le genre Brassica comprend une cinquantaine d'espèces et de nombreuses sous-espèces et variétés. Quatre espèces sont principalement cultivées et jouent un rôle important dans l'alimentation humaine : • Brassica oleracea, les divers choux, • Brassica napus, le colza, le rutabaga, • Brassica rapa, le navet, la navette et le chou chinois, • Brassica nigra, la moutarde noire.
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