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Master Saxeb-L.Pdf (9.089Mb) Kartleggingen av Norges kyst En analyse av et utvalg kart over Norges kyst fra perioden 1585 til 1803 Paul Simon Saxebøl Masteroppgave i historie Institutt for arkeologi, konservering og historie UNIVERSITETET I OSLO Høst 2018 II Kartleggingen av Norges Kyst En analyse av et utvalg kart over Norges kyst fra perioden 1585 til 1803 Linchotens Nordenskart fra 1594. III © Paul Simon Saxebøl 2018 Kartleggingen av Norges kyst – en analyse av et utvalg kart fra perioden 1585 til 1803 Paul Simon Saxebøl http://www.duo.uio.no/ Trykk: Reprosentralen, Universitetet i Oslo IV Sammendrag Denne oppgaven baserer seg på et utvalg sjøkart over Norges kyst fra perioden 1585 til 1803 og prøver å besvare to hovedspørsmål knyttet til disse. Det første som spørres er om det finnes synlige elementer på kartene som tyder på at det har vært en form for påvirkning mellom kartografene som står bak? Det andre spørsmålet er hvorvidt kartografens intensjon ser ut til å stemme overens med kartets endelige funksjon? Oppgaven vil i tillegg besvare mindre spørsmål knyttet til oppgavens hovedspørsmål, som hvordan en kan finne ut hva som er en kartografs intensjon, eller hvordan vi kan se etter tegn på påvirkning mellom kartografer? Jeg vil gjennom ulike metoder analysere kartene og presentere mine funn for å besvare spørsmålene ovenfor. Kartene som oppgaven baserer seg på gjennomgår en observerbar utvikling gjennom perioden 1585 til 1803. Jeg vil også drøfte hva denne utviklingen kommer av, og hvordan den kan sees i sammenheng med oppgavens problemstilling. I oppgaven presenteres først generelle trekk ved kartografi, og hvordan en mellom 1585 og 1803 kunne gå frem for å produsere et kart. Begreper som vil bli brukt i oppgavens analyse vil også bli presentert slik at leseren kan følge analysen hele veien. Deretter vil kartene oppgaven baserer seg på bli presentert, og informasjonen som kan trekkes ut fra kartene vil poengteres. Oppgavens analyse vil basere seg på informasjonen som blir presentert tidligere, og vil drøfte hvordan denne kan bidra til å besvare spørsmålene knyttet til påvirkning mellom kartografer, samt kartografens intensjon satt opp mot kartets funksjon. Målet er å presentere bevis for hvordan kunnskapen videreføres eller endres på tvers av kart fra perioden, og hvordan elementer utenfor kartenes tekniske utførelse, slik som kartografens intensjon, vil påvirke kartenes endelige form og funksjon. V VI Forord Jeg vil aller først takke veilederen min, Erling Sandmo. Siden våren 2017 har din positive oppmuntring og gode faglige støtte hjulpet meg frem mot dette øyeblikket. Jeg er nå glad for at jeg lot meg overbevise til å skrive oppgaven min innen karthistorie. Jeg vil også takke Benedicte Gamborg Briså for uvurderlig hjelp med å finne frem i Nasjonalbibliotekets kart og atlas, og for forslag til kartmateriale. Takk til familie og venner for all støtte. Til slutt vil jeg også takke mine gode kamerater Martin, Bendik og Julian for fem flotte år på universitetet. Paul Simon Saxebøl, november 2018. VII Innholdsfortegnelse 1 Innledning, problemstilling og metode .............................................................................. 1 1.1 Innledning og problemstilling ..................................................................................... 1 1.2 Hvordan analysere kart og benytte seg av kart som kilde ........................................... 2 1.3 Metode og oppgavens utforming ................................................................................. 8 1.4 Avgrensning................................................................................................................. 9 1.5 Teori og litteratur ....................................................................................................... 10 2 Projeksjon og teknikk ....................................................................................................... 12 2.1 Innledning .................................................................................................................. 12 2.2 Begreper ..................................................................................................................... 12 2.3 Antikkens Ptolemaios og hans gjenoppdagelse ......................................................... 13 2.4 Sjøkart og Portolaner ................................................................................................. 15 2.5 Mercators projeksjon – fra 1569 til i dag .................................................................. 18 2.6 Den karttekniske prosessen ....................................................................................... 19 2.7 Ny kunnskap om nordområdene ................................................................................ 21 2.8 Janssonius og Van Waesbergen – hvordan kunnskap kan gå i arv ........................... 22 3 Et utvalg kart og deres beskrivelser ................................................................................. 23 3.1 Lucas Jansz Waghenaer ............................................................................................. 23 3.1.1 Oslofjorden ......................................................................................................... 23 3.1.2 Likheter ved utgavene ........................................................................................ 24 3.1.3 Forskjeller ved utgavene .................................................................................... 25 3.1.4 Barents Nord-Norge ........................................................................................... 27 3.2 Willem Janszoon Blaeu ............................................................................................. 31 3.2.1 Beskrivelse av Norges kyst mellom “der Neus” og “Pater Noster” ................... 31 3.2.2 Nord-Norge i Blaeus 1608 atlas ......................................................................... 34 3.2.3 Blaeus Zeespieghel fra 1623 .............................................................................. 35 3.3 Johannes og Gerard Van Keulen ............................................................................... 38 3.3.1 Oslofjorden – første utgave ................................................................................ 38 3.3.2 Oslofjorden – fjerde utgave ................................................................................ 39 3.4 Johan Hansen Heitman .............................................................................................. 42 3.5 De groveske Drafter ................................................................................................... 52 4 Kunnskapens kretsløp – påvirkning mellom kartografer ................................................. 56 4.1 Innledning .................................................................................................................. 56 VIII 4.2 Det startet med Waghenaer........................................................................................ 57 4.3 Waghenaer og Blaeu .................................................................................................. 59 4.4 Johannes og Gerard Van Keulen ............................................................................... 64 4.5 Johan Hansen Heitman .............................................................................................. 67 5 Kartografens intensjon og kartets funksjon ...................................................................... 71 5.1 Innledning .................................................................................................................. 71 5.2 Waghenaers waggoner ............................................................................................... 72 5.3 Barents’ Nord-Norge ................................................................................................. 75 5.4 Willem Janszoon Blaeu – Het Licht der Zee-vaert og Zeespiegel ............................ 77 5.5 Johannes og Gerard Van Keulen og deres atlas ........................................................ 79 5.6 Johan Hansen Heitman .............................................................................................. 82 5.7 Carl Frederik Grove og De groveske Drafter ............................................................ 85 5.8 Andre eksempler på intensjon og funksjon ............................................................... 87 6 Konklusjoner .................................................................................................................... 89 6.1 Forekommer det observerbare bevis på påvirkning mellom kartografene? .............. 89 6.2 Hvorvidt kommer kartografens intensjon til uttrykk i kartene og stemmer denne overens med kartets funksjon? ............................................................................................. 91 6.3 Hovedkonklusjon ....................................................................................................... 94 6.4 Til videre forskning ................................................................................................... 94 Kilder og litteratur .................................................................................................................... 96 Vedlegg .................................................................................................................................. 103 IX 1 Innledning, problemstilling og metode 1.1 Innledning og problemstilling Norge begynner å dukke opp på kart utover 1400- og 1500-tallet, og hvordan landet avbildes varierer kraftig fra kart til
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