Dr. Obsatar Sinaga IMPLEMENTASI ASEAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT

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Dr. Obsatar Sinaga IMPLEMENTASI ASEAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT Dr. Obsatar Sinaga IMPLEMENTASI ASEAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT Perpustakaan Nasional: Katalog dalam terbitan (KDT) ISBN : 978-602-96935-0-8 © LEPSINDO All right reserved Penulis: Dr. H. Obsatar Sinaga Editor : Dadi J. Iskandar Desain : Adhy M. Nuur Diterbitkan oleh: LEPSINDO [email protected] Untuk Anak-anak & ““ Istriku “ Kata Pengantar Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Padjadjaran Kecenderungan regionalisme dan terbentuknya berbagai kelompok kerja sama, baik geografis maupun fungsional, mewarnai era percaturan politik dan ekonomi global dewasa ini. Globalisasi tanpa disadari telah merasuki ranah kehidupan masyarakat-bangsa di jagat ini; bahkan telah ikut mengaliri urat nadi tatanan kehidupan negara- negara di muka bumi, termasuk di Indonesia. Sebagai sebuah arus kekuatan yang dampaknya sulit dielakkan oleh Negara mana pun di dunia ini, mainstream globalisasi berwajah kembar: di satu sisi ia membuka peluang besar bagi kemajuan perekonomian Negara-negara yang mampu menyikapi secara proaktif-responsif, dengan bertumpu pada seperangkat kemampuan memanfaatkannya, sedangkan di sisi lain, arus globalisasi dengan segala dampak ikutannya ternyata tidak selalu berdampak menguntungkan, atau jangan-jangan malah merugikan, terutama bagi Negara-negara yang sedang berkembang. Secara teoretis, persoalan utama dalam menghadapi era globalisasi dan perdagangan bebas yang terindikasi mulai massif dewasa ini, sangat tergantung pada kemampuan menangkap peluang i yang ada, sekaligus memanfaatkan kesempatan- kesempatan yang tersedia. Memang tidak mudah, untuk katakan saja memberi definisi operasional terhadap ungkapan pernyataan tersebut. Dari perspektif akademis misalnya, suatu kajian yang mendalam perlu dilakukan sehingga diperoleh informasi yang akurat dan berguna dalam menghadapi tantangan tersebut. Kendatipun demikian, dapat dikatakan dalam bahasa terang, bahwa optimalisasi dari totalitas kemampuan dan kapasitas sumber daya yang dimiliki suatu bangsa merupakan kerangka dasar yang visioner yang perlu dikedepankan dalam upaya merespons secara positif arus kekuatan globalisasi. Berbagai pemahaman yang hanya memaknai arus globalisasi sekadar sesuatu hal yang buruk dan menyedihkan— karena kita merasa tidak atau belum siap, semestinya tidak menjadi wacana yang justru dapat mengganggu kesiapan kita menghadapi tantangan besar ini. Dengan demikian, betapa mutlaknya peningkatan sumber daya manusia dalam arti yang seluas-luasnya, karena hanya dengan cara demikian kita dapat menampilkan keunggulan kompetitif (competitive advantage), atau daya saing yang akan menentukan keberhasilan dan kemajuan ekonomi suatu Negara-bangsa, termasuk bagi bangsa Indonesia. Suatu hal yang menggembirakan, dalam beberapa tahun terakhir ini konstelasi dunia di bidang ekonomi dan perdagangan, tampak mulai bergerak secara berarti ke kawasan Asia- ii Pasifik. Rupanya hal ini tidak terlepas dari semakin meningkatnya bobot dan peranan Negara-negara industri di Asia Timur dan Asia Tenggara, antara lain melalui APEC dan AFTA. Seiring dengan diterapkannya Undang- undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah, dimana memberikan otonomi yang luas, nyata dan dinamis bagi setiap daerah di Indonesia, tentunya harus merangsang elit-elit dan stakeholders pembangunan di daerah untuk mewujudkan keberhasilan penerapan otonomi daerah bagi sebesar-besarnya kemakmuran rakyat daerah yang bersangkutan. Misalnya dengan mengembangkan kualitas produk terunggulkan yang memiliki daya saing ekonomi, selain membangun relasi atau jaringan kerja sama dalam pemasarannya. Dengan demikian, setiap daerah—sesuai dengan pemahaman otonomi yang di dalamnya terdapat desentralisasi, sudah selayaknya memiliki kecenderungan membuka diri, karena hal itu tidak bertentangan dengan globalisasi atau regionalisasi. Dalam konteks tersebut, kerja sama luar negeri untuk memajukan perekonomian dan pemberdayaan potensi daerah, dalam kaitannya dengan perdagangan internasional dalam kerangka AFTA, merupakan hal yang penting untuk dilakukan. Demikian halnya bagi Jawa Barat, yang memiliki potensi dan peluang yang besar dalam perdagangan, jasa, industri, dan agrobisnis, perlu merespons secara cermat dengan mengimplementasikan kesepakatan perdagangan iii bebas di kawasan Asia Tenggara (AFTA). Saya menyambut dengan rasa gembira kehadiran buku Implementasi ASEAN Free Trade Agreement di Jawa Barat, yang ditulis Sdr. Dr. H. Obsatar Sinaga. Buku ini sangat menarik karena mengungkapkan, bahwa dalam implementasi AFTA bidang perdagangan komoditas pertanian di Jawa Barat, ditemui beberapa faktor yang cukup berarti. Antara lain: tidak lancarnya komunikasi, terbatasnya sumberdaya, kurang sesuainya perilaku pelaksana, dan tidak jelasnya struktur birokrasi menjadi penyebab tidak tercapainya daya saing Jawa Barat di dalam menghadapi perdagangan bebas di kawasan Asia Tenggara. Selain itu juga, dalam buku ini mengungkapkan, bahwa implementasi suatu kebijakan tidak terlepas dari keadaan masyarakat atau publik dimana kebijakan tersebut diberlakukan. Buku ini dapat memperkaya khasanah ilmu pengetahuan dan sekaligus sebagai bahan pertimbangan bagi perumus kebijakan, serta pengayaan informasi bagi masyarakat pada umumnya. Sekaligus buku ini dapat meningkatkan rasa nasionalisme di tengah era globalisasi. Selamat atas karya ini. Bandung, Mei 2010 Prof. Dr. H. Asep Kartiwa, Drs., S.H., M.Si. iv Seuntai Kata Globalisasi perekonomian yang sedang berlangsung dewasa ini, maraknya liberalisasi perdagangan, investasi maupun jasa baik pada tingkat regional maupun global telah menuntut negara-negara di seluruh dunia untuk meningkatkan kemampuan bersaingnya seiring dengan semakin terbukanya pasar internasional. Indonesia dalam hal ini juga tidak luput dari tuntutan yang sama dengan komitmen terhadap liberalisasi perdagangan ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AFTA). Hal itu perlu secara saksama dikaji karena dewasa ini pelaksanaan otonomi daerah telah membuka peluang keikutsertaan daerah sebagai salah satu komponen dalam penyelenggaraan hubungan luar negeri. Pemerintah Indonesia melalui Departemen Luar Negeri (Deplu) RI memberikan peluang seluas-luasnya kepada daerah untuk menjalin kerja sama dengan luar negeri. Buku ini merupakan salah satu upaya telaah kritis terhadap proses regionalisme ASEAN melalui implementasi AFTA dengan studi kasus di Jawa Barat. Kami berharap buku ini dapat menjadi semacam referensi bagi para penstudi Hubungan Internasional untuk mendalami lebih lanjut v kompleksitas Hubungan Internasional baik sebagai fenomena maupun disiplin ilmu yang bersifat interdisipliner, khususnya dinamika hubungan internasional di kawasan ASEAN. Akhir kata, kami berharap kontribusi kami yang tertuang dalam buku ini bukan saja dapat bermanfaat bagi para penstudi dan peminat Hubungan Internasional di Indonesia namun juga dapat memperkaya khasanah referensi Hubungan Internasional berbahasa Indonesia dalam mengem- bangkan disiplin ilmu Hubungan Internasional di Indonesia. Bandung, Mei 2010 vi DAFTAR ISI Kata Pengantar Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Padjajaran .............................................. i Seuntai Kata ...............................................................v Daar Isi ...................................................................vii BAB I PENGANTAR ............................................................ 1 BAB II REGIONALISME ASEAN: PERSPEKTIF TEORETIS ................................................................ 17 2.1 Organisasi Internasional .................................. 17 2.2 Bentuk Organisasi Internasional..................... 31 2.3 Konsensus dalam Organisasi Internasional.. 34 2.4 Kerja Sama dalam Organisasi Internasional . 38 2.5 Kebijakan ........................................................... 42 2.5.1 Kebijakan Nasional ................................. 46 2.5.2 Politik Luar Negeri .................................. 47 2.5.3 Implementasi Kebijakan.......................... 50 2.6 Liberalisasi Perdagangan Agro....................... 57 2.6.1 Motif Perdagangan dan Tekanan Liberalisasi ................................................ 58 2.6.2 Kebijakan Pemerintah di Bidang Agro.. 61 2.6.3 Skenario dan Dampak Liberalisasi ........ 62 2.6.3.1 Skenario Liberalisasi..................... 62 2.6.3.2 Sisi Positif dan Negatif Liberalisasi .................................... 63 vii 2.6.4 Pendekatan Daya Saing dalam Pengembangan Usaha Industri Agro ... 68 2.7 Kerangka Kerja untuk Analisis Implementasi AFTA di Jawa Barat .................. 69 BAB III KONFIGURASI PERKEMBANGAN LINGKUNGAN REGIONAL ............................... 75 3.1 Lingkungan Strategis ASEAN: Peluang dan Kendala......................................... 75 3.2 Struktur Organisasi dan Keanggotaan ASEAN................................................................. 83 3.3 ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AFTA).......... 93 3.4 Kesepakatan AFTA Bagi Indonesia ................. 96 BAB IV STUDI KASUS IMPLEMENTASI KESEPAKATAN PERDAGANGAN BEBAS ASEAN DI JAWA BARAT (BIDANG KOMODITAS AGRO) ......................................... 107 4.1 Pengembangan Agrobisnis dalam Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang (RPJPD) Jawa Barat 2005-2025 ....................................... 109 4.2 Faktor-Faktor Daya Saing dan Model Strategi Pengembangan Ekspor Komoditas Agro Jawa Barat dalam Kerangka AFTA ..... 116 4.2.1 Faktor-Faktor Penentu Daya Saing Jawa Barat................................................ 116 4.2.2 Strategi Pengembangan Ekspor Komoditas Agro Jawa Barat dalam Kerangka AFTA ..................................... 119 viii 4.3 Kondisi
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