Les Hindous De Karachi Dans La Perspective Historique. De La Domination Socio-Économique À La Marginalisation Minoritaire

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Les Hindous De Karachi Dans La Perspective Historique. De La Domination Socio-Économique À La Marginalisation Minoritaire Michel Boivin* Les hindous de Karachi dans la perspective historique. De la domination socio-économique à la marginalisation minoritaire Abstract. A Historical View of the Hindu of Karachi: from Social and Economic Domination to Marginalized Minority. The Hindus are said to be between 500 000 and one million in Karachi. Before partition, the Hndus were in majority in the city but after 1947, most of them migrated to India where they settled. After this very important shifting, they became a religious minority in the newly born Pakistan. The first part of the paper will deal with their situation before partition, especially their organisation, their relation with other religious communities, the role they played in the modernisation of the city, and finally how they put their mark on the urban territory. The topic of the second part will be partition. After analysing to what extent the Hindus took part in nationalist fight, it will be necessary to study the conditions in which migration to India occurred, and what were the new conditions of life for the Hindus who stayed in Karachi. Even if the Hindus low castes were to reinforce the process of “ghettoisation”, no major change happened in the organisation of the urban territory. The last part will be devoted to the present situation of the Hindus in Karachi. What are their relations with the government, national as well as provincial ? The cult and the Hindu practise will be studied and the transmission of religious knowledge, where caste associations played a leading role. * Historien, Centre d’Études de l’Inde et de l’Asie du Sud (CEIAS), Paris. REMMM 107-110, 61-96 62 / Michel Boivin Résumé. On estime que les hindous sont entre 500 000 et 1 million à Karachi. Leur situation a connu une transformation radicale depuis la partition, en 1947. Ils étaient en effet majoritaires avant cette date, avant de devenir minoritaires. La première partie reviendra sur leur situation pré-partionniste, plus particulièrement sur leur organisation morcelée, leurs rapports avec les autres communautés, leur rôle dans la modernisation de Karachi, et enfin le marquage du territoire urbain. L’épreuve de la partition constituera le thème de la deuxième partie. Après avoir évalué la parti- cipation des hindous à la lutte nationaliste à Karachi, il faudra analyser dans quelles conditions l’exode en Inde s’est réalisé et quelles en furent les conséquences pour les hindous restés à Kara- chi. La présence hindoue dans la Karachi post-partionniste se traduit par une “ghettoïsation” des quartiers, mais elle n’est pas accompagnée de modifications majeures dans l’occupation de l’espace urbain. La dernière partie sera consacrée à l’étude de la situation actuelle des hindous de Karachi. Quels sont les rapports des hindous avec le pouvoir fédéral, local et municipal ? Les conditions de l’exercice du culte seront ensuite étudiées ainsi que le développement associatif comme expression culturelle de la communauté. Dans un ouvrage consacré aux minorités non musulmanes dans l’espace urbain en terre d’islam, il est nécessaire de distinguer différentes situations. Le premier clivage qui vient à l’esprit sépare les espaces urbains enracinés dans la longue durée en terre d’islam et ceux qui ne furent “islamisés” que dans la courte durée, c’est-à-dire dans une période récente. Au sein de cette seconde catégorie, il faut encore différencier les espaces urbains dans un contexte régional musul- man et les espaces urbains dans un contexte régional non musulman. Il faudrait encore aller plus en avant dans cette esquisse typologique pour faire comprendre combien Karachi représente un cas tout à fait particulier. Cette singularité peut être évaluée quand on sait qu’il s’agit d’une ancienne cité britannique, qui fut dominée par les hindous, tout en étant la capitale d’une province musulmane, avant de devenir celle, pour une brève durée, d’un nouvel État musulman en 1947, le Pakistan. En effet, malgré le discours médiatique qui, depuis le 11 septembre 2001, présente Karachi comme l’une des capitales du terrorisme islamiste interna- tional, il est difficile de voir dans la mégalopole une cité islamique. On admet communément qu’un espace urbain en terre d’islam est un espace urbain où les musulmans sont majoritaires, ce qui fait qu’ils ont imposé une empreinte islamique dans l’organisation de la cité, elle-même marquée par la présence de bâtiments islamiques caractéristiques comme la mosquée, la madrasa ou autre. Si l’on s’en tient à cette définition commune, Karachi apparaît bien peu comme une cité islamique même si près de 91 % de sa population est musulmane. La mégalopole, avec une population entre 10 et 14 millions d’habitants, est sans doute l’une des plus peuplées du monde musulman malgré sa position excentrée. Cette situation particulière vient du fait que Karachi était encore un village de pêcheurs lorsque les Britanniques s’en emparèrent sans tirer un coup de canon en 1839. Par conséquent, comme beaucoup de mégalopoles du sud, Karachi est avant tout, du point de vue morphologique, une ville coloniale. En outre, pen- Les hindous de Karachi dans la perspective historique / 63 dant plusieurs décennies, elle fut dominée par des castes hindoues marchandes qui constituaient aussi la majorité de la population. Elle ne devint la capitale de la province du Sindh qu’avec les Britanniques. La population du Sindh, une province de 144 000 km2, se répartissait elle-même entre 75 % de musulmans et 25 % d’hindous avant 1947. Il est indispensable, dans le cadre d’une étude de la situation des hindous de Karachi dans la république islamique du Pakistan, de revenir sur leur situation dans la Karachi pré-partionniste, plus particulièrement sur leur segmentation, leurs rapports avec les autres communautés et leur rôle dans la modernisation de Karachi. L’épreuve de la partition constituera le thème de la deuxième partie. Après avoir évalué la participation des hindous de Karachi au processus natio- naliste, il faudra analyser dans quelles conditions l’exode en Inde s’est réalisé et quelles en furent les conséquences pour les hindous restés à Karachi. La présence hindoue dans la Karachi post-partionniste s’est traduite par un repli communau- taire sur les quartiers traditionnels, mais elle n’a pas provoqué de modifications majeures dans l’occupation de l’espace urbain. La dernière partie sera consacrée à l’étude de la situation actuelle des hindous de Karachi : quels sont leurs rapports avec le pouvoir ? Ont-ils des liens particuliers avec les minorités non musulmanes et musulmanes ? Tout au long de ce travail, on s’efforcera en effet de situer de situer les hindous par rapport à deux autres minorités religieuses d’importance que sont les chrétiens et les Ahmadis1. La transmission du savoir religieux et les conditions de l’exercice du culte seront ensuite étudiées ainsi que le développe- ment associatif comme expression culturelle de la communauté. Les hindous à Karachi avant 1947 Des castes dominées par les Lohana Lorsqu’on s’intéresse aux hindous de Karachi comme du Sindh avant la con- quête britannique, un débat revient : celui du sort qui leur était réservé sous la dynastie baloutche des Talpur. En 1793, le gouverneur (nawab) de Karachi, un certain Molla Shafi Ali Khan, attaqua un temple hindou, ce qui provoqua des émeutes hindo-musulmanes. Cela dit, les notables hindous de la cité intervinrent auprès de l’émir qui destitua aussitôt le gouverneur en question (Memoirs of Seth Naomul Hotchand, 1915 : 44). En 1843, un marchand Parsî2 fut assassiné entre 1. Les Ahmadis sont les disciples de Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (m. 1908), un Pendjabi qui se proclama le Messie des chrétiens et le Mahdi des musulmans. Les chrétiens sont en majorité pendjabi, issus de basses castes converties au xixe siècle par des missionnaires surtout protestants. Il existe aussi une communauté chrétienne originaire de Goa. Ils sont catholiques et portent des noms portugais. 2. Les Parsi sont des zoroastriens originaires d’Iran. Ceux de Karachi avaient migré de Bombay au XIXe siècle. Les termes vernaculaires n’ont pas été systématiquement translittérés pour deux raisons. D’une part, le sindhi ne possède pas de système de translittération unifiée et d’autre part, on observe une variation relativement importante chez les auteurs de l’orthographe des mots. REMMM 107-110, 61-96 64 / Michel Boivin Karachi et Thattah. Des Baloutches pillèrent sa caravane et il est évident qu’il s’agit ici d’un crime “crapuleux”. En réalité, la majorité des Sindhi, hindous comme musulmans, s’identifiait à une culture commune avant de déclarer leur identité confessionnelle. Le terreau de cette identité était la culture soufie du Sindh. Ce furent des hindous qui, dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, publièrent les œuvres mystiques des grands poètes soufis, et en furent les premiers exégètes. Les hindous pratiquaient le culte des pir, les saints musulmans. Richard Burton note que l’agha khan avait des dévots hindous. Des musulmans se faisaient les disciples de gourous. À Karachi, Hughes, un officiel britannique qui rédigea le premier Gazetteer de la province, signale une fête de trois jours dédiée à un saint hindou le 1er de Chaitra Shudh Paksh, avec 16 000 participants hindous et musulmans, ouverte à toutes les classes de la population indigène (Hughes, 1875 : 351). Avant que les Britanniques ne s’emparent de Karachi en 1839, notre connais- sance de la situation des hindous à Karachi se limite aux rapports des officiers britanniques. Pour le lieutenant Carless, qui soumet un tel document au gou- vernement britannique en 1838, Karachi était peuplé de 14 000 habitants. Sa population était composée pour moitié d’hindous, alors que les musulmans se répartissaient entre des Baloutches, des Jokia, des Muhana et des Jat (Thomas, 1979 vol.
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