Jules Verne the Biography William Butcher Foreword by Arthur C

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Jules Verne The Biography William Butcher Foreword by Arthur C. Clarke

Abbreviations ADF: Marguerite Allotte de la Fuÿe, Jules Verne JES: Verne, Journey to England and Scotland BSJV: Bulletin de la Société Jules Verne CNM: Charles-Noël Martin, La Vie et l’œuvre de Jules Verne (The Life and Works of Jules Verne) Int.: Entretiens avec Jules Verne (Interviews) JD: Joëlle Dusseau, Jules Verne JJV: Jean Jules-Verne, Jules Verne JVEST: Jean-Michel Margot (ed.), Jules Verne en son temps (Jules Verne in his Time) Lemire: Charles Lemire, Jules Verne MCY: “Memories of Childhood and Youth” OD: Olivier Dumas, Voyage à travers Jules Verne (Journey through Jules Verne) Poems: Poésies inédites (Unpublished Poems) PV: Philippe Valetoux, Jules Verne: En mer et contre tous (Jules Verne: All at sea and odds) RD: Raymond Ducrest de Villeneuve, untitled biography St M.: Verne’s list of journeys on the St Michel II and III TI: Théâtre inédit (Unpublished Plays)

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Appendices

A: Home Addresses Date Address 8 February 1828 Third floor, 4 Rue de Clisson, Nantes Late 1828 or early 1829 Second floor, 2 Quai Jean Bart October 1834 Mme Sambin’s pension, 5 Place du Bouffay About 1837 29 Rue des Réformés, Chantenay 3 October 1837 or St Stanislas School October 1836 About 1840 Second floor, 6 Rue Jean-Jacques Rousseau October 1840 St Donatien Junior Seminary 11 July 1848 (until 3 Probably near Henri Garcet’s, Fifth August) Arrondissement, Paris 12 November 1848 About fifth floor, 24 Rue de l’Ancienne Comédie, Sixth March 1849 Third floor, 24 Rue de l’Ancienne Comédie, Sixth Possibly late 1850 Possibly ground floor, Rue Louis le Grand, Second About February 1851 A furnished room in a hotel 9 April 1851 Seventh floor, 18 Boulevard Bonne Nouvelle, Second 8 March 1855 Possibly at 47 Rue des Martyrs, Ninth, residence of Paul Lacroix 15 March 1855 Fifth floor, 18 Boulevard Poissonnière, Second End of April 1857 Rue Saint-Martin, Third 1858 54 Rue du Faubourg Montmartre, Ninth 1858 Upper floor, probably 18 Boulevard Montmartre, Second First half of 1861 153 Boulevard de Magenta, Ninth After August 1861 45 Boulevard de Magenta 1862 18 Passage Saulnier, Ninth

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By 10 September 1863 39 Rue La Fontaine, 16th (Auteuil) Spring 1866 “La Solitude”, Rue Lefèvre (modern 9 Rue Jules Verne), Le Crotoy 1866 Place de la Croix Rouge, Sixth (presumably the same as Carrefour de la Croix Rouge, Sixth) February 1867 2 Rue de Sèvres, Sixth April 1869 Rue Jeanne-d’Arc, Le Crotoy November 1869 3 Boulevard Saint-Charles, Amiens February 1870 23 Boulevard Guyencourt 1873 or 1874 44 Boulevard Longueville (now Boulevard Jules Verne) August 1877 1 Rue Suffren, Nantes September 1878 44 Boulevard Longueville October 1882 2 Rue Charles Dubois October 1900 44 Boulevard Longueville

B: Travels outside France Verne made more than 35 journeys to 15 countries and half a dozen dependent territories, the majority of them to the British Isles. Date Places Companions Early November Presumably Belgium, None 1849 Switzerland, or Germany 28 July–6 Bordeaux, Liverpool, Hignard September 1859 Edinburgh, Highlands, London 2 July–8 August Belgium, Germany, Hignard, Lorois 1861 Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Germany Mid-1860s Sydenham 1865 and 1866 or Monaco, Tende, and Hetzel 1867 Bordighera, Italy 1866? Channel Islands 1867 Britain, United States, Paul Canada

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Probably the Italian coast, but not as Hetzel second week of far as Genoa January 1868 June 1868 Dover 19 August 1868 Gravesend, London Probably with Paul Three or four Baden-Baden Hetzel days in October 1868 Mid-June 1869 South coast of England August 1869 London, possibly also Ostend About 8–15 June London, Woolwich Honorine, Paul 1872 1872, perhaps Channel Islands June and September About 14–24 Perhaps Jersey, Hetzel August 1873 Guernsey, Sark 2–3 March 1874 Monaco Honorine 22–about 26 Monaco Honorine February 1875 About 21–7 June Dover Suzanne’s husband 1876 18–23 July 1876 Southampton, Isle of Wight, Portsmouth 30 July 1877 Guernsey Michel, Louis Thuillier, and M. Brasseur 25 May–6 July Spain, Portugal, Paul, Raoul-Duval, 1878 Gibraltar, Morocco, Hetzel fils Algeria About 20 Channel Islands August 1878 1–29 July 1879 England, Edinburgh, Paul (as far as Hebrides Boulogne), Godefroy, Gaston, Michel, and Hetzel fils (Scottish section)

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1 June–about 2 England, Belgium, Paul, Gaston, Godefroy July 1881 Holland, Germany, Denmark, Sweden 6–9 August 1881 Ramsgate Honorine and many friends 13 May–18 July Spain, Portugal, Paul, Maurice, Honorine 1884 Gibraltar, Morocco, (from Oran), Godefroy, Algeria, Tunisia, Malta, and Michel (from Italy, the Vatican Algiers) 21 November–1 Belgium, Holland December 1887 ? Brighton Before 1878 Switzerland

C: Journeys on St Michel II and III An untitled document in Verne’s hand (in Paumier 23) reads: 2nd St Michel 1877 23 July. [Le] Havre, Caen, Courseulles[-sur-mer], Cherbourg, Guernsey, Perros[-Guirec], Brest, [Le] Croisic, Nantes Pornic, lunch at [Jules-Arsène?] Arnaud’s 16 August 3rd St Michel 1878 Various journeys, and navigation to Algiers. Paul, Duval, Hetzel, me. 1879 1 July. Paul, Godefroy, Gaston, Michel. Boulogne, Scotland, [Le] Havre back 29 July, Michel with boat looked for pilot, picked up [Alfred Dubois de] Jancigny, went to Brest, lost cannon (1 Aug.), and Michel left for Nantes, alone. As for us, got there 3 August. 1879 16 Aug. Left from Nantes, Paul, Michel, and me—(Quiberon, under sail-power)—went to Lorois‘ in [Broil]. Lorient, launching of the Dévastation. 1879 26 Aug. Left from Nantes, the Dezaunays [Caroline and her grown- up children]. Collision in harbour of the St Michel [Saint- ]Nazaire and broke the boom. Back to Nantes. 1879 16 Sep. Michel and me. Left from Nantes, Brest, put in at Bertheaume cove, towed fishing boat—mist. 20 [Sep.] arrival in [Le] Tréport. Sea excursion on the 22nd. Ill[.] [Ernest] Obry, his daughter. Honorine—rented house and sent ship back to Nantes. 1880 no sailing. 1881 1 June. Navigation North Sea and Baltic, Paul, Gaston, Godefroy, and me, back 17 July.

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6 August. Journey to Ramsgate and passenger, back 9 August. 1882 no sailing. 1883 no sailing. Rented boat to [Jules] Levesque. 1884 Left from Nantes Tuesday, 13 May. Paul, me, Maurice, in Oran, then Honorine—then in Algiers Godefroy and Michel. 3 July, boat left at Porto d’Anzio, and departed again for Nantes. in Rome, 3 July evening.

D: The 1857 Salon Verne’s art-criticism essay is his last substantial prose work to remain untranslated. As can be seen, the style is alert and slightly self-deprecating: Two years ago already, the artists of every nation were invited to the Universal Exposition.1 After that competition with the rest of the world by French painters and sculptors, the government wanted to afford them two years’ rest; they well deserved it, having departed victorious from the arena where Landseer, Rauch, Cornelius, Mulready, Leys, Eastlake, and Tidemand had fought. This exposition of 1857 takes place, then, in particular circumstances, following such a great universal contest; it is more modest, more peaceful, more hopeful; its only fault is to come after its rowdy and militant elder; the forerunner splendidly called on known and unknown masterpieces by living artists; the successor, exceedingly French, will not offer this fervent interest, this provocative promiscuity of contending countries. ... At this 1857 Salon, are there numerous abstentions amongst the modern masters? This is to be feared, for many famous names are missing and with them, many paintings; this is an unfortunate event, and probably happens too often, due to a prejudice; it is indeed the duty of leaders of schools to appear at the head of their disciples; but perhaps artistic schools are tending to disappear, with everyone becoming their own leader and their own pupil, like Schaunard. There is a striking resurgence of artistic independence and personality, as can easily be observed in the activities of the Salon; critics may see it as a sign of either decadence or vitality, ideas we are not required to discuss here; but what will certainly not escape anyone’s notice is the influence of the political events of recent years on the imaginations of many of the artists. The Crimean War, for example, will certainly receive the honours of the Salon; its chief events are rehearsed in all possible guises and

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styles; every episode is represented here to the point of surfeit; Sebastopol is stormed again and again; Malakoff and the Central Bastion are at every moment devastated anew by the bombs and shells of the allied armies; Zouaves and Highlanders fraternise in bivouacs no less often than they did in the actual fray. Is this perhaps not an abuse, and should we not regret that many artists of merit confine themselves to such an overbearing specialisation; this subject is independent of talent, I know; but why not abandon to the masters of this official kind of painting the responsibility for preserving the memory of our military glories? Following the Crimean war, the Loire and Rhone floods provided their contingents of dramatic situations; but these paintings, which cover a very large number of scenes, are really too complex to allow due force and clarity to be applied to the sense of an episode, the attraction of a single event to the charm of a pleasant detail. I repeat, the subject is here the focus, not the level of talent of its treatment; moreover, these canvases are eminently patriotic and will find many admirers. But perchance too, the connoisseur, the artist, the poet, lost in the midst of these military clashes, will find it difficult to encounter a great work symbolising a great idea; he will perhaps seek in vain a Roman Orgy by a Couture, a Last Day of the Condemned by a Muller. Current affairs, or at least so I believe, have never been a factor for success in painting in the proper sense, as they can be in imaginative literary productions; thus a Paul Delaroche, an Ingres, or a Delacroix—those masters of modern art—did not enlist such matters when they signed their Jane Grey, their Cromwell, their Barque of Dante, their Justice of Trajan, their St Symphorian, their Apotheosis of Homer. The present reflections are highly premature; they should be put aside until the day when opinion has pronounced; I am happy to provide advance notice of the identity of the painters offering their tribute to the exposition; allow me to bring certain of their works more especially to public attention, which will easily turn into admiration. In the large central salon, in the place of honour, surrounded by portraits of the new Marshals of France, hangs a large painting by Charles Muller, depicting The Reception of the Queen of England by the Emperor and the Empress. I will quote in no particular order, while trusting to a perhaps treacherous memory, The Congress of Paris, by Dubufe; The Battles of Alma and The Capture of Sebastopol, by Bellangé; a painting by Horace Vernet representing Prince Napoleon at the Battle of Alma; and an admirable Disembarkation of the Troops in Crimea by

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Pils. Hamon has five or six pictures full of that charm he has made his own, The Penny Boutique, The Teacher Taught, and The Enchained Butterfly. Ziem offers us one of those magical Venices, done in his palette’s warmest colours; Hédouin, a fine canvas of Gleaners Surprised by a Storm; Luminais, the Breton painter par excellence, a beautiful and touching Pilgrimage; Boulanger shows us handsome Desert Arabs; Gérôme draws from the Orient the subject of his various pictures, and Tournemine brings back sparkling landscapes; Jeanron exhibits magnificent sister paintings to his Abandoned Port of Ambleteuse; Cabanel shows us Michelangelo in his studio, putting the finishing touches to his Moses; Protais exhibits energetic paintings of events from the Crimean War; Célestin Nanteuil, a Don Quixote carted back in a wooden cage; Édouard Frère, charming interiors; and Millet, poor gleaners scattered over the fields.

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Select Bibliography Many hundreds of books have been published on Verne, of which perhaps half contain some biographical elements. Biographies in English have, however, invariably been unresearched and derivative, devoting considerable space to plot summary; and there is no life of Verne in print in English at present. I attempt here to list biographical books in French and English; however, space is lacking to indicate the hundreds of articles on this subject. No specific bibliography of biographical publications exists, but one can be extracted from the following secondary bibliographies: Jean-Michel Margot’s meticulous and comprehensive Bibliographie documentaire sur Jules Verne (Amiens: Centre de Documentation Jules Verne, 1989); and its monumental continuation, by Wim Thierens with Ariel Pérez Rodriguez, listing more than 12,000 studies of Verne (in preparation). Scholarly books on Verne in English are as follows: Arthur Evans, Jules Verne Rediscovered: Didacticism and the Scientific Novel (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1988); William Butcher, Verne’s Journey to the Centre of the Self: Space and Time in the “Voyages extraordinaires” (London: Macmillan and New York: St Martin’s, 1990); Andrew Martin, The Mask of the Prophet: The Extraordinary Fictions of Jules Verne (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990); Edmund J. Smyth (ed.), Jules Verne: Narratives of Modernity (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2000); and Timothy Unwin, Jules Verne: Journeys in Writing (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2005). Mention should also be made of the issue of Science Fiction Studies on Verne (vol. 32, part 1, March 2005). Since 2006, there has been a dearth of full-length studies in English, with the exception of Kieran O’Driscoll’s Retranslation through the Centuries: Jules Verne in English (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2011) and Ian Thompson’s Jules Verne’s Scotland: In Fact and Fiction (Edinburgh: Luath, 2011). There have been no attempts to translate the manuscripts,1 the interviews, or the correspondence with the family and the publisher.

Biographical Books Allott, Kenneth, Jules Verne. London: Cresset Press [1940]. Useful for setting Verne in the Romantic context.2

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Allotte de la Fuÿe, M[arguerite]. Jules Verne. Simon Kra, 1928 (trans. Erik de Mauny. London: Staples Press, 1954). The beautifully-written biography by Verne’s cousin’s daughter-in-law, with access to much unpublished material, borrowed in most subsequent studies, is frequently erroneous and adulterated or occasionally invented, but remains the only source for many episodes of Verne’s life. Anderson, K. J., Captain Nemo. New York: Pocket Books, 2002. Makes Nemo a real person, and Verne, while transcribing his adventures, jealous of his active life. Although containing many inaccuracies and unconvincing as biography, its readability and historical context bring Verne’s life to a wider audience. Annales de Nantes et du Pays nantais. Nos 187–8, 1978. Anonymous, Album Jules Verne, Gallimard, 2012. Beautifully illustrated, but with average text. Avrane, Patrick. Jules Verne. Stock, 1997. Fine illustrations but unresearched and lacking a clear focus. Becker, Beril. Jules Verne. New York: Putnam, 1966. Derivative and for young people. Boia, Lucian. Jules Verne: Les paradoxes d’un mythe. Belles Lettres, 2005. Lacking a clear focus. Born, Franz. The Man who Invented the Future: Jules Verne. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1963. Derivative. Claretie, Jules. Jules Verne. A. Quantin, 1883. Compère, Cécile (ed.). Visions nouvelles sur Jules Verne. Amiens: Centre de documentation Jules Verne, 1978. Compère, Daniel. La Vie amiénoise de Jules Verne. Amiens: Annales du centre régional de recherche et de documentation pédagogiques d’Amiens, 1974. Compère, Daniel, and Jean-Michel Margot (eds). Entretiens avec Jules Verne. Geneva: Slatkine, 1998. Especially: Adrien Marx, “Jules Verne” (1873, 17–22); Charles Raymond, “Jules Verne” (1875, 23–9); Nellie Bly, chapter 4 of Around the World in 72 Days (1890) (39–47); Robert H. Sherard, “Verne’s Bravo” (1890, 65–72); Robert H. Sherard, “Jules Verne at Home” (1894, 83–97); Marie A. Belloc, “Jules Verne at Home” (1895, 99–109); Edmondo de Amicis, “Une Visite chez Jules Verne” (1896, 111–20); Adolphe Brisson, “Jules Verne” (1897, 133–9); Robert H. Sherard, “Jules Verne Revisited” (1903, 196–201); Gordon Jones, “Jules Verne at Home” (1904, 213–20). All interviews, even those published in English, are cited in this biography following their page numbers in this authoritative volume. Costello, Peter. Jules Verne, Inventor of Science Fiction. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1978. Although illuminating about English-language

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sources and the scientific context, unfortunately based on Metral’s invented biography and other apocrypha. Dehs, Volker. Jules Verne. Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1986. Good mini-biography, using the correspondence and dealing with the inception of the works, but less strong on the life itself. Dehs, Volker. Jules Verne. Dusseldorf: Artemis and Winkler, 2005. Fully researched and trustworthy, but again weaker on the vital first 30 years. Dekiss, Jean-Paul. Jules Verne l’enchanteur. Kiron: Editions du Félin, 1999. Useful for setting the philosophical, historic, and social contexts but adding little that is new and spending too long on an arbitrary selection of works. Dekiss, Jean-Paul (ed.). Jules Verne: Le Poète de la science. [Paris]: Timée, 2005. Nicely illustrated collection of about 50 mini-essays on individual aspects of Verne’s life, useful but insufficiently critical. Dekiss, Jean-Paul. Jules Verne: Le Rêve du progrès. Gallimard, 1991. Entertaining if unambitious biography, with some errors but fine illustrations. Ducrest de Villeneuve, Raymond. Unpublished, untitled illustrated typescript [1930] by Verne’s nephew. Crucial information about the early environment, although some is erroneous. Dumas, Olivier. Jules Verne: Avec la publication de la correspondance inédite de Jules Verne à sa famille. Lyon: La Manufacture, 1988. 191 letters (1842– 98) to Pierre, Sophie, Paul, Marie, and Maurice Verne, a vital source of information on Verne’s life. Withdrawn from sale after a court case, appeal, and final appeal. Dumas, Olivier. Voyage à travers Jules Verne. Montreal: Stanké, 2000. Update of banned 1988 book, without the family correspondence. This thematically arranged biography, with an accurate chronology of the works, is one of the best, argued with passion and knowledge, although going too far in interpreting Verne’s names and unfair on Michel. Dumas, Olivier, Piero Gondolo della Riva, and Volker Dehs (eds). Correspondance inédite de Jules Verne et de l’éditeur Pierre-Jules Hetzel. vols 1, 2, and 3. Geneva: Slatkine, 1999–2002. Despite the misleading title, important source of information on Verne, with about 700 annotated letters (26 Jun. 63–[19 Mar. 86]), a useful chronology of the works, and appendices. Dumas, Olivier, Piero Gondolo della Riva, and Volker Dehs (eds). Correspondance inédite de Jules et Michel Verne avec l’éditeur Louis-Jules Hetzel. vols 1 and 2. Geneva: Slatkine, 2004, 2006. About 700 letters ([Jan. 86]–1914).

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Dusseau, Joëlle. Jules Verne. Perrin, 2005. Although largely deriving from published documents, accurate and comprehensive. Evans, I. O. Jules Verne and His Work. New York: Twayne, 1966. Covers the ground, albeit with little originality and many mistakes. Frank, Bernard. Jules Verne et ses voyages. Flammarion, 1941. Follows Allotte de la Fuÿe but invents further episodes. Freedman, Russell. Jules Verne: Portrait of a Prophet. New York: Holiday House, 1965. Derivative and for young people. Grandmaison, Henri de. Jules Verne: De Nantes à Amiens. Montreuil: CMD, 1999. Proficient and finely illustrated. Jules-Verne, Jean. Jules Verne. Hachette, 1973, 1978 (trans. and adapted by Roger Greaves. Jules Verne: A Biography. New York: Taplinger 1976). The grandson’s biography is invaluable, especially on relations between the writer and his son, but misquotes the correspondence, has overlong plot summaries, and is selective; the translation has new material and reads better, but was disowned by the author. (While page numbers refer to the English edition, translations of the French text are sometimes my own.) Lemire, Charles. Jules Verne, 1828–1905: L’Homme, l’écrivain. Berger- Levrault, 1908. Fine work by Amiens friend of Verne’s. Lottman, Herbert R. Jules Verne: An Exploratory Biography. New York, St Martin’s Press, 1996. Efficiently cites research, but fails to synthesise and produces unconvincing evaluations of the novels. Poorly reviewed. Lynch, Lawrence. Jules Verne. New York: Twayne, 1992. Thin and uncritical. Margot, Jean-Michel (ed.). Jules Verne en son temps (Amiens: Encrage, 2004). A useful collection of contemporary accounts and reviews of Verne. Martin, Charles-Noël. Jules Verne: Sa vie et son œuvre. Lausanne: Rencontre, 1971. Intelligent and perceptive: at the time the only reliable account, and still important today. Martin, Charles-Noël. “Recherches sur la nature, les origines et le traitement de la science dans l’œuvre de Jules Verne” (PhD Thesis, Paris, Sorbonne (Université Paris 7), 23 June 1980). Unfocused and sometimes speculative, but containing important original research. Martin, Charles-Noël. La Vie et l’œuvre de Jules Verne. Michel de l’Ormeraie, 1978. With many unpublished documents, outstanding on the early years and the publishing contracts. Maudhuy, Roger. Jules Verne: La Face cachée. France Empire, 2005. Little awareness of the correspondence or unpublished sources, but intelligent and readable summary, with one or two vital contemporary documents.

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Métral, Maurice. Sur les pas de Jules Verne. Neuchâtel: Nouvelle Bibliothèque, 1963. Largely fictional. Moré, Marcel. Le Très curieux Jules Verne. Gallimard, 1960 ; and Nouvelles explorations de Jules Verne. Gallimard, 1963. Huge impact at the time, but now of little use. Paumier, Jean-Yves. Jules Verne. Grenoble: Glénat, 2005. Competent and nicely illustrated but adding little that is new. Peare, Catherine Owens. Jules Verne: His Life. New York: Henry Holt, 1956. Paraphrase of Marguerite for 12-year-olds. Poivre d’Arvor, Olivier, and Patrick Poivre d’Arvor, Le Monde selon Jules Verne. Mengès, 2005. Incoherently written in the first person. Prouteau, Gilbert. Le Grand roman de Jules Verne: Sa Vie. Stock, 1979. Despite its fine style, vitiated by failure lack of distinction between invention and the new primary documents cited. Rivière, François. Jules Verne, images d’un mythe. Henri Veyrier, 1978. Derivative but with good pictures. Robien, Gilles de. Jules Verne: Le rêveur incompris. Neuilly-sur-Seine: Lafon, 2000. Readable volume partly ghost-written for the senior minister in the Chirac government, but adds nothing new, concentrating on Verne’s life in Amiens. Robin, Christian. Un Monde connu et inconnu. Nantes: Centre universitaire de recherches verniennes, 1978. Pioneering work that is very good on the Nantes sections, with useful illustrations. Schoell, William. Remarkable Journeys: The Story of Jules Verne, Morgan Reynolds, 2002. Derivative and for young people. Soriano, Marc. Jules Verne (le cas Verne). Julliard, 1978. Fluently written and adequately researched but speculative. Streissguth, Thomas. Science Fiction Pioneer: A Story about Jules Verne. New York: Carolrhoda, 2000. Derivative and for young people. Teeters, Peggy. Jules Verne: The Man who Invented Tomorrow. New York: Walker, 1992. Adequate at the time, but derivative and for young people. Valetoux, Philippe. Jules Verne: En mer et contre tous. Magellan, 2005. Neglecting published sources and rather general, apart from the invaluable descriptions of the St Michel voyages, surely drawn from the unpublished logbooks. Waltz, George H. Jules Verne: The Biography of an Imagination. New York: Henry Holt, 1943. Nicely written and insightful, but excludes French sources. Weissenberg, Eric. Jules Verne: Un Univers fabuleux. Lausanne, Favre, 2004. Usefully dispels the science-fiction myth, with fine illustrations and a few new claims, but over-long and general.

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Novels Published during Verne’s Lifetime English Title Verne’s First French Title Written3 Print (with short Title, if Published4 Run title) Different (in thousands)5 Five Weeks in a Journey in the Cinq 1862 76 Balloon (Five Air semaines en 1863 Weeks) ballon (Hetzel) The Adventures Journey to the Les 1863–4 37 of Captain North Pole Aventures du 1864–5 Hatteras capitaine (Hatteras) Hatteras Journey to the Voyage au 1864? 48 Centre of the centre de la 1864 Earth Terre (Hetzel) From the Earth Journey to the De la Terre à 1864–5 37 to the Moon Moon la Lune 1865 (Journal des Débats) Captain Grant’s Journey round Les Enfants 1865–6 38 Children (Grant) the World in du capitaine 1865–7 Search of Grant Captain Grant Twenty Journey under Vingt mille 1868–9 48 Thousand the Waters lieues sous les 1869–70 Leagues under mers the Seas (Twenty Thousand Leagues) Around the Return from the Autour de la 1868–9 31 Moon Moon Lune 1869 (Débats) A Floating City The Great Une Ville 1869 30 Eastern flottante 1870 (Débats)

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Adventures of Adventures of Aventures de 1870 36 Three Russians Half a Dozen trois Russes 1871–2 and Three Savants in et de trois Britons in Southern Africa Anglais dans Southern Africa l’Afrique australe The The Wreck of Le Chancellor 1870–1 27 “Chancellor” the 1875 (Le “Chancellor” Temps) Around the The Journey in Le Tour du 1872 121 World in Eighty 80 Days monde en 1872 (Le Days6 quatre-vingts Temps) jours The Fur Country Journey to The Le Pays des 1871–2 25 Fur Country fourrures 1872–3 The Mysterious Uncle Robinson L’Île 1873–4 45 Island mystérieuse 1874–5 Michel Strogoff Courier of the Michel 1874–5 54 (Strogoff)7 Tzar Strogoff 1876 Hector Servadac The Comet Hector 1874–6 17 Servadac 1877 The Black Indies8 A Corner of the Les Indes 1876–7 31 Black Indies noires 1877 A 15-Year-Old A 15-Year-Old Un Capitaine 1877–8 31 Captain Hero de quinze ans 1878 Tribulations of a The Voluntary Les 1878 28 Chinese in China Murderee Tribulations 1879 (Le d’un Chinois Temps) en Chine The Begum’s The Heritage of Les Cinq 1878 18 Millions9 the Langevol cents millions 1879 de la Bégum The Steam The House on La Maison à 1879 17 House Wheels vapeur 1880 The Giant Raft The Amazon La Jangada 1880 14 1881 School for The Fake L’École des 1881 10 Robinsons Robinson Robinsons 1882

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The Green Ray Le Rayon vert 1881 15 1882 (Le Temps) Keraban the Around the Kéraban-le- 1882 13 Inflexible Black Sea têtu 1883 The Archipelago L’Archipel en 1883 12 on Fire feu 1884 The Southern The Northern L’Étoile du 1883 11 Star10 Star Sud 1884 Mathias Sandorf Mathias 1883–4 11 Sandorf 1885 Wreck of the The L’Épave du 1884 6 “Cynthia”11 Mediterranean “Cynthia” 188512 Robur the Conquest of the Robur-le- 1885 12 Conqueror Air conquérant 1886 (Débats) Lottery Ticket No. 9672 Un Billet de 1885 10 loterie 1886 North against Two Brothers Nord contre 1885–6 9 South Sud 1887 Two Years’ A Boarding Deux ans de 1886–7 8 Holiday School for vacances 1888 Robinsons Family without a Canada Famille-sans- 1887–8 7 Name nom 1889 Topsy-Turvy Righting the Sans dessus 1888 8 Axis dessous 1889 (Hetzel) César Cascabel Backwards César 1889 9 Journey Cascabel 1890 Carpathian Le Château 1889 9 Castle des Carpathes 1892 2013 Mistress Mistress 1890 7 Branican Branican 1891 Claudius Notes of a Claudius 1891 8 Bombarnac Reporter Bombarnac 1892 (Le 20 Soleil) Little Fellow P’tit- 1891 6 Bonhomme 1893 16

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Adventures of Mirifiques 1892 6 Captain Antifer aventures de 1894 14 Maître Antifer Propeller Island L’Île à hélice 1893 7 1895 14 Drama in Un Drame en 1893 5 Livonia Livonie 1904 For the Flag Ker Karraje Face au 1894 12 drapeau 1896 17 The Mighty Orinoco Le Superbe 1894 5 Orinoco14 Orénoque 1898 12 Clovis Dardentor Clovis 1895 6 Dardentor Dardentor 1896 16 The Ice Sphinx Antarctic Le Sphinx des 1895 5 Sphinx glaces 1897 14 Treetop Village The Great Le Village 1896 6 Forest aérien 1901 12 Second New Seconde 1896 4 Homeland Switzerland patrie 1900 11 The Will of an Le Testament 1897 5 Eccentric d’un 1899 12 excentrique The Kip Brothers The Brothers Les Frères 1898 4 Norik Kip 1902 11 Tales of Jean- A Marine Les Histoires 1899 5 Marie Monster de Jean-Marie 1901 12 Cabidoulin Cabidoulin Travelling Bourses de 1899 4 Scholarships voyage 1903 10 Invasion of the The Saharan L’Invasion de 1902 4 Sea Sea la mer 1905 9 Master of the Master after Maître du 1902–3 5 World God monde 1904 9

Published Short Stories Five of Jules Verne’s short stories underwent major changes when reprinted as part of the Extraordinary Journeys: “The First Ships of the Mexican Navy“, renamed “A Drama in Mexico”; “A Balloon

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Journey“, renamed “A Drama in the Air”; “Martin Paz,“ “Master Zacharius,“ and “Dr Ox”. “In the Year 2889” (The Forum, Feb. 1889) was signed Jules Verne but written by Michel.

Title in English Title in French Approx Date and imate Publisher Year Writte n “The First Ships of “Les Premiers navires 1850 1851, Musée des the Mexican Navy” de la Marine familles Mexicaine” “A Balloon Journey” “Un Voyage en 1851 1851, Musée ballon” “Martin Paz” “Martin Paz” 1852 1852, Musée “Master Zacharius” “Maître Zacharius” 1853 1854, Musée “Winter amid the “Un Hivernage dans 1853 1855, Musée Ice” les glaces” “The Count of “Le Comte de ? 1864, Musée Chanteleine” Chanteleine” “The Blockade “Les Forceurs de 1865 1865, Musée Runners” blocus” “Dr Ox” “Le Docteur Ox” 1871 1871, Musée “The Mutineers of “Les Révoltés de la 1879 1879, Hetzel the Bounty” (based Bounty” on a manuscript by Gabriel Marcel) “Frritt-Flacc” “Frritt-Flacc” 1884 1884, Figaro illustré “Gil Braltar” “Gil Braltar” 1886 1886, Petit Journal “The Road to “Le Chemin de 1860s? 1887, Le Temps France” France” “In the Year 2889” n/a 1888 1889, The Forum (by Michel Verne) “The Rat Family” “La Famille Raton” 1886 1891, Figaro illustré “Mr D Sharp and “M. Ré-dièze et Mlle 1892 1893, Figaro Miss E Flat” Mi-bémol” illustré

308

Novels and Short Stories not Published during Verne’s Lifetime Title in English Title in French Written Published “The Herdu Ferry” “Le Bac de Herdu” ca.1845–6 The text is lost15 A Priest in 1835 Un Prêtre en 1835 1846–7 1992 “Jedediah Jamet” “Jédédias Jamet” 1847 1993 “Pierre-Jean” “Pierre-Jean” ca.1852 1988 “The Marriage of M. “Le Mariage de M. ca.1855 1991 Anselme des Anselme des Tilleuls” Tilleuls” “San Carlos” “San Carlos” ca.1856 1993 “The Siege of Rome” “Le Siège de Rome” ca.1859 1993 Journey to England Voyage en Angleterre et 1859–60 1989 and Scotland16 en Ecosse Paris in the Twentieth Paris au XXe siècle 1860, 1994 Century 1863 Humbug17 “Le Humbug” ca.1867? 1910 Uncle Robinson18 L’Oncle Robinson 1870–1 1991 The Beautiful Yellow Le Beau Danube jaune 1896–7 1988 Danube19 Magellania20 En Magellanie 1896–9 1987 The Golden Volcano Le Volcan d’or 1899– 1989 1900 The Meteor Hunt La Chasse au météore 1901 1986 The Secret of Wilhelm Le Secret de Wilhelm 1901 1985 Storitz Storitz Lighthouse at the End Le Phare du bout du 1901 1905 of the World21 monde “Study Trip”22 “Voyage d’études” 1903–4 1993 “Edom”23 (with “Édom” ? 1910 Michel Verne)

Plays and Libretti The first publication of most of the plays was in Manuscrits nantais (Nantes: Bibliothèque Municipale, 1991), printed in a small number of copies. Nearly all the plays were reprinted in Christian Robin (ed.), Théâtre inédit (Cherche Midi, 2005) (TI).24

309

English Title Form Writ Collaborato Performan Published French Title ten r(s) ces 1851– 1905 No known title Tragedy in Rejected The text is verse by the lost, Riquiqui mentione Puppet d only in Theatre ADF 22 (Nantes) No known title Vaudeville 1845 TI 999– 1030 (only Act 2 survives) The Gunpowder Five-act 1846 TI 17–110 Plot tragedy in La Conspiration verse des poudres A Drama under Five-act 1846 TI 205–88 Louis XV tragedy in Un Drame sous verse Louis XV25 Alexander VI Five-act drama 1846 TI 119–97 Alexandre VI26 in verse –7 Rabelais’s One-act 1847 TI 309–33 Quarter-Hour comedy in Le Quart d’heure verse de Rabelais Sea Outing One-act 1847 TI 335–78 Une Promenade vaudeville en mer “Don Galaor” Synopsis of 1847 TI 293– “Don Galaor” one-act 307 comedy Broken Straws One-act 1849 Dumas fils Historic Beck, Les Pailles comedy in Theatre, 1850; rompues verse 12–25 June Revue 185027 Jules Verne, 11, 2001, 33– 94

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The Grouse Synopsis 1849 TI 379–87 Le Coq de bruyère Abdullah Vaudeville in 1849 TI 389–95 Abd’allah two acts Sometimes You Synopsis 1849 TI 445–54 Need Someone Smaller On a souvent besoin d’un plus petit que soi Thousand and One-act play in 1850 Music by TI 457–92 Second Night verse Aristide La Mille et Hignard deuxième nuit Who Laughs Three-act 1850 TI 495– Dines comedy in 566 Quiridine et verse Quiridinerit The Guimard Two-act 1850 TI 569– La Guimard comedy 635 “The Savants” Three-act 1851 The text is “Les Savants” comedy , lost 1867 “The Breton 1851 The text is Fiancés” lost “Les Fiancés Bretons” From Charybdis One-act 1851 TI 639–9 to Scylla comedy in De Charybde en verse Scylla Mona Lisa One-act 1851 Cahiers Monna Lisa [sic] comedy in –55 de verse l’Heme, L’Herne, 1974 Castles in One-act 1851 Pierre Musée des California, or comedy Chevalier familles, Rolling Stone June 1852 Gathers no Moss

311

Les Châteaux en Californie, ou Pierre qui roule n’amasse pas mousse The Tower of Five-act drama 1852 Charles TI 673– Montlhéry Wallut 782 La Tour de Montlhéry Blind Man’s Buff One-act comic 1852 Michel Lyric Levy, Le Colin-Maillard opera Carré; music Theatre, 1853; by Hignard 28 April BSJV 120 1853, 45 performan ces The Adopted Son Comedy 1853 Wallut BSJV 140 Un Fils adoptif The Knights of One-act comic 1853 Carré; music Lyric Levy, the Daffodil opera by Hignard Theatre, 6 1855; Les Compagnons June 1855, BSJV 143 de la marjolaine 24 performan ces Happy for One Five-act 1853 TI 793– Day comedy in –56 882 Les Heureux du verse jour War on Tyrants One-act 1854 TI 883– Guerre aux comedy in 921 tyrans verse Beside the Adour One-act 1855 TI 923–52 Au bord de comedy in l’Adour verse Mr Chimpanzee One-act 1857 Perhaps Bouffes- BSJV 57 M. de Chimpanzé operetta with Carré; Parisiens, music by 17 Hignard February, 1858, several

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performan ces The Ardennes One-act comic 1859 Carré; music Lyric Levy, Inn opera by Hignard Theatre, 1 1860 L’Auberge des September Ardennes 1860, 20 performan ces Eleven-Day Siege Three-act 1854 Wallut Vaudevill Levy, Onze jours de comedy –60 e Theatre, 1861 siège 1 June, 1861 An American Three-act 1861 Perhaps Cluny Hetzel, Nephew, or The comedy revised by Theatre, 1873; Two Frontignacs Édouard 17 April published Un Neveu Cadol and 1873, for with d’Amérique, ou Eugène two Clovis Les Deux Labiche months Dardentor, Frontignac Union générale d’Editions , 1979 “The Sabines” Comic opera or Wallut TI 963–90 “Les Sabines” operetta in two (only the or three acts first act has survived) “The North Synopsis 1871 TI 993– 7 Pole” (the play “Le Pôle Nord” itself is lost) Around the Four-act play 1872 Cadol and BSJV World in 80 Days Verne 152:5–80 Le Tour du monde en 80 jours Around the Play in five 1873 Adolphe Porte Hetzel, World in 80 Days acts and one –4 d’Ennery; Saint- 1879 Le Tour du prologue music by J.- Martin monde en 80 J. Theatre, 7 jours Debillemont November

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1874, 415 performan ces and thousands of reprises Captain Grant’s Play in five 1875 d’Ennery; Porte Hetzel, Children acts and one music by Saint- 1881 Les Enfants du prologue Debillemont Martin capitaine Grant Theatre, 26 December 1878, 113 performan ces “Dr Ox” Three-act 1877 Philippe Variétés Choudens “Le Docteur comic opera Gille and Theatre, , 1877 Ox” Arnold 42 Mortier; performan music by ces Jacques Offenbach Michel Strogoff Five-act play 1878 d’Ennery Châtelet Hetzel, Michel Strogoff Theatre, 1881 17 November 1880, 386 performan ces Journey through Three-act play 1882 d’Ennery; Porte Paris, the Impossible music by Saint- Pauvert, Voyage à travers Oscar de Martin 1981 l’impossible Lagoanère Theatre, 25 November 1882, 43 performan ces28 Keraban the Five-act play 1883 Gaîté BSJV 85– Inflexible Lyrique 6, 27–134 Kéraban-le-têtu Theatre, 3 September

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1883, 49 performan ces Mathias Sandorf Five-act play 1887 William Théâtre de Paris, Mathias Sandorf Busnach l’Ambigu, Société and Georges 27 Jules Maurens November Verne, 1887, 85 1992 performan ces “Tribulations of Play 1888 The text is a Chinese in –90 lost China” “Les Tribulations d’un Chinois en Chine”

Other Published Works Nonfiction English Title French Title Published “Is There a Moral “Y a-t-il obligation Cahiers Jules Verne, 8:1– Obligation for France morale pour la France 16 to Intervene in the d’intervenir dans les Affairs of Poland?” affaires de la Pologne?” “Artists’ Portraits: “Portraits d’artistes: Revue des beaux-arts: No. 18” XVIII” Tribune des artistes, vol. 8, 1857, p. 115–16 The 1857 Salon Le Salon de 1857 Revue des beaux-arts: Tribune des artistes, 27th Year, vol. 8, 185729 Journey to England and Voyage en Angleterre et Cherche-Midi, 1989 Scotland en Ecosse “Joyous Miseries of “Joyeuses misères de Géo, Special Issue Three Travellers in trois voyageurs en [2003], xvii-xxii Scandinavia” Scandinavie” (“Joyous Miseries”) “Concerning the “À propos du Géant” Musée des familles, Géant” December 1863

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“Edgar Allan Poe and “Edgard Poë [sic] et ses Musée, April 1864 his Works” œuvres” “The Meridians and “Les Méridiens et le Journal d’Amiens, 14–15 the Calendar” Calendrier” April 1873, 3 “Ascent of the “Ascension du Météore” Journal d’Amiens, 29–30 Météore” September 1873 Illustrated Geography of Géographie illustrée de la Hetzel, 1867 France and its Colonies France et de ses colonies (Geography)30 “An Ideal City” “Une Ville idéale” Mémoires de l’Académie des sciences, belles-lettres, et arts d’Amiens (vol. XXII, 1874–5) Discovery of the Earth Découverte de la Terre Hetzel, 1878 The Great Navigators of Les Grands Navigateurs Hetzel, 1879 the Eighteenth Century du XVIIIe siècle The Voyagers of the Les Voyageurs du XIXe Hetzel, 1880 Nineteenth Century siècle “Ten Hours’ “Dix heures de chasse” Hetzel, 1882 Hunting” “Memories of “Souvenirs d’enfance et The Youth’s Companion Childhood and de jeunesse” (9 April 1891), as “The Youth” (MCY) Story of My Boyhood” “Future of the Popular Mechanics, 6 Submarine” (June 1904) “The Solution of Heart’s International Mind Problems by the Cosmopolitan (New Imagination” York), vol. 85, no. 508, October 1928

Poems and Songs Eighty-eight poems in Poésies inédites, Christian Robin (ed.) Cherche Midi, 1989 and Textes oubliés, Francis Lacassin (ed.), Paris, Union Générale d’Éditions, 1979. About 30 other songs and poems, listed on http://jv.gilead.org.il/biblio/poems.html; seven were published in Aristide Hignard, Rimes et mélodies (Heu, 1857) and three in Aristide Hignard, Rimes et mélodies (Heu, 1863).

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Manuscripts and Unpublished Works The manuscripts of nearly 100 works (about 13,000 folios), including the overwhelming majority of novels, short stories, and plays, are kept in Nantes. The web page at http://www1.arkhenum.fr/bm_nantes_jules_verne/_app_php_mysql/ms/re cherche_alpha_cles.php provides a complete listing and description, with two or three sheets from each; the pages of the manuscripts themselves are available in ultra-high resolution at, for instance, https://catalogue- bm.nantes.fr/in/faces/imageReader.xhtml?id=h::Nantes_152&highlight, where the “152” can be replaced with numbers between “145” and “243” for novels, stories, and plays. The French National Library (Department of Manuscripts, NAF 16932–7152 and vols 67–80) houses both manuscripts of Twenty Thousand Leagues and the second manuscript of Around the World, plus various other largely unpublished materials. The manuscript of Journey to the Centre of the Earth is in private hands in the United States. That of “Edom“ is held by Verne’s descendants in France, with photocopies of the first and last folios circulating among specialists. The city of Amiens now houses the legendary F 25 million, 30,000- piece Gondolo della Riva collection. It is reported to contain the following documents: travel notes of the 1861 Scandinavian and 1867 American journeys; logbooks of the journeys of 1875–84, including the 1879 Scottish and 1884 Mediterranean trips (OD 274); the itinerary of the 1859 Scotland visit; the research card index, with more than 20,000 unused items, both factual and commentary, principally covering Verne’s reading, but also with biographical information;31 29 volumes of press cuttings (1862–1914), including 600 pages of newspaper obituaries; 300 letters from Verne to Michel; proofs of Twenty Thousand Leagues; and many other documents.

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Index A Abdullah “About the Géant” Adam, Edmond Adam, Juliette (née Lambert) Adventures of Baron Munchhausen (Raspe) Adventures of Captain Hatteras, The Adventures of Robert-Robert (Desnoyer) “Adventures of the Rat Family, The” Adventures of Three Russians and Three Britons Albany Alexander VI Alexis, Didier (hypnotist) Algeria Algiers Allott, N. Allotte de la Fuÿe, Alexandre Allotte de la Fuÿe, Auguste Allotte de la Fuÿe, Augustin Allotte de la Fuÿe, Dame Sophie Allotte de la Fuÿe, Eugène Allotte de la Fuÿe, Georges Allotte de la Fuÿe, Gustave Allotte de la Fuÿe, Marguerite Allotte de la Fuÿe, Maurice Allotte de la Fuÿe, Prudent Alloue, Monsignor Alsace America. see United States American writers, influence of Amiens ancestry Anderson, James Antarctica Antibes, Cap d’ Anvers, N. d’ Anzin Aouda, Princess

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Arago, Jacques Archipelago on Fire, The Ardan, Michel Arnault-Grossetière, Herminie Arnous-Rivière, (William-)Henri Arnous-Rivière, Marie Aronnax, Pierre Around the Moon Around the World in Eighty Days Around the World in 80 Days (play, film, and TV versions) Arpentigny, Casimir d’ “Ascent of the Météore” Atlantis Aubryet, Xavier Auteuil autopropulsive devices Ayrton B Baden-Baden Badoureau, Albert Bain, Amelia Bain, William “Balloon Journey, A” balloons Balzac, Honoré de Barère, Joséphine de Barnum, Phineas Taylor Barral, Jean-Augustin Barsac Mission, The Basse Indre Baudelaire, Charles Beautiful Yellow Danube, The Béchenec, Charles de Begum’s Millions, The Belgium Bertrand, Joseph Beside the Adour bestiality Bible Binet Island Bixio, Alexandre Black Indies, The

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Blanche, Dr Émile (psychiatrist) Blind Man’s Buff “Blockade Runners” Blue Diamond (Laurie) Bly, Nellie Bodin’s bookshop Bonamy, Adolphe Bonamy, Édouard Bordeaux Bordighera Bos, Charles-Paul Bouillé, Erménégilde de Boulevard Bonne Nouvelle Boulevard de Magenta Boulevard Guyencourt Boulevard Longueville Boulevard Montmartre Boulevard Poissonnière Boulevard Saint-Charles Bourgeois, Simon Braheix, Hippolyte Brains Brébant Bréhat, Alfred de Brest Brighton British at the North Pole, The. see Adventures of Captain Hatteras, The Broken Straws Brooklyn Brun, Charles Brunel, Isambard Buffalo Bulot, Alfred Bulot, Michel Burton, Richard Busnach, William C Cabel, Marie Cadol, Édouard Café Procope Chaffanjon, Jean Calais

320

Cambronne, General Viscount Cannes cannibalism Captain Grant’s Children Captain Nemo Caron café Carpathian Castle Carré, Michel Carthage Castles in California Cavaignac, Eugène Chaffanjon, Jean Cham (friend) Championnière, Paul Chan, Jackie "Chancellor", The Chantenay Charruel, Rosalie Chassin (friend) Château de la Fuÿe Château Thierry Châteaubourg, Caroline de la Celle de Châteaubourg, François de la Celle de Chateaubriand, François René de Chateaubriand, René-Auguste Châtelet Theatre Chauves, Paul Chéguillaume, Ninette Chênes Verts (villa) Chevalier, Pierre (Pitre-) Child, The (Vallez) China “Chinese Song, A” Circle of the Scientific Press circumnavigation Claudius Bombarnac Cocteau, Jean Col de Tende Collège Royal Colombel, Évariste Colonnaders colonialism

321

“Confiteor” Cooper, James Fenimore Coquebert, Jean-Baptiste Coral, Count de Coralie (ship) Cork Couëtoux du Tertre, Émile “Count of Chanteleine” Count of Monte Cristo, The (Dumas) Cowes Crater, The (Cooper) Cretan Liar Paradox Crimean War Crystal Palace D Daily Telegraph Dal Damien, Auguste Daudet, Alphonse David, Héloïse Deal Deberly, Albert Deladérère (teacher) deleted or changed sections of works Adventures of Captain Hatteras, The Around the World in Eighty Days Black Indies, The Discovery of the Earth From the Earth to the Moon Mysterious Island, The Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Seas Delibes, Léo Delioux, Charles Delmas, Léon Delong, Alexandre (Sandre) Denmark desert islands Desgraviers, Angèle Desgraviers, Armand Dickens, Charles Discovery of the Earth diving apparatus, Rouquayrol–Denayrouze

322

Don Galaor Dover Dr Aronnax “Dr Ox” (opera) “Dr Ox” (short story) Dr Ox’s Experiment and Other Stories “Dr Trifulgas” Drama in Livonia “Drama in the Airs, A Drama under Louis XV, A Du Chaillu, Paul Dubail, Edmond-Yvon Dubigeon (friend) Duchesne, Mme Ducrest de Villeneuve, Raymond Dufresne, Alfred Dumas, Alexandre fils Dumas, Alexandre père Dunkirk Duquesnel, Félix Duverger, Charles E Earth before the Deluge (Figuier) “Edgar Allan Poe and his Works” Edinburgh “Edom” Eggly’s 1857 Salon, The Elements of Mechanics (Garcet) Eleven without Women Eleven-Day Siege Énault, Louis England. see Great Britain English Channel Ennery, Adolphe d’ Erdre Erdre–Loire confluence Étiennez (friend) exploration Extraordinary Journeys F Family without a Name

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Feydeau Island Field, Cyrus Figaro, the (newspaper) Figuier, Louis “First Ships of the Mexican Navy” Five Weeks in a Balloon “Flight to France, The” Floating City, A Flourens, Gustave Fogg, Phileas For the Flag “Fortieth French Ascent of Mont Blanc” (Paul Verne) Fournier, Félix Fournier-Sarlovèze, Raymond France absence from JV’s books travels within Franco–Prussian War François, Louise Francy, Henri de la Rue de French Academy From the Earth to the Moon funerals G Gaillardet, Frédéric Gand, Édouard Garcet, Eugénie Garcet, Henri Garnier family Gautier, Théophile Gavarni (illustrator) Géant, the (balloon) Genevois, Ernest Genoa geographical quests as theme Germany giant squid Giblain, Charles (stockbroker) Gibraltar Gille, Philippe Girardin, Émile de Glenarvan, Lord

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Godard, Eugène Godefroy, Robert Goethe “Gold-Bug, The” (Poe) Golden Volcano, The Golfe Juan Gondola della Riva, Piero Gouté, Pitre Gouty Rat, The (shop) Goyon, Charles-Marie-Augueste de Gracq, Julien Graslin Theatre Gruast, Nanou Gravesend Great Britain Great Eastern (ship) Great Navigators of the Eighteenth Century, The Great Yarmouth Green Ray, The Greenwood, James Grouse, The Guernsey Guillet de la Brosse, François Guillon, Alfred Guimard, The Gunpowder Plot, The Gymnase (theatre) H Halgan, Stéphane Happy for One Day Hardwigg Hatteras, John Haussmann, Georges-Eugène Heavier-than-Air Society Hebrides Hector Servadac Hénin, Estelle Hetzel, (Pierre-)Jules contracts with JV death of about Honorine Legion of Honour request

325

letters to and Michel Strogoff and Mysterious Island, The as publisher travels with and Black Indies, The and Tribulations of a Chinese in China and Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Seas Hetzel, (Louis-)Jules fils Hignard, Aristide collaboration with death of friendship with Rimes et Mélodies sexual orientation trip to Great Britain trip to Scandinavia Historic Theatre, see also Lyric Theatre Hoffmann, E. T. A. Holland Holy Cross homosexuality Hôtel du Golfe Hudson River Hugo, Victor Humbug Hunchback of Notre Dame, The (Hugo) hunting hypnosis I Ice Sphinx, The Illustrated France (Malte-Brun) Illustrated Geography of France and its Colonies, The “In the Year 2889” Indre (Basse Indre) Indret Inn of the Ardennes Insurrection of Paris Invasion of the Sea Inzievar House Ionesco, Eugène Ireland

326

“Is There a Moral Obligation for France to Intervene in the Affairs of Poland?” Isaac Laquédem (Dumas) Italy Ivanhoe (Scott) J Janin, Jules Janmar, Laurence Janssen, Jules Janvier de la Motte, Eugène “Jedediah Jamet” (incomplete) Jersey Joly Jomini, Mme Joubert (friend) Journal des débats politiques et littéraires (magazine) Journal des enfants (magazine) Journey Around the World (Arago) Journey Through the Impossible Journey to England and Scotland Journey to the Centre of the Earth Journey under the Waters. see Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Seas Journeys in the Ice (Hervé and Lanoye) Journey to the Moon (Offenbach) “Joyous Miseries of Three Travellers in Scandinavia” K Keraban the Inflexible Kip Brothers, The Knights of the Daffodil, The L La Guerche “La Solitude” (house) La Valette Lake Ontario Lamartine, Alphonse de Lanterne (newspaper) Larochelle, Henri Lassée, Marie-Thérèse de Laurie, André Lavallée, Théophile Le Crotoy Le Havre

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Le Plessis-Cellier Le Tréport League of the French Fatherland Lefebvre, Georges Lelarge, Auguste Lemonnier (teacher) Leo XIII Lesseps, Ferdinand de Lidenbrock, Dr Otto Lighthouse at the End of the World Lind, Jenny literary establishment, lack of acceptance by Liton, Charles Litoust, Pierre Liverpool Livingstone, David Loire London Lorin, Jules Lorois, Émile Loudun Louis-Philippe Lucas-Championnière, Paul and Juste Lycée Henri IV Lyric Theatre M Macé, Jean Macé de la Barbelais, Louise madness Magasin illustré d’éducation et de récréation (magazine) Magasin pittoresque (magazine) Magellania Maisonneuve, Charles financial assistance friendship with Müller, Gustav Malot, Hector Malte-Brun, Victor-Adolphe Man in the Iron Mask (Dumas) Manuscripts Marcé, Dr Victor Marcel, Gabriel

328

Markovich, Maria Alexandrovna “Marriage of M. Anselme des Tilleuls, The” Martin, Mme “Martin Paz” Marvels of Science, The (unpublished) masked balls Massé, Victor Master of the World Master Zacharius (character) “Master Zacharius” (short story) mastodons masturbation Mathias Sandorf Mathias Sandorf (play) Maurras, Charles May Fly (boat) Mediterranean Méduse Meissonier, Ernest “Memories of Childhood and Youth” Merino, Ignace Méry, Pauline Meteor Hunt Mettray Meusnier, Captain Michel Strogoff Mighty Orinoco, The mining Mistress Branican Mohawk Mona Lisa Monaco Montford, Denys de Montmartre Morel, Honorine-Anna-Hebée (née de Viane) (later Verne) Morel, Suzanne Morel, Valentine Morlaix Morocco Mortagne Most Extraordinary Journeys of Saturnin Farandoul, The (Robida) Mr Chimpanzee

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Müller, Eugénie Jeannette Marie-Rose Musée des familles (magazine) Musseau, Charles Musset, Alfred de “Mutineers of the Bounty, The” Mysterious Island, The N Nadar (friend) Nantes Nantes from Feydeau Island (paintings by Turner) Napoleon III Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym, The (Poe) Nautilus Nemo, Captain Nephew from America, A Nerval, Gérard de New Jersey New Lessons in Cosmography (Garcet) New Prince’s Dock New World New York Niagara Falls Nice Day Boys Club North Africa North against South North Pole as theme Norway O Octavie (ship) Offenbach, Jacques Ollive, Charles-Frédéric Orléans, Gaston d’, Comte de Eu Orléans, Henri d’, Comte de Paris Ossian Ostend P Paganel, Jacques Paimbœuf Palin, Michael palmistry Pâqueteau, Jean-François

330

Pâris, Mathurine Paris Commune Paris in the Twentieth Century Pass of Tende Passage Saulnier Passepartout Past-in-the-future theme Perret, Paul Petit Séminaire Saint-Donatien “Pierre-Jean” Pigeory, Félix Pioneers (Cooper) Pilfold, David Place de la Croix Rouge Place Graslin Plihon (teacher) Plongeur (submarine) Poe, Edgar Allan Poems Poincaré, Raymond Poiré, Paul Polar Sea (Lanoye) Pole and the Equator, The (Dubois) Pont-Jest, René de Porte Saint-Martin Theatre Portugal Poupart-Davyl (friend) prehistoric discoveries Prévôt, M. Priest in 1835, A Princess Aouda Propeller Island Provins Prudent, Uncle. see Allotte de la Fuÿe, Prudent psychological concepts in JV’s works Q Quai Brancas Quai de la Fosse Quai Duguay-Trouin Quai Jean Bart R Rabelais’s Quarter Hour

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racism in JV’s works Raft of the Méduse Ramsgate Raoul-Duval, Edgar “Rat Family, The” Reboul, Jeanne Reclus, Élisée Reform Club Reunion reviews of Adventures of Captain Hatteras of Around the World in Days of Blind Man’s Buff of Captain Grant’s Children of Five Weeks in a Balloon of Journey Through the Impossible of Keraban the Inflexible of Michel Strogoff of Mr Chimpanzee Revue des beaux-arts (journal) Richardson, Samuel Rimes et Mélodies (Hignard) Riquiqui Puppet Theatre Rob Roy (Scott) Robida, Fred Robinson Crusoe (Defoe) Robinson of the Desert Sands (Mirval) Robur-the-Conqueror Romantic movement Rome Rouquayrol-Denayrouze diving apparatus Royer, Alphonse Rue Charles Dubois Rue d’Amboise Rue de Clisson Rue de l’Ancienne Comédie Rue de Sèvres Rue des Martyrs Rue du Faubourg Montmartre Rue Jean-Jacques Rousseau Rue Jeanne-d’Arc Rue Kervégan

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Rue La Fontaine Rue Louis le Grand Rue Saint-Martin Rue Santeuil Rue Suffren Russia S “Sabines, The” sailing on St Michel on St Michel II on St Michel III Saint-Nazaire Harbour Saknussemm, Arne sales of JV’s books Salorges, Les Sambin, Mme “San Carlos” Sand, George Sardou, Victorien “Savants, The” scatological references in JV’s works Schiller, Fredrich Schwob, Georges science fiction scientific dehumanisation theme Scotland Scott, Walter Sea Outing Second Homeland Second Republic Secret of Wilhelm Storitz, The Self-mortification Selkirk, Alexander Serpette (friend) Seveste, Edmond Seveste, Jules Sèvre Shakespeare, William ships and the sea early exploits fascination with

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first experiences of running away to sea sailors’ stories sea voyages St Michel (boat) St Michel II St Michel III steamboats shipwrecks “Siege of Rome, The” Sivanne, Pierre slave trade smallpox epidemic Smith, Cyrus Smith, William social commentary in JV’s works Society of Geography Sometimes You Need Someone Smaller Southampton Southern Star, The space travel Spain Spy, The (Cooper) St Donatien Junior Seminary St Michel (boat) St Michel II (boat) St Michel III (boat) St Stanislas School steamboats “Study Trip” (incomplete) submarines Suez Canal Survivors of the “Jonathan” Sweden Swiss Family Robinson (Wyss) Switzerland Sydenham T Talbot, Eugène Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque (Poe) Tales of Jean-Marie Cabidoulin Talexy, Adrien

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Tangiers Tâton, Thérèse technology Telemark “Ten Hours’ Hunting” Teutsch, Luise/Louise Théâtre Lyrique themes geographical quests North Pole past-in-the-future scientific dehumanisation Thiers, Adolphe Third Republic Thompson Travel Agency Three Musketeers, The (Dumas) Three Old Sailors (Greenwood/Verne) Topsy-Turvy Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de Tour du monde (magazine) Tower of Montlhéry, The Towle, George M. trains Transactions of the French Alpine Club (magazine) transcontinental railways translations of works travel. see also exploration Travelling Scholarships Treetop Village Trentemoult Tribulations of a Chinese in China (book) “Tribulations of a Chinese in China” (play) Tronson, Caroline Tronson, Céline Tronson, Edmond Tronson, François (uncle) Tronson, Henri Tronson, Henri-Edmond Tronson, Hilaire Tronson, Léontine Tronson, Louise (aunt) Tronson, Marie

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Tunisia Turgenev, Ivan Turner, J. M. W. Twelve-Year-Old Crusoe (Beaulieu) Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Seas U Uncle Prudent. see Allotte de la Fuÿe, Prudent unconscious mind Underland United States Universal Exposition of Fine Arts Uriage-les-Bains V Vallez, Jules Verne, Alexandre Verne, Alphonsine Verne, Amélie Verne, Anna Verne, Gabriel Verne, Gaston Verne, Honorine Hetzel on illnesses marital difficulties social ambitions travels trip to Cap d’Antibes wedding Verne, Jules as art critic artistic abilities assassination attempt birth brothels and courtesans category confusion characteristics childhood children (see Morels; Müller, Eugénie Jeannette Marie-Rose; Verne, Michel) christening city council member (Amiens) collaborators

336

Cadol Carré Chevalier d’Ennery, Adolphe Dumas fils Hignard Michel Verne Paul Verne Sardou Wallut courtship of Honorine death and funeral depression diabetes ducks and duck hunting east–west disorder education engagement escape, longing for finances financial difficulties in later years Michel’s debts income from plays and operas publishing contracts wedding friends ghost-writing godparents grandchildren great-grandchildren handwriting health issues homes (see also Appendix A) Amiens Chantenay Le Crotoy Nantes Paris interviews with Jewishness, rumours of jobs legal career

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secretary of Lyric Theatre stockbroking law exams lawsuits left–right disorder legal career legal studies Legion of Honour letters about love about marriage about Paris in 1848 about summer holidays about Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Seas about women to Caroline Châteaubourg to father to Genevois to Hetzel to mother scatological references literary interests and influences about England and Scotland about the North Pole in childhood in later years Romantic movement and Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Seas machines, fascination with manic-obsessive traits marriage (see also Verne, Jules, wedding) attitude towards and funerals marital difficulties married life military, attitude towards mistresses music criticism musical abilities name National Guard duty neuralgia

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old age performance of plays, first public physical appearance plagiarism poetry, interest in politics posthumous works religion, attitude towards Scottish ancestry sea voyages sexual tensions shyness scepticism songs speaking tour stockbroking stoicism summer holidays timidity travels (see also Appendix B; Appendix C) Algiers English Channel Europe in France Great Britain Ireland Italy Mediterranean North Africa sailing trips Scotland Spain and Portugal speaking tour Switzerland United States wedding wedding contract writing method Verne, Jules, works of articles “About the Géant” “Ascent of the Météore”

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“Confiteor” “Edgar Allan Poe and his Works” “Is There a Moral Obligation for France to Intervene in the Affairs of Poland?” on Lucia di Lammermoor books Adventures of Captain Hatteras, The Adventures of Three Russians and Three Britons Archipelago on Fire, The Around the Moon Around the World in Eighty Days Journey to England and Scotland Barsac Mission, The Beautiful Yellow Danube, The Begum’s Millions, The Black Indies, The Captain Grant’s Children Carpathian Castle “Chancellor”, The Claudius Bombarnac Discovery of the Earth Dr Ox’s Experiment and Other Stories Drama in Livonia, A 1857 Salon, The From the Earth to the Moon Family without a Name Five Weeks in a Balloon For the Flag Floating City, A Golden Volcano, The Great Navigators of the Eighteenth Century, The Green Ray, The Hector Servadac Humbug Ice Sphinx, The Illustrated Geography of France and its Colonies, The Invasion of the Sea Journey to the Centre of the Earth Kip Brothers, The Lighthouse at the End of the World Magellania Master of the World

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Mathias Sandorf Meteor Hunt Michel Strogoff Mighty Orinoco, The Mistress Branican Mysterious Island, The North against South Paris in the Twentieth Century Priest in 1835, A Propeller Island Robur-the-Conqueror Second Homeland Secret of Wilhelm Storitz, The Southern Star, The Study Trip (incomplete) Survivors of the “Jonathan” Tales of Jean-Marie Cabidoulin Thompson Travel Agency, The Topsy-Turvy Travelling Scholarships Treetop Village Tribulations of a Chinese in China Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Seas Voyagers of the Nineteenth Century, The Will of an Eccentric, The Wreck of the “Cynthia”, The Tales of Jean-Marie Cabidoulin, The operas and operettas Abdullah Blind Man’s Buff Grouse, The Inn of the Ardennes Knights of the Daffodil, The Mr Chimpanzee plays Alexander VI Around the World in 80 Days Beside the Adour Broken Straws Captain Grant’s Children Castles in California Don Galaor

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Drama under Louis XV, A Eleven-Day Siege Guimard, The Gunpowder Plot, The Happy for One Day Journey Through the Impossible Keraban the Inflexible Marvels of Science, The (unpublished) Mathias Sandorf Michel Strogoff Mona Lisa Nephew from America, A Rabelais’s Quarter-Hour Savants, The Sea Outing Sometimes You Need Someone Smaller Tower of Montlhéry, The “Tribulations of a Chinese in China” War on Tyrants Who Laughs Dines poems about Herminie Arnault-Grossetière to Alfred Dufresne to Caroline Tronson to Herminie Arnault-Grossetière in Hignard’s book to Honorine for mother stories and novellas “Adventures of the Rat Family, The” “Ascent of the Météore” “Balloon Journey, A” “Blockade Runners” “Chancellor, The” “Count of Chanteleine” “Don Galaor” “Dr Ox” “Dr Trifulgas” “Drama in the Airs, A “Edom” “First Ships of the Mexican Navy” “Flight to France, The”

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“In the Year 2889” “Jedediah Jamet” “Joyous Miseries of Three Travellers in Scandinavia” “Marriage of M. Anselme des Tilleuls, The” “Martin Paz” “Master Zacharius” “Memories of Childhood and Youth” “Mutineers of the Bounty” “Pierre-Jean” “Rat Family, The” “San Carlos” “Savants, The” “Siege of Rome, The” “Study Trip” “Ten Hours’ Hunting” “Winter amid the Ice” Verne, Marcel Verne, Marie Verne, Mathilde Verne, Michel birth of education financial difficulties imprisonment and JV’s contracts marriage misbehaviour relations with travels with writings of Verne, Paul birth collaborations with death of education engagement and wedding navel cadet relationship with JV ships and the sea as stockbroker travels travels with

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writings Verne, Pierre Verne, Pierre-Paul. see Verne, Paul Verne, Sophie (née Allotte de la Fuÿe) Verne, Tony (grandchild) Verne, Vital Vernet, Horace Viane, Ferdinand de Viane, Honorine de. see Morel, Honorine-Anna Hebée; Verne, Honorine Vigny, Alfred de Villa Bruyères Villeroi, Brutus volcanoes Voleur, the (magazine) Vovchok, Marko Voyagers of the Nineteenth Century, The W Wallut, Charles War on Tyrants Wey, Francis Who Laughs Dines Will of an Eccentric, The “Winter amid the Ice” women, relationships with Woolwich Wreck of the “Cynthia” Z Zabbah (friend) Zacharius, Master Zola, Émile

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Endnotes

Preface (pp. 00–00) 1 For interesting discussions on many other ideas and inventions first imagined by science fiction writers, see the website Technovelgy, http://www.technovelgy.com.

Introduction (pp. 00–00) 1 Verne is “the most read, the most published, and the most translated among all world literature” (Martin, PhD, 70). 2 Dates of works are those of beginning of first publication, usually in serial form; where works did not come out in Verne’s lifetime, the date of composition will be indicated instead. 3 The science-fiction sections of this story are probably not by Jules Verne, but by his son Michel. The definition of science fiction employed here is “a genre of fiction based on imagined future technological or scientific advances, major environmental or social changes, etc., and frequently portraying time travel and life on other planets” (Oxford English Reference Dictionary (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003)). 4 Abbreviated titles of the most frequently cited works will be used, as indicated in the Bibliography. References to Verne’s works will be by chapter (as roman numerals, with part number if any (e.g. II xxxix)) to allow use of any edition. 5 Cited by Walter James Miller, “Jules Verne in America“, in Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea, Walter James Miller (ed.) (New York: Crowell, 1976); vii–xxii; detected by myself in Journey to England and Scotland at proof stage. 6 Raymond Ducrest de Villeneuve, unpublished, untitled illustrated typescript [1930], kept in the City Library of Nantes (MJV B 233). Dehs lists the biography in his Guide (79). The works mentioned briefly in this introduction are fully referenced in the Bibliography. 7 Jean-Michel Margot has generously sent me a copy of his unpublished catalogue, a meticulous work of scholarship analysing and thematically classifying all 10,000 known documents about Verne. 8 If only The 1857 Salon (1857), discovered by myself in 2005. 9 Michel Strogoff (1876) was not published in Russia until the twentieth century; Tribulations of a Chinese in China (1879) appeared in China only in 2003 (with the political parts removed); Humbug appeared in English in 1992.

Prologue (pp. 00–00) 1 In a letter to Paul of 20 June 1894.

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2 “In the Year 2889”; the story was in fact written by his son Michel. 3 This account derives from a large number of sources, including: Verne’s own recollections as reported by interviewers (Int. 117, 179); [9 Mar. 86] and [10 Mar. 86] to Hetzel fils; Volker Dehs, “En 1886”, BSJV 118:32–7; Norbert Percereau, “Le Destin de Gaston Verne”, BSJV 155:4–52; and the contemporary newspapers, especially L’Univers illustré of 20 March 1886, The Times of 11 March 1886, and Journal d’Amiens. (The system of abbreviated references to letters by date is explained in note 13 to chapter 2 below.) In these notes, references separated by semicolons refer to distinct ideas in the text, those by commas to the same idea.

1. Island Adrift: 1828–33 (pp. 00–00) 1 Régis de Véron de La Combe, “En Remontant la Loire”, BSJV 150:36– 7. 2 JJV 2. However, some sources say Pierre’s office was at 5 Quai Jean Bart. 3 Reported on http://www.nantesmetropole.fr/. 4 In a letter of 4 November 1871 from Verne to his publisher. 5 Marguerite Pichelin (1874–1959) was the daughter-in-law of Maurice Allotte, Sophie’s nephew. 6 In greater detail: references to letters in the main text quote either the exact date (here 14 August 1850) or the month and year (Aug. 50), as given by Verne himself. Where dating is incomplete, the missing part of the reference will be in italics; where it is absent, [14 Aug. 50] will be used. 7 Dekiss, Jules Verne l’enchanteur, 11. 8 As recorded in the birth certificate (CNM 265–6). 9 Verne’s 1842 poem to his mother (in CNM 24) implies both he and his sister were breastfed. 10 Given that he did so for Jules’s sister ([3 May 37] from Sophie to Pierre’s mother, reproduced in J.V. (Amiens), 31 (1994):20–1). 11 At least according to Verne’s 1842 poem. 12 “L’Origine des Allotte de la Fuÿe”, BSJV 11:55–6. The “droit de fuye” also involved jurisdiction over surrounding land, loosely the concept of a domain, including three levels of dispensation of justice, with the power to clap in irons (Roger de la Fuÿe (1890–1961), “Jules Verne inconnu, mon oncle”, Connaissance du Monde, no. 3, February 1959, 51– 60). Prouteau (59) indicates the name as Baron “Norbert Allott”. 13 Roger de la Fuÿe 51–60; with Vincent Buche (http://www.rogerdelafuye.com/famille-roger-de-la- fuye.php3?action=lire&id=23), he also affirms that N. Allott was “the head of Louis XI’s Scottish Guard”; that the Château de la Fuÿe was bought by

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Paul Allotte de La Fuÿe in about 1725 from the Bussy family, but then sold again by his son, Alexandre (b. 1726), in about 1761; and that it later served as a stable and cowshed. 14 Additional, albeit allusive, support is given by Jules himself: “we must have an ancestor who got those rheumatisms from robbing in the woods and stopping stagecoaches on the main roads in the thirteenth century when British reiters roamed the countryside” [Mar.? 68]. 15 Sieur Allott was related to fishmonger Sir John Allot (ca. 1548–91), famous Lord Mayor of London (1590–1); the family of the Franco-Scottish “Sir Allott” went back to 1390; the family acquired the title of Count before 1696 (Roger de la Fuÿe 51–60). 16 Robert Taussat, “Rêverie sur un vieil almanach”, BSJV 16:160–3. 17 Given his work as a Nantes sea captain to South America at a period when nearly all the transatlantic trade dealt in slaves. 18 In 1821 53 out of the 67 Nantes ship-owning companies had links with the slave trade. Until the 1850s the majority of the city’s notables were either slavers or had close links with the trade. 19 Luce Courville, “Jules Verne, La Famille Raton et le ‘Rat-Goutteux’ de Nantes“, in Jules Verne: Histoires inattendues (Union Générale d’Éditions, 1978), 439–42. 20 Jean Chesneaux, Jules Verne: Un Regard sur le monde (Bayard, 2001), 166. 21 Yves Guillon, “Jules Verne et sa famille”, Bulletin de la Société archéologique d’Ille-et-Vilaine, vol. 78 (1974), 121–38. 22 De Lassée 56, Dumas 34. 23 JJV states that “according to my father he practised self- flagellation”, additional evidence being Pierre’s surviving notes praising the role of “material and corporal penance” (2—although the word “corporal” is missing from the first edition of the biography in French (1973)).

2. Chantenay Castaway: 1834–9 (pp. 00–00) 1 30 Mar. 36 in CNM 20. 2 Taussat 161. 3 Francis Lefeuvre, L’Éducation des garçons (Nantes: Forest, 1886), 14. 4 Lefeuvre 13. 5 Georges Bastard, “Jules Verne, sa vie, son œuvre”, Revue de Bretagne, April–May 1906, 337–59. 6 JJV 9; 15 Sep. 45. 7 Yves Lostanlet, “La Guerche en Brains et Jules Verne”, Bulletin du Pays de Retz, 13:9–12. 8 At 2 Rue Suffren (Taussat 163).

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9 Guillon 132–3. 10 “Memories of Childhood and Youth” (MCY) first appeared in The Youth’s Companion, in English translation; first French publication was in L’Herne, no. 25, 14 Oct. 1974, 57–62. 11 Added then deleted from the first manuscript of MCY, reproduced in Cahiers du Musée Jules Verne, no. 10 (1990), 7–21. 12 Nephew Maurice Verne, cited by ADF 122. 13 30 Mar. 36 in CNM 20. 14 Jules Verne écrivain (Nantes: Municipal Library, 2000), 164. 15 RD (33) is adamant that it was copied from miniatures of Henri and Edmond painted by Châteaubourg on Empire vases kept in Pierre and Sophie’s bedroom. 16 Roger Maudhuy, Jules Verne, 66. Cécile Compère places the drowning at nearby Doulon (“Jules Verne de Nantes“, Revue Jules Verne, 4:11–24). 17 Unpublished documents at Nantes, RD 9, and Compère 20. 18 Despite what is invariably claimed, Pierre did not purchase the house until 1846, as shown by the land records. The modern address is 29 Rue des Réformés. 19 The description of the house at Chantenay derives from RD (20–6), including his sketch maps and drawings. 20 Bastard 351. 21 RD 33; Bastard 337. 22 The one for 1836–7 is missing from the archives. OD (23) says Jules also did form 3 and 4 at St Stanislas. Paul transferred with him, into the year below (Compère 14). 23 Alain Chantreau, “Jules Verne à Saint-Stanislas”, Annales de Nantes, no. 187 (January–June 1978), 25–7. 24 At least according to a later headmaster, Chantreau (26). 25 In the first term of form 5, Jules came fifth out of an estimated 25 in “examination” and fourth in singing; in the second term, fifth in “examination” and geography, fourth in recitation from memory, and apparently first in singing. For the first term of form 4, he got a fifth in singing, but in the second, a sixth in geography and fourth in translation to and from Greek. The following year, he came fifth in singing and fourth in Latin unseen. 26 23 May 78 from Hetzel. 27 ADF 21–2. Marguerite changed some of the information in a preface in 1928 (cited in OD 25): Jules grows from 11 to 13, no longer buys out the cabin-boy but exchanges clothes with him, is caught and handed over by the captain, and so on. However, the episode remained unchanged in the revised 1953 edition of the biography.

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28 E.g. a letter from Jean Jules-Verne in 1978 (in JD 44). 29 Maurice d’Ocagne, “Jules Verne raconté par le fils d’un de ses amis”, La Revue hebdomadaire, vol. 37, no. 9 (Sep. 1928), 35–54. 30 By a bizarre coincidence, the only reference to the Octavie found on the web at the moment of writing (2019) is by Domeny de Rienzi, a racist author consulted by Verne, in a passage about the ship’s adoption in 1826 of an orang-utang called George that “resembled a black from Mozambique”. Like the orang-utang in The Mysterious Island, it also drank alcohol, smoked, walked on two legs, cleaned, waited at table, and showed repentance. 31 Volker Dehs, “Fait ou légende?”, Revue Jules Verne, nos 19–20:169– 74, citing Paul Eudel, Figures nantaises (vol. 1) (Rennes: Imprimerie de L’Ouest-Éclair, 1909), 197. 32 Roger de la Fuÿe 54.

3. Schoolboy Writer: 1840–6 (pp. 00–00) 1 [3 May 37] from Sophie to Pierre’s mother, reproduced by Volker Dehs in J.V., 31 (1994), 20–1. 2 Ducrest surprisingly says that “Pierre moved into Quai Jean Bart, near his practice, and a little later into Rue Kervégan ... but the family moved out after a few years. So Jules spent his earliest years on Feydeau“ (14). The biographer may have been thinking of the boy’s birthplace on Rue de Clisson, since the building was on the corner of Kervégan, or Pierre may simply have had an office there. In any case, the Vernes must have spent much time with Dame Sophie. 3 RD 21; [Feb. 55]; “Impromptu Verses”, Annales de Nantes, no. 187 (Jan.–June 1978), 16–18. 4 “Together” in Ducrest‘s phrase (16). 5 The whole tour is again courtesy of Ducrest (17–19), who claims to have lived there for some of his childhood. 6 “Jules and Paul lived in this study; the father himself initiated them to all these curiosities with conversations and explanations” (RD 19). 7 RD 18. However, this testimony dates from the 1860s at the very earliest, and may be affected by the distorted views of Jules Verne prevailing in 1930. 8 Preface published only in the first illustrated edition of Second Homeland (1900). Instead of “Mallès”, Verne wrote “Mollar”. In MCY, Verne similarly emphasises his love for Wyss rather than Defoe. 9 Preface in the first illustrated edition of Second Homeland. Woillez and Desnoyers are mentioned only in the draft of the preface. 10 OD 23, citing Robin 27; however, this citation does not appear on that page.

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11 E.g. Costello 102.

12 Compère 35. 13 Maudhuy 80. 14 Ducrest confirms that “from his earliest childhood [Paul] showed a very strong predilection for a naval career and everything to do with it. Everything drew him to it: his mind, more scientific than his brother’s, more directed towards new discoveries in navigation, his very strong taste for travel, and his reading”. 15 Maudhuy 82. 16 [12 Dec. 42] in CNM 23. There is a PS: “Many things to Father, sisters, Auntie, and Grandma who, I hope, is well. I was pleased to learn Uncle no longer has sore eyes”, probably referring to Sophie’s brother, Auguste Allotte. 17 Robin 250. 18 D’Ocagne 280. 19 Paul transferred in 1844, but entered the two-year special preparatory class for the Naval, Military, and Forestry Schools. 20 Compère 20. 21 Jean-Louis Liters, “Jules Verne au Collège Royal de Nantes“, Cahiers du Musée Jules Verne, no. 12 (1992), 28–39, although the source for this information is not indicated; Vallès, Les Souvenirs d’un étudiant pauvre (Gallimard, 1930). 22 Vallès, Souvenirs d’un étudiant pauvre; Le Livre d’or du lycée de Nantes (Nantes: publisher unknown, 1909), article by Paul Eudel, 287. 23 Eudel (197), nine years his junior at the school, reported that “he did good Classical studies, but nothing more”, claiming in addition that he had “a marked taste for mathematics”. 24 ADF 22–3, who further reports that Jules, Couëtoux du Tertre, and Genevois passed the baccalaureate together. 25 Genevois‘s father, Ange, was a businessman and president of the Nantes Chamber of Commerce in the 1830s. Serpette must have been related to the West African oil and soap and shipowning business Serpette and Co. (active in Nantes 1840–80) and to Nantes musician Gaston Serpette (1846–1904). 26 Liters, “Jules Verne au Collège Royal de Nantes”, 28–39. 27 In a private communication, Dehs reports evidence that Schwob was brought up in Rouen rather than Nantes. 28 Norbert Percereau, “‘Marie se marie’, mais le marié n’est pas Marie”, BSJV 149:21.

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29 When Pilfold died in 1853, Verne wrote “I was his oldest companion and his death caused me great sadness” (14 Mar. 53).

30 Liters 28. 31 Poupart-Davyl was the printer for Journey to the Centre of the Earth and From the Earth to the Moon, although later going bankrupt. In 1856 he fought a duel with Vallez. 32 Volker Dehs, “Émergence d’un ami d’enfance: Paul Perret“, BSJV 150:5. 33 ADF 19; RD 15. 34 The Green Ray (xiii).

4. What Use are Girls?: 1846–8 (pp. 00–00) 1 Guillon 127. 2 Guillon 132. 3 Reprinted in BSJV 123:11–13 (it is in fact another version of the poem quoted above (Poems 15)). 4 [Apr.? 53]; 15 Jun. 56. 5 Daniel Compère, Jules Verne: Parcours d’une œuvre (Amiens: Encrage, 1996), 11. 6 BSJV 191:28–9. 7 30 Dec. 47 in CNM 32. 8 This successful puppet theatre, founded in 1832, is well attested. 9 Poems 132; 162; 79; 109. 10 Poems 40; 49; 42. 11 21 Sep. 53 in Dix lettres inédites (Nantes: Société des Amis de la Bibliothèque Municipale de Nantes, 1982); ADF 26. 12 “An Ideal City”. 13 Kenneth Allott, Jules Verne (London: Cresset Press [1940]), 12, citing Mmes Levesque and Le Breton of Nantes, apparently in 1848. The Levesque family owned food factories near Chantenay from 1828. 14 Letter from Robert Godefroy to Frédéric Petit (31 Jan. 88), in L’Herne 119–30. 15 All arrondissements indicated are the modern ones. 16 5 Aug. 48 in Cahiers Jules Verne, 10:35. 17 Marcel Moré, Le Très curieux Jules Verne (Gallimard, 1960) and Nouvelles explorations de Jules Verne (Gallimard, 1963). 18 Eudel 194. 19 Int. 89; Lemire 7. 20 Letter to Hignard in ADF 28.

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5. Law Student in the Literary Salons: 1848–51 (pp. 000–00) 1 22 Feb. 49; 21 Nov. 48. 2 Int. 129; 89. 3 6 Dec. 48, 21 Nov. 48. 4 RD 39, d’Ocagne 281. 5 3 Dec. 89 to Abraham Dreyfus (in Europe, no. 613 (1980), 141); Int. 90. 6 Dumas published at this time Dr Servans (1849), Césarine (1849), Diane de Lys (1851), and Regent Mustel (1852). 7 Nouvelles littéraires, 24 March 1966. 8 28 Jun. 50; ADF 39. 9 Reputed to have had a dissolute youth, he wished to marry only to get rich; he showed an interest in Anna Verne, but Jules advised his father against pursuing the matter (23 Mar. 55). 10 Lottman 8; Martin, PhD, 574. 11 However, the surface plausibility of some of Verne’s information is misleading, for he was served by poor copyediting, perpetuated worldwide over hundreds of millions of copies. Here “Aguijan” is Guajan; and the Constanzia should be the Constancia; henceforth I will silently correct spelling (but not factual) mistakes made by Verne and others. 12 Jacques Noiray, Le Romancier et la machine (Corti, 1982), 20. 13 29 Jun. 51; 2 Dec. 52; Int. 136.

6. Plays and Poverty: 1851–4 (pp. 000–00) 1 19 Sep. 96 to Perret in BSJV 150:6. 2 19 Sep. 96 to Perret in BSJV 150:6. 3 Mar. 51. Later, Verne mysteriously says “Incidentally, in April I’m going to live at 11 Boulevard Bonne-Nouvelle” (4 Mar. 53). 4 3 Apr. 51; [6 Apr. 51]. 5 JJV 22; ADF 53. 6 21 Sep. 53 in Dix lettres inédites. 7 21 Jun. 55; 14 Dec. 54. 8 Bastard 339–40. 9 Bastard 339. 10 4 Dec. 51; [6 Dec. 51]. 11 Nevertheless, Verne wrote “I’m actively looking for a place, I’m going to see Ferdinand Favre” [mid-Oct. 51]. Favre was a pro-Louis- Philippe politician, mayor of Nantes (1832–48 and 1852–7), and sugar- refining and shipping businessman. Verne was presumably seeking a business or law job. 12 Aug. 52; 8 Dec. 52; ADF 64. 13 In Rue Amsterdam. Martin, Jules Verne, 27; Allott 17. 14 22 Aug. 52; RD 45.

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15 Verne staged Donizetti’s operetta Elisabeth at the Lyric on 4 January 1854 in a double bill with his own Blind Man’s Buff (JD 278). 16 [Jul.? 52], cf. [29 Apr. 53]. 17 If the careers of two later secretaries of the Lyric are any guide, the job carried long-term financial rewards, for both became owner–managers (JJV 22). 18 Volker Dehs, “Nous boirons, nous rirons”, BSJV 143:14. 19 8 Dec. 52, cf. 2 Dec. 52. 20 Allott 24–5, reporting the contemporary but untraced “Haucilly”; in Le Gaulois of 17 July 1929, Allotte de la Fuÿe writes his name as “Ernest du Haucilly”. 21 Dehs, “Nous boirons”, 14; [end 54]. 22 Extrapolated from figures provided by Volker Dehs, “‘Une ‘Bonne Nuit’ compromise”, BSJV 156:7–8. 23 23 Apr. 51; [10? Dec. 53]; 21 Jun. 55; [19 Feb. 56]. 24 In Soriano 68–9. 25 “Impromptu Verses” 17; 14 Mar. 53. 26 [25 Mar. 53], extract in Jules Verne à Dinard (Dinard: Mairie, [2000]), 77. 27 Lottman 55; ADF 61. 28 Charles-Noël Martin, “Les Amours de jeunesse de Jules Verne”, BSJV 29–30:103–20; ADF 61. 29 However, the Count had only two children, Jacques (died in 1870) and Marie (1848–1920), meaning the identity of “Erménégilde” remains mysterious—it may have been his sister, Louise Thérèse (1818–47). 30 [Jun. 55]; 21 Jun. 55. 31 Mlle Pauline Méry of Nantes (1835–71) married a ... Chéguillaume, Joseph-Paul-Auguste (1825–97), in Nantes in 1854. 32 “Impromptu Verses” 17. 33 5 Nov. 54 in BSJV 151:13; Alain Genevois, Annales, 15. 34 Gilbert Doukan, “Un Auteur à succès malheureux en amour”, BSJV 48:237–46; cf. Soriano 69. 35 J. Dillon, Les Bordels de Paris (Paris, 1790). 36 21 Sep. 53 in Dix lettres inédites. 37 [Mar. 56]; [27 Mar. 56]; [18 May 56] in ADF 69.

7. Tribulations of a Frenchman in France: 1854–9 (pp. 000–00) 1 The cover of Beside the Adour (1855) reads “47 Rue des Martyrs“, although confusingly crossed out and replaced by “18 Boulevard Bonne Nouvelle“. Interestingly enough, the writer Paul Lacroix (1806–84) lived at the former address, at least in 1851. Lacroix contributed very often to the Musée des familles and ghost-wrote plans for several of Dumas’s novels,

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including Isaac Laquedem (1853), where the eponymous hero discovers pterodactyls, plesiosaurs, and other prehistoric creatures underground… And Verne is also known to have ghost-written for Dumas in the 1850s… 2 12 Dec. 48 in Cahiers 10:51; 15 Nov. 52. 3 25 Nov. 54; 5 Sep. 56. 4 [Oct. 54?]; 20 Jun. 55; 5 Nov. 53; 22 Mar. 52; 7 Sep. 56; 5 Sep. 56. 5 [Feb. 51]; 23 Apr. 51?. 6 16 Nov. 49; 2 Apr. 49. 7 31 May 52; 12 Dec. 48 in Cahiers 10:51. 8 Nov. 55; 8 Aug. 64. 9 28 Jun. 50; Dehs says he went “several” times (BSJV 188:18). 10 [Oct.? 55]; 6 May 54. 11 31 Dec. 52; 25 Nov. 54; letter of 1854 or 1855 to Genevois in BSJV 100:7; 27 Feb. 49 to Genevois in BSJV 100:12. 12 “Impromptu Verses” 17. 13 A list of plays appears in the Bibliography. 14 The Knights of the Daffodil was also staged at the Graslin Theatre in Nantes. 15 CNM 86; [29 Apr. 53]; 4 May 53; Dekiss, L’Enchanteur, 40. 16 Dehs, “Nous boirons”, 20–2. 17 In a dedication on the title page of a copy of Journey to the Centre of the Earth (BSJV 155:56). 18 Or alternatively through Wallut, who was already publishing in the Musée. 19 Dehs, Jules Verne (2005), Appendix 2, calculates Verne’s total official earnings from his plays and operas in 1861 as F 2,650; 4 Jul. 56. 20 Allott 31. 21 31 May 52; 22 Jan. 51. 22 Mar. 51; [20 Nov. 55]. 23 15 Nov. 52; 17 Jan. 52. 24 In Paris in the Twentieth Century. 25 Her new brother-in-law, Auguste Lelarge, was also brother-in-law to Henri, Verne’s cousin. 26 Int. 42; photograph in ADF 48; picture in Ouest France, special issue [2005], 18. 27 7 Sep. 56; 22 Nov. 56. 28 4 Jul. 56; 7 Sep. 56. 29 [Summer (Aug.?) 56]. 30 [Oct. 56], reproduced on http://catalogue.gazette- drouot.com/pdf/88/80915/catboisgirardok20170301bd.pdf?id=80915&cp=88 31 10 Sep. 56; 29 May 56; [Oct. 56]. 32 [Oct. 56]; 1 Nov. 56 in Dix lettres.

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33 Cited in BSJV 109:8–11. 34 16 Nov. 56 in BSJV 109:8–11. 35 29 Nov. 56; [3 Dec. 56]; 29 Dec. 56. 36 22 Nov. 56; [end Nov. 56]. 37 [3 Dec. 56]; [end of Dec. 56], reproduced on http://catalogue.gazette- drouot.com/pdf/88/80915/catboisgirardok20170301bd.pdf?id=80915&cp=88 . 38 [Mid-Dec. 56]; 22 Nov. 56; Cécile Compère, “Le Contrat de mariage des époux Verne”, Revue Jules Verne, 2:76–81. 39 Compère, “Le Contrat”, 77. 40 G. Dumas, Mémoires (Laon: Fédération des Sociétés, 1977), 22, says Honorine’s possessions were worth 3K; Compère (“Le Contrat” 77), 30K. 41 Compère, “Le Contrat”, 77. 42 5 Nov. 54 in BSJV 151:10. 43 Textes oubliés (ed. Francis Lacassin; Union Générale d’Éditions, 1979), 49.

8. Married, with Portfolio: 1857–9 (pp. 000–00) 1 17 Dec. 56; ADF 77. 2 RD 54–5; [mid-Dec. 56]. 3 In any case, it was allegedly elsewhere: “I was the groom, and had a white suit and black gloves! I didn’t know where I was, and handed out money to everyone: Town Hall clerks, beadle, sacristan, errand boy. Someone shouted for the bridegroom. That meant me! Thank heavens only a dozen people were watching the spectacle!” (cited without reference by ADF 78). 4 7 Dec. 56; to Uncle Châteaubourg in ADF 78. 5 JD 118–19; Textes oubliés (Union Générale d’Éditions, 1979), 44. 6 ADF 78; JD 119. 7 Jules is meant to have taken Honorine to the Louvre to see the Venus de Milo, telling her she was only woman she ever should feel jealous of— and then headed for Provins, where they duetted in the aunts’ drawing room (ADF 79), but somehow the story feels false here. 8 Élisabeth Léger de Viane, “L’Entourage familial de Jules Verne”, in Visions nouvelles sur Jules Verne (Amiens: Centre de Documentation Jules Verne, 1978), 20–7. 9 13 Apr. 86 to Léon Guillon in Dix lettres. 10 Guillon 130; BSJV 194:46. 11 In 1858, to 54 Rue du Faubourg Montmartre, in the Ninth, a historic avenue close to the previous flats (Dehs, Jules Verne (2005)). That same year, they moved to an upper floor on Boulevard Montmartre, probably no. 18 (Dehs, Jules Verne, Lemire 14). Their favourite bread shop was now

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just round the corner, in Passage des Panoramas, and their cake shop, in Rue Vivienne (JES ii). The family moved once more, to 153 on the tree- lined Boulevard de Magenta, in the first half of 1861; then to 45 on the same boulevard; and finally on an unknown date in 1862 to 18 Passage Saulnier (Michel’s birth certificate; BSJV 136:23; contract between Hetzel and Verne of 23 Oct. 1862), directly above the workshop of Dumas fils’s engraver and beside Offenbach’s home. 12 ADF 85; “Joyous Miseries”. 13 16 Nov. 56 in BSJV 109:8–11. 14 15 Mar. [59] to Ferdinand de Viane in BSJV 172:5. 15 She spent much time cooking sophisticated meals that Jules hardly appreciated. Mme Verne didn’t really understand what he said, or why he spent so long reading and writing, and so kept disturbing his work. Fortunately her wit was as quick as his, still making him laugh out loud (JJV 47). 16 [Mar. 57]; ADF 82. 17 According to Marguerite, Verne still occasionally went to salons, such as the Count of Osmond’s. He figured among the 50 guests, “the cream of the Paris literary world of 1861”, invited to a sumptuous reception at the house of the celebrated singers, the Lionnet brothers. It was that same evening that Alphonse Daudet was introduced, freshly arrived in Paris (ADF 111). As in Hugo’s case, in sum, the two soon-to-be- famous writers may have crossed paths, but left no record of the occasion. 18 Verne says 1859, but he was in Britain at that time. 19 5 Sep. 56, 7 Sep. 56. 20 The three refusals and fourth attempt are mentioned in 16 Nov. 56 in BSJV 109:8–11. 21 JJV 47; Charles-Noël Martin, “Le Mariage de Jules Verne”, BSJV 65– 6:62. 22 ADF 80; CNM 114; [26 May 56]. 23 Félix Duquesnel, cited by ADF 80. 24 Taken from the description of Joe in Five Weeks (vi), for whom Duquesnel was the model (Félix Duquesnel, Le Gaulois, 23 March 1905 (in BSJV 132:37)). 25 Duquesnel, cited by ADF 80; cf. Bastard 340. 26 Relatively new friends included William Busnach, later Verne’s co- author, Ernest-Aimé Feydeau, new star novelist and father of the popular playwright, and Zabbah, staffer on the Charivari. Count Frédéric de Cardailhac, co-director of the Vaudeville Theatre, had put on Dumas‘s Camille and would soon stage Verne’s Eleven-Day Siege. On the fringes, revolved probable visitors to the exchange, Dumas fils, librettist Alphonse Royer, journalist and writer Xavier Aubryet, Frédéric Gaillardet,

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playwright and collaborator of Dumas père, and Hector Malot, future novelist and Verne’s reviewer. In still more distant orbit may have been the famous caricaturist Cham and Joubert, founder of the Banque de Paris. 27 RD 55; Félix Duquesnel, Le Gaulois, 22 April 1909 (in BSJV 132:43). 28 Duquesnel, reported by ADF 80. 29 [10? Jun. 54]; [20 Nov. 55]; 20 Jun. 55. 30 [26 May 56]; 4 Jul. 56. 31 Copies are kept in the Municipal Library of Nantes, so the find may originally have been made by Luce Courville, Colette Galois, Agnès Marcetteau, or other staff of the library. 32 Alternatively, Verne’s comic-opera authorship and previous secretaryship may have afforded a method of entry; it could, finally, have come through Chevalier, who was a friend and collaborator of Pigeory. 33 Guénot, also bearing the title of “chief editor”, had covered the Salon in 1855, having been on the Revue’s staff since 1850; he wrote the articles immediately before and after Verne’s “Portrait of an Artist”, but only until February 1857. 34 Hippolyte Lucas, “Revue théâtrale: Reprise de possession—Un nouveau rédacteur en chef”, Revue des beaux-arts, vol. 8, November 1857, p. 435. 35 Verne was also due to write further pieces reviewing the Salon’s sculptures, miniatures, and water-colours. However, he was “indisposed” and was replaced by another writer. 36 CNM 114; Robien 85. 37 Volker Dehs, “Jules Verne correspondant de Victorien Sardou”, BSJV 150:19. 38 According to JES, approximate dates were as follows: travel to Nantes 27–8 July, Nantes 28–30, Bordeaux 2–22 August, Liverpool 26, Edinburgh 27–30, Oakley 31, Balloch, Loch Lomond, Loch Katrine, Callander, and Stirling 1 September, Edinburgh 2, London 3–4, and Dieppe 6 September. 39 ADF 83; JES iv. 40 Some of the information for the Scottish visit comes from Ian Thompson, “Jules Verne, Geography and Nineteenth Century Scotland“, La Géographie: Acta Geographica, Dec. 2003, 48–71. 41 JES xxxviii; xxxiv; xxxiii.

9. Destiny Draws up her Skirts: 1860–3 (pp. 000–00) 1 This was the same Doré he had lambasted in The 1857 Salon. 2 ADF 87 and RD 58 say he travelled for free on a cargo boat again arranged by Alfred Hignard, setting off luxuriously installed with a cargo of coal, and accompanying pine planks on the return journey. According

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to these accounts, the three put in at various points on the Norwegian coast, visiting the fjords and “sad northern seas and islands”, with Verne imagining he caught a glimpse of Iceland and the vision leaving a deep impression on him. 3 ADF 87 and JJV 54 say 15 June, but may have adjusted the date to fit with the return date of about 3 August, apparently an embellishment to enable Verne mendaciously to get back for the birth of his son. 4 Volker Dehs, “Impressions d’Hambourg“, BSJV 149:55; Scandinavian Notebook kept in Amiens Library. 5 Scandinavian Notebook, p. 10; Wreck of the “Cynthia” iv. 6 Lottery Ticket xvii. 7 Henri Pons, “Jules Verne en Norvège”, BSJV 28:75. Dal no longer exists, but was near the modern town of Rjukan. 8 Lottery Ticket ii. 9 Lottery Ticket ii. 10 Claude Pétel, Le Tour du monde en quarante ans (Villecresnes: Villecresnes reprographie, 1998), vol. I, 58. 11 Journey to the Centre of the Earth ix. 12 Journey vii. 13 Journey viii. 14 “Joyous Miseries”. 15 Dehs, “Impressions”, 56, and Scandinavian Notebook. 16 The poster is reproduced in CNM 152. 17 BSJV 184:71; Duquesnel (1909), 43; cf. Bastard 352; RD 56; Véron 17; Duquesnel (1909), 43; Georges Bastard, “Célébrité contemporaine”, Gazette illustrée, 8 Sep. 1883 (in L’Herne, 88–92). Yet Suzanne was to write in 1931 that he “had a very sweet voice, musical, the voice of a charmer” (BSJV 194:47). 18 According to Tolstoy, reported by Alexander Zinger, “Récit d’une visite à Tolstoï”, in BSJV 41:12. 19 According to a mysterious disappearing letter reported by Marguerite, the idea for a new book, about balloons this time, had germinated by February of that year: “In my own balloon, I don’t plan to go for a duck—or a turkey for that matter, as it would just be taken for a ride” (ADF 89). (Verne must be referring to “Le Canard au ballon” (The Duck in a Balloon/The Balloon Hoax), Baudelaire’s punning translation (1856) of Poe’s “The Balloon Hoax” (1844).) At the end of May, Honorine reportedly wrote to Sophie that the book was nearing completion (ADF 90). Once it was finished she was meant to have exclaimed: “Thank heavens his balloon is over and done with!” (JJV 54). Prior to July 1862, perhaps over a period of years, Verne’s prose manuscripts may have been rejected by publishers (RD 75, ADF 90). It has

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been claimed that the Revue des deux mondes accepted the balloon story, but without payment, an offer Verne refused (Daniel Compère, “Renversants, ces débutants!” (BSJV 10:40), citing an unnamed journalist in about 1872). However, this may simply be a misreading of a reference to the editor-in- chief of the Revue (in 27 Jan. 69 to Hetzel). One day he supposedly threw his manuscripts onto the fire, from which they were hastily rescued by his wife (ADF 90)—although none contains any scorch marks. He was meant to have felt very discouraged, saying that if he wrote a play for a director, the director changed; if he thought of a good title, three days later he would see it on the billboards; if he penned an article, another came out on the same subject (ADF 90). 20 D’Ocagne 286; BSJV 192:19. 21 Int. 135; “Verne showed his manuscript to Dumas who liked it enough to put Verne in touch with the novelist Bréhat. And Bréhat introduced him to Hetzel“ (JJV 54). 22 7 Feb. 76; BSJV 192:17–36. 23 BSJV 144:12. 24 Jacques Noiray, Le Romancier et la machine (Corti, 1982), 45. 25 Int. 91; Int. 101. 26 As was Hetzel’s wont, the “0” is linked to the following character: “prepare a vol. of 10 sheets” (each “sheet” being 16 16mo pages). 27 Maurice Crosland, BJHS (2001), 34:301–22. The periodical had six volumes (1860–5), then two volumes in a new series as Presse scientifique et industrielle des deux mondes (1865–7). 28 Jean Prinet and Antoinette Dilasser, Nadar (Armand Colin, 1966), 255. 29 JJV 58, RD 59. 30 In 1861, according to two of the family biographers (ADF 88, RD 60). Verne is listed as “censeur” (questor)—the same title as in Nadar’s society. What is more certain was his status as one of 12 “perpetual members”, in the Presse scientifique, vol. 1, 1865 (334 and 335); and is also mentioned in 1866, together with Nadar and La Landelle, again in the context of the heavier-than-air (vol. 3, pp. 80–1). In other words, his membership was probably due to Five Weeks (1863). 31 Reproduced in Martin, Jules Verne, 306–7. It stipulated 25 centimes per small-format copy at F 3, a print run of 2,000, an advance of F 500 (£2,000), and 5 per cent on any illustrated editions (at F 4 or 7). 32 Duquesnel (1905), 39. 33 BSJV 192:44. 34 Chapter 33, as evidenced by the draft blurb. In one of the surviving parts of the manuscript, nearly all of chapter 36 is stuck onto the sheets Verne used for the first manuscript of Twenty Thousand Leagues.

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35 French National Library, Department of Manuscripts, NAF 16932– 17152 and vols 67–80. The third version of the blurb appears in CNM 132. 36 Figaro, 8 February; Moniteur universel, 18 February; La Presse, 3 March; Le Temps, 17 February. 37 Jean-Marie Embs, “Une Caution scientifique aux débuts de Jules Verne“, BSJV 142:53; F. de Gramont, “Œuvres de Jules Verne”, BSJV 144:56. 38 Virtually all Verne’s books came out in three formats: serialised, with illustrations when in the Magasin; unillustrated small format; and illustrated large format (octavo). Overall sales figures are available only for the small-format editions and for the 17 worst-selling large-format novels (in Volker Dehs, “Les Tirages des éditions Hetzel”, Revue Jules Verne, no. 5 (1998), 89–94); here it will be estimated, conservatively, that the small-format sales were half those of the large-format ones. 39 Jan Feith, “Le Globe-trotter chez lui”, BSJV 145:10. 40 Cofounders were Isidore Taylor, Gabriel de La Landelle, and Gustave de Ponton d’Amécourt; the Society for the Encouragement of Aviation or Aerial Locomotion by means of the Heavier-than-Air was based at Nadar‘s residence (25 Boulevard des Capucines), and remained active until at least 1866. 41 Robert Mitchell, “Souvenirs”, in Le Gaulois (1902), cited by JD 164. However Nadar wrote “absolutely false” in the corresponding margin of Mitchell’s memoirs. The Figaro of 4 October also listed Verne among the passengers.

10. Golden Years: 1863–6 (pp. 000–00) 2 12 Sep. 64. 2 Paris in the Twentieth Century, vii. 3 Int. 136, cf. JVEST 226. 4 [End of 63 or beginning of 64]. 5 In the sense that the American rights set an absolute record (Publishers Weekly, 1 Jan. 1996, no. 1, 28). The total rights seem to have been at least a million francs (Revue Jules Verne, no. 15 (2003), 133). 6 Commentators have often blandly asserted that in his books Verne always opposed the idea of slavery and was pro-Abolitionist in the Civil War. However, such views are based on a partial reading. 7 In late 1866 the censored Hatteras appeared in book form, inaugurating Verne’s series of Extraordinary Journeys, a 64-work, 50-year cycle. According to Hetzel‘s brash blurb, the collected works aimed “to sum up all the geographical, geological, physical, and astronomical knowledge amassed by modern science and rewrite the story of the universe”.

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8 Three books are Verne’s most important sources: Journeys in the Ice ... Extracts from the Reports of Sir John Ross, Parry ... McClure by Hervé and Lanoye (eds) (1854), St Stanislas schoolmate Lucien Dubois’s The Pole and the Equator (1863), and Lanoye’s The Polar Sea (1864). Verne borrows throughout from Hervé and Lanoye, even copying about eight pages word for word, mistakes included, making this the lengthiest plagiarism identified in his works. Further details are provided in The Adventures of Captain Hatteras, trans. with an introduction and notes by William Butcher (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). 9 E.g. Charcot, cited by JJV 59, or Finn Ronne, “Introduction”, in The Adventures of Captain Hatteras (New York: Didier, 1951), 5–6. 10 Int. 138; Émile Zola, Le Salut public, 23 July 1866; Théophile Gautier, “Les Voyages imaginaires de M. Jules Verne”, Moniteur Universel, no. 197 (16 July 1866), 4. 11 Agnès Pierron (ed.), Dictionnaire de citations et jugements (Les Usuels du Robert, 1991), 1220. 12 René Escaich, “À propos des Aventures du capitaine Hatteras”, BSJV 28:88; OD 90. 13 The Adventures of Captain Hatteras, xvii–xx, 350–4, and notes (passim). Previous to my 2005 discovery, Daniel Compère pointed out that the last two pages of the manuscript were very different (Un Voyage imaginaire de Jules Verne (Lettres Modernes, 1977), 21–4); and Dumas published brief extracts. 14 The usual translation has been “Professor Lidenbrock”; but that title is reserved in Britain for the most senior position in academic institutions. 15 The main source for the cipher was Poe’s cryptogram in “The Gold- Bug” (1843) and the runic alphabet came from an inscription in the Univers pittoresque review (BSJV 135:46). With his proud multilingualism, scientific displays, and irascible passion, Dr Lidenbrock perhaps parodies Pierre Verne. There are also debts to Hoffmann, Sand, and Dumas. Cutting and pasting from Figuier’s The Earth before the Deluge (1863) was near- plagiarism, even by the lax standards of the time (John Breyer and William Butcher, “Nothing New under the Earth”, Earth Sciences History, vol. 22 (2003), 36–54). 16 Although a few of the publisher-inspired or imposed changes were detailed in the first edition of Jules Verne, their extent has become clear only with the transcription of thousands of pages from the manuscripts. In the present edition, I summarise the research which appeared in my Jules Verne inédit (2015), omitting page references, which are fully provided in that volume.

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17 “Manometer” for “chronometer”, an added footnote reading “*(?) Nasal.” [sic], “sight” for “sigh”, and so on. 18 The bare Romantic landscapes are dazzlingly suited to admiring the patterns of nature: an obsessive phrase is “crisscrossing meanders”. Linearity and networks, sensual curves and brutal straight lines, nature and artifice: this phrase, first used in describing Liverpool railways, emblemises Verne’s vision of existence. 19 It offered F 3,000 for a 10,000-copy small-format print-run of Hatteras, 30 centimes per volume thereafter, 6 per cent on illustrated editions, and 50 per cent on translation and other rights. It also stipulated an advance of F 300 per month and an option on two volumes per year, for up to eight volumes of histories of exploration. (It should be noted that “volume” means part: Hatteras comprises two volumes and Verne’s other books have one, two, or three volumes.) 20 While none of the contracts before 1875 made any mention of payment for serialisation, Hetzel’s general practice was to pay his authors “25 centimes a line (35 centimes from 1885)” (private communication from Volker Dehs), which amounts to about 4 centimes a word or F 2,500 per volume. 21 The phrase “children’s education” was Hetzel’s (Parménie and Bonnier de la Chapelle 491). From this point on, virtually all Verne’s novels would appear first in serialised form in the Magasin or occasionally other periodicals, and then in two different Hetzel book formats. The title indicated here is the final one, and the year, that of the beginning of serialisation. In 1864, the Magasin claimed to have “about 100,000 subscribers in Britain and Germany, and 15,000 [in France]”. 22 ADF 100, 8 Aug. 64, 12 Aug. 64. 23 ADF 101, citing “Verses Found in a Hat”, in a private collection. 24 ADF 104, citing artist and local historian Dr Anthime Ménard in September 1864. 25 A later version of this passage appeared in the first printing of the novel, the one that was pulped (BSJV 155:53). My analysis benefits from Olivier Dumas’s article in the same issue of the BSJV. 26 The Nantes newspaper L’Union bretonne pirated the novel in October. A stolen chapter also appeared in the appropriately-named the Voleur (16 February 1866), by successively “Vernier”, “Vernes”, and “Vernies” (O. Dumas and E. Weissenberg, “Verne avant la gloire”, BSJV 135:4). Given that Hatteras was by “Ver n” in the first printings, the jinx over the author’s name remained alive and kicking, and would strike regularly over the following decades.

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27 Hetzel also owned the illustrated editions of the same works in perpetuity; in addition, the author ceded ownership of his four previous novels for F 5,500. No mention was made of foreign, subsidiary, or serialisation rights. Hetzel thus retrospectively grabbed the illustrated editions of Five Weeks and Hatteras and all editions of Journey to the Centre of the Earth and From the Earth to the Moon, not mentioned in the earlier contracts. 28 In the 37 years following his entry into the public domain, Verne sold 8.8 million copies in one French edition alone (Magazine littéraire, 3 May 2005), implying total French sales of about 20 million by 1978 (Elle, 6 February 1978) and more than 30 million by the turn of the century. World sales total perhaps eight or ten times that number. 29 Contract of 17 May 1875. 30 Most of July–November 1867, April–September 1868, April–October 1869, and May–August 1870 (probably only Verne). 31 6 Sep. 65; [28 Mar. 68]. 32 [3 Oct. 67]; Geography, “Somme”, 666. 33 [17 Jul. 67]; 6 Nov. 67. 34 [15? Aug. 70] in CNM 182.

11. Whole New World: 1865–7 (pp. 000–00) 1 Dehs, “Impressions”, 56, and Scandinavian Notebook; [24 Aug. 78]; 4 Sep. 63. 2 29 Jan. 67, [18? Jan. 69]. 3 Modern address: 81 Boulevard des Frères Roustan, 06220 Vallauris; 29 Jan. 67. 4 [10 Jul. 67]; [Feb.? 67]. 5 [27 Feb. 67]; [9 Mar. 67]. 6 [First three months? 66]; [14 Aug. 68]. 7 [15? Aug. 70] to Hetzel in CNM 182. 8 JES vii; Around the World xxvii. 9 [18 Sep. 65], 24 Apr. 66 to Pierre. 10 A Floating City i. 11 JES xliv; [9 Apr. 67]. 12 Robert Taussat, “Le Malheureux destin du Great Eastern”, BSJV 15:138–41. 13 A Floating City xv. 14 Most of the information in the following paragraphs is taken from Verne, A Floating City (1870).

12. By Land and Sea: 1867–9 (pp. 000–00) 1 [End of Dec. 67].

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2 “Introduction”, Around the World in Eighty Days, translated with an introduction and notes by William Butcher (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995). 3 Estimate provided in Dehs, Jules Verne (2005), Appendix 2. 4 II xxii; JES xxiv. 5 Apart from my own efforts. 6 [29? Apr. 69]; 15 May 69; [17 May 69]; [11? Jun. 69]. 7 [Jun.? 68 to Pierre], undated letter in BSJV 61:170. 8 Twenty Thousand Leagues II xviii. 9 [Jun.? 68 to Pierre]; A. Tarrieu, “Sur les traces des hommes du Saint- Michel”, BSJV 151:16. 10 Tarrieu 16. 11 [Aug.? 68] to Pierre; [11 Aug. 68]; [Jun.? 68] to Pierre; [3 Jun. 68]. 12 22 Jul. 69, Int. 18; Ducrest 85. He would supposedly write either on the mattress or face down on deck, causing Honorine to exclaim, at least according to the imaginative Marguerite: “How can you write such fine things, my poor boy, when you only look at the sky with your arse!” (ADF 127; ADF 116, citing Wallut). 13 [Aug.? 68] to Pierre; [Aug.? 68] to Pierre. 14 [16 Aug. 68]; 23 Jul. 68. 15 [31? May 69]; [14 Jul. 69]; [28? Jul. 70 in BSJV 144:10]. 16 ADF 124; [19 Aug. 68], [Aug.? 68] to Pierre; [11? Jun. 69]; [14 Jul. 69]. 17 Verne visited the capital, for instance, on 6–10 August and 10–27 September 1867; or travelled to “my daughter’s grandfather’s at Doullens, from there to Amiens, and thence to Paris to take Valentine and Suzanne back to their convent” [3 Oct. 67]. The Vernes also stayed in Amiens for much of November and December 1869, and twice again in early 1870. 18 BSJV 136:23; JJV 46. 19 [Feb.? 67]; [Aug.? 68] to Pierre. 20 See my “La Date des dîners des ‘Onze sans femmes’: Une Rectification”, Verniana, vol. 10, 2017–8, p. 147–53. The club was organised by witty Parisian Philippe Gille, a former Colonnader who had exhibited at the Salon in 1851–2 and was sometime literary editor of the Figaro; it met at the distinguished restaurant Brébant, on Boulevard Poissonnière, or in a guingette in Suresnes called La Belle Gabrielle. 21 Notably in August 1864 and 1866, November 1867, mid-December 1868 to February 1869, and for the first week of September 1870.

13. Gathering Clouds: 1868–71 (pp. 000–00) 1 This section does not benefit from a contemporary brain scan, but attempts to assemble ideas attributable to Verne at this time, including those in unpublished documents.

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2 BSJV 144:12. 3 Cited and intelligently commented in Martin, Jules Verne, 319–21, although encountering a resounding silence among most commentators since then. 4 As follows (in rounded-down thousands, averaged across the one, two, or three volumes of each novel): Five Weeks: 15 (small format), 22 (large format); Hatteras: 7, 28; Journey to the Centre of the Earth: 9, 22; From the Earth to the Moon: 8, 15; Grant: 6, 19; Twenty Thousand Leagues: 4, n/a; Round the Moon: 4, n/a. Confirmation that the tendency continued is provided by a 1906 document (see the Bibliography below), which indicates total small-format sales for the 17 worst selling novels as 101,000 and the large-format sales as 229,000, a ratio of nearly 2.3. 5 The profit for the publisher on the first seven small-format novels was F 64,429, for the author, 7,666. For the five large-format editions, the figures were respectively 118,358 and a suspiciously round 18,000. 6 For the foreign rights, all or most of the income came from the illustrations rather than the text:, Hetzel apparently kept all the profit. 7 23 Jul. 68; 30 Sep. 68 to Pierre. 8 Int. 106; 218–19. 9 Compère, La Vie amiénoise, 59. 10 7 May 67 to Pierre; [9 or 16 Feb. 77]. 11 [17 Jul. 67]; JES ii. 12 ADF 186; Volker Dehs, “Les Belles soirées de Claudius B.”, BSJV 140:64. 13 Charles-Noël Martin, “Recherches sur les maîtresses de Jules Verne”, BSJV 56:292 ; Maguerite, in contrast, believes that Verne met Mme Duchesne at Le Crotoy in about 1870. 14 BSJV 159:9–20. Estelle is reported to have died on 13 December 1865 (1885 according to Marguerite); Claire Marie Duchesne, in 1942. 15 Ion Hobana, cited by Martin, “Recherches”, 295. 16 Hobana, cited by Martin 295. 17 [1 May 68]; [4 May 70]; [17? Feb. 70]. 18 [15? Aug. 70] in CNM 182. 19 The cover page of the first manuscript reads “22 [Juil] 1870”. It has often been assumed that the dates on the covers of a few Verne manuscripts correspond to the beginning of writing. However, the cover page was sometimes written after the rest of the work; and in this case the “July” would probably be the date of completion. 20 My own idea, admittedly speculative, is that it is a play on words: “matelas” gives “ma-t-hélas”: “ma” is discussed below, “t” is sometimes added to avoid two successive vowels; and “hélas” means “alas”.

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21 Elsewhere in the manuscripts, it probably refers to Michel Verne, eight years old at the beginning of 1870. 22 In addition, there is a mysterious entry in the first manuscript of Around the World: “Mi[a] 30 000 [francs]”. 23 Lottman 146; Hobana, cited by Martin 292; Jean-Michel Margot, “Jules Verne et le Portugal“, BSJV 61:176. 24 Hobana cited by Martin 292. 25 Cécile Compère, ”À propos du séjour de Jules Verne en Suisse”, BSJV 65–6:56–61; Martin 295. 26 Compère, p. 56–61; Jean-Paul Gourévitch, Hetzel, Monaco, Le Serpent à plumes, 2005, p. 231; source cited by Compère. Verne was in Paris at least on 2 or 3 May (Margot, p. 91). 27 At 166–8 Rue de Rivoli. Compère, speaking both of 1870 and more generally; Jules Hoche, “Jules Verne” (1883), in Jean-Michel Margot, ed., Jules Verne vu par ses contemporains francophones (Amiens: Encrage, 2004), p. 159–63. 28 [14 Aug. 70]; Lemire 127. 29 17 Dec. 70 to Pierre. 30 [28? Jul. 70 in BSJV 144:10]. 31 [Nov.?] 70 to Pierre; 13 Jan. 71. 32 13 Jan. 71, JJV 108. 33 17 Dec. 70 to Pierre. 34 JJV 99; ADF 134. 35 [6 Aug. 70], [31 Aug. 70]. 36 [Jul.? 71] to Pierre, ADF 133, RD 97. 37 [4 Nov. 71], ADF 135. 38 RD 97, [4 Nov. 71].

14. End of Exploration: 1871–2 (pp. 000–00) 1 22 Apr. 71; [Feb. 72]. 2 BSJV 194:29. 3 29 Jan. 66 to Pierre. 4 20 Sep. 70 to Pierre, JVEST 45. 5 D’Ocagne 291. 6 BSJV 130:31; e.g. [27 Feb. 73]. 7 BSJV 132:45. 8 [16 Jun. 77]; [16 or 17 Apr. 77] to Hetzel fils. 9 ADF 152; Compère, La Vie amiénoise, 34. 10 The elusive half-share of profits on the most successful books, those of the early 1860s, previously due to come into effect in 1873, receded three further years. By this manoeuvre, he again avoided the need to make sense of the “not very clear” series of partial recapitulations and

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amendments (the phrase is his, in a letter to his son [15 Jan. 75]), that never quite indicated which works were covered.

11 Admittedly, on new books, Verne would get 50 centimes per unillustrated volume and 5 per cent on the first 20,000 illustrated copies (10 per cent thereafter), plus, at long last, 50 per cent of income on translation and serialisation. But this clause is difficult to reconcile with the approximately F 2,500 per volume for the serialisation rights noted above. The contract clearly says all serialisations in “journals and reviews”: perhaps magazines were not deemed included or Hetzel thought the clause did not apply to in-house deals. The changes may have been prompted by new laws to prevent exploitation of authors, mentioned for the first time in the contract. Even these various concessions would only come into effect two years later, that being the time the editor needed to get his accounts in order! (article 10). In a final twist, the books of the hugely profitable plays could be published only by Hetzel, even when the plays were co-authored. 12 [14 May 75]; [15 May 75]. 13 If any confirmation of the unfairness of the 1875 contract were required, it came after Verne’s death. On the basis of much smaller sales, Michel obtained 10 per cent of the cover price on all editions, compared with his father’s average across all formats of less than 2 per cent. 14 In this story from the over-imaginative biographer, some readers believed that the journey was actually taking place, bets were placed, and international liner and railway companies made lucrative offers to be allowed to bring Fogg back to Europe (ADF 140, Int. 148). 15 Le Moniteur, 27 Dec. 1873; Le Constitutionnel, 20 Dec. 1873. 16 JVEST 43–4. 17 For this reason Verne reportedly expressed “enmity for American publishers” in about 1896 (visit by Edward Bok, reported by David McAllister, Extraordinary Voyages (1996), 6). 18 Mercier Lewis’s translation of Twenty Thousand Leagues (London: Sampson Low, 1872); some howlers are cited by Miller, “Jules Verne in America“, in Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea (1966), vii-xxii. 19 I’ve promised my publisher not to name any names. The incriminating book can easily be found, however, in any good online bookshop (keywords “Verne”, “Antarctic Mystery”, “1982”).

15. Last Paradise: 1872–9 (pp. 000–00) 1 Le Bien public, 29 Oct. 1877.

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2 That summer he sailed to Saint-Malo, then caught the train to Nantes to see his mother for a week, and later took Michel out on a four- or five- day sea trip ([2? Jul. 72]; [17 Aug. 72]). 3 JVEST 43, BSJV 130:36. According to an indirect indication (BSJV 174:35), he may have also gone there in June 1872. 4 28 July 73; 3 Sep. 73. 5 Hector Servadac I xvi. 6 [26 Feb. 74], [1 Mar. 74]. Verne returned to Amiens at the beginning of April, probably stopping off at Marseille (BSJV 147:13). 7 15 Sep. 77; [26 Jan. 75]. 8 [3 Feb. 75]; [10 Feb. 75]. 9 16 Feb. 75 in BSJV 140:59. 10 Olivier Dumas first noticed this change (“Hetzel censeur de Verne”, Un Éditeur et son siècle, ed. Christian Robin (Saint-Sébastien: ACL Édition, 1988), 127–36); however, he limited his analysis to only one of the manuscripts, and hence failed to notice Hetzel’s pencil insertion. 11 BSJV 147:31. 12 In the Journal d’Amiens, 29–30 Sep. 1873; the translation is available on http://www.ibiblio.org/julesverne/articles/24m.htm. 13 Lemire 11; 24 Apr. 66 to Pierre. 14 ADF 138, CNM 196. 15 Int. 43; 28 Mar. 68. 16 22 Jun. 72; JD 275. 17 Lemire 117. 18 Int. 18; Int. 26. 19 Int. 42; ADF 100; Le Figaro, 8 Nov. 74, cited by ADF 141. 20 Int. 18; Hector Malot, cited by Lemire 29; BSJV 184:73. 21 BSJV 130:40. 22 JVEST 46; Maurice Verne, cited by ADF 122. 23 In 1858 Jules composed the music for a song written by Pierre (Annales 18). But his love also had a utilitarian streak, for ten of the twelve musicians cited in Twenty Thousand Leagues were opera composers put on at the Lyric Theatre, mostly by himself (BSJV 125:22).

16. Freedom, Music, and the Sea: 1876–80 (pp. 000–00) 1 13K was Verne’s asking price when he sold it, but he dropped to 8K (12 Oct. 76 to Abel Le Marchand in PV 113); PV 113. 2 [27 Jun. 76]; PV 103. 3 17 Apr. 77; [4 Jun. 77]; [18 Jun. 77]; [18 Jun. 77]. 4 St M, 5 Aug. 77. 5 5 Oct. 77 to Abel Le Marchand in PV 111. 6 RD 107–9, cf. CNM 218.

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7 St M, [12 Apr. 78]; [25 Apr. 78]; [12 Apr. 78]. 8 28 Sep. 01 to Hetzel fils in BSJV 58:54. 9 BSJV 58:53; PV 128; [24 Aug. 78]; 8 Sep. 78. 10 11 Sep. 78; BSJV 58:53, 13 Oct. 78. 11 Guillon 136. 12 29 Jan. 89; Dumas 225, arguing from “Michel’s just spent a week here after working on the novel for which I gave him the idea and which will be an extension of the ones I do. He certainly has remarkable writing ability” (12 Oct. 95 to Paul). 13 [mid-Aug. 77]; [13 May 77]; 5 Aug. 77; [mid-Aug. 77]; 31 Aug. 77; 11 Jan. 78. 14 24 Jan. 79 to Captain Eymery. 15 The Barsac Mission (1914) II xi-xii. 16 [13 May 77]; [2 Jun. 77]. 17 6 Jun. 77 to Hetzel fils in BSJV 137:44. 18 [18 Jun. 77]; RD 104. 19 1 Nov. 77. Two biographers claim that the flat had been rented since 1873/4 (CNM 194, JJV 128). 20 24 Jan. 79 to Captain Eymery. 21 ADF 163; 31 Dec. 79; BSJV 154:42.

16. Hamming up and dumbing down (pp. 000–00) 1 The exception being Marcel Destombes, “Le manuscrit de Vingt mille lieues sous les mers de la Société de géographie de Paris” (BSJV 35–36:59– 70). 2 Butcher, “Introduction”, Twenty Thousand Leagues. 3 Among the handful of exceptions are some of the short stories, Clovis Dardentor, with an embarkation in Sète, and Robur-the-Conqueror, where the hero flies over Paris, but without stopping. 4 At the same time Hetzel reduces the number and scope of British achievements, and increases those of the French, whether in exploration, technology, or industry. 5 It is true that at the beginning, having lost confidence in his own ability and disliking all declamations, Verne invites Hetzel to add sentimental touches. But it is possible that he takes the trenchant criticisms too seriously and too readily accepts the editor’s claimed ability to write better than the writer. 6 [May 73]; 14 May 76. 7 Strogoff II ii; manuscript of Grant II xvi. 8 For example, the national debt is a more up-to-date “twelve billion” francs in the 1869 edition but “10 billion” in the 1871 edition.

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9 Amongst those cited are: the Dictionnaire français illustré et encyclopédie universelle (1847), by Dupiney de Vorepierre et Jean-François- Marie de Marcoux, Louis-Pierre Gratiolet’s De la physionomie et des mouvements d’expression (1865), Zurcher et Margollé’s Monde sous-marin, the Bulletins of the French Geographical Society, the Revue géographique, and many popular non-fiction authors.

18. Salvation through Slogging: 1879–83 (pp. 000–00) 1 Novelist Turgenev, ambassador Prince Nicolas Orlov, and a mysterious “Count de ***” ([16 Sep. 75], 26 Sep. 75). 2 23 Nov. 75; 26 Nov. 75. 3 Michel Strogoff, critical edition by Louis Bilodeau (Exeter: Exeter UP, 1994), xxi. The play was also banned. 4 27 Mar. 76; 23 Oct. 76. 5 BSJV 130:46; JVEST 155. 6 Lemire 136; 9 Feb. 80. 7 Bilodeau xliii. 8 22 Aug. 52 to Pierre; Int. 90. 9 With friend and honorary Colonnader William Busnach, an experienced adapter, and Georges Maurens (BSJV 130:3) 10 Le XIXe siècle, 11 Sep. 1883; Le Soleil, 10 Sep. 1883; La Presse, 10 Sep. 1883. 11 Cited by Compère, La Vie amiénoise, 58. 12 BSJV 100:7; 22 Jul. 69; [25? Feb. 70]; [3 Oct. 67]. 13 In Verne’s artistic milieu, homosexuality remained a fact of life. Even the introduction of a friend to prostitution and the poetic dwelling on the unsavoury aspects of female anatomy may have bisexual connotation. One more substantial trope was Hignard, rumoured to be a homosexual: the shared boarding school, the common British and Scandinavian hotel rooms, the joint composition of half a dozen works; the all-male skinny-dipping in icy Portobello; Hignard’s habit of “walking behind me” (“Joyous Miseries”); and the habit of using “we”, without needing to name names. 14 Costello 41. 15 “Ten Hours Hunting” x-xi. 16 “The First Ships of the Mexican Navy”; Tribulations of a Chinese in China iv. 17 Ian Thompson, in private correspondence, has confirmed the similarity between Verne’s own journey and that described in The Green Ray (where the ship from Glasgow was spelled Columbia). 18 PV 131; 29 Jul. 79. 19 [23 Aug. 79], St M.

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20 2 Sep. 79; PV 132. 21 In between, he had mentioned the port in the opening chapter of Twenty Thousand Leagues, although it was cut by the editor. 22 26 Sep. 79; [2 May 80]. 23 PV 142. However, St M says “17 July”. 24 Georges Bastard: “Célébrité contemporaine: Jules Verne en 1883”, Gazette illustrée, 8 sep. 1883. 25 Bastard 350. 26 26 Sep. 79; 30 Dec. 84. 27 JVEST 46. 28 The Green Ray i. 29 6 Mar. 82; [26 Feb. 82]. 30 Boia, Jules Verne, 238. 31 Topsy-Turvy ii. 32 Private communication from Masataka Ishibashi. 33 The hero’s name was taken from Jules Claretie’s Hungarian Prince Zilah, full name “Prince Zilah Sandor” (2 Mar. 85 in Lemire 96). 34 29 May 85 to Verne. 35 Martin, Jules Verne, 321.

19. Home Front: 1882–90 (pp. 000–00) 1 BSJV 155:59; 24 Dec. 82. 2 [Jan. 79] in BSJV 103:20; on the other hand, a letter from Jules to Honorine in about summer 1892 seems affectionate (BSJV 194:33). 3 [14 Mar. 78]; RD 114. 4 BSJV 194:33; 19 Sep. 76. 5 Bastard 352; RD 83–4. 6 BSJV 114:49–55 and 118:44–5; Int. 172. 7 Int. 104, Int. 116, Lemire 31, Int. 43–5. 8 Maurice Garet, “Jules Verne, amiénois”, BSJV (first series), vol. 1, no. 3 (May 1936), 115–35. 9 Maurice’s notebook of the trip cited by ADF 166. 10 Ducrest states that the party visited the Balearic Islands before Oran (RD 110), but this seems implausible. 11 BSJV 145:23, JJV 124. 12 Ian Thompson, “New Light on the Visit to Malta by Jules Verne in June 1884”, Extraordinary Voyages, vol. 12, no. 2 (Dec. 2005), 10–12. 13 ADF 168, BSJV 145:23, PV 150. 14 Lottery Ticket xvii. 15 Volker Dehs, Jules Verne (Dusseldorf: Artemis and Winkler, 2005), JD 350; Dehs, Jules Verne, citing Ange Galdemar, “Un Après-midi chez M. Jules Verne”, Le Gaulois, 28 Oct. 1895; PV 154.

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16 Christian Robin, “Verne tous azimuts”, Cahiers de l’Académie de Bretagne et des Pays de la Loire, vol. 25 (1998), 139–50; Dehs, Jules Verne, citing Ange Galdemar, “Un Après-midi chez M. Jules Verne”, Le Gaulois, 28 Oct. 1895. 17 JJV 125, Lemire 48, RD 110. 18 ADF 169; JD 350, citing Verne’s logbook. 19 ADF 169; BSJV 145:25. 20 St M., [7 Aug. 79]. 21 Martin, Jules Verne, 321; Dehs, Jules Verne (2005), Appendix 2. 22 Lemire 54, CNM 227. 23 RD 111; ADF 172. 24 24 Aug. 86 to Dumas fils. 25 JD 356, Int. 56. The bullet must presumably still be underground in Amiens, conceivably detectable to keen researchers with metal-detectors. 26 Norbert Percereau, “Les Disparus d’Yverdon-les-Bains ou le tragique destin de Marcel Verne”, BSJV 151:21. 27 Lemire 56, JJV 200. 28 Dusseau 356; 20 Apr. 86 to Hetzel fils; [early Jun. 86] to Hetzel fils. 29 Garmt de Vries and Kees Waij, “Les Deux voyages faits par Jules Verne en Belgique et aux Pays Bas”, Revue Jules Verne, nos 19–20, 138–47. 30 11 May 88 to “Charles”, probably Wallut, in ADF 181. 31 Compère, La Vie amiénoise, 67–71. 32 Anyone who has read both Hatteras and Lord of the Rings cannot help be struck by the similarity between the two quests to cast ones essence into the volcano. Verne was honoured (1892) only on the insistence of Frédéric Petit, mayor of Amiens; his sponsor was Robert Godefroy (Lemire 127). 33 [6 Dec. 51] to Pierre; Nov.? 70 to Pierre; letter of 1871 to Pierre. 34 A letter to his father of December 1867, available on http://www.boisgirard- antonini.com/html/fiche.jsp?id=7913960&np=&lng=fr&npp=150&ordre=&a ff=&r=, reads: “A horrible military law that takes us back to the barbaric times of the Huns and Visigoths! The whole of France subjugated by the whims of a single man! ... A general lowering of moral standards! France less influential abroad than she has ever been. Chassepot rifles for sole reasoning, a war on the horizon”. 35 Lemire 61; 30 Oct. 98 to Turiello; Compère, La Vie amiénoise, 62. 36 BSJV 31–32:189. 37 [9? Jul. 56] to Pierre; JJV 63. 38 7 Apr. 51; 6 Nov. 67. 39 RD 82; Nadar in BSJV 131:48; Duquesnel (1909), 45. 40 BSJV 153:36–38.

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41 28 Oct. 75, to Mme Antoine Mangin. Also, as he got older, he became more religious, at least in his private life, as shown by various jottings conserved in Amiens Library. 42 “I have not yet read the Extraordinary Journeys of M. Verne. Our friend [Léon] Aubineau tells me they are charming, except for one absence … which leaves the marvels of the world an enigma. All is beautiful but inanimate. Someone is missing” (in OD 214).

20. Heading for the Hundredth: 1890–1905 (pp. 000–00) 1 BSJV 150:5; BSJV 129:16. 2 12 Feb. 96 to Étienne Richet in BSJV 55:248–9. 3 Cited by Duquesnel (1909), 45. 4 Int. 222; Lemire 38. 5 Int. 106; 61; 223. 6 Hetzel fils in BSJV 104:4. 7 Int. 41; Dr Fournier, cited by Lemire 24. 8 Turiello 1901; Amicis 702. 9 Int. 68; 20; 225. 10 The 2,000 endnotes to my critical editions of Journey to the Centre of the Earth (219–31), Around the World (213–47), Twenty Thousand Leagues (385–445), and Hatteras (367–402). 11 Int. 205; 207; 224; 223; 203; 224. 12 Int. 192; BSJV 125:8; Int. 188; Fergusson, in BSJV 154; Int. 223; 203; 224; 192; 188; JD 401; Int. 187; 263; 2 Mar. 95 to Turiello. 13 “Jules Verne’s Hundredth” 5–8. 14 Text cited by Dehs, “Les Belles soirées”, 60. 15 17 Aug. 90 to Dr Félix in BSJV 88:15. 16 21 Aug. 94 to Paul; 7 Dec. 97 to Maurice Verne in BSJV 155:60. 17 Int. 130; Int. 61, given his output of two novels a year. 18 Int. 96, Lemire 41, ADF 183, JJV 200. 19 10 Sep. 94 to Mario Turiello (Europe, May 1980, 106–38). 20 28 Apr. 91 to Hetzel fils. 21 5 Nov. 97 to Turiello. 22 13 Feb. 91 to Hetzel fils; 8 Aug. 94. 23 Jean Jules-Verne, “Souvenir de mon grand-père”, L’Herne, 112–16. 24 [23 Mar. 05] from Marie Verne to a family member, in CNM 250. 25 Compère, La Vie amiénoise, 44. 26 1 Jun. 96 to Turiello. 27 JJV x; JJV 199. 28 JJV x; Int. 222. 29 17 Aug. 90 to Dr Félix in BSJV 88:15; 15 Oct. 98. 30 JJV 178; JJV 193.

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31 Jean Jules-Verne, “Souvenirs de mon grand-père”, L’Herne, 112–15. 32 20 Dec. 00 and 6 Jan. 01 to Turiello, in Europe, 58 (May 1980), 128. That summer his eyesight was no better: “he can no longer read, no longer write” (Int. 156). By 1902 the cataracts had deteriorated so much he could not tell whether or not the light was on. 33 ADF 212; Jan Feith, “Le Globe-trotter chez lui”, BSJV 145:10. 34 ADF 212; 15 Oct. 04. 35 O. Dumas, “Quand Michel Verne fait flèche de tout bois”, BSJV 154:42. 36 Percereau, “Les Disparus”, 19. 37 L’Album Mariani, vol. 3 (Henry Floury, 1897), 76. 38 Int. 148; VA viii. 39 Martin, PhD, 232, estimates a total of 20 million. 40 Martin, Jules Verne, 321; Dehs, Jules Verne (2005), Appendix 2. 41 23 Mar. [05] from Marie Verne to Mathilde, in CNM 250 and BSJV 194:40–4. 42 BSJV 195:19–21; Suzanne inherited his collection of more than 3,000 stamps (BSJV 194:48). 43 Elisabeth Léger de Viane, “L’Entourage familial de Jules Verne”, in Visions nouvelles sur Jules Verne (Amiens: Centre de documentation Jules Verne, 1978), 20–7.

Epilogue: Communing with the Dead (pp. 000–00) 1 The letter by Michel in April 1905 mentioning “six short stories, of which two are completely unpublished”, probably referred to “Pierre- Jean” and “Humbug“, although “Edom“ cannot be excluded (BSJV 142:58). In the context of the complete underground nation in Scotland, as described in The Black Indies, Hetzel wrote: “the pleasure of rediscovering your hypothesis of ‘In Two Thousand Years’ Time’ misled you” (2 Jan. 77).

Select Bibliography (pp. 000–00) 1 In these transcriptions, slight adjustments to the text have been made for easier reading, including interpolations of doubtful and missing words. 1 A comprehensive bibliography of studies of the manuscripts of the Extraordinary Journeys appears in Jules Verne inédit, pp. 479–83. 2 This section benefits from Dehs, Guide, 80–5, especially for some of the comments on the books. 3 With acknowledgment to OD. Where based on a manuscript by someone else, the year refers to Verne’s revision work, rather than the original composition.

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4 All in both the Magasin and the series of Extraordinary Journeys, except where indicated. 5 In Hetzel unillustrated editions by 31 March 1905. The multi-volume works have been averaged across the volumes. The total French non-serial print run was more than three times as much (see ch. 13). 6 Based on a script co-written with Cadol. 7 A few pages were written by Hetzel. 8 A few pages were written by Hetzel. 9 Based on a manuscript by Laurie, with some pages written by the Hetzels. 10 Based on a manuscript by Laurie. 11 Based on a manuscript by Laurie, but published as by “Jules Verne and André Laurie.” 12 Not published in the Extraordinary Journeys. 13 Large-format sales of less than 20,000 are cited in the second row. Where the second line is blank, sales exceeded 20,000 (Dehs, “Les Tirages”, 91). 14 Based on a manuscript by Jean Chaffanjon. 15 Martin, PhD, 124, cites this complete manuscript, in four school notebooks, amongst the manuscripts kept by Jean Jules-Verne in Toulon. 16 Published as Backwards to Britain. 17 Edited by Michel Verne. 18 Original manuscript of The Mysterious Island. 19 Original manuscript of Le Pilote du Danube (1908, The Pilot of the Danube). 20 Original manuscript of Les Naufragés du “Jonathan” (1909, The Survivors of the “Jonathan”). 21 Published in a version edited by Michel Verne. 22 Unfinished manuscript, added to and published by Michel Verne as L’Étonnante aventure de la mission Barsac (1914, The Barsac Mission). 23 Published as “L’Éternel Adam” (“The Eternal Adam”), added to and revised by Michel Verne. 24 The table appears with acknowledgment to Jean-Michel Margot, “Jules Verne: The Successful, Wealthy Playwright”, Extraordinary Voyages, Oct. 2005, 10–16. In addition to the plays listed, the synopsis of a play on the Nine Muses has survived. 25 Other title: Un Drame sous la Régence (A Drama during the Regency). 26 Other title: Cesar Borgia. 27 Revivals: Nantes, 7 November 1850; Théâtre du Gymnase, 1853 (45 performances); Théâtre du Gymnase, 1871 (40 performances). 28 54 performances in 1883.

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29 The work was published as seven articles: “The 1857 Salon: Introductory Article” (“Salon de 1857: Article préliminaire”), 231–4, “The 1857 Salon: First Article” (“Salon de 1857: Premier article”), 249–55, “The 1857 Salon: Second Article” (“Salon de 1857: Deuxième article”), 269–76, “The 1857 Salon: Third Article” (“Salon de 1857: Troisième article”), 285– 92, “The 1857 Salon: Fourth Article” (“Salon de 1857: Quatrième article”), 305–13, “The 1857 Salon: Fifth Article” (“Salon de 1857: Cinquième article”, 325–30), “The 1857 Salon: Sixth Article” (“Salon de 1857: Sixième article”), 345–9. 30 Théophile Lavallée wrote the introduction and the first draft of chapters 1–13. 31 Extracts are cited in Piero Gondolo della Riva, “Un patrimoine à découvrir”, Revue Jules Verne, no. 16 (2003), 43–64.