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Home , Ernest Hilgard, Gardner Murphy

Library of the History of Theories

Series Editor Robert W. Rieber Fordham University New York, NY USA

For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/6927

Eugene Taylor

The Mystery of Personality

A History of Psychodynamic Theories

123 Eugene Taylor Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center 747 Front St San Francisco, CA 94111 USA [email protected]

ISBN 978-0-387-98103-1 e-ISBN 978-0-387-98104-8 DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-98104-8 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York

Library of Congress Control Number: 2009927014

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.

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Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) “Every man is... like all other men, like some other men, like no other man.”

Henry A. Murray, MD, PhD (1893Ð1988)

Acknowledgments

Readers, I hope, will forgive me at the outset for any inordinate focus on materi- als in the English language and particularly my focus on dynamic theories of per- sonality in the history of American psychology, although I have also referred to British and European sources and even touched lightly on the classical psycholo- gies of Asia. My formal acknowledgments are gratefully extended to Mrs. Bay James Baker, literary executor of the Estate, for permission to refer to unpublished material in the James papers at Harvard; to Harley Holden, director emeritus at the Archives; and to the Trustees of the Ella Lyman Cabot Trust for allowing me to establish a stewardship over the papers of Gordon Willard Allport from 1979 to 1985, which permitted me to create an index for the files and to complete the index of correspondence begun by Mrs. Kay Bruner; to Dr. for first introducing me to Anthony Sutich back in 1969; and to Dr. Lois Murphy for the chance to assist her on her biography of her husband 20 years later; to Mrs. Geraldine Stevens, for bequeathing to me before she left Harvard the 10,000 piece combined collection she had assembled alphabetically of other authors’ reprints belonging to Edwin G. Boring, Gordon Willard Allport, and Stanley Smith Stevens; to Dr. Caroline Fish Chandler Murray for the many kind- nesses she extended to me during the years I worked for her husband, the late Henry A. Murray. Through Harry I met everyone who was still alive who had been con- nected to his era in psychology, including Erik and Joan Erikson, Sol Rosenzweig, Robert White, Sylvan Tomkins, Nevitt Sanford, and others. Acknowledgments also go to Ms. Analize Katz, former librarian in the Department of Psychology in William James Hall; she preceded Mr. Richard Kaufman, who also granted me unrestricted access to his library’s holdings; and to the late Paul Roazan for wise counsel on certain points of psychoanalytic lore. Acknowledgements also to the medical historian, John Burnham, for directing my attention to the Swiss influence on American psychology and psychiatry. I owe a particular debt to the late Henri Ellenberger for his keen support of my early work reconstructing the American scene in dynamic psychiatry, which he had so admirably chronicled from the per- spective of events in Europe; to Sonu Shamdasani, PhD, reader in Jung History at the University of London and editor of the new translations of Jung through the Phile- mon Foundation for many endnotes and editorial comments; to Richard Wolfe, then Joseph Garland Librarian in the Boston Medical Library and Archivist at Harvard

vii viii Acknowledgments

Medical School, now Distinguished Scholar in Residence at the College of Physi- cians, Philadelphia, and Elin Wolfe, co-author of the Walter B. Cannon biography, who both sheltered an errant scholar back in the beginning who had come from Divinity and then entered the history of psychiatry; their circle included Benjamin White, MD, primary author of the Stanley Cobb biography; the late Mark Altschule, MD, pathologist and historian of medicine at Harvard Medical School; and Sanford Gifford, MD, archivist of the Boston Psychoanalytic Society and Institute, among others. The late Eric Carlson, MD, at Payne Whitney/New York Hospital, was an avid supporter, as was the late . The late Rollo May was particularly helpful in clarifying points having to do with the history of existential-; as were the late Anthony Sutich, and also Miles Vich, successor to Sutich as editor of the Journal of ; to Natalie Rogers, PhD, for invaluable material on her father, the late , and herself, now being developed by Sue Ann Herron; and to the late Francis O. Schmitt, molecular biologist and University Professor at MIT for drawing my attention to the relation between my historical work and certain humanistic implications of the neuroscience revolution in which he participated as a founder of the Neuroscience Research Pro- gram. I am indebted also to Herbert Benson, MD, for the many hours I was able to review his work as Visiting Historian in the Mind/Body Medical Institute from 2000 to 2002. One of the greatest in my personal pantheon of intellectual mentors was my friend and confidant, the late Sheldon White. And a special tribute goes to the existential-humanistic, transpersonal, and phenomenological faculty at the original PhD program in humanistic psychology, now operating under the name of Saybrook Graduate School: among them, Maureen O’Hara, Arthur Bohart, Jeannie Achterberg, Stan Krippner, Tom Greening, David Lukoff, Alan Combs, Amedeo Giorgi, Ruth Richards, Donald Rothberg, Kirk Schneider, and others. Jim Anderson provided important materials on Henry A. Murray, while Nicole Barenbaum gra- ciously read over the chapter on personality theory at Harvard, and Teresa Iverson the chapters on Jung and Adler. Thomas J. Martinez contributed on Binzwanger. Ward Williamson assisted with the collection of sources and Susan Gordon, newly minted Saybrook PhD, peroically assisted me with the endnotes and the final draft of the manuscript, while Robert Rieber served as a series editor, of which the present volume is one of eleven, produced through the good offices of, Sharon Pan- ulla, Executive Editor at Springer. Contents

1 The Trinity of Affinity: Personality, Consciousness, and Psychotherapeutics ...... 1 The Hypothesis of the Three Streams ...... 5 Dynamic Theories of Personality and Their Histories ...... 7 The of the Word “Dynamic” ...... 10 The Conflation of Self, Ego, and Personality ...... 11 Notes...... 15 2 Charcot’s Axis ...... 19 Janet’s Case of Léonie ...... 32 The 1889 Congress of ...... 33 James on “Person and Personality” ...... 34 James on Multiple Personality in the Lectures on Exceptional Mental States ...... 36 Personality Transformation in The Varieties of Religious Experience ...... 38 Prince on Ms. Beauchamp ...... 40 FlournoyonHélèneSmith...... 40 JungonHélènePreiswerk...... 41 The Young Roberto Assagioli ...... 43 Notes...... 47 3 Freud’s Shibboleth: Psychoanalysis ...... 53 So-Called Defectors, the First Turn Toward andtheDeathInstinct...... 62 Freud’s Flight ...... 69 Freud’s Influence ...... 69 Notes...... 70 4 The Freudians ...... 75 Ferenczi in Budapest ...... 76 RankandHisCircle...... 76 Anna Freud, the Devoted Daughter ...... 78 Jones in Britain ...... 78

ix x Contents

HerbertSilberer...... 79 Ludwig Binswanger ...... 80 James Jackson Putnam ...... 81 Abraham Arden Brill ...... 82 Karl Abraham ...... 83 Max Eitingon ...... 83 OskarPfister...... 84 Marie Bonaparte ...... 84 Lacan and Post-structuralism ...... 85 MelanieKlein...... 86 Heinz Kohut ...... 88 M.MasudR.Khan...... 88 Ego Psychology ...... 91 The Menninger Clinic ...... 93 Franz Alexander ...... 94 Notes...... 96 5 The Neo-Freudians ...... 101 The Expansion of Psychoanalysis ...... 103 Sullivan...... 104 KarenHorney...... 107 ErichFromm...... 111 ClaraThompson...... 115 RolloMay...... 117 FriedaFromm-Reichmann...... 118 ErikErikson...... 119 Notes...... 124 6 Jung and Psychology ...... 127 Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious ...... 131 Psychological Types ...... 135 The Architecture of the Psyche ...... 138 HisWorkonChristianSymbolism...... 142 The Diffusion of Jung’s Ideas ...... 144 Jung’s Immediate Circle ...... 145 Eisendrath’s Three Schools ...... 147 CurrentStatus...... 148 Notes...... 150 7 Adler’s Menschenkenntnis ...... 155 TheCaseofFritz...... 160 Adler’s Influence ...... 163 The Ansbachers ...... 166 MayandAdler...... 167 AdlerandMaslow...... 168 Adler’s Influence on Victor Frankl ...... 169 ...... 174 Notes...... 176 Contents xi

8 Psychodynamics, , and Personality Theory at Harvard ...... 179 HenryA.Murray...... 186 StanleyCobb...... 190 Boring and Psychoanalysis ...... 193 The Macropersonality Theorists ...... 195 Ross Stagner and The Murphys ...... 201 Gardner and Lois Murphy ...... 203 OnMeetingGordonAllport...... 204 MurphyandLewin...... 205 The Princeton Conference on Personality and Gestalt Psychology . . 205 LewinatHarvard...... 209 Boring Performs a Commissurotomy on Psychology ...... 211 Endnotes ...... 218 9 Anthropologists, Gestaltists, Jungians, and the Pastoral Theologians of New York ...... 223 The New School for Social Research ...... 226 The Gestaltists ...... 226 KurtGoldstein...... 228 The Jungians ...... 231 Edward Christopher Whitmont ...... 232 Joseph Campbell ...... 233 Tillich at Union and Columbia ...... 235 ...... 240 WernerWolff...... 244 Gardner and Lois Murphy in New York ...... 246 Gardner Murphy’s Biosocial Approach ...... 247 Notes...... 254 10 An Existential-Humanistic and Transpersonally Oriented ...... 261 Laura Perls and Natalie Rogers ...... 289 Transpersonal Psychology ...... 291 Maslow on Transcendence ...... 292 Their Methods of Research ...... 301 Their Model of Consciousness ...... 303 Their Approach to Indigenous Psychologies ...... 304 Notes...... 308 11 Neuroscience and the Future of the Self ...... 315 The Fate of Classical Personality Theories ...... 316 The Self in Psychiatry ...... 320 Turkle on the Second Self ...... 322 UlrichNeiserandtheCognitiveSelf...... 323 Seligman’s ...... 324 Genomics ...... 326 xii Contents

Neurophenomenology, Embodiment, and Experience ...... 326 Intersubjectivity...... 330 The Phenomenology of the Science-Making Process Itself ...... 333 RevelationoftheEpistemologicalWorldviewoftheScientist..... 334 Notes...... 335 12 Epilogue ...... 339 Indigenous Non-Western Conceptions of Personality ...... 343 The Growth-Oriented Dimension of Personality ...... 344 The Uniqueness of Each Person ...... 346 Psychology as Epistemology ...... 348 Notes...... 349 Bibliography ...... 351 Index ...... 381