Millsaps College Department of Sociology and Anthropology World Dispatch We’re building a bigger, better alumni community. E-mail your updates to Spring [email protected]. Include your name, graduation year and everything what 2009 you’ve been up to and you’ll be included in the next edition of the newsletter. Become a part of the alumni network (www.millsapssoan.ning.com) and connect directly In this issue: with your former classmates. Chocolate Moreton Lecture Moreton series brings Series in the Sci- mummies to life at Millsaps expert sweet- ences updates Early February held the last In her lecture, Corthals ex- ens history installment of Millsaps College’s plained how the discovery of Recent Millsaps Moreton Lecture Series in the Egyptian mummies has helped Sciences, Dr. Angélique Cor- forensic anthropologists, archae- grad wins Ful- thals of State University of New ologists, and Egyptologists dis- bright, spends York at Stony Brook presented cover previously unknown influ- time in Albania her lecture entitled, “Forensic ences such as disease, landscape, Anthropology: Gone, But Not and climate change on ancient Departed.” She focused on her Egyptian culture. Contributed photo Millsaps profes- involvement in an ongoing proj- Dr. Angélique Corthals is a fo- Dr. W. Jeffrey Hurst ect in which she excavated and rensic anthropologist, using his- The next installment sor to present at investigated Hatshepsut and torical, medical, anthropological, in the acclaimed More- SfAA conference other royal mummies in Egypt. forensic and genetic approaches ton Lecture Series at Mill- The project was featured both to reveal information about an- saps College, scheduled on the Discovery Channel and in cient biological remains. She is for Thursday, April 16 at W.M. Keck grant an IMAX documentary in 2007. able to combine disciplines to 7 p.m., will feature Dr. funds new lab Many consider her a leading ex- gain a well-rounded understand- W. Jeffrey Hurst of Her- pert on mummies and decipher- ing of ancient civilizations in the shey Co. in Hershey, PA. ing degraded DNA. wake of environmental change, Hurst specializes in ana- Millsaps offers Hatshepsut, who ruled in the specifically in climate fluctua- lytical chemistry, food unique language 15th century BCE, is thought to tions. science and spectroscopy, have been the greatest female Her main focus involves infec- all amounting to a set of class in Swahili ruler in Egypt. tious disease in the past, present, skills that are helping him and future. In her research, Cor- reconstruct the history of E-mail corrections to thals uses DNA-based ecological chocolate. newsletter editor Ben and epidemiological models to In a recent archaeo- McNair at mcnaijb@ recreate the environmental risks logical excavation at a millsaps.edu. of infectious disease. site dated to 1,000 years Since 2000, Corthals has been ago a number of ceramic The Alumni Newsletter involved with projects ranging jars were found among is published bi-annu- from fresh water fish sampling remains at Pueblo Bonito ally by the Millsaps to analyzing social and geo- in the Chaco Canyon re- College Department of graphical factors contributing to gion of New Mexico. This Sociology and Anthro- the malaria epidemic. She has is evidence that chocolate pology, once in the worked with the American Mu- appeared north of Mexi- spring and once in the seum of Natural History on nu- co earlier than originally fall. merous occasions and has had a thought, and infers trade hand in the production several between Chaco Canyon large exhibits, including a 2006 residents and cacao grow- exhibit featuring “Copperman,” ers in Central America. a 7th-century Chilean mummy. The discovery came Contributed photo Check out Dr. Angélique Cor- as Hurst tested residue Dr. Angélique Corthals thals at www.aspcorthals.net. Chocolate continued, page 2

THE What motivated Hatshepsut to rule ancient Egypt

KINGas a man while her stepson stood in the shadows?

HERHer mummy, and her true story, have come to light. SELF By Chip Brown Photographs by Kenneth Garrett

 here was something strangely many centuries she had spent in a limestone cave. touching about her fingertips. It was hard to square this prostrate thing with the Everywhere else about her per- great ruler who lived so long ago and of whom it son all human grace had van- was written, “To look upon her was more beau- ished. The raveled linen around tiful than anything.” T e only human touch was Ther neck looked like a fashion statement gone in the bone shine of her nailless f ngertips where horribly awry. Her mouth, with the upper lip the mummif ed f esh had shrunk back, creating shelved over the lower, was a gruesome crimp. the illusion of a manicure and evoking not just (She came from a famous lineage of overbites.) our primordial vanity but our tenuous intima- Her eye sockets were packed with blind black cies, our brief and passing feel for the world. resin, her nostrils unbecomingly plugged with T e discovery of Hatshepsut’s lost mummy tight rolls of cloth. Her lef ear had sunk into the made headlines two summers ago, but the full f esh on the side of her skull, and her head was story unfolded slowly, in increments, a forensic almost completely without hair. drama more along the lines of CSI than Raid- I leaned toward the open display case in ers of the Lost Ark. Indeed the search for Hat- Cairo’s Egyptian Museum and gazed at what in shepsut showed the extent to which the trowels all likelihood is the body of the female pharaoh and brushes of archaeology’s traditional toolbox Abandoning the queenly attire of a regent, Hatshepsut, the extraordinary woman who ruled have been supplemented by CT scanners and Hatshepsut came to adopt the classic regalia Egypt from 1479 to 1458 B.C. and is famous to- DNA gradient thermocyclers. of a king. At lef , she wears the royal headcloth day less for her reign during the golden age of In 1903 the renowned archaeologist Howard of the pharaoh, yet sof ly rounded breasts and Egypt’s 18th dynasty than for having the audacity Carter had found Hatshepsut’s sarcophagus in a delicate chin subtly suggest her female gender. to portray herself as a man. T ere was no beguil- the 20th tomb discovered in the Valley of the As a sphinx (above), she displays the unmistak- ing myrrh perfume in the air, only some sharp Kings—KV20. The sarcophagus, one of three ably male symbols of a lion’s mane and a and sour smell that seemed minted during the Hatshepsut had prepared, was empty. Scholars pharaoh’s false beard.

 national geographic • april  LATE EARLY OLD FIRST MIDDLE SECOND NEW THIRD INTERMEDIATE LATE GRECO-ROMAN PERIOD PREDYNASTIC DYNASTIC KINGDOM INTERMEDIATE KINGDOM INTERMEDIATE KINGDOM PERIOD PERIOD CA 332 B.C. – A.D. 395 PERIOD PERIOD PERIOD PERIOD

circa ca 2950 B.C. ca 2575 B.C. ca 2125 B.C. ca 1975 B.C. ca 1630 B.C. ca 1539 B.C. ca 1075 B.C. ca 715 B.C. 332 B.C. 3100 B.C.

Ramses II Aha (Menes) Djoser KhufuNitokerty Mentuhotep II Senusret III Sobeknefru Tutankhamun Tawosret Taharqa Cleopatra VII ca 2175 B.C. ca 1760 B.C. – 1755 B.C. ca 1198 B.C. – 1190 B.C. (ruled as a queen) WOMEN WHO RULED AS KINGS HATSHEPSUT A pharaoh was meant to be both man and god, ca 1479 B.C. – 1473 B.C. but a few women broke with that tradition. Only Regent for Thutmose III Hatshepsut enjoyed a long, prosperous reign, ca 1473 B.C. – 1458 B.C. Royal cartouche taking her place among notable male pharaohs. Pharaoh and co-ruler of the pharaoh with Thutmose III Hatshepsut Female pharaohs in red

did not know where her mummy was or whether still be lying alone in the dark, her royal name HATSHEPSUT’S FAMILY TREE Hatshepsut was born, Egyptian power was it had even survived the campaign to eradicate and status unacknowledged. Today she is en- The female pharaoh’s mother, Ahmose, is believed to waxing. Her possible grandfather Ahmose, have been a king’s daughter, which gave Hatshepsut a the record of her rule during the reign of her co- shrined in one of the two Royal Mummy Rooms unique advantage. Her father, Thutmose I, had no royal founder of the 18th dynasty, had driven out the regent and ultimate successor, Thutmose III, at the Egyptian Museum, with plaques in Ara- blood. Hatshepsut may have used her status to seize formidable Hyksos invaders who had occupied when almost all the images of her as king were bic and English proclaiming her to be Hatshep- power after her stepson inherited the throne. the northern part of the Nile Valley for two systematically chiseled of temples, monuments, sut, the King Herself, reunited at long last with centuries. When Ahmose’s son Amenhotep I and obelisks. The search that seems to have her extended family of fellow New Kingdom Sitkamose Ahmose Ahmose- did not produce a son who lived to succeed him, f nally solved the mystery was launched in 2005 pharaohs. Nefertari a redoubtable general known as T utmose is be- by Zahi Hawass, head of the Egyptian Mummy lieved to have been brought into the royal line Project and secretary general of the Supreme iven the oblivion that befell Hatshep- Other siblings since he had married a princess. Council of Antiquities. Hawass and a team of sut, it’s hard to think of a pharaoh Hatshepsut was the oldest daughter of T ut- scientists zeroed in on a mummy they called whose hopes of being remembered are Amenhotep I Ahmose- mose and his Great Royal Wife, Queen Ahmose, G Meryetamun KV60a, which had been discovered more than a more poignant. She seems to have been more likely a close relative of King Ahmose. But T ut- century earlier but wasn’t thought significant afraid of anonymity than of death. She was one Mutnofret Thutmose I Ahmose mose also had a son by another queen, and this enough to remove from the floor of a minor of the greatest builders in one of the greatest son, T utmose II, inherited the crown when his tomb in the Valley of the Kings. KV60a had been Egyptian dynasties. She raised and renovated father “rested from life.” Adhering to a common cruising eternity without even the hospitality of temples and shrines from the Sinai to Nubia. Other siblings method of fortifying the royal lineage—and with a cof n, much less a retinue of f gurines to per- T e four granite obelisks she erected at the vast none of our modern-day qualms about sleeping form royal chores. She had nothing to wear, temple of the great god Amun at Karnak were with your sister—T utmose II and Hatshepsut either—no headdress, no jewelry, no gold sandals among the most magnif cent ever constructed. married. T ey produced one daughter; a minor or gold toe and f nger coverings, none of the trea- She commissioned hundreds of statues of her- wife, Isis, would give T utmose the male heir sures that had been provided the pharaoh Tut- self and lef accounts in stone of her lineage, that Hatshepsut was unable to provide. ankhamun, who was a pip-squeak of a king her titles, her history, both real and concocted, Isis Thutmose II HATSHEPSUT T utmose II did not rule for long, and when compared with Hatshepsut. even her thoughts and hopes, which at times she Neferure he was ushered into the af erlife by what CT And even with all the high-tech methods conf ded with uncommon candor. Expressions scans 3,500 years later would suggest was heart Thutmose III Meryetre used to crack one of Egypt’s most notable miss- of worry Hatshepsut inscribed on one of her Hatshepsut disease, his heir, T utmose III, was still a young ing person cases, if it had not been for the ser- obelisks at Karnak still resonate with an almost boy. In time-honored fashion, Hatshepsut as- endipitous discovery of a tooth, KV60a might charming insecurity: “Now my heart turns this Amenhotep II sumed ef ective control as the young pharaoh’s way and that, as I think what the people will say. queen regent. Chip Brown has written two books as well as articles T ose who see my monuments in years to come, Scholarly interpretations of royal lineages differ. So began one of the most intriguing periods for more than 30 national magazines. Kenneth NG ART and who shall speak of what I have done.” Pharaoh Spouse SOURCES: ZAHI HAWASS, SUPREME of ancient Egyptian history. COUNCIL OF ANTIQUITIES (TIME LINE); Garrett’s photographs of Nubian pharaohs appeared Many uncertainties plague the early history HATSHEPSUT: FROM QUEEN TO PHARAOH, At first, Hatshepsut acted on her stepson’s METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART in the February 2008 issue. of the New Kingdom, but it’s clear that when Child (FAMILY TREE) behalf, careful to respect the conventions under

 national geographic • april  hatshepsut  Firmly gripping the reins of power, Hatshepsut relegated her stepson, T utmose III (lef ), to a supporting role. Reliefs on the walls of the Red Chapel at Karnak (right) hint at the unusual nature of this arrange- ment. In a festival scene (above) she stands in front of him, but both are dressed as pharaohs, and the titles above them read as if they were one person.

which previous queens had handled political Divine injunctions from Amun? A thirst for pow- was the of spring of an adopted king. T e Egyp- feminine endings. But in the early going, she affairs while juvenile offspring learned the er? “T ere was something impelling Hatshepsut tians believed in the divinity of the pharaoh; only seemed to be looking for ways to synthesize ropes. But before long, signs emerged that to change the way she portrayed herself on public Hatshepsut, not her stepson, had a biological link the images of queen and king, as if a visual Hatshepsut’s regency would be dif erent. Early monuments, but we don’t know what it is,” says to divine royalty. compromise might resolve the paradox of a reliefs show her performing kingly func- Peter Dorman, a noted Egyptologist and presi- Still, there was the small matter of gender. female sovereign. In one seated red granite statue, tions such as making of erings to the gods and dent of the American University of Beirut. “One The kingship was meant to be passed down Hatshepsut is shown with the unmistakable body ordering up obelisks from red granite quarries of the hardest things to guess is her motive.” from father to son, not daughter; religious of a woman but with the striped nemes headdress at Aswan. Af er just a few years she had assumed Bloodlines may have had something to do belief dictated that the king’s role could not be and uraeus cobra, symbols of a king. In some the role of “king” of Egypt, supreme power in with it. On a cenotaph at the sandstone quarries adequately carried out by a woman. Getting temple reliefs, Hatshepsut is dressed in a tradi- the land. Her stepson—who by then may have of Gebel el Silsila, her chief steward and architect over this hurdle must have taken great shrewd- tional restrictive ankle-length gown but with her been fully capable of assuming the throne—was Senenmut refers to her as “the king’s f rstborn ness from the female king. When her husband feet wide apart in the striding pose of the king. relegated to second-in-command. Hatshepsut daughter,” a distinction that accents her lineage died, Hatshepsut’s preferred title was not King’s As the years went on, she seems to have proceeded to rule for a total of 21 years. as the senior heir of T utmose I rather than as Wife, but God’s Wife of Amun, a designation decided it was easier to sidestep the issue of What induced Hatshepsut to break so radi- the chief royal wife of T utmose II. Remember, some believe paved her way to the throne. cally with the traditional role of queen regent? Hatshepsut was a true blue blood, related to the Hatshepsut never made a secret of her sex ■ Society Grant Research for this project was funded A social or military crisis? Dynastic politics? pharaoh Ahmose, while her husband-brother in texts; her inscriptions frequently employed in part by your Society membership.

 national geographic • april  hatshepsut  HER STATUES WERE SMASHED AND THROWN INTO A PIT IN FRONT OF HER TEMPLE. gender altogether. She had herself depicted solely as a male king, in the pharaoh’s headdress, the pharaoh’s shendyt kilt, and the pharaoh’s false beard—without any female traits. Many of her statues, images, and texts seem part of a carefully calibrated media campaign to bolster the legitimacy of her reign as king—and ratio- nalize her transgression. In reliefs at Hatshep- sut’s mortuary temple, she spun a fable of her accession as the fulf llment of a divine plan and declared that her father, T utmose I, not only intended her to be king but also was able to at- tend her coronation. In the panels the great god Amun is shown appearing before Hatshepsut’s mother disguised as T utmose I. He commands Khnum, the ram-headed god of creation who models the clay of mankind on his potter’s wheel: “Go, to fashion her better than all gods; shape for me, this my daughter, whom I have begotten.” Unlike most contractors, Khnum gets right to work, replying: “Her form shall be more exalted than the gods, in her great dignity of King. …” On Khnum’s potter’s wheel, little Hatshepsut is depicted unmistakably as a boy. Exactly who was the intended audience for such propaganda is still disputed. It’s hard to imagine Hatshepsut needed to shore up her legitimacy with powerful allies like the high priests of Amun or members of the elite such as Senenmut. Who, then, was she pitching her story to? T e gods? T e future? National Geographic? One answer may be found in Hatshepsut’s ref- erences to the lapwing, a common Nile marsh bird known to ancient Egyptians as rekhyt. In A craggy bay in the Western Desert embraces hieroglyphic texts the word “rekhyt” is usually Hatshepsut’s mortuary temple. Behind its translated as “the common people.” It occurs crowning ridge lies the great rif now known as frequently in New Kingdom inscriptions, but a the Valley of the Kings, the royal cemetery that few years ago Kenneth Grif n, now at Swansea holds the entrance to her tomb. Her father was University in Wales, noticed that Hatshepsut likely the f rst pharaoh to prepare his f nal resting made greater use of the phrase than other 18th- place in the valley, launching a tradition that dynasty pharaohs. “Her inscriptions seemed would last for more than four centuries. to show a personal association with the rekhyt which at this stage is unrivaled,” he says. Hat- shepsut of en spoke possessively of “my rekhyt” and asked for the approval of the rekhyt—as if

 national geographic • april  hatshepsut  Where was Hatshepsut’s mummy? A century ago, two unidentif ed females (lef ) were discovered in a minor tomb, likely moved there by priests intent on hiding them from thieves. When recent tests revealed that a tooth found inside a box with Hatshepsut’s name (right) exactly matched a gap in the fatter mum- my’s jaw (above), the mystery of the lost pharaoh appeared to be solved.

Hatshepsut’s wet nurse Hatshepsut

the unusual ruler were a closet populist. When another pastime. He decided to methodically reeked of bat droppings. When Howard Carter Over the years Egyptologists lost track of the Hatshepsut’s heart f utters this way and that as wipe his stepmother, the king, out of history. cleared it in 1903, he called it “one of the most entrance to KV60, and the mummy on the tomb she wonders what “the people” will say, the peo- irksome pieces of work I ever supervised.” In the f oor ef ectively disappeared. T at changed in ple she may have had in mind were the ones as hen Zahi Hawass set out to f nd Her tomb Carter found two sarcophagi bearing Hat- June 1989, when Donald Ryan, an Egyptologist common as lapwings on the Nile, the rekhyt. Majesty King Hatshepsut, he was shepsut’s name, some limestone wall panels, and and lecturer at Pacif c Lutheran University in A f er her death, around 1458 B.C., her step- W fairly certain of one thing: T e naked a canopic chest, but no mummy. Tacoma, Washington, came to explore several son went on to secure his destiny as one of the mummy found resting on the f oor of a minor Carter made another discovery in a tomb small, undecorated tombs in the valley. Prompted great pharaohs in Egyptian his tory. T utmose III tomb was not her. “When I started searching for close by—tomb KV60, a minor structure whose by the inf uential Egyptologist Elizabeth T omas, was a monument maker like his stepmother but Hatshepsut, I never thought I would discover entrance was cut into the corridor entrance of who suspected that KV60 might house Hat- also a warrior without peer, the so-called Napo- that she was this mummy,” Hawass says. For KV19. In KV60 Carter found “two much de- shepsut’s mummy, Ryan had included it on his leon of ancient Egypt. In a 19-year span he led starters, she had no apparent regal bearing; nuded mummies of women and some mum- application for a research permit. Arriving too 17 military campaigns in the Levant, including she was fat, and as Hawass wrote in an article mif ed geese.” One mummy was in a cof n, the late his f rst day to start work, Ryan decided to a victory against the Canaanites at Megiddo in published in the journal KMT, she had “huge other on the f oor. Carter took the geese and stroll around the site to drop of some tools. He present-day Israel that is still taught in military pendulous breasts” of the sort more likely to be closed the tomb. T ree years later another ar- wandered over to the entrance of KV19 and for academies. He had a f ock of wives, one of whom found on Hatshepsut’s wet nurse. chaeologist removed the mummy in the cof- the heck of it, thinking KV60 might be nearby, bore his successor, Amenhotep II. T utmose III Months earlier Hawass had visited Hatshep- f n to the Egyptian Museum. T e inscription started sweeping the entranceway with his also found time to introduce the chicken to the sut’s tomb, KV20, to search for clues to her on the cof n was later linked to Hatshepsut’s broom. He worked backward from the door of Egyptian dinner table. whereabouts. Wearing his trademark fedora, nurse. T e mummy on the f oor was lef as she KV19. Within half an hour he’d found a crack In the latter part of his life, when other men Hawass lowered himself 700 feet into one of the was, as she had been since being stashed there, in the rock corridor. A stone hatch revealed a might be content to reminisce about bygone ad- most dangerous tombs in the Valley of the Kings. probably by priests during the reburials of the set of stairs. A week later, with Beethoven’s ventures, T utmose III appears to have taken up T e tunnel through friable shale and limestone 21st dynasty, around 1000 B.C. Pathétique Sonata playing on a tape deck, he

 national geographic • april  BRANDO QUILICI, AGENTUR FOCUS (X-RAY, ABOVE) hatshepsut  THE SOAP OPERA OF A HOTHEADED SON WREAKING VENGEANCE FELL APART. and a local antiquities inspector entered the At Karnak her image and cartouche, or name stepson wreaking vengeance on his unscrupu- root in the mummy and the tooth, and we found “lost” tomb. symbol, were chiseled of shrine walls; the texts lous stepmother fell apart. A more logical sce- that they both matched,” Selim says. “It was spooky,” he recalls. “I had never found on her obelisks were covered with stone (which nario was devised around the possibility that To be sure, the scientists have proved only a mummy before. T e inspector and I walked in had the unintended effect of keeping them in T utmose III needed to reinforce the legitimacy that a tooth in a box belongs to a mummy. T e very carefully. T ere was a woman lying on the pristine condition). of his son Amenhotep II’s succession in the face identif cation is based on the assumption that f oor. Oh my gosh!” At Deir el Bahri, the site of her most spectacu- of rival claims from other family members. And the contents of the box are properly labeled and T e mummy was lying in a tomb that had lar architectural achievement, her statues were Hatshepsut, once disparaged for ruthless ambi- were once vital parts of the famous female pha- been trashed in ancient times by robbers. Her smashed and thrown into a pit in front of her tion, is now admired for her political skill. raoh. And the box inscribed with Hatshepsut’s lef arm was crooked across her chest in a buri- mortuary temple. Known as Djeser Djeseru, “Nobody can know what she was like,” says cartouche is not the typical canopic vessel in al pose some believe to be common to 18th- holy of holies, on the west bank of the Nile across Catharine Roehrig, now a curator in the same which mummif ed organs are found. It’s made dynasty Egyptian queens. Ryan set about catalog- from modern Luxor, the temple is set against a department once headed by Hayes. “She ruled of wood, not stone, and might have been used ing what he found. “We found the smashed-up bay of lion-colored clif s that frame the tawny for 20 years because she was capable of mak- to hold jewelry or oils or small valuables. face piece of a cof n and f ecks of gold that had temple stones the way the nemes frames a pha- ing things work. I believe she was very canny “Some would say we have not found absolute been scraped of ,” he recalls. “We didn’t know raoh’s face. With its three tiers, its porticoes, its and that she knew how to play one person of proof,” Selim says. “And I would agree.” how much had been moved around by Howard spacious ramp-linked terraces, its now vanished against the next—without murdering them or Still, Hawass asks, what are the odds that a Carter, so we documented it as an intact site.” In sphinx-lined causeway and T-shaped papyrus getting murdered herself.” box identif ed with Hatshepsut and found in a a side chamber Ryan found a huge pile of wrap- pools and shade-casting myrrh trees, Djeser cache of royal mummies contains a tooth that pings, a mummified cow’s leg, and a stacked Djeseru is among the most glorious temples ever lose to two decades af er Donald Ryan exactly matches a hole in the smile of a mummy pile of “victual mummies,” wrapped bundles built. It was designed (perhaps by Senenmut) to rediscovered the location of KV60, Zahi found next to the beloved nurse of Egypt’s great of food laid up for the deceased’s long journey be the center of Hatshepsut’s cult. C Hawass asked the curators at the Egyp- female pharaoh? And how marvelous that the through eternity. Images of her as queen were le f undisturbed, tian Museum to round up all the unidentif ed tooth was there to connect Hatshepsut’s car- The more Ryan studied the mummy, the but wherever she had proclaimed herself king, and possibly royal female mummies from the touche with a mummy. “If the embalmer hadn’t more he thought she might be someone impor- the workers of her stepson followed with their 18th dynasty, including the two bodies—one picked it up and put it in with the liver, there is tant. “She was extraordinarily well mummif ed,” chisels, the vandalism careful and precise. “T e thin, one fat—that had been found in KV60. T e no way we would have known what happened he says. “And she was striking a royal pose. I destruction was not an emotional decision; it thin mummy was retrieved from storage in the to Hatshepsut,” Hawass says. thought, Why, she’s a queen! Could it be Hat- was a political decision,” says Zbigniew Szafrań- museum’s attic; the fat one, KV60a, which had Already the CT scans have changed history, shepsut? Possibly. But there was nothing to link ski, the director of the Polish archaeological remained in the tomb where it had been found, dispelling theories that Hatshepsut might have the mummy to any specif c individual.” mission to Egypt that has been working at Hat- was transported from the Valley of the Kings. been killed by her stepson. She probably died Still, it didn’t seem right to leave whoever shepsut’s mortuary temple since 1961. Over a four-month period in late 2006 and early of an infection caused by an abscessed tooth, she was lying naked on the f oor in a mess of By the time excavators cleared the debris 2007, the mummies passed through a CT scan- with complications from advanced bone cancer rags. Before he closed the tomb, Ryan and a from the mostly buried temple in the late 1890s, ner that enabled the archaeologists to examine and possibly diabetes. Hawass speculates that colleague tidied the burial chamber up a bit. At the mystery of Hatshepsut had been refined: them in detail and to gauge their age and cause the high priests of Amun may have moved her a local carpenter’s shop they had a simple cof- What kind of ruler was she? T e answer seemed of death. body to the tomb of her nurse to protect it from f n built. T ey lowered the unknown lady into self-evident to a number of Egyptologists quick The CT results from the four candidate looters; many royalty of the New Kingdom were her new bed and closed the lid. Hatshepsut’s to embrace the idea that T utmose III had at- mummies were inconclusive. T en Hawass had hidden in secret tombs for security. As for the prolonged period of anonymity was nearing tacked Hatshepsut’s memory as revenge for her another idea. A wooden box engraved with Hat- DNA tests, the f rst round began in April 2007 its end. shameless usurpation of his royal power. Wil- shepsut’s cartouche had been found in a great and has shown nothing def nitive. liam C. Hayes, the curator of Egyptian art at the cache of royal mummies at Deir el Bahri in 1881; “With ancient specimens you never have istorians long cast Hatshepsut in the Metropolitan Museum of Art and a principal at it was believed to contain her liver. When the a 100 percent match, because the genetic se- role of evil stepmother to the young the Deir el Bahri excavations in the 1920s and box was run through the scanner, the research- quences aren’t complete,” says Angélique Cor- H T utmose III. T e evidence of her sup- ’30s, wrote in 1953: “It was not long … before ers were astonished to detect a tooth. T e team thals, a professor of biomedicine and forensic posed cruelty was the payback she posthumously this vain, ambitious, and unscrupulous woman dentist identif ed it as a secondary molar with studies at Stony Brook University in New York received when her stepson had her monuments showed herself in her true colors.” part of its root missing. When Ashraf Selim, pro- and one of three consultants working with the attacked and her kingly name erased from public When archaeologists discovered evidence fessor of radiology at Cairo University, reexam- Egyptians. “We looked at mitochondrial DNA memorials. Indeed, T utmose III did as thorough in the 1960s indicating that the banishment of ined the jaw images of the four mummies, there for the suspected Hatshepsut mummy and a job smiting the iconography of King Hatshepsut King Hatshepsut had begun at least 20 years in the right upper jaw of the fat mummy from her grandmother Ahmose Nefertari. T ere is as he had whacking the Canaanites at Megiddo. af er her death, the soap opera of a hotheaded KV60 was a root with no tooth. “I measured the about a 30 to 35 percent chance that the two

 national geographic • april  hatshepsut  WASN’T THERE SOMETHING MORBID ABOUT MAKING A FETISH OF THE ROYAL DEAD? samples are not related, but I cannot empha- size enough that these are just preliminary re- sults.” Another round of tests may soon deliver a clearer verdict.

ast spring photographer Kenneth Gar- rett asked Wafaa El Saddik, director of L the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, to re- view a list of Hatshepsut treasures he hoped to photograph for this article: a limestone sphinx of Hatshepsut from the ruins of her temple, the wooden box containing the tooth, a limestone bust of Hatshepsut in the guise of the underworld god Osiris. El Saddik came to the f nal item on the list: the mummif ed body of Hatshepsut her- self. “You want us to remove the glass?” she asked incredulously, as if the mummy, long neglected, now possessed something unspeakably precious. T e photographer nodded. T e director shud- dered. “T is is the history of the world we’re talk- ing about!” she exclaimed. In the end, it was decreed that one of the pan- els of glass could be removed from the case in the Royal Mummy Room without jeopardizing the history of the world. Staring at what was lef of the great female pharaoh as the lights were be- ing set up, I found myself wondering why it was so important to authenticate her corpse. On the one hand, what could better animate the aston- ishing history of ancient Egypt than the actual woman preserved in def ance of nature and the forces of decay? Here she was now, among us, like an ambassador of antiquity. On the other hand, what did we want from her? Wasn’t there something oppressively mor- bid about the curiosity that brought millions of rubberneckers to the Royal Mummy Rooms and made a fetish of the royal dead in the f rst place? T e longer I stared at Hatshepsut, the more I recoiled from those unfathomable eyes Hatshepsut’s obelisk, sculpted from a single block and the suf ocating f xity of that lifeless f esh. of granite, soars a hundred feet above the ruins of Most of us live by the lapwing creed that is the Karnak. Defying the attempts to erase her from antithesis of the pharaohs’ faith: ashes to ashes, history, it now stands magnif cently as the tallest dust to dust. It struck me how much more of such monument in Egypt. Hatshepsut was alive in her texts, where even af er so many thousands of years, you can still feel the f utter of her heart. j

 national geographic • april  hatshepsut 

23. Oktober 2009, 12:40 Uhr Methoden der alten Ägypter

Mumie aus dem Natronbad

Von Angelika Franz

Wie konnten die alten Ägypter Körper für die Ewigkeit konservieren? Zürcher Forscher haben nach antikem Rezept Gebeine mumifiziert - und dann mit neuester Technik untersucht. Das Gewebe blieb fast perfekt erhalten, viel besser als erwartet.

Bisher lief Mumienforschung so: Wissenschaftler finden Tausende Jahre alte Leichen aus Ägypten und versuchen, mit modernen Methoden die Einbalsamierungstechniken der Antike zu rekonstruieren. Jetzt macht sich der Mediziner Frank Rühli vom Anatomischen Institut der Universität Zürich auf, eine andere Methode zu probieren. Er hat die Beine einer jüngst verstorbenen Frau mumifiziert - um in der Zukunft an ihnen forschen zu können.

"Das Projekt ist eine sehr reizvolle Mischung", sagt Rühli. Er wendet alte und neue Methoden und Techniken an. Bei der Einbalsamierung hielt er sich zum Beispiel an die 2500 Jahre alte Beschreibung des griechischen Geschichtsschreibers Herodot. Was dabei passierte, "haben wir mit modernster Magnetresonanz- und Computertomografie dokumentiert".

Als Leiter des Swiss Mummy Projects hat Rühli schon viele Mumien untersucht. Vor vier Jahren beriet er das ägyptische Team, das den Pharao Tutanchamun im Computertomografen scannte. Und auch Eismann Ötzi gehörte zu den prominenten Objekten des Zürcher Paläopathologen. Für sein neues Projekt verwendete Rühli die Beine einer anonymen Spenderin, die verfügt hatte, dass nach ihrem Tod ihr Körper für die wissenschaftliche Forschung verwendet werden darf.

"Wir wollten keine komplette Mumie herstellen, sondern eine ganze Reihe von Einzelfragen klären", sagt der Wissenschaftler. "Zum Beispiel, wie sich das Gewebe durch den Mumifizierungsprozess verändert." Die Forscher interessiert, was mit der DNA passiert, dem Erbgut in dem Gewebe. Dabei wollen sie auch neue Scantechnik für die Anwendung in der Paläopathologie und Forensik testen.

Man lege die Leiche 70 Tage in Natron

Herodots Rezept für die Dehydrierung von Verstorbenen liest sich recht simpel: "Dann legten sie die Leiche 70 Tage lang in Natron." Dafür kommen mehrere chemische Verbindungen in Frage; welches Salz Herodot genau meinte, ist nicht überliefert. Rühli verwendete für seine Mumie ein Salzgemisch aus vier Komponenten. 60 Kilo waren notwendig, um eines der Beine vollständig zu bedecken.

Das Natron soll dem Gewebe die Flüssigkeit entziehen und es schließlich austrocknen. Dieser Prozess dauerte länger als 70 Tage: "Selbst nach drei Monaten zeigten die Magnetresonanzaufnahmen, dass im Gewebe immer noch feuchte Bereiche waren", sagt Rühli. Das mag allerdings am feuchten Schweizer Klima gelegen haben: "Die Luftfeuchtigkeit ist hier natürlich viel höher als in der ägyptischen Wüste", sagt Rühli.

Trotz der Wasserreste war das Resultat zufriedenstellend, zumindest äußerlich. Der Altersunterschied zwischen einem der Spenderbeine und denen der ägyptischen Mumien beträgt rund 4000 Jahre - doch ließ er sich optisch und haptisch kaum feststellen. "Das Bein ist ganz steif geworden, besonders am Fuß", sagt Rühli.

Das Erstaunliche war, dass zwar Haut und Muskeln durch die Dehydrierung braun und verschrumpelt aussahen - die Zellstruktur aber kaum gelitten hatte. "Das Gewebe ist fast perfekt erhalten. Viel besser als erwartet." Der trockene Wüstensand dörrte die Gebeine aus

Am zweiten Spenderbein wollte das Team eine weitere Konservierungsmethode testen. Denn was Herodot beschreibt, ist die weiter entwickelte Einbalsamierungskunst etwa 450 vor Christus - die Ägypter hatten sie lange perfektioniert, schon zwischen 2600 und 2500 vor Christus wurden Leichen professionell einbalsamiert. Davor diente eine viel einfachere Methode der Konservierung des Körpers für die Ewigkeit. Man vergrub den Leichnam schlicht im heißen, trockenen Wüstensand, bis alles Wasser aus ihm verdunstet war.

Um diese frühe Form der Mumifizierung zu erforschen, legten Rühli und sein Team das Bein in einen Wärmeschrank. Bei geringer Luftfeuchtigkeit dörrte es darin bei konstanten 40 Grad Celsius. Doch das Ergebnis war weitaus weniger zufriedenstellend als beim ersten Bein. Unter diesen Laborbedingungen ließ sich das natürliche Wüstenklima nicht nachahmen. Das Bein dehydrierte nicht, und nach etwa einer Woche setzte der Verwesungsprozess ein.

Rühli ist nicht der erste Forscher, der eine moderne Mumie schafft. 1994 wurde der komplette Körper eines 70-Jährigen, der an einem Herzinfarkt gestorben war, dieser Prozedur unterzogen. Die Wissenschaftler waren damals Ronald Wade vom Anatomischen Institut der University of Maryland Medical School in Baltimore und der Ägyptologe Bob Brier von der Long Island University. Sie hielten sich so strikt wie möglich an die bekannten altägyptischen Gepflogenheiten. Brier rezitierte bei der Arbeit sogar ägyptische Gebete. Bei der Verpackung der Leiche in neun Kilogramm feinstes Leinen bekam der Tote wie seine ägyptischen Vorgänger Amulette in die Binden mit eingewickelt.

Gebete und Amulette für den Toten

Im Gegensatz zu Rühlis Team waren Wade und Brier mehr an einer möglichst authentischen Mumien- Reproduktion interessiert als an modernen Techniken der Gewebeanalyse. Dafür aber stellten sie ihr Ergebnis bereitwillig anderen Wissenschaftlern zur Verfügung - und so ist ihre Mumie auch heute noch ein begehrtes Forschungsobjekt.

Viele Kollegen bitten darum, an ihr Methoden und Techniken ausprobieren zu dürfen, bevor sie Gewebe von den echten alten Mumien für Untersuchungen entnehmen. So übte Angelique Corthals von der University of Manchester an dieser Leiche, wie man DNA aus Mumiengewebe extrahiert, bevor sie sich an die Überreste der großen Pharaonin Hatschepsut heranwagte.

Auch für Rühli und sein Team beginnt erst der spannende Teil der Arbeit. In Leinen wickeln wollen sie das Bein jedenfalls nicht - "das Einwickeln verbessert nicht die Mumifikation an sich, sondern dient lediglich der Erhaltung dieses Zustandes", sagt der Forscher. "Wir wollen jetzt eher versuchen, das Gewebe wieder zu wässern, um zu sehen, wie viel von der ursprünglichen Morphologie wiederhergestellt werden kann."

URL: http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/mensch/0,1518,655943,00.html

ZUM THEMA AUF SPIEGEL ONLINE:

Mumienforschung: Der letzte Schrei (02.09.2009) http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/mensch/0,1518,646252,00.html Einbalsamierung: Forscher lösen Rätsel der makellosen Mumie (11.05.2009) http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/mensch/0,1518,623616,00.html Selbstmach-Mumien: Schüler präparieren Hühner für die Ewigkeit (26.11.2007) http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/mensch/0,1518,518644,00.html Erbgut von Eismann: Von Ötzi ist nichts geblieben (31.10.2008) http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/mensch/0,1518,587495,00.html Tutanchamun: Pharao in der Röntgenröhre (06.01.2005)

In the News

February 1 – 28, 2010

John Jay College faculty, staff, students and alumni were featured, quoted, cited and/or mentioned in 352 articles that appeared in national and major city print media outlets, online news services and blogs.

Please note this is only a sampling of print/online coverage. It is based on news clippings obtained through Cision Media Service, Lexis/Nexis, and Google that primarily search top media markets. Since we do not subscribe to a media monitoring service for television/radio coverage, those mentions are based solely on internal records.

Further note, blogs are now included in this report since many have become recognized media sources and an important part of viral marketing.

The New York Daily News mentioned in an article about indicted City Councilman Larry Seabrook that he had taught at John Jay College of Criminal Justice.

John Jay College of Criminal Justice graduate student A. Mahmoud wrote an article for the website theklaxon.com on the use of the word terrorist to describe Joseph Andrew Stack, the man who crashed his plane into a Texas Internal Revenue Service building.

Professors Daniel Pinello and Roddrick Colvin were quoted by edgeboston.com in an article about the effectiveness of police LGBT liaison units.

The Village Voice mentioned John Jay College of Criminal Justice in an article about indicted City Councilman Larry Seabrook.

February 16, 2010

Professor Dennis Kenney was quoted by USA Today in an article about a project in Fort Smith, AR, whereby police using tiny cameras located behind an officer’s ear to record interactions.

The journal Youth Today reported that Jeffrey Butts was hired by John Jay College of Criminal Justice to head the Criminal Justice Research and Evaluation Center.

Professor Eugene O’Donnell was quoted by the Times Union, Albany, NY, was quoted on why police often provide food and beverages for suspects during interrogations.

Professor Angelique Corthals helped set up the first Egyptian lab for the analysis of DNA samples taken from mummies, according to Metro Ottawa Online, Ottawa, Canada; WAND TV, central Illinois; Amherst Daily News, Nova Scotia; SF Gate; abc7news.com; kionrightnow.com, Monterey and Salinas, CA; ABC 50 KHRD, College Station, TX; WPHT Philadelphia 1210 AM, Philadelphia, PA; optimum.net; canadaeast.com; news 91.9 moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick; ca.yahoo.com; cjfw.com, Terrace, British Columbia; yahoo.com; grandforksherald.com, Grand Forks, ND; 104.9 EZ-Rock, Alberta, Canada; Golden EZ-Rock, Alberta, Canada; Sun FM, Kelowna, British Columbia; 1308 WAOK, Atlanta, GA; the Sentinel, Carlisle, PA; firstcoastnews.com, Jacksonville, FL; sfexaminer.com, San Francisco, CA; charlotteobserver.com, Charlotte, NC; startribune.com, Minneapolis, MN; Bioscience Technology; 13 Action News, Toledo, OH; USA Today; KKFX, San Luis Obispo, CA; the Augusta Chronicle, Augusta, GA; chron.com, Houston, TX; the Oakland Tribune, Oakland, CA; CISN FM 103.9, Edmonton, Canada; poststar.com, Glen Falls, NY; WRAL, Raleigh, NC; the Times-News, Twin Falls, ID, southcoasttoday, Massachusetts, kcal.com, Los Angeles, CA; recordpub.com, Kent, OH; and the trurodaily.com, Colchester County, Nova Scotia.

The New York Observer mentioned that David Johnson, an aide to Gov. David Paterson accused of domestic violence, was a graduate of John Jay College of Criminal Justice.

February 17, 2010

A New York Times article about Gov. David Paterson’s long-time aide David Johnson’s criminal history also mentioned that he was a graduate of John Jay College of Criminal Justice, as did the Christian news service onenewsnow.com,;syracuse.com, Syracuse, NY; CBS News; the Boston Globe, Boston, MA; the LaCrosse Tribune, LaCrosse, WI; chron.com, Houston, TX; the 12

Huffington Post, poststar.com, Glens Falls, NY; 1010 WINS; newsvine.com; newok.com; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; sunherald.com, Biloxi, MS; abcnews.go.com; forbes.com; seattlepi.com,Seattle, WA; the Associated Press; KRLD, Dallas, TX; poststandard.com, Syracuse, NY; the Daily Herald, Provo, UT; KESQ, Palm Springs, CA.

The New York Post mentioned that Nicole Dean, the recipient of a kidney donated by her son, was a student at John Jay College of Criminal Justice.

The website edgenewengland.com posted an article that quoted Professor Dan Pinello on the effectiveness of police LGBT liaison units.

Professor Eugene O’Donnell was quoted by the Times Union, Albany, NY, in an article about police interrogation practices.

Professor Angelique Corthals helped set up the first Egyptian lab for the analysis of DNA samples taken from mummies, according to the Star-Ledger, Newark, NJ; the Guelph Mercury, Ontario, Canada; the Associated Press; yahoo.com; the Waterloo Region Record, Waterloo, IA; the Hamilton Spectator, Hamilton, Ontario; 1500 AM Federal News Radio, KTAR.com, Phoenix, AZ; blackenterprise.com; the Seattle Times, Seattle, WA; onenewsnow.com; islandpacket.com; mercurynews.com, San Jose, CA; Inside Bay Area, San Francisco, CA; 13 Action News, Toledo, OH; feedburner; mynorthwest.com; the Deseret News, Salt Lake City, UT; St. John Source, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands; anchoragedaily.com, Anchorage, AK; nbc.26.com, Green Bay, WI; the blog gnostalgia.wordpress.com and the blog ricojrod.wordpress.com.

The play Zombie will be performed at the Gerald W. Lynch Theater at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, according to broadwayworld.com and theatermania.com.

A posting on courtinnovation.blogspot.com by Greg Berman, director of the Center for Court Innovation, he mentions attending a reception hosted by President Jeremy Travis honoring the partnership of John Jay College of Criminal Justice with the Red Hook Public Safety Corps.

The website city-journal.org posted an article by Heather MacDonald in which she takes to task a study co-authored by Professor Emeritus Eli Silverman that found the NYPD’s Compstat program to have led to the fudging of crime statistics by precinct captains. The websites yahoo.news.com, prweb.com and cuny1.com posted an article about the state of the college address by Manhattan Borough Community College President Antonio Perez in which he discusses the CUNY Justice Academy program that links BMCC to John Jay College of Criminal Justice through forensic science and criminal justice programs.

An article posted on thecrimereport.org mentioned a session on mentally ill offenders in Wisconsin’s prisons at John Jay College of Criminal Justice’s fifth annual Harry Frank Guggenheim Symposium on Crime in America.

Bloomberg Business Week reported that the company John Jay College of Criminal Justice used to test the concrete being used in its new building, Testwell Labs, has been found guilty of faking some safety tests.

13

February 16, 2010 A Frail King Tut Died From Malaria, Broken Leg

By THE ASSOCIATED PRESS

Filed at 5:26 p.m. ET

CAIRO (AP) -- Egypt's most famous pharaoh, King Tutankhamun, was a frail boy who suffered from a cleft palate and club foot. He died of complications from a broken leg exacerbated by malaria and his parents were most likely brother and sister.

Two years of DNA testing and CT scans on Tut's 3,300-year-old mummy and 15 others are helping end many of the myths surrounding the boy king. While a comparatively minor ruler, he has captivated the public since the 1922 discovery of his tomb, which was filled with a stunning array of jewels and artifacts, including a golden funeral mask.

The study, which will be published Wednesday in the Journal of the American Medical Association, provides the firmest family tree yet for Tut. The tests pointed to Pharaoh Akhenaten, who tried to revolutionize ancient Egyptian religion to worship one god, as Tut's father. His mother was one of Akhenaten's sisters, it said.

Tut, who became pharaoh at age 10 in 1333 B.C., ruled for just nine years at a pivotal time in Egypt's history. Speculation has long swirled over his death at 19. A hole in his skull fueled speculation he was murdered, until a 2005 CT scan ruled that out, finding the hole was likely from the mummification process. The scan also uncovered the broken leg.

The newest tests paint a picture of a pharaoh whose immune system was likely weakened by congenital diseases. His death came from complications from the broken leg -- along with a new discovery: severe malaria.

The team said it found DNA of the malaria parasite in several of the mummies, some of the oldest ever isolated.

''A sudden leg fracture possibly introduced by a fall might have resulted in a life threatening condition when a malaria infection occurred,'' the JAMA article said.

''Tutankhamun had multiple disorders... He might be envisioned as a young but frail king who needed canes to walk,'' it said.

The revelations are in stark contrast to the popular image of a graceful boy-king as portrayed by the dazzling funerary artifacts in his tomb that later introduced much of the world to the glory of ancient Egypt. They also highlighted the role genetics play in some diseases. The members of the 18th dynasty were closely inbred and the DNA studies found several genetic disorders in the mummies tested such as scoliosis, curvature of the spine, and club feet.

Dr. Howard Markel, a medical historian at the University of Michigan, said some of King Tut's ailments including his bone disease likely were the result of his parents' incestuous marriage. Children born to parents who are so closely related to each other would be prone to genetic problems, he said.

Like his father, Tutankhamun had a cleft palate. Like his grandfather, he had a club foot and suffered from Kohler's disease which inhibits the supply of blood to the bones of the foot.

In Tut's case it was slowly destroying the bones in his left foot -- an often painful condition, the study said. It noted that 130 walking sticks and canes were discovered in Tut's tomb, some of them appeared to have been used.

Egypt's top archaeologist, Zahi Hawass, who co-authored the study, noted that more than 80 years after Tutankhamun's discovery, technology was revealing secrets about the pharaoh.

The study is part of a wider program to test the DNA of hundreds of mummies to determine their identities and their family relations. To conduct the tests, Egypt built two DNA labs to follow international protocols for genetic testing.

Hawass, who had long opposed DNA testing on Egypt's mummies because it would have been performed outside the country, acknowledged his original skepticism. ''I never thought that we would really reach a great important discovery,'' he said in an interview with The Associated Press.

The new study answered long-standing questions about Tutankhamun's family, tracing his grandfather to Pharaoh Amenhotep III. While some archaeologists have speculated that Tut's father was a little-known figure, Smenkhkare, it now appears that it was Akhenaten, who attempted to change millennia of religious tradition by forcing the country to worship the sun god Aten, instead of a multiplicity of deities.

DNA tests pinpointed the mummy of Tut's mother -- and confirmed she was a sister of his father -- but the mummy has not yet been firmly identified. Brother-sister marriages were common among Egypt's pharaohs.

''There is a lot fuzziness about the succession and that's why knowing Tutankhamun was the son or direct blood descendant would make a difference,'' said Salima Ikram, an Egyptologist at the American University in Cairo and an expert on mummies.

The tests also disproved speculation that Tutankhamun and members of his family suffered from rare disorders that gave them feminine attributes and misshapen bones, including Marfan syndrome, a connective tissue disorder that can result in elongated limbs.

The theories arose from the artistic style and statues of the period, which showed the royal men with prominent breasts, elongated heads and flared hips. ''It is unlikely that either Tutankhamun or Akhenaten actually displayed a significantly bizarre or feminine physique,'' the article said.

Hawass' first high profile discovery involving DNA tests, the identification of the mummy of Queen Hatshepsut, came under criticism because it didn't follow accepted scientific protocols and was not published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal.

The tests were also not confirmed by a second, independent DNA lab.

This time the work by the Supreme Council of Antiquities DNA lab was replicated by a second DNA lab set up at Cairo University and the results were then published in the American medical journal.

Angelique Corthals, an assistant professor of forensic science at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York helped set up the first Egyptian lab and said the work is being conducted according to international standards.

Hawass predicted that many more discoveries were in the works for King Tutankhamun and the mummy project.

''It will never be revealed completely, still we need more research,'' he said. ''We finished the first great part of the mystery and the second one is coming soon in one year.''

Copyright 2010 The Associated Press

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Indicadores Económicos [ USD Obs.: 514,72 ] [ UF: 21.227,57 ] [ Euro: 680,72 ] [ UTM: 37.231,00 ] Actualizado a las 09:34 Rancagua 18ºC Lunes, 09 de Agosto de 2010 Actualidad Ciudad Deportes Economía Educación y Cultura Empresas Política Policial Videos

ElTipógrafo.cl » Actualidad Noticias Relacionadas HASTA EL 23 DE AGOSTO Sismo de la mañana de hoy nuevamente tuvo su El “Hombre de Cobre” llegó al Museo epicentro cerca de Pichilemu 08/08/2010 Este martes se iniciaría huelga legal del sindicato Regional Coan Chile Ltda. 08/08/2010 La réplica del indígena que murió y posteriormente fue momificado con el cobre que cayó Esposa e hijos de minero rancagüino atrapado en el en su cuerpo es una de las principales atracciones de la muestra sobre minería. norte viaja para estar en el lugar de la tragedia 09/08/2010

Solicitan intermediación de Monseñor Goic para Lunes, 10 de Agosto de 2009 Click para agrandar lograr un indulto para trabajadores 07/08/2010 Por: Corresponsal El Tipógrafo En el centro de Rancagua se realizó fiscalización de Una réplica del “Hombre de Cobre” es una de las juguetes 06/08/2010 exposiciones relacionadas con el área que se Videos Destacados encuentran en el Museo regional de Rancagua, y que estarán abiertas al público como parte del Mes Espectacular robo a banco en Suecia de la Minería.

Esta obra, realizada por el escultor y museólogo chileno Harold Krusell, es una réplica del cuerpo momificado en el metal rojo de un hombre incaico encontrado hace más de 100 años en Chuquicamata, en la Región de Antofagasta. ¡Comparte esta Noticia! Según un estudio realizado por la antropóloga física 1 2 3 4 Angelique Corthals, un análisis de carbono aplicado al cuerpo momificado del minero, que se encuentra Noticias Más en el Museo de Historia Natural de Nueva York, en Nuevas Leídas Comentadas Estados Unidos, establece que habría muerto cerca Like Be the first of your friends to like this. 09/08 Educación y Cultura del año 550 d.C. Colegio Arturo Prat de Machali tendrá cerca de treinta profesores con post grado en educación Además el estudio determinó que se trataba de una 08/08 Actualidad persona sana de poco más de 20 años de edad, por lo que se corroboró que no era un minero Sismo de la mañana de hoy nuevamente tuvo su profesional, sino un trabajador migratorio en busca de fortuna. epicentro cerca de Pichilemu

08/08 Educación Superior En el Museo Regional, también se exhibe la muestra “Cobre: Presencia Universal”, que cuenta con Representantes de la Escuela de Salud de la diversas piezas que pertenecen a la Colección Codelco que se encuentra en Santiago, pero que la Universidad de Aconcagua realizan visita a Ariel División El Teniente trajo a la capital regional hasta el 23 de agosto, fecha en la que finaliza la Urbina en Clínica Dávila. exposición minera. 08/08 Actualidad Este martes se iniciaría huelga legal del sindicato Para el gerente de Sustentabilidad de la División El Teniente, Jorge Sanhueza, “estamos muy contentos Coan Chile Ltda. como Codelco de hacer este aporte a la cultura y a la educación, no sólo de los niños sino que también 08/08 Ciudad de los adultos en lo que son los usos del cobre”. Actividades del Día del Niño concitaron el interés de padres e hijos

Por su parte, la directora del Museo Regional de Rancagua, Carmen del Río, indicó que “es un privilegio 08/08 Policial poder ver objetos tan antiguos y que nos dan cuenta de que el cobre es el prime metal que ocupó el Patrulla de Carabineros frustra robo de cajero hombre para distintas cosas”. automático en pleno centro de la ciudad 08/08 Deportes Eugenio Galaz y Susana Lucero triunfaron en el Maratón de San Lorenzo Cataratas del Niágara Equipo de minería Getman ¡Reserva un Hotel en Cataratas del Niágara! Mineros subterráneos dondequiera fían del 08/08 Policial TripAdvisor.es equipo diesel de Getman. Hombre asesina a otros dos y después se suicida www.Getman.com/espanol 08/08 Actualidad Esposa e hijos de minero rancagüino atrapado en Comentarios el norte viaja para estar en el lugar de la tragedia

07/08 Deportes Página: [ 1 ] O´Higgins empata con el colista y deja escapar valiosos puntos Deja tu Comentario

ARGENTINA/USA: Discovery of blood stains on Incan mummy sparks international scientific controversy 1

24 October 2009 Shotlist Ref: RTV2032209

ARGENTINA/USA: Discovery of blood stains on Incan mummy sparks international scientific controversy Story:

Visitors at the Museum of High Mountain Archaeology in Argentina can look straight into the face of an Incan girl who was sacrificed on a mountaintop in the Andes some 500 years ago. It is a rare opportunity to see one of the world's best-preserved mummies close up. This Incan girl was just six-years -old when she was killed to appease the mountain deities and ensure the emperor 's well-being. Her body was unearthed by archaeologists 10 years ago on the summit of Mount Llullaillaco, at 6,739 metres (22,110 feet) above sea level in Argentina 's northeast. Alongside her were the bodies of a seven -year -old boy and a 15-year -old maiden, surrounded by food offerings and ornaments . It was believed that all three of the children were drugged and buried alive, but now large blood stains found on the clothing of one of the mummies has set off new theories that their deaths could have been more violent than previously thought. Forensic anthropologist Angelique Corthals from the John Jay College for Criminal Justice believes the stains could indicate one of the children had been hit or beaten to death. "When I retrieved a part of the stain it was very clear very quickly that that was mainly blood. And it was not a little bit of blood, it was a lot of blood. So, this indicated to me that it was not, it was very likely not just high altitude pulmonary edema , but it could be. But it may also have been, the pulmonary edema , may also have been triggered by a blunt chest trauma," Corthals said. The mummy with the blood stains is the seven -year -old boy, who is also kept at Museum of High Mountain Archaeology . Two out of the three bodies are kept in special refrigeration chambers out of public view to safeguard them in the event of a system breakdown in the exhibition centre. Identifiable by his tightly-wrapped bindings, this is the seven -year -old boy seen here. Freezing temperatures in the isolated mountain summit where they were buried is what naturally mummified these bodies, and these oxygen - reduced tanks maintained at -20 degrees Celsius [-4 degrees Fahrenheit ] keep the bodies preserved . Corthals says that CT scans used study the boy's internal organs show that double-walled sack surrounding his heart was also quite extended , further indicating a blunt chest trauma. But the scientists that work with the Llullaillaco mummies are far from convinced the evidence suggests the boy had been beaten. "I think [the evidence ] coincides with what the Spanish chroniclers said, which is to say they got them drunk and drugged and then they were buried. Because with the position [the bodies were in] and the results from the CT scans and of all of the macroscopic studies that they did on the bodies we don't have any signs that there was violence to that degree ," said archaeologist Cristian Vitry, one of the experts that participated in the expedition which first discovered the Llullaillaco mummies . The focus of the Museum of High Mountain Archaeology is the continuing preservation of the mummies and the more than 100 objects found alongside them. In the Incan tradition, sacrificed children were considered privileged to have been chosen to lead a new life among the gods. Textiles , pottery, gold statues and other offerings were buried with them to prepare them for the afterlife . Experts at the museum say this frame of mind is important to remember when hypothesizing on how the children died. "All of the analysis that is done on the nature of their deaths has to be carried out with a lot of responsibility and scientific rigor. It has to be carried out by forensic doctors, who are effectively the people that are responsible for examining these types of cases . And well, as I said, it is important to analyze it with a lot of responsibility and sensitivity because they are human bodies and they form part of a culture that is still alive in our region that requires and demands a great respect . So it definitely can't be treated lightly when you are studying what were the real causes of the deaths," said Mario Bernaski , the engineer who designed the museum's refrigeration and atmosphere control system . As science develops , there is no doubt that the spectacularly -preserved Children of Llullaillaco, with their ritually-deformed craniums , will continue to reveal more secrets of their ancient past.

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Clip Ref: RTV2032209 105 Timecode - In: Out: SALTA , ARGENTINA (RECENT) (REUTERS ) VARIOUS OF PEOPLE IN CENTRAL PLAZA EXTERIOR OF MUSEUM OF HIGH MOUNTAIN ARCHAEOLOGY PEOPLE ENTERING MUSEUM VARIOUS OF VISITORS LOOKING AT SIX-YEAR-OLD GIRL MUMMY IN EXHBITION Ready to Buy Copyright: REUTERS Duration: 00:00:47 Price: £816(price based on current active licence)

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Clip Ref: RTV2032209 1280 Timecode - In: Out: MOUNT LLULLAILLACO, ARGENTINA (FILE -1999) (NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC - MUST COURTESY NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC /NOT FOR LIBRARY / http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist/RTV/2009/10/24/RTV2032209/?v=1&a=0 August 12, 2011 6:01:31 AM

Contact: Wendy Malloy Pacific Science Center, Seattle (206) 443-2879 [email protected]

MUMMIES: SECRETS OF THE PHARAOHS UNRAVELS AN ANCIENT MYSTERY ON A GRAND SCALE

IMAX® film to complement King Tut exhibit, opens May 24 at Pacific science Center’s Eames IMAX® Theater

SEATTLE – Mummies: Secrets of the Pharaohs brings to life ancient wonders, historic intrigue and a modern-day forensic adventure, all in one eye-popping film.

Why are people endlessly fascinated with mummies? The worldwide curiosity about mummification is an age-old phenomenon as enduring as mummies themselves. During

Egypt’s history, literally millions of mummies were made. In Mummies: Secrets of the

Pharaohs, filmgoers marvel at the sight of these human time capsules, shown in larger- than-life detail on the giant screen.

Narrated by actor Christopher Lee (The Lord Of The Rings, Star Wars, and the original

1959 film The Mummy), Mummies: Secrets of the Pharaohs unravels some of the mysteries enshrouding the ancient royal mummies, how they were embalmed and where they were hidden, and also recreates the dramatic story of their recovery—an Indiana

Jones-type tale of tomb-raiders and hidden treasure that led to one of the most significant archaeological finds in modern history. Featuring top researchers, such as

Egyptologists Dr. Bob Brier and Dr. Zahi Hawass, secretary general of Egypt’s Supreme

Council of Antiquities, and DNA scientist Angelique Corthals, the film also embarks on a

Pacific Science Center: Wrath of the Gods: Disease and Deceased http://do206.com/events/2012/11/20/pacific-science-center-wrat...

LATEST + (

PACIFIC SCIENCE CENTER: WRATH OF THE GODS: DISEASE AND DECEASED IN THE ANCIENT WORLD PAST(11/20/2012)PAST(11/20/2012) 7:30PM7:30PM -- 9:00PM9:00PM $5-$10.$5-$10. )) TOWNTOWN HALLHALL SEATTLESEATTLE ( 00 =

1 of 6 8/22/16, 12:41 PM Pacific Science Center: Wrath of the Gods: Disease and Deceased http://do206.com/events/2012/11/20/pacific-science-center-wrat...

The study of ancient civilizations is now enhanced by forensic and genetic techniques. In the sixth installment of this fall’s special Ancient Egypt Distinguished Speakers Lecture Series, in association with the exhibit “Tutankhamun: The Golden King and The Great Pharaohsis” at Pacific Science Center, Dr. Angelique Corthals, Assistant Professor in the Department of Pathology of Stony Brook University Medical School, discusses the use of forensic anthropology in the search for Que more…

FEATURED EVENTS

FEATURED EVENTS FEATURED VENUES

NEPTUNE THEATRE

2 of 6 8/22/16, 12:41 PM

Auf Wiedersehen ECCMID 2013

blogs.biomedcentral.com/bmcseriesblog/2013/05/10/auf-wiedersehen-eccmid-2013-2/

Philippa Harris

Philippa Harris 10 May 2013

Caravaggio is not an artist traditionally associated with Berlin, but discussion of potential causes of his death–postulated to be due to sepsis– at a recent microbiology conference held in the city–mean that sometime in future he just may be! Luckily the eventful life of the famous Italian painter was not emulated by the participants at the 23rd European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ECCMID 2013) and we, BMC Infectious Diseases included, instead enjoyed a diverse set of presentations covering the whole spectrum of Thomas Wolf/Wikipedia infectious disease research.

The focus of many of the talks was on prevention, rather than the treatment of diseases, from Linos Vandekerckhove’s review of early initiation of HIV treatment to prevent transmission, to the debate between Didier Pittet and Marc J.M. Bonten on the most effective measure to prevent hospital-acquired infections. Even humble bed linen was investigated and found, at times, wanting in a talk by Michelle Balm discussing an outbreak of Bacillus cereuscaused by a combination of construction work and laundry practices.

The difficulties in performing studies on interventions, such as hand hygiene compliance, and the lack of data on which to test these theories was discussed and several pleas were made to remember that sometimes common sense is just as important as trial data (with reference to this systematic review on parachutes).

This year also featured more clinical parasitology, with insights into artesunate treatment for severe malaria by Peter Kremsner, and Paul Newton’s fascinating discussion on counterfeit anti-malarials (more detailed information on this can be found here). In addition, the spread of artemisinin drug resistance at the resistance hotspot at Thailand’s borders was also highlighted by François Nosten.

From parasites to viruses with a series of talks on the role, or potential role, of cytomegalovirus in a series of diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and cancer. At present much of this data is in early stages, but talks from Carlos Lumbreras on the potential link with inflammatory bowel disease, and from Cecilia Soderberg- Naucler, using data from her trials on CMV treatment in patients with James Heilman, MD/Wikipedia glioblastoma, showed that this is an area that will continue to be investigated.

And finally back to paleomicrobiology with a report of a possible mycobacterium infection in La Doncella, a 500 year old Inca mummy found on Llullaillaco in Argentina by Angelique Corthals. Although the challenges we face in tackling infectious diseases in 2013 are different to our ancestors, it’s clear there is a long way still to go. Hopefully ECCMID2014 will continue to point us in the right direction.

1/1

Prehistoric Skeleton in Mexico Is Said to Link Modern Indians ... http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/20/science/prehistoric-skeleto...

http://nyti.ms/1k5vkb9

SCIENCE Prehistoric Skeleton in Mexico Is Said to Link Modern Indians to Earliest Americans

By SINDYA N. BHANOO MAY 15, 2014 Most geneticists agree that Native Americans are descended from Siberians who crossed into America 26,000 to 18,000 years ago via a land bridge over the Bering Strait. But while genetic analysis of modern Native Americans lends support to this idea, strong fossil evidence has been lacking.

Now a nearly complete skeleton of a prehistoric teenage girl, newly discovered in an underwater cave in the Yucatán Peninsula, establishes a clear link between the ancient and modern peoples, scientists say.

Writing in the journal Science, the researchers report that they analyzed mitochondrial DNA — genetic material passed down through the mother — that was extracted from the skeleton’s wisdom tooth by divers. The analysis reveals that the girl, who lived at least 12,000 years ago, belonged to an Asian-derived genetic lineage seen only in Native Americans.

Though her skull, found intact, is more narrow and angular than those of modern Indians, and her face smaller and her features more protruding, “we know that at least the maternal ancestry is shared,” said an author of the study, James

1 of 2 8/22/16, 11:36 AM Prehistoric Skeleton in Mexico Is Said to Link Modern Indians ... http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/20/science/prehistoric-skeleto...

Chatters, a forensic anthropologist with Applied Paleoscience, a company in Bothell, Wash.

The reasons for the differences in skull size and shape are still a mystery, but modern American Indians may have evolved to have broader, larger skulls because of adaptations to different food, social or environmental conditions, Dr. Chatters said.

Angélique Corthals, a forensic anthropologist at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, who was not involved with the study, said the find was “very exciting” because it was a full skeleton.

“That’s really rare,” she continued. “They’ve been able to retrieve so much of the mitochondrial DNA; that’s what makes it monumental.”

The researchers also used radiocarbon dating to approximate the skeleton’s age.

They now hope to retrieve nuclear DNA to determine paternal ancestry and study the skeleton to understand the teenager’s health history, diet and body structure.

But that will have to wait: For now, the skeleton remains in the cave.

“Ultimately we’re going to have to retrieve her,” Dr. Chatters said.

Correction: May 16, 2014 An earlier version of a picture caption on the home page for this article misidentified one of the groups of people that scientists say are linked by a prehistoric skeleton. They are modern American Indians and Siberian ancestors who crossed the Bering Strait, not Siberian descendants. A version of this article appears in print on May 20, 2014, on page D4 of the New York edition with the headline: Early Humans: Linking Modern Indians to Ancient Americans.

© 2016 The New York Times Company

2 of 2 8/22/16, 11:36 AM

Head into the pharaoh's tomb with Dynamic Earth on March 7

Travel back to ancient Egypt starting this weekend when Dynamic Earth unveils its King Tutankhamen: Treasures of the Pharaoh's Tomb exhibit. Photo by Ivan Radisic

Mar 03, 2015

By: Sudbury Northern Life Staff

On Feb. 25, Dynamic Earth invited reporters to marvel at the treasures of King Tut's final resting place.

The King Tutankhamen: Treasures of the Pharaoh's Tomb exhibit, which opens to the public March 7 until Sept. 7, is a rare opportunity for Sudburians to escape the Canadian winter and travel to the sun-bathed lands of ancient Egypt.

The exhibit features 84 diverse representations of historical treasures originating from King Tut's era, from lavish royal coffins to golden guardians watching over their fallen masters and chariots that seem ready to thunder across the desert sands.

“Its like being immersed in King Tutankhamen's tomb,” said Julie Moskalyk, the senior manager at Dynamic Earth.

The museum will also display some original millennium-old artifacts lent by the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM), such as a preserved ibis, cat, falcon and, the star of the show, Nefer-Mut, an ancient mummy that has mystified archaeologists for more than a century.

Fortunately, scientists are uncovering enough information to bring the mummy back from the dead (figuratively, as far as we know).

Nefer-Mut was a chantress, or singer, at the Mut temple, which overlooks the city of Thebes (modern-day Luxor) and is dedicated to the goddess Mut. She was the mother of Khonsu the moon-god and was associated with vultures. The goddess had a bad reputation for attacking humans when angered, and thus most of the rituals in which Nefer-Mut participated were performed to calm the deity down. (LINK http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/templemut.htm)

“The University of Western Ontario has worked with the ROM to re-create what she would have look like,” Moskalyk said. “A great forensic reconstruction artist from Montreal by the name of Victoria Lywood created a bust of what Nefer-Mut's face would have actually looked like.”

Nefer-Mut has been in Canada for more than a century since being discovered by a ROM Egyptologist. At the time, the ROM was building up its collection of ancient artifacts, so the government of Egypt decided to help out by gifting the mummy to the then new museum.

The current Egyptian government is far less generous with its historical legacy, and the days of King Tut visiting Canadians with all his belongings on display have come to an end for the foreseeable future.

Sudburians can adapt to these new laws by making their own “Egyptian” artifacts at Dynamic Earth.

“In our exhibit hall is the mummy lab,” she continued. “And in the mummy lab is a workshop that offers a lot of interaction.”

Come and learn how to preserve the dead, become a scribe by engraving hieroglyphic texts on rolls of papyrus or become an Egyptian makeup artist — at the end of the day you and your family can crash for the night in the mummy's lair.

Four Egyptologists will also visit Dynamic Earth over the next few months to bring the exhibit to life.

Dr. Angelique Corthals, who specializes in ancient DNA, offers a day program for school children March 5.

April 16 -18, an expert on King Tut artifacts, Dr. Tammy Gabber, travels all the way from Cairo to talk about Egypt's famous boy-king.

On June 4, Dr. Gayle Gibson, who works with Nefer-Mut's mummy, will tell visitors everything that is known about the chantress' life.

Last but not least, writer Dr. Bob Brier (author and narrator of Discovery Channel's “Napoleons Obsession: The Quest For Egypt”) will be on hand July 24 to talk about the mummification process, which is fitting because he mummified an actual cadaver, earning him the villainous-sounding nickname “Dr. Mummy.”

Dr. Mummy will host the museum's adults-only nightlife event that will teach patrons about archaeology and history while they enjoy some tasty cocktails.

Entry fee is $15, unless you are a Dynamic Earth member or if it is your birthday that month, in which case it's free.

So come and behold Egypt's magnificent past, and have a lot of fun in the process.

© 2015 Laurentian Publishing

The Artist's Institute to Host Launch Lunch for The Magazine, 3/31 http://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwart/article/The-Artists-Inst...

The Artist's Institute to Host Launch Lunch for The Magazine, 3/31 by Visual Arts News Desk March 25 http://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwart/article/The-Artists-Institute-to-Host-Launch-Lunch-for-The-Magazine- 331-20160325

The Artist's Institute invites you to celebrate a lunchtime launch of its new bi-annual publication series, The Magazine, at its new location, 132 E. 65th Street, on Thursday, March 31, from 1 p.m. and 3 p.m.

The first issue, Pierre's, interweaves Pierre's Huyghe's recent work and research interests, covering topics as varied as genetic engineering, new realist philosophy and the science fiction of Philip K. Dick.

Enjoy free sandwiches, 20% off all publications, and the chance to see our inaugural season uptown with Hilton Als.

Contributors to Pierre's include" A. E. Benenson, Stephen Blackwell, Ali H. Brivanlou, Etienne Chambaud, Ian Cheng, Angelique Corthals, Melissa Dubbin & Aaron S. Davidson, Tristan Garcia, Camille Henrot, David Horvitz, Pierre Huyghe, Jenny Jaskey, Jonathan Lethem, Alex Mar, Vladimir Nabokov, Vincent Normand, Fernando Ortega, Jean Painlevé, Sean Raspet, Martin Roth, Dorion Sagan, Dash Shaw, Fabrien Giraud and Raphaël Siboni, and Karl Sims.

Pierre's 12 3/8 × 9 1/2 inches, 212 pages Published by The Artist's Institute and Koenig Books Design by John Morgan studio $30.00

Pierre's is available for individual purchase and by annual subscription.

1 of 2 5/2/16, 1:11 PM

Many have tried, but no one has solved the mystery of Amelia ... http://www.popsci.com/we-still-dont-know-for-sure-how-amelia...

Many have tried, but no one has solved the mystery of Amelia Earhart's demise

Researchers claim she died on a desert island, but the evidence is inconclusive

By PETER HESS NOVEMBER 9, 2016

Five years after Amelia Earhart became the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean, she attempted an even more ambitious journey: A flight around the globe. Tragically, Earhart’s Lockheed Electra 10E went down somewhere over the Pacific Ocean, and she disappeared before she could finish her journey. In the years since, it’s generally been assumed that the pioneering aviator crashed into the ocean. One group rejects this explanation, but their evidence is wanting. You may have seen the headlines recently: Smithsonian’s reads, “New Analysis Strengthens Claims That Amelia Earhart Died as a Castaway,” CNN said, “Amelia Earhart’s last chapter was as a heroic castaway,” and even TMZ got in on the action, with a headline that claimed, “Amelia Earhart Survived Plane Crash … Died as a Castaway.” Buried at the very bottom of most of these stories was the caveat that this evidence is not conclusive. With nothing but these little footnotes to dissuade them, the reader is easily left with the impression that Earhart's death is no longer a mystery. Unfortunately, we can't put the intrepid aviator's story to rest quite yet. These stories were prompted by the latest announcement by The International Group for Historic Aircraft Recovery, or TIGHAR. This group pursues the hypothesis that Earhart survived as a castaway on a desert island. Their new analysis involved comparing measurements of bones found on a deserted island to Earhart’s arms, which they measured in a photograph taken of her while she was alive. After finding the ratio of the length of the skeleton’s radius to its humerus -- lower and upper arm bones, respectively -- and calculating that same ratio from a photo of Earhart, the researchers concluded that the skeleton probably belonged to a European woman of approximately Earhart’s height. For nearly 20 years, TIGHAR has periodically announced new evidence. They have not, however, published any of it in peer-reviewed scientific journals, which makes experts skeptical of the findings. For information to be accepted as part of the scientific record, experts generally agree that it should go through a process of peer review, wherein specialists who don't have stock in the work's success

1 of 3 2/14/17, 8:45 AM Many have tried, but no one has solved the mystery of Amelia ... http://www.popsci.com/we-still-dont-know-for-sure-how-amelia...

review its data for accuracy. A peer-reviewed study isn't always true, good, or without controversy in the scientific community, but this basic vetting is considered a bare minimum requirement for having your research taken seriously. In this regard, the study on Earhart's arm bones comes up short. “It seems that every five years there’s another article saying, ‘We found her,’ and every time there’s as little evidence as before,” says forensic anthropologist Angelique Corthals, who teaches at the City University of New York’s John Jay College of Criminal Justice. “Making a pronouncement like this is a little odd without the full backing of scientific evidence.” TIGHAR has often benefited from the expertise of reputable forensic scientists. “Karen Burns and Richard Jantz [who conducted the original analysis in 1998] are not street corner anthropologists,” Corthals tells Popular Science. But she's still skeptical of the lack of peer review process, and wonders why these respected academics didn't pursue more rigorous studies of the evidence. "I’m surprised it wasn’t taken further,” she says. Ric Gillespie, executive director of TIGHAR, tells Popular Science that he doesn’t care as much about peer review as he does about communicating his group’s findings to the public in a clear way. “The people who support us, who contribute to the expeditions, want to see something they can understand,” he says. He also admits to some distrust in the peer review process. In 2015 Pamela J. Cross and Richard Wright published an article refuting TIGHAR’s 1998 announcement that bones and shoes found on the Pacific island of Nikumaroro belonged to Earhart. Cross and Wright’s article is the only peer-reviewed study on the subject, “which is not a good record to have if you’re making a scientific point,” says Corthals. Gillespie recognizes that peer review is necessary for gaining the acceptance of the scientific community, but he doesn’t necessarily think peer review equals good science. Gillespie claims that the Cross and Wright paper was full of errors. “Peer review doesn’t mean it’s fact-checked,” he says. Corthals points out that even though scientific publishing can be a very difficult process, it exists for good reason. By self-publishing scientific findings on a website, she says, researchers can give far-out theories the appearance of scientific legitimacy. “You invite the review of non-peers, who might be knowledgeable, but the greater majority are there to foster conspiracy theories.” If TIGHAR’s approach to scientific inquiry does not fit the accepted mold, then what would it look like for the group to hold itself to the same standards as other scientists? Rebecca Ackermann, an archaeologist at University of Cape Town in South Africa, identifies the first major obstacle: “Ideally a study of the skeleton would include the skeleton,” she tells Popular Science. Due to poor record keeping back in the 1940s, the skeleton that Gillespie and his associates at TIGHAR suspect to be Earhart’s has not been seen in decades. Therefore, their analyses have all been performed with measurements taken by D.W. Hoodless of the Central Medical School of Fiji. When the bones were first discovered, Hoodless proclaimed that they belonged to a man, so no one jumped at the opportunity for evidence in the Earhart cold case. As far as anybody knows, they’re still lost. In addition to actually measuring the skeleton in question, Ackermann says a solid scientific study would involve a photograph in which researchers could confirm some basic elements: how far Earhart was from the camera, that she was standing parallel to the lens, and that distortion away from the center of focus had been corrected. Standardization and repeatability are hallmarks of the scientific process, and measurements made on a single photograph do not stand up to these criteria. Without being able to control all the elements of taking the photo, Ackermann says the next best

2 of 3 2/14/17, 8:45 AM Many have tried, but no one has solved the mystery of Amelia ... http://www.popsci.com/we-still-dont-know-for-sure-how-amelia...

thing would be to examine numerous photographs of Earhart – which should be easy given her immense fame during life – to come up with a more precise measurement. But TIGHAR only used a single picture. Earhart’s story disappearance captures the imagination, and rightfully so. With her first transatlantic flight in 1928 and her famous solo flight in 1932, Earhart became an inspirational figure during the Great Depression, the public face of women breaking down barriers. In 1937 she lost radio communication somewhere over the Pacific Ocean, about three quarters of the way through what would have been a record-smashing flight around the globe. The fact that this iinspiring celebrity's plane was never recovered has naturally piqued curiosity ever since. But while imagination and a sense of purpose can inspire scientific inquiry, they should be left at the door in favor of scientific rigor in the pursuit of answers. TIGHAR’s latest announcement, though a compelling piece of the puzzle, does not yet come close to meeting the standards of the scientific community. Gillespie says the media hype surrounding this story came despite his cautions. “They always do that,” he says. “I’m used to it.” He says he makes sure to specify that the findings are evidence, not conclusions. “When I write whatever I write, I’m very careful to damp it down as much as I can,” he tells Popular Science. But every time TIGHAR makes an announcement, the story is the same. And even though TIGHAR’s findings have resonated with the public, the group needs to get over its resistance to peer review if it wants to be accepted by the scientific community. “If you want to convince me,” exhorts Corthals, “get it published!”

Copyright © 2017 Popular Science. A Bonnier Corporation Company. All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited.

3 of 3 2/14/17, 8:45 AM Traces of a Deadly Virus Detected in Celtic Pottery - Archaeolo... http://www.archaeology.org/news/5080-161209-pottery-organs-...

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1 of 4 2/16/17, 9:32 AM Traces of a Deadly Virus Detected in Celtic Pottery - Archaeolo... http://www.archaeology.org/news/5080-161209-pottery-organs-...

WEST LAFAYETTE, INDIANA—Science Magazine (http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016 /12/human-blood-organs-and-surprising-virus- detected-ancient-pottery) reports that traces of human remains and a deadly virus have been detected in pottery unearthed at Heuneburg, an Iron Age hillfort in Germany. A team led by Conner Wiktorowicz of Purdue University washed the pottery fragments with detergent to remove any residues on them, and then isolated and analyzed protein fragments in the residues. The results were compared to a national protein database, revealing that the pots contained human blood and organs. This is the first time that archaeologists have encountered human remains in pottery vessels in this region during the period between 600 and 450 B.C. Additional proteins in the residues suggest that the individual had Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, which is transmitted by ticks. Scholars now want to know if there was an epidemic of the disease in Iron Age Germany. The investigation also shows that protein analysis could help scientists identify other ancient viruses, which are usually studied through their nucleic acids. “Recovering nucleic acids from ancient viruses is extremely difficult and plagued by contamination,” says forensic anthropologist Angelique Corthals of the City University of New York. “Virus proteins are more readily accessible and less prone to degradation.” To read more about this period, go to "Hillforts of the Iron Age (/issues/196-1511/letter- from/3760-letter-from-wales-iron-age-hillforts)."

IN THE CURRENT ISSUE

Features From the Trenches The First American

2 of 4 2/16/17, 9:32 AM Did women control the bloodline in ancient Chaco Canyon? | Sc... http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/02/did-women-control-b...

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Pueblo Bonito in New Mexico, where 1000 years ago elite status kojihirano/iStock may have passed along the maternal line. Did women control the bloodline in ancient Chaco Canyon?

By Garry Shaw Feb. 21, 2017 , 3:45 PM

Deep inside the 650-room Chaco Canyon compound in New Mexico lies the richest burial in the U.S. Southwest: the body of a 40-year-old man, surrounded by rare shells; a conch trumpet; and more than 11,000 turquoise beads and pendants. Lacking written records of his people, researchers have long puzzled over how the complex 1000-year-old Chacoan society was organized. Now, using ancient DNA from the bones of the man and 13 others buried alongside him, scientists have come to a surprising conclusion—elite status passed down the maternal line, from mothers to their sons and daughters.

Most societies in the ancient world were patrilineal—that is, leadership or status passed through the father’s line. But there are some exceptions, including matrilineal societies like the Lycians of ancient Turkey, in which elite status and kinship passed from mothers to sons and daughters. That isn’t to say that such societies were ruled by women, but it does show that women were given an important role in carrying on the family line. Scholars have long debated whether the Chacoans, who lived in multistory buildings that were long the largest in North America, had an egalitarian—or equal—society or a hierarchical society with an entrenched elite.

2 of 4 4/17/17, 8:56 AM