Investor Guideline 2020

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Investor Guideline 2020 INVESTOR GUIDELINE 2020 1 [email protected] www.pronicaragua.gob.ni Content PRONicaragua: Your Business Facilitator ................................................................................... 5 Discovering Nicaragua .............................................................................................................. 6 A democratic country ........................................................................................................... 7 Among the safest countries in America ................................................................................. 7 A dynamic economy ............................................................................................................. 8 Fiscal outlook ................................................................................................................................................. 8 Foreign Direct Investment Inflows and Exports ............................................................................................. 9 Strategic location ................................................................................................................ 10 Quality of life ..................................................................................................................... 11 General healthcare ...................................................................................................................................... 11 Tourist activities ........................................................................................................................................... 12 Nature .......................................................................................................................................................... 13 Culture ......................................................................................................................................................... 13 Nicaragua: ¡Let´s Grow Together! ........................................................................................... 14 Market access .................................................................................................................... 14 Free Trade Agreements ............................................................................................................................... 14 Free Trade Agreements in Negotiation ....................................................................................................... 17 Preferential access ....................................................................................................................................... 18 Bilateral Treaties for the Promotion and Protection of Investments .......................................................... 20 Logistics and infrastructure ................................................................................................. 20 Telecommunications.................................................................................................................................... 20 Electric grid .................................................................................................................................................. 21 Highway network ......................................................................................................................................... 21 Airports ........................................................................................................................................................ 22 Seaports ....................................................................................................................................................... 23 Operational Costs ............................................................................................................... 28 Water service costs ...................................................................................................................................... 28 Energy costs ................................................................................................................................................. 28 Telecommunications costs .......................................................................................................................... 28 Internet costs ............................................................................................................................................... 28 1 [email protected] www.pronicaragua.gob.ni Logistics cost ................................................................................................................................................ 29 Corporate real estate ................................................................................................................................... 29 Construction costs ....................................................................................................................................... 30 Human capital .................................................................................................................... 30 Education ..................................................................................................................................................... 30 Workforce .................................................................................................................................................... 31 Labor law ........................................................................................................................... 32 Types of Labor Shift ..................................................................................................................................... 32 Types of employment contract .................................................................................................................... 33 Fringe benefits ............................................................................................................................................. 33 Social security .............................................................................................................................................. 34 INATEC ......................................................................................................................................................... 35 Maternity leave ........................................................................................................................................... 35 Sick leave ..................................................................................................................................................... 35 Unionization................................................................................................................................................. 35 Minimum wage ............................................................................................................................................ 36 Investment opportunities ........................................................................................................ 37 Light manufacturing............................................................................................................ 37 Manufacturing of automotive components ................................................................................................ 38 Footwear manufacturing ............................................................................................................................. 38 Medical devices manufacturing ................................................................................................................... 39 Other light manufacturing processes .......................................................................................................... 39 Agribusiness ....................................................................................................................... 39 Nicaragua an agro-exportable Country ....................................................................................................... 40 Livestock, dairy and meat production ......................................................................................................... 41 Food processing ........................................................................................................................................... 41 Forestry plantations ..................................................................................................................................... 41 Outsourcing ........................................................................................................................ 42 Knowledge Process Outsourcing (KPO) ....................................................................................................... 42 Share Services Centers ................................................................................................................................. 42 Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) ........................................................................................................... 42 Renewable energy .............................................................................................................. 43 2 [email protected] www.pronicaragua.gob.ni Exploration and exploitation of mines ................................................................................. 43 Tourism .............................................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Making Connections September 2008 Nicaragua and Heifer Int'l's WILD
    Making Connections September 2008 Nicaragua and Heifer Int’l’s WILD Program “Before, I did not understand things. The men were the breadwinners and said everything. But now the women are a part of the community. We are happy and more active with much more confidence.” “As women, we no longer feel alone… Now we help each other the best we can.” “It’s not just a project for each us. It’s a project for all of us.” Rosa Carmen Medina, Bernadina Maria Salgado, and Felicitas Diaz Lopez Nicaraguan Poultry Farmers and Heifer Project Participants Chickens, Piggies and Cows, Oh My! And Sheep too! Okay, even a cynic like me can’t resist all those cute smiling kids with equally cute animals on Heifer International’s website. (See little Racquel and her hen on our homepage—too adorable!) We’ve tackled some tough subjects in the last few months—mass rape in the Congo, AIDS in Uganda; sexual enslavement of girls in Cambodia. Not that Heifer’s mission to end hunger isn’t equally serious. Remember that hunger is very much related to all those other tragedies and chronic malnutrition causes more deaths of women and children in the world than any other factor. But those kids and animals, and the hope and joy in the stories you’ll “hear” from women like the ones quoted above whose lives have been changed by some chickens or a cow— well, this is going to be the most upbeat meeting that we’ve had in awhile. So play along and enjoy it.
    [Show full text]
  • Frontier Nicaragua Environmental Research
    Frontier Nicaragua Environmental Research Recommendations and additions to the Management Plan of Estero Padre Ramos Nature Reserve UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE NICARAGUA - LEÓN Frontier Nicaragua 2006 Frontier Nicaragua Environmental Research Recommendations and additions to the Management Plan of Estero Padre Ramos Nature Reserve Muurmans, M. & Fanning E. (ed.) Frontier Nicaragua and Darwin Initiative SELVA Society for Environmental Exploration UNAN- León United Kingdom Nicaragua León 2006 2 Univers idad Nacional Autonoma de Nicaragua (UNAN)-León UNAN is the largest university in Leon, established as a centre for learning and research in the arts and the physical, natural, earth, marine, medical and human sciences. The University is surveying and mapp ing the flora and fauna of Nicaragua and is conducting research into the maintenance and improvement of the environment and the sustainable exploitation of Nicaragua’s natural resources. Asociacion SELVA (La Asociacion Somos Ecologistas en Lucha por la Vida y el Ambiente) SELVA is a non governmental organisation responsible for Reserva Natural Estero Padre Ramos and has been working in this reserve to establish and facilitate an effective management system for this area. The Society for Environmental Exploration (SEE) SEE is a non-profit company limited by guarantee, formed in 1989. The Society’s objectives are to advance field research into environmental issues and implement practical projects contributing to the conservation of natural resources. Projects organised by SEE are joint initiatives developed in collaboration with national research agencies in co-operating countries. Frontier Nicaragua Forest Research Programme (NRF FRP) The Society for Environmental Exploration has been conducting research into environmental issues since January 2004 under the title of Frontier Nicaragua.
    [Show full text]
  • Las Tortugas Marinas En Centroamérica Se Cuentan Entre Los
    PREFACIO as tortugas marinas en Centroamérica se cuentan entre los recursos naturales compartidos más valorados ecológica y económicamente. A causa de sus hábitos migratorios y su amplia dis- Ltribución, el consumo de las tortugas marinas y sus productos en un país tiene implicaciones para el manejo y la conservación de esas especies en países vecinos. Verdaderamente, las característi- cas extraordinarias del ciclo de vida de las tortugas marinas requieren una responsabilidad para el manejo y la conservación efectivos de las poblaciones migratorias, que se extiende aún más allá de los Gobiernos de América Central para incluir los Estados de distribución a través de los océanos adya- centes. Para lograr el manejo sustentable, sea para propósitos de consumo o no consumo, un marco regulatorio armonizado y un régimen de manejo compatible de la administración deben ser aplicados entre los Estados de distribución. Con este fin, varios tratados internacionales alentan la acción colab- orativa hacia objetivos compartidos. En el caso de la Convención para el Comercio Internacional de Especies Fauna y la Flora Silvestre en Peligro de Extinción (CITES), el objetivo es aminorar las ame- nazas asociadas con el comercio de especies en peligro de extinción. Otros tratados, incluyendo el Protocolo con respecto de Áreas y Fauna Especialmente Protegidas (Protocolo SPAW) de la Convención de Cartagena (UNEP) y a la recientemente puesta en vigencia, Convención Interamericana para la Protección y la Conservación de Tortugas Marina, que fomentan explícitamente la planificación y el manejo nacional y regional. Individualmente las naciones en América Central protegen las tortugas marinas en mayor o menor grado y la mayoría de estos Estados son parte en múltiples tratados.
    [Show full text]
  • Mastozoología Neotropical. the Xenarthrans of Nicaragua. Los
    Mastozoología Neotropical Instituto Argentino de Investigación de las Zonas Aridas [email protected] ISSN (Versión impresa): 0327-9383 ISSN (Versión en línea): 1666-0536 ARGENTINA 2003 Hugh H. Genoways / Robert M. Timm THE XENARTHRANS OF NICARAGUA. LOS XENARTHRA DE NICARAGUA Mastozoología Neotropical, julio-diciembre, año/vol. 10, número 002 Instituto Argentino de Investigación de las Zonas Aridas San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina pp. 321-253 Red de Revistas Científicas de América Látina y el Caribe, España y Portugal Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México Mastozoología Neotropical / J. Neotrop. Mammal.; 10(2):231-253 ISSN 0327-9383 ©SAREM, 2003 Versión on-line ISSN 1666-0536 THE XENARTHRANS OF NICARAGUA Hugh H. Genoways and Robert M. Timm University of Nebraska State Museum and School of Natural Resource Sciences, W436 Nebraska Hall, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0514, USA. Natural History Museum & Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045- 7561, USA. ABSTRACT. The mammalian fauna of Nicaragua includes seven species in the order Xenarthra, including the brown-throated three-toed sloth (Bradypus variegatus) in the family Bradypodidae, Hoffmann’s two-toed sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni) in the family Megalonychidae, the northern naked-tailed armadillo (Cabassous centralis) and nine-banded armadillo (Dasy- pus novemcinctus) in the family Dasypodidae, and the silky anteater (Cyclopes didactylus) and northern tamandua (Tamandua mexicana) in the family Myrmecophagidae. Additionally, the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) in the family Myrmecophagidae is (or was) certainly part of the fauna of Nicaragua but has yet to be documented there. Based on 133 xenarthran specimens available in museums and our observations, we herein review and provide new information on distributions, systematics, morphometrics, and natural history of these species in Nicaragua.
    [Show full text]
  • The Relationship Between Misa Campesina and Peasant Involvement in Nicaragua’S Revolution
    Empowered by Song: The Relationship Between Misa Campesina and Peasant Involvement in Nicaragua’s Revolution ! By Mery A. Pérez ! A Thesis Presented to ! The University of Guelph ! ! ! In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in The Latin American and Caribbean Studies Program ! Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Mery A. Pérez, May, 2014 ABSTRACT THE POWER OF SONG: THE RELATIONSHIP OF MISA CAMPESINA AND PEASANT INVOLVEMENT IN NICARAGUA’S REVOLUTION ! ! Mery A. Pérez Advisor: University of Guelph, 2014 Professor Howard Spring ! ! ! This thesis explores the relationship between the 1975 recording of Misa Campesina and peasant involvement in protest during the Nicaraguan revolution of 1979. It also looks at the mechanisms that were in place that caused this Mass to become a catalyst for protest and revolution. Through interviews of individuals who were involved in Ernesto Cardenal’s community of Our Lady of Solentiname and close analysis of the music and text found in this Mass, this thesis carries out a qualitative assessment and gathers testimonies that reflect the emotional involvement that this Mass and this community promoted among peasants and other members of the less privileged sectors of Nicaraguan society. The evidence found that this music’s capacity to articulate peasant cultural and moral values as well as its emotional appeal lie at the very foundation of what moved this community into protest. ! ! ! "iii Dedication I would like to dedicate this Master’s thesis first of all to my parents, Octavio Pérez García and María Alba Laguna Arcia in gratitude for instilling in me a great love for Nicaragua.
    [Show full text]
  • The Relationship Between Misa Campesina and Peasant Involvement in Nicaragua’S Revolution
    Empowered by Song: The Relationship Between Misa Campesina and Peasant Involvement in Nicaragua’s Revolution ! By Mery A. Pérez ! A Thesis Presented to ! The University of Guelph ! ! ! In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in The Latin American and Caribbean Studies Program ! Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Mery A. Pérez, May, 2014 ABSTRACT THE POWER OF SONG: THE RELATIONSHIP OF MISA CAMPESINA AND PEASANT INVOLVEMENT IN NICARAGUA’S REVOLUTION ! ! Mery A. Pérez Advisor: University of Guelph, 2014 Professor Howard Spring ! ! ! This thesis explores the relationship between the 1975 recording of Misa Campesina and peasant involvement in protest during the Nicaraguan revolution of 1979. It also looks at the mechanisms that were in place that caused this Mass to become a catalyst for protest and revolution. Through interviews of individuals who were involved in Ernesto Cardenal’s community of Our Lady of Solentiname and close analysis of the music and text found in this Mass, this thesis carries out a qualitative assessment and gathers testimonies that reflect the emotional involvement that this Mass and this community promoted among peasants and other members of the less privileged sectors of Nicaraguan society. The evidence found that this music’s capacity to articulate peasant cultural and moral values as well as its emotional appeal lie at the very foundation of what moved this community into protest. ! ! ! "iii Dedication I would like to dedicate this Master’s thesis first of all to my parents, Octavio Pérez García and María Alba Laguna Arcia in gratitude for instilling in me a great love for Nicaragua.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    The World Bank Emission Reductions Program to Combat Climate Change and Poverty in the Caribbean Coast, the BOSAWAS and the Indio Maiz Reserves (P167434) Public Disclosure Authorized For Official Use Only Public Disclosure Authorized Appraisal Environmental and Social Review Summary Appraisal Stage (ESRS Appraisal Stage) Date Prepared/Updated: 01/12/2021 | Report No: ESRSA01155 Public Disclosure Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Jan 12, 2021 Page 1 of 24 The World Bank Emission Reductions Program to Combat Climate Change and Poverty in the Caribbean Coast, the BOSAWAS and the Indio Maiz Reserves (P167434) BASIC INFORMATION A. Basic Project Data Country Region Project ID Parent Project ID (if any) Nicaragua LATIN AMERICA AND P167434 CARIBBEAN Project Name Emission Reductions Program to Combat Climate Change and Poverty in the Caribbean Coast, the BOSAWAS and the Indio Maiz Reserves Practice Area (Lead) Financing Instrument Estimated Appraisal Date Estimated Board Date For Official Use Only Environment, Natural Investment Project 1/12/2021 4/2/2021 Resources & the Blue Financing Economy Borrower(s) Implementing Agency(ies) Ministry of Finance and Ministry of the Environment Public Credit and Natural Resources (MARENA) Proposed Development Objective To make payments to the Program Entity for measured, reported and verified Emissions Reductions (ER) from Public Disclosure reduced deforestation and forest degradation, as well as the enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+) in targeted areas of Nicaragua, and to ensure that paid amounts are distributed according to an agreed benefit sharing plan. Financing (in USD Million) Amount Total Project Cost 47.50 B. Is the project being prepared in a Situation of Urgent Need of Assistance or Capacity Constraints, as per Bank IPF Policy, para.
    [Show full text]
  • LISTA PATRON DE LAS AVES DE NICARAGUA Con Información De Nuevos Registros, Distribución Y Localidades Donde Observar Aves
    LISTA PATRON DE LAS AVES DE NICARAGUA Con información de nuevos registros, distribución y localidades donde observar aves Juan C. Martínez-Sánchez Con la colaboración de: Wayne Arendt, Osmar Arróliga, Edgar Castañeda, Liliana Chavarría, Martin L. Cody, Dave Davenport, Heydi Herrera-Rosales, Charles Hesse, Jørgen Peter Kjeldsen, Martín Lezama, Alejandra Martínez, Salvadora Morales, Claudia Múnera-Roldán, Francisco Muñoz, Diego Osorno, Bryan J. Sigel, Sergio Vílchez, Stefan Woltmann, José M. Zolotoff-Pallais LISTA PATRON DE LAS AVES DE NICARAGUA Con información de nuevos registros, distribución y localidades donde observar aves Juan C. Martínez-Sánchez N 598 M785 Martínez-Sánchez, Juan C. Lista Patrón de las Aves de Nicaragua; Con información de nuevos registros, distribución y localidades donde observar aves / Juan C. Martínez-Sánchez; - 1a ed. – Managua, Nicaragua: Alianza para las Areas Silvestres, ALAS, 2007 100 p ; 105 mm x 210 mm ISBN 978 - 99924 – 0 - 557 - 4 1. AVES-NICARAGUA 2. AVES-DISTRIBUCION GEOGRAFICA 3. PARQUES NATURALES-GUIAS Consiste en una lista de todas las especies de aves registradas en Nicaragua, así como información sobre nuevos registros, distribución y localidades donde observar aves Correo del autor: [email protected] Portada: Loro Nuquiamarillo Amazona auropalliata Contraportada: Tucancito Collarejo Pteroglossus torquatus Ilustraciones: Augusto Silva Primera edición, 2007, 4000 ejemplares © Alianza para las Areas Silvestres, ALAS, 2007 Apdo. Postal 91 Granada, Nicaragua [email protected] www.avesnicaragua.org
    [Show full text]
  • The Ontogeny of Feeding Behavior of Nicaraguan Mantled Howler Monkeys (Alouatta Palliata)
    THE ONTOGENY OF FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF NICARAGUAN MANTLED HOWLER MONKEYS (ALOUATTA PALLIATA) BY MELISSA L. RAGUET-SCHOFIELD DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2010 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Professor Steven Leigh, Chair Professor Paul Garber Assistant Professor Rebecca Stumpf Associate Professor Katherine MacKinnon, St. Louis University ABSTRACT THE ONTOGENY OF FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF NICARAGUAN MANTLED HOWLER MONKEYS (ALOUATTA PALLIATA) Melissa L. Raguet-Schofield, Ph.D. Department of Anthropology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2010 Steven Leigh, Advisor This thesis is an investigation of the relationship between diet and life history in Primates. The goal of this research is to evaluate the hypothesis that accelerated growth and maturation schedules of folivorous primates enable these species to rapidly attain the ability to masticate and digest mechanically demanding leaf resources. In order to determine how dietary patterns underlie the evolution of primate life history strategies, I conducted a year-long study on the acquisition of foraging proficiency in juvenile mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) inhabiting La Isla de Ometepe, Nicaragua (11°40' N, 85°50' W). I predicted that juveniles are less efficient foragers than adults, that juvenile and adult diets differ, that juveniles rely on their mothers’ milk during periods of seasonal food stress, and that juvenile mortality increases when tough resources are an important dietary component. To evaluate these predictions, I followed two groups of mantled howler monkeys— collecting behavioral data on juveniles, adult females, and adult males—and I quantified the toughness of the leaves they consumed.
    [Show full text]
  • ADDITIONAL MAMMALS from NICARAGUA. They Were Previouslv
    59.9(728) Article IX.- ADDITIONAL MAMMALS FROM NICARAGUA. By J. A. ALLEN. The present paper is a further report on the mammals collected by Mr. William B. Richardson in Nicaragua for this Museum, his work there now having been brought to a close, at least for the present. In my former paper 50 species were recorded,2 based on the 400 specimens received from Mr. Richardson up to that date. About the same number of specimens has since been received, increasing the number of species to 82, 28 being now added. In order to give in the present paper a full list of the species of mammals collected bv Mr. Richardson in Nicaragua, those of the first paper are here listed, whether or not they are represented in the later collections, with a cross-reference to the earlier paper and mention of the localities from which they were previouslv received. Mr. Richardson's collection naturally lacks many species that undoubtedly occur in Nicaragua. Although he covered a wide range of country, many parts of the Republic were not visited, his explorations being confined mainly to the central and northern part. A little collecting was done on the west coast, at Chinandega (altitude 700 feet), in May, 1907, and at Volcan de Chinandega (altitude 5000 feet) in August, 1908, and along the inner border of the low east coast region at Savala 3 and Rio Grande, at altitudes respec- tively of 800 and 700 feet, and at Tuma and Chontales, at 1000 feet. The greater part of the specimens were obtained, however, in the highlands, from Matagalpa (2000 feet) north to the border of Honduras at altitudes of 4000 feet (Ocotal) to 5000 feet (San Rafael del Norte).
    [Show full text]
  • Much of Our Understanding of the Diversity and Distribution of Mammals Is Related to the History of Mammal Collections in Nicaragua
    A PROPOSAL TO INITIATE THE NATIONAL INVENTORY OF NICARAGUAN MAMMALS: A JOINT INITIATIVE OF FUNDACION COCIBOLCA AND THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, PENNSYLVANIA Principal Investigators: Tim McCarthy (1), and Juan C. Martínez-Sánchez (2). (1) Section of Mammals, The Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 5800 Baum Boulevard, Pittsburg, Pennsylvannia 15206-3706, USA, [email protected] (2) Juan C. Martínez-Sánchez, Fundación Cocibolca, Apdo C-212, Managua, Nicaragua, [email protected] Much of our understanding of the diversity and distribution of mammals is related to the history of mammal collections in Nicaragua. The collection of specimens with field data forms the documentation for the fauna. This understanding develops in phases when data are gathered from taxonomic studies of specimens. These are compared with published literature and comparative specimens continue to grow for future studies of different topics, including studies of how populations are related over the range of species groups and how those species are associated in distribution and habitat. Studies of mammals grow as more questions are asked about how the diversity of mammals coexists throughout Nicaragua. Starting in the mid-1800s, examples of mammals from Nicaragua began appearing in European museums (Paris, London, and Berlin) in small numbers. Certain specimens of interest were published, especially those considered new to science. The first report for Nicaragua was the description of a variegated squirrel, Sciurus variegatoides adolphei, published in Paris in 1842. This squirrel came from the vicinity of Realejo, Chinandega. The H. M. S. Sulfur visited that port in 1837 and 1838 during its world exploration. A few specimens, including the holotype of Glossophaga leachii, were reported from this voyage in 1844 in London.
    [Show full text]
  • Nothoaspis Reddelli Keirans & Clifford, 1975 (Acari, Ixodida, Argasidae): Distribution Extension
    11 4 1698 the journal of biodiversity data 15 July 2015 Check List NOTES ON GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION Check List 11(4): 1698, 15 July 2015 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/11.4.1698 ISSN 1809-127X © 2015 Check List and Authors Nothoaspis reddelli Keirans & Clifford, 1975 (Acari, Ixodida, Argasidae): distribution extension José M. Venzal1, Ligia V. Hernández2, Marcelo B. Labruna3 and Santiago Nava4* 1 Laboratorio de Vectores y enfermedades transmitidas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, CENUR Litoral Norte - Salto, Rivera 1350, CP 50000 Salto, ST, Uruguay 2 Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua, Campus Agropecuario León, AP 68, LN, Nicaragua 3 Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, SP, Brazil 4 Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, CC 22, CP 2300 Rafaela, SF, Argentina * Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: The first record of Nothoaspis reddelli (nymph) cies Pteronotus gymnonotus Natterer, 1843 (Mormoopi- in Nicaragua is presented. The morphological characters dae). The internal temperature of the cave recorded dur- used for the determination were dorsum with a false ing sampling was 32–36°C; the atmosphere in the cave shield or nothoaspis, presence of an anteriorly projecting was noisome and rich in nitrogen compounds. hood covering half of the capitulum, medial extension Determination of the tick was performed by means of palpal article I (flaps), presence of two large setae of examination of morphological characters and by on internal margins of flaps, leg coxae with numerous analysis of mitochondrial 16rDNA sequences, which long setae, and hypostome long and pointed with apical were obtained by using the methodology and primers dentition 4/4.
    [Show full text]