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Las Tortugas Marinas En Centroamérica Se Cuentan Entre Los

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Las Tortugas Marinas En Centroamérica Se Cuentan Entre Los PREFACIO as tortugas marinas en Centroamérica se cuentan entre los recursos naturales compartidos más valorados ecológica y económicamente. A causa de sus hábitos migratorios y su amplia dis- Ltribución, el consumo de las tortugas marinas y sus productos en un país tiene implicaciones para el manejo y la conservación de esas especies en países vecinos. Verdaderamente, las característi- cas extraordinarias del ciclo de vida de las tortugas marinas requieren una responsabilidad para el manejo y la conservación efectivos de las poblaciones migratorias, que se extiende aún más allá de los Gobiernos de América Central para incluir los Estados de distribución a través de los océanos adya- centes. Para lograr el manejo sustentable, sea para propósitos de consumo o no consumo, un marco regulatorio armonizado y un régimen de manejo compatible de la administración deben ser aplicados entre los Estados de distribución. Con este fin, varios tratados internacionales alentan la acción colab- orativa hacia objetivos compartidos. En el caso de la Convención para el Comercio Internacional de Especies Fauna y la Flora Silvestre en Peligro de Extinción (CITES), el objetivo es aminorar las ame- nazas asociadas con el comercio de especies en peligro de extinción. Otros tratados, incluyendo el Protocolo con respecto de Áreas y Fauna Especialmente Protegidas (Protocolo SPAW) de la Convención de Cartagena (UNEP) y a la recientemente puesta en vigencia, Convención Interamericana para la Protección y la Conservación de Tortugas Marina, que fomentan explícitamente la planificación y el manejo nacional y regional. Individualmente las naciones en América Central protegen las tortugas marinas en mayor o menor grado y la mayoría de estos Estados son parte en múltiples tratados. Sin embargo, hay mucho por hacer con respecto de la armonización del marco regulatorio, el mejoramiento de la capacidad de la aplicación y facilitación en el monitoreo de conformidad con la legislación nacional e internacional y a las obligaciones del tratado. El primer paso para hacer recomendaciones a este respecto debe ser valorar la magnitud por la cual las tortugas marinas continúan siendo usadas y comerciadas dentro y entre los Estados de América Central. Esta evaluación regional, la primera en su clase, fue emprendida entre el 2001-2002 por la Red Regional para la Conservación de Tortugas Marinas en la América Central (RCA) en asociación con la Red Caribeña para la Conservación de las Tortugas Marinas en el Gran Caribe (WIDECAST). Es claro por los resultados de esta evaluación que, sin embargo, las normas de CITES, la recuperación del estado crítico de peligro de extinción (cf. IUCN 1996) de la tortugas carey (Eretmochelys imbri- cata) continúa comprometida por altos niveles de comercio ilegal de productos sin documentar y no mitigados, especialmente de artículos de caparazón. A la vez, cuando la economía de varias naciones, especialmente en comunidades costeras, depende del incremento de las rentas del turismo por ecotur- ismo con tortugas marinas, las implicaciones graves del comercio ilegal progresivo en productos de tortuga marina no se puede ignorar. El proyecto incluyó la capacitación de los actores claves, un inventario de los productos y las violaciones del comercio, además del desarrollo de acciones mitigantes, así como recomendaciones para incrementar el conocimiento y la participación de la sociedad civil y las acciones prioritarias por tomar por los administradores públicos. El estudio informa sobre comercio de caparazón, huevos, carne, aceite, grasa, pene y otros productos, documentando tanto el origen como el mercado final. Los resultados proveen una importante herramienta para ayudar a las autoridades CITES de Centroamérica a tener un mejor entendimiento del nivel del comercio en la región, incluyendo el funcionamiento del control y los mecanismos de aplicación, las relaciones entre el tráfico nacional y el internacional, además de recomendaciones proveídas por expertos. El estudio concluyó que el comercio ilegal y el tráfico internacional de las tortugas marinas y sus productos son dispersos y la amenaza establecida por este comercio ilegal es seria. Muchas de las poblaciones explotadas son remanentes de su tamaño anterior y la captura de tortugas, incluyendo hembras con huevos de vientre, continúa, a pesar de la falta casi total de información, con respecto del tamaño de población o niveles sostenibles de cosecha. Con la esperanza, de proveer a los admin- istradores y el público en general de una herramienta para revertir esta situación, la RCA y WIDE- CAST diseñaron, basados en los resultados de esta evaluación, un plan de la acción para eliminar el comercio de carey en Costa Rica (que se espera será replicado en otros países de América Central), se desarrolló un taller nacional de capacitación (en Costa Rica) en el tema del comercio ilegal, de desarrollaron y distribuyeron materiales para la información pública, así como la creación de un plan de certificación para vendedores y comerciantes dispuestos a abstenerse del tráfico ilegal. El control efectivo del uso y comercio del producto es un componente importante de cualquier régimen de manejo sostenible y el control efectivo sólo puede ocurrir con la presencia de información segura en la extensión por la cual el comercio ocurre. Es la esperanza que este estudio contribuirá sig- nificativamente tanto a responder tanto a la efectividad regional como a la creación nacional de nor- mas como una respuesta al reto del uso ilegal y no regulado así como el comercio de productos de las tortugas marinas en la región centroamericana. El progreso hecho por las naciones de América Central inspiraría a otras naciones del ámbito de distribución para evaluar su papel en el tráfico ilegal de pro- ductos de tortuga marina y para unir las naciones de América Central para aplicar soluciones creativas y cooperativas para esta penetrante amenaza internacional a la sobrevivencia de la tortuga marina. Karen L. Eckert, Ph.D. Directora Ejecutiva WIDECAST Junio, 2002 PREFACE ea turtles are among the most economically and ecologically valuable shared natural resources in Central America. Because of their migratory habits and wide dispersal, the consumption of Ssea turtles and their products in one country has direct implications for management and con- servation of these species in neighboring countries. Indeed, the unique characteristics of the sea tur- tle lifecycle requires that responsibility for the effective management and conservation of their migra- tory populations extends even beyond the Governments of Central America to range states throughout the adjacent oceans. To achieve sustainable management, whether for consumptive or non-consumptive purposes, a harmonized regulatory framework and a compatible management regime must be implemented among range states. To this end, several international treaties encourage collaborative action toward shared objectives. In the case of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), the objective is to minimize trade-associated threats to endangered species. Other treaties, including the Protocol concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) to the UNEP Cartagena Convention, and the more recently enforced Inter-American Convention for the Protection and Conservation of Sea Turtles, explicitly encourage national and regional management planning. Individual nations within Central America protect sea turtles to a greater or lesser degree, and most are Party to multiple relevant treaties. Notwithstanding, there is much to be done with regard to harmonizing the regulatory framework, improving enforcement capacity, and facilitating the monitor- ing of compliance with regard to To achieve sustainable management, whether for consumptive or non-consumptive purposes, a harmonized regulatory framework and a compatible management regime must be implemented among range states. To this end, several international treaties encourage collaborative action toward shared objectives. In the case of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), the objective is to minimize trade-associated threats to endangered species. Other treaties, including the Protocol concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) to the UNEP Cartagena Convention, and the more recently enforced Inter-American Convention for the Protection and Conservation of Sea Turtles, explicitly encourage national and regional management planning. national and international legislative and treaty obligations. The first step to making recommendations in this regard must be to assess the extent to which sea turtles continue to be used and traded within and between Central American states. This regional assessment, the first of its kind, was undertaken in 2001-2002 by the Regional Network for the Conservation of Sea Turtles in Central America (RCA) in partnership with the Wider Caribbean Sea Turtle Conservation Network (WIDECAST). It is clear from the results of this assess- ment that, CITES provisions notwithstanding, the recovery of Critically Endangered (cf. IUCN 1996) hawksbill sea turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) continues to be compromised by high levels of undoc- umented and unmitigated illegal product trade, especially of shell items. At a time when the economies of various nations, especially in coastal communities, increasing depend on revenues from sea turtle eco-tourism, the serious implications of the ongoing
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