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September Gsat 03 Groundwork: Accreditation: Wrong Path for the Geosciences, p. 52–53 VOL. 18, No. 10 A PUBLICATION OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA OCTOBER 2008 Turbulent lifestyle: Microbial mats on Earth’s sandy beaches—Today and 3 billion years ago Inside: Section Meetings: Southeastern Section, p. 21 South-Central Section, p. 23 Northeastern Section, p. 24 Call for 2009 GSA Award and Medal Nominations, p. 10 It’s Not Just Software. It’s RockWare. For Over 24 Years. 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GWB Professional $7,999 1D/2D Reactive Transport Modeling $349 Workbench The Geochemist’s Since 1983 303.278.3534 • 800.775.6745 RockWare.com GSATodayOctober08.indd 1 8/25/2008 9:34:04 AM VOLUME 18, NUMBER 10 ▲ OCTOBER 2008 SCIENCE ARTICLE GSA TODAY publishes news and information for more than 4 Turbulent lifestyle: Microbial mats 21,500 GSA members and subscribing libraries. GSA TODAY (ISSN 1052-5173 USPS 0456-530) is published 11 times per on Earth’s sandy beaches—Today and year, monthly, with a combined April/May issue, by The 3 billion years ago Geological Society of America®, Inc., with offices at 3300 Nora Noffke Penrose Place, Boulder, Colorado. Mailing address: P.O. Box Cover: Multidirected ripple marks preserved in an 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140, USA. Periodicals postage paid at Boulder, Colorado, and at additional mailing offices. ancient siliciclastic tidal flat of the 2.9 Ga Pongola Postmaster: Send address changes to GSA Today, GSA Sales Supergroup, South Africa. Studies in modern settings and Service, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140. GSA show that such a chaotic ripple mark pattern is caused provides this and other forums for the presentation of diverse by the interaction of sediment-stabilizing microbial opinions and positions by scientists worldwide, regardless of mats with episodic storm events. In concert with a their race, citizenship, gender, religion, or political viewpoint. Opinions presented in this publication do not reflect official multitude of other “microbially induced sedimentary positions of the Society. structures” (MISS), these ripple marks potentially record the oldest and most diverse cyanobacterial Copyright © 2008, The Geological Society of America (GSA). population in Earth’s history. Photo courtesy N. Noffke. All rights reserved. Copyright not claimed on content prepared See “Turbulent lifestyle: Microbial mats on Earth’s wholly by U.S. government employees within scope of their sandy beaches—Today and 3 billion years ago” by employment. Individual scientists are hereby granted permission, without fees or further requests to GSA, to use a Nora Noffke, p. 4–9. single figure, a single table, and/or a brief paragraph of text in other subsequent works and to make unlimited photocopies of items in this journal for noncommercial use in classrooms to further education and science. For any other use, contact Permissions, GSA, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140, USA, 9 Call for Field Trip and Short Course Proposals—Portland 2009 Fax +1-303-357-1073, [email protected]. 10 Call for Nominations: 2009 GSA Awards and Medals SUBSCRIPTIONS for 2008 calendar year: Society Members: GSA Today is provided as part of membership dues. Contact 13 Call for Nominations: John C. Frye Environmental Geology Award GSA Sales and Service at +1-888-443-4472, +1-303-357-1000, option 3, or [email protected] for membership 13 Call for Nominations: 2009 National Awards information. Nonmembers & Institutions: Free with paid subscription to both GSA Bulletin and Geology, otherwise 14 Call for Applications: 2009–2010 GSA-USGS US$60. Contact Subscription Services at +1-800-627-0629 or Congressional Science Fellowship [email protected]. Also available on an annual CD-ROM (with GSA’s journals, GSA Data Repository, and an Electronic 14 2009 Birdsall-Dreiss Distinguished Lecturer Retrospective Index to journal articles from 1972); US$99 to GSA Members, others call GSA Subscription Services for 15 2009 Jahns Distinguished Lecturer prices and details. Claims: For nonreceipt or for damaged copies, members contact GSA Sales and Service; all others 15 Call for Geological Papers: 2009 GSA Section Meetings contact Subscription Services. Claims are honored for one year; please allow sufficient delivery time for overseas copies, 16 Mentor Program Calendar: 2009 Section Meetings up to six months. 18 GSA Divisions: Build on Your Interests! GSA TODAY STAFF: Executive Director and Publisher: John W. Hess 21 Preliminary Announcement and Call for Papers: Science Editors: Stephen T. Johnston, University of Victoria, School of Earth & Ocean Sciences, Victoria, British Southeastern Section Meeting Columbia V8W 3P6, Canada, [email protected]; and David E. Fastovsky, University of Rhode Island, 23 Preliminary Announcement and Call for Papers: Department of Geosciences, Woodward Hall, Rm. 317, South-Central Section Meeting Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA, [email protected]. Managing Editor: Kristen E. Asmus, [email protected] 24 Preliminary Announcement and Call for Papers: Graphics Production: Margo Y. Sajban Northeastern Section Meeting ADVERTISING: 26 Geologic Past: 1928 GSA Bulletin Rocks! Classifieds & Display: Ann Crawford, +1-800-472-1988, ext. 1053, +1-303-357-1053, Fax +1-303-357-1070; 30 Special Commentary: Integrated Geological Resources Management [email protected] for Public Lands: A Template from Yellowstone National Park GSA ONLINE: www.geosociety.org 38 GSA Foundation Update Printed in the USA using pure soy inks. 39 EarthCaching—Let Earth Be Your Teacher! 41 Classified Advertising 52 Groundwork: Accreditation: Wrong Path for the Geosciences 54 Journal Highlights and Coming Soon to GSA Today 54 2009 Student Research Grants GSA celebrates our three­year association with the International Year of Planet Earth. Turbulent lifestyle: Microbial mats on Earth’s sandy beaches—Today and 3 billion years ago Nora Noffke, Old Dominion University, Department of Ocean, In the 1980s–1990s, it was suggested that crinkled upper Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, USA bedding planes (“elephant skin textures”) might record ancient microbial mats (e.g., Runnegar and Fedonkin, 1992; Gehling, 1999). Similar conclusions were reached by Seilacher et al. ABSTRACT (1985) in lagoonal sediments of Solnhofen, Germany, and by Archean Earth history is very difficult to reconstruct. Until Schieber (1998) in Mesoproterozoic shales of Montana, USA. recently, only bacterial cells preserved in chert, microborings, Those early observations on microbial mat–related structures and stromatolites provided the few clues to ancient life. Now, were summarized in Hagadorn et al. (1999), followed by a siliciclastic “microbially induced sedimentary structures” (MISS) photo atlas (Schieber et al., 2007). At about the same time, the are adding to our knowledge of both past life and paleo­ genesis of modern microbial mat–associated sedimentary struc­ environments. MISS rise from the interaction of photoauto­ tures was being elucidated (e.g., Cameron et al., 1985; Gerdes trophic microbial mats with physical sediment dynamics in and Krumbein, 1987; Gerdes et al., 1991, 1994). The term siliciclastic, shallow­marine settings. Archean MISS can be “microbially induced sedimentary structures” (MISS) was coined understood through observations of living microbial mats in 1996, based on quantitative analyses of mat­related struc­ and modern biotic­physical sedimentary processes. Such tures in sandy tidal flats (Noffke et al., 1996). The sixteen main geobiological studies are key to the interpretation of the early types of MISS arise exclusively from the interaction of biofilms evolution of prokaryotes. For example, the 2.9 Ga Pongola and microbial mats with the physical sediment dynamics Supergroup, South Africa, includes MISS that possibly point (Noffke, 2009). This contrasts with the formation of stromato­ to the oldest known cyanobacterial community preserved in lites, in which chemical precipitation plays a major role. Earth’s history. Because of their unique biotic­physical genesis, MISS differ sig­ nificantly in morphology from stromatolites (Fig. 1). INTRODUCTION Systematic studies, leading from modern to increasingly The question of where and when the earliest
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