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Tnsrvol3issue1.Pdf (13.01Mb) Texas National Security Review Texas Print: ISSN 2576-1021 Online: ISSN 2576-1153 POWER & PRINCIPLE POWER WER & PRINCIP PO LE Volume 3 Issue 1 Volume Volume 3, Issue 1 Winter 2019/2020 MASTHEAD TABLE OF CONTENTS Staff: The Foundation Publisher: Executive Editor: Associate Editors: 04 Does Might Make Right? Individuals, Ethics, and Exceptionalism Ryan Evans Doyle Hodges, PhD Galen Jackson, PhD Francis J. Gavin Van Jackson, PhD Editor-in-Chief: Managing Editor: Stephen Tankel, PhD William Inboden, PhD Megan G. Oprea, PhD The Scholar Editorial Board: 12 Forming the Grand Strategist According to Shakespeare Chair, Editorial Board: Editor-in-Chief: Peter Campbell and Richard Jordan Francis J. Gavin, PhD William Inboden, PhD 34 The Ethics of Acquiring Disruptive Military Technologies C. Anthony Pfaff Robert J. Art, PhD Kelly M. Greenhill, PhD John Owen, PhD 62 Whither the “City Upon a Hill”? Donald Trump, America First, and American Exceptionalism Richard Betts, PhD Beatrice Heuser, PhD Patrick Porter, PhD Hilde Eliassen Restad John Bew, PhD Michael C. Horowitz, PhD Thomas Rid, PhD Nigel Biggar, PhD Richard H. Immerman, PhD Joshua Rovner, PhD Philip Bobbitt, JD, PhD Robert Jervis, PhD Brent E. Sasley, PhD Hal Brands, PhD Colin Kahl, PhD Elizabeth N. Saunders, PhD Joshua W. Busby, PhD Jonathan Kirshner, PhD Kori Schake, PhD Robert Chesney, JD James Kraska, SJD Michael N. Schmitt, DLitt The Strategist Eliot Cohen, PhD Stephen D. Krasner, PhD Jacob N. Shapiro, PhD 96 What Is a Moral Foreign Policy? Audrey Kurth Cronin, PhD Sarah Kreps, PhD Sandesh Sivakumaran, PhD Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Theo Farrell, PhD Melvyn P. Leffler, PhD Sarah Snyder, PhD Peter D. Feaver, PhD Fredrik Logevall, PhD Bartholomew Sparrow, PhD 110 Sense and Indispensability: American Leadership in an Age of Uncertainty Rosemary Foot, PhD, FBA Margaret MacMillan, CC, PhD Monica Duffy Toft, PhD Azita Raji Taylor Fravel, PhD Thomas G. Mahnken, PhD Marc Trachtenberg, PhD 118 What Went Wrong? U.S.-China Relations from Tiananmen to Trump Sir Lawrence Freedman, PhD Rose McDermott, PhD René Värk, JD James B. Steinberg James Goldgeier, PhD Paul D. Miller, PhD Steven Weber, PhD Michael J. Green, PhD Vipin Narang, PhD Amy Zegart, PhD Policy and Strategy Advisory Board: The Roundtable Feature 136 How to Revive Congress’s War Powers Chair: Adm. William McRaven, Ret. Oona A. Hathaway Hon. Elliott Abrams, JD Hon. James Jeffrey David Shedd Hon. Brad Carson Paul Lettow, JD, PhD Hon. Kristen Silverberg, JD Hon. Derek Chollet Hon. Michael Lumpkin Michael Singh, MBA Amb. Ryan Crocker Hon. William J. Lynn, JD Adm. James G. Stavridis, Ret., PhD Hon. Eric Edelman, PhD Kelly Magsamen Hon. Christine E. Wormuth Hon. John Hamre, PhD Gen. David Petraeus, Ret. Hon. Kathleen Hicks, PhD Dan Runde Designed by Cast From Clay, printed by Linemark The Foundation Does Might Make Right? Individuals, Ethics, and Exceptionalism In his introductory essay for Vol. 3, Iss. 1 of TNSR, the chair of our editorial board, Francis J. Gavin, discusses the choices made by individual statesmen, how to evaluate their motives, and the role of ethics in making grand strategic choices. ike many new professors of interna- rethink the actual lessons of Thucydides’ history, DOES MIGHT MAKE RIGHT? tional relations, my early career syllabi to say nothing of Unforgiven. A series of crucial often included Thucydides’ Melian dia- questions tie them together: How do statesmen logue from the History of the Peloponne- make choices about complex and consequential INDIVIDUALS, ETHICS, sianL War. In the fifth century B.C., the great sea issues in the world? How do we evaluate both the power Athens demanded that the small island of motives and outcomes of these decisions? Are they Melos, an ally of Sparta, lay down its arms and be- driven by considerations of power and interest come a vassal of the Athenian empire. The Melians only, or do values and ethics come into play? What AND EXCEPTIONALISM thought this both unjust and unwise — why not role does the political orientation of the regime, simply allow Melos to remain neutral? Wasn’t it im- and the history and culture of a nation, play in de- Francis J. Gavin moral to force a free people who posed no threat cision-making? to relinquish their independence? The leaders of It is important to remember that there is a per- Athens were unmoved. “Since you know as well spective that sees placing an emphasis on ethics, as we do that right, as the world goes, is only in individual choices, and regime type in international question between equals in power, while the strong relations as misplaced. Athens was an enlightened, do what they can and the weak suffer what they democratic society, led by intelligent, noble leaders must.” When the Melians refused to surrender, the who took civic justice in the polis seriously. In rela- Athenians conquered the island, and “put to death tions with their neighbors, however, Athenians be- all the grown men whom they took, and sold the lieved that fear and power — not justice and mercy women and children for slaves, and subsequently — shaped outcomes. This is, of course, the view of sent out five hundred colonists and inhabited the neorealism, perhaps the most dominant theoretical place themselves.”1 paradigm among international relations programs I taught this dialogue to demonstrate to young, in American universities over the past half-centu- presumably idealistic students that the world was ry. For neorealists, the most important considera- a dangerous place, where military power was the tion when assessing global affairs is the anarchic critical variable, and the most important outcomes structure of the international system.3 With no in the world, such as war and peace, were shaped sovereign authority to arbitrate disputes, the com- by the structure of the international system. I ponents of the system — states — are forced to would also give them a more modern example from compete ruthlessly for survival and dominance, a the 1992 movie Unforgiven. The film takes place in competition that, in a “self-help” system, is deter- Big Whiskey, Wyoming, where William Munny, the mined by the balance of military power. States are main character, played by Clint Eastwood, reluc- like billiard balls — neither the quirks of particular tantly joins with two others to claim a $1,000 re- leaders nor the internal, domestic characteristics ward offered to avenge the mutilation of a pros- of nations count for very much in this struggle. titute. In the course of the story, a tyrannical and History provides stark examples of what hap- cruel town sheriff, Little Bill, has impeded justice pens when structural factors are ignored. At the and tortured and killed Munny’s oldest friend. To- start of the 18th century, the Polish-Lithuanian ward the end of the film, Eastwood’s character has Commonwealth was the largest country in Europe, the sheriff cornered. Bill begs for his life. “I don’t possessing a higher degree of tolerance and liberal deserve this. To die like this.” Before shooting him, governance than any of its neighbors. By the end of Munny replies: “Deserve’s got nothing to do with the century, it no longer existed, swallowed up by it.”2 The universe is cold, unforgiving, and unfair. its neighbors — Russia, Prussia, and Austria — in The excellent articles in this issue caused me to three partitions. This outcome was the inevitable 1 Thucydides, The History of the Peloponnesian War, chap. XVII, “Sixteenth Year of the War - The Melian Conference - Fate of Melos,” accessed at, https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/melian.htm, on Feb 4, 2020. 2 Unforgiven, directed by Clint Eastwood (1992; USA: Warner Bros., Inc.). 3 Kenneth N. Waltz, Theory of International Politics (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., 1979). 4 5 The Foundation Does Might Make Right? Individuals, Ethics, and Exceptionalism product of power and national interest, and cannot failed, the world after 1945 would have been a much with making grand strategic choices. Great articles ideals or ethics. As Trump told the United Nations be understood solely through an ethical lens, the different place. like this are precisely why TNSR exists — to pro- General Assembly in 2018: “We will never surren- choices of an individual, or the qualities of a par- While there has been a welcome renaissance of vide a platform for the kind of innovative scholarly der America’s sovereignty to an unelected, unac- ticular regime. Poland disappeared because of the scholarship analyzing the role of individual lead- approach that boldly transcends narrow discipli- countable, global bureaucracy. America is governed brutal realities of great-power politics shaped by ers in international relations — I am thinking here nary concerns to look at important questions in a by Americans. We reject the ideology of globalism, international anarchy. of the recent work by Michael Horowitz, Elizabeth fresh, interesting way. and we embrace the doctrine of patriotism.”5 Whatever its merits, however, this kind of analy- Saunders, and Keren Yarhi-Milo — there is much How much should ethics and morals shape these Restad highlights the Jacksonian roots of Trump’s sis can come at a cost. A singular focus on the bal- more to be done. decisions? And if we think they should matter, nationalism. She argues that the strength of this ance of military power, with an emphasis on sys- The whole concept of grand strategy only makes what metrics should we use? Joseph Nye reminds type of worldview should not be underestimated, temic forces that drives toward an almost law-like sense if choices are available and actually matter. us in his compelling essay that defining interests and that future American leaders will need “an up- equilibrium, often underplays the role of choices And choices can only be evaluated by comparing in simply material or military terms is misleading.
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