MURALS, STONE, AND ROCK ART hidrofugante. materialun de aplicación la y morteros y das lecha con consolidación teselas, de titución limpieza, limpieza y resane de las grietas, sus graffiti, del eliminación procedimientos: tes siguien los cabo a llevaronhidrofugante. Se material un de artificial envejecimiento de pruebas y microbiológicas especies las de identificación la piedra, la de laboratorio de situ in estudio un incluyeron 2010, en realizadas Redentor, Cristo el Janeiro, de Río de tatua es icónica la de conservación laboresde Las R cage etapplication agent hydrofuge. d’un fissures, remplacement des tesselles, remasti des comblement et écartement nettoyage, graffiti, des enlèvement : entreprises été ont suivantes procédures Les hydrofuge. agent d’un artificiel vieillissement de essais des et présence en microbiologiques espèces des ses de la pierre en laboratoire, l’identification clus l’évaluation de son état du La conservation en 2010 de la statue iconique R plication ofawater repellent. replacement of tesserae, re-grouting and ap cracks, of filling and opening cleaning, fiti, procedures were performed: removal of graf aging tests of a water repellent. The following artificial and species, microbiological of tion identifica stone, the of analyses laboratory statue included on-site condition assessment, Janeiro’sde Rio iconic the on 2010 in out carried conservation The ABSTR sculpture heritage, Keywords: [email protected] deJaneiro,Rio Brazil MÁRCIA DANTAS BRAGA ESUMEN ÉSUMÉ Christ Rédempteur Christ del estado de conservación, análisis análisis conservación, de estado del A laboratoryanalyses,

CT mosaic restoration, mosaic de Rio de Janeiro a in a Janeiro de Rio de Christ the Redeemer the Christ in situ , des analy outdoor federal ------

The monument was declared municipal heritage in 1990 and federal heritage air andtheinternallightingofstatue. of circulation the with assist they open, When back. the at them opposite vertically in the sides of the body, two at the front at chest the shoulders and elbows. There are 14 smaller openings: ten are positioned in on top of others, and the four the is head located openings One of these The statue has five large covered apertures through which people can pass. (12 casing concrete approximately the of layer is coarser the overlays mortar and thick cm This 1.0 to 0.5 tesserae. the between grout the for and mosaic the of bed setting the for both used was aggregate fine very from to made Amortar fingertip pedestal. from eight-meter-high an m on 28 mounted is It measure fingertip. arms its and high m 30 is figure The andLevy,the hands; craftsman. a and head the built who artist the Landowski, calculations; structural the out carried who engineer the Caquot, statue; the designed who artist the were Oswald, in co-authors and Costa 1931. was The completed principal The thick. mm work 5 was designed and executed by the and Brazilian engineer Heitor da Silva length in cm 4 approximately tesserae triangular with mosaic (steatite) soapstone a in clad is casing concrete This form. its the give monument that sections the concrete cast supporting structure of statue The I tesserae that suffered problems from internal discontinuity of that tesserae the from suffered discontinuity problems internal layers of the monument was carried out using water low-pressure jets. Additionally, of cleaning by Wacker. a further 2000, In manufactured a silane/siloxane of application the by followed 1990, in repeated been have This may process 1980. in cleaned was statue the that reports are There 1980. since years 10 every interventions large-scale undergone has monument The PREVIOUS INTERVENTIONS in charge laborandmanagement. thematerials, ofsupplying project and for restoration its Cone was execution. Engenharia technical the company 2010 the designing for responsible was author The Janeiro. de Rio of Miter Archiepiscopal the of property private the is It 2009. in NTRODUCTION

cm thick). thick). cm Christ the Redeemer the Christ is composed of a reinforced concrete concrete reinforced a of composed is R CHRIST THE OF THEST T HE CONSERV IO DEJ A NEIRO, 2010 A TUE OF R EDEEMER A TION - height and two height

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1 MURALS, STONE, AND ROCK ART in the previous interventions also assisted in its identification, due to its its to due identification, its in assisted also interventions previous the in to yellow and brown. The dissimilarity of the mortar used for re-grouting tending coloration, varied more of others and bluish more some tesserae, replacement of types two identify to possible is It replaced. were mortar such as the top of the head, the eyebrows and the tips of the fingers, fingers, the of tips the In casing. in the concrete and elements the metal and exposing losses causing eyebrows the head, the of top the as such allowed system extremities, prominent more protection the statue’s to strike discharges atmospheric lightning the of grounding unreliable The and heterotrophicbacteria. Penicillium with associated spores were: found out by e the Laboratory. Mattos Mattos The micro-organisms for responsible carried analyses to identification according is colonization, microbiological rainforest Atlantic The superficial. them confirmedthattheywere Opening intervention. prior some already was there where places in are cracks these of majority The structure. concrete the over located usually were Cracks wear. surface showed grout the and increased had stone the of porosity the environment, exterior the to As exposure of repellent. water consequence a the of state the of tests and flexural behavior point thermal tests, three strength, compressive uniaxial propagation, wave ultrasonic permeability, vapor and absorption water of indices physical gloss, the of and determination stone, the color of mineralogy of and composition chemical evaluation include (CETEM) Studies Center Minerals Technology the by out carried investigations The weathering. by caused are deterioration monument’s the of processes principal the that analyses Laboratory conducted on new and original tesserae demonstrated rust. and visible base setting the mosaic from mortar of loss tesserae, missing tesserae, non-original stone, the of exfoliation grout, of loss superficial growth, biological stains, salts, cracking, were: intervention this in mapped and identified pathologies The ASSESSMENT OFTHEST different andcoloration. porosity entire interior surface and then covered with mortar. This mortar exhibits exhibits mortar. mortar with This covered then and surface the interior entire over applied was that array metallic a of part in consists It 2000. in interior was casing. installed of system Athe surface concrete protection cathodic original the not is today seen be it can what statue, that the noted of be should interior the of state the of mapping the to regard With monument. the of aesthetics the to detrimental considered also were in the of accumulation water in the areas around them. These interventions finer. These areas absorb less water than the original surface, which results was interventions of these The mortar the original. from are different that The interventions carried out previously typically present tesserae and mortar theefficiency of a study ofthelightningprotection. the second

half half of out work 2009, was on including carried the monument sp. , Fusarium sp. , Cladosporium A TE OF P RESERV sp. , Aspergillus OF A CHRIST THE TION T HE CONSERV R OF THEST IO DEJ sp. R EDEEMER , Ascoliquen A NEIRO, A A TION 2010 TUE ,

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MURALS, STONE, AND ROCK ART Graffiti ontheface Figure 2 The figure surrounded by scaffolding Figure 1 Another factor that contributed to water accumulating on of the inside the to accumulating water that contributed factor Another them. between relationship no was there that between comparison the Alocation water. of the of external cracks and drying these internal the stains showed by caused apparently stains various đ đ removal ofthegraffiti below: described thesequence followed be could taken. for The measures the stages further of until the monument and documented then covered with cement to laitance the preserve dignity part front of the 2) arm. right (Figure All the was graffiti photographically able to reach the monument and leave graffiti all over the face, chest, and the barriers in the Tijuca National Park to break. During this time, vandals werecaused rains heavy when period six-day a for closed was monument The R five in completed was It weeks (Figure 1). statue. the of percent fifty around platforms work of placement the and shoulders the of height a the to of up tower stair construction the included operation the the by time 2010 This Rohr. February in company initiated was scaffolding the of erection The Erection ofscaffolding C team. inspection work’s the to proposed methodologies restoration the of approval the to confirmed fundamental was which analyses wear, aforementioned the laboratory microbiological and petrographic The arms. the of parts lower the in gullies the of obstruction the was statue their success was the immediacy of the response. response. the of immediacy the was success their in element key The locations. specific in repeated were procedures The đ đ đ đ

ONSERV emoval ofgraffiti localized application of a paste stripper over the black spray paint paint spray black the over stripper paste a of application localized laitance cement the of removal dry rinsing using plastic bristle brushes. brushes. bristle plastic using rinsing of of detergent. with a the cleaning neutral surface solution ten percent surface the vandalized over broadly more spirit of mineral application with minutes five approximately after stripper paste the of removal the repetition of the process in areas where traces remain; remain; traces where areas in process the of repetition the facilitates and graffiti the of removal complete more the ensures This residue; the the of removal with mechanical the facilitating impregnated ink, graffiti stripper the dilutes This swabs. cotton using thepaint; dry cotton,takingcarenottospread etherandparaffin ofcellulose hydroxide, inamixture esters; ammonium and alcohol methyl chloride, methylene are: stripper the of ingredients active principal The friction. light with paintbrush by oakum; A TION P ROCEDURES

using plastic bristle brushes and and brushes bristle plastic using OF CHRIST THE T HE CONSERV R OF THEST IO DEJ R EDEEMER A NEIRO, A A TION 2010 TUE ,

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MURALS, STONE, AND ROCK ART Opening ofacrackOpening intheside ofthehead Figure 4 Cleaning oftheright arm Figure 3 approximately 70º Celsius. Kärcher supplied the equipment and the the and equipment at the water supplied 3). operatedtheequipment(Figure who personnel and Kärcher steam with Celsius. out 70º carried approximately was statue the of cleaning The C Portions of the metal reinforcing structure of the concrete casing were were casing concrete the of structure reinforcing metal the of Portions T 4). (Figure ofpieces inaminimumsubstitution resulted This methodology. same the using out carried also was tesserae cracked the of removal The centimeter. one than greater no be to proved depth The chisels. small and diameter in millimeters half and two heads with drills shaft electric small using opened were and wide millimeters three than greater no were cracks These identified. previously been had that cracks the it Following cleaning, in was to detail the possible further characterize Opening ofcracks andremoval oftesserae statue. the of The brightening tesserae. notable a for the from responsible was cleaning material remaining remove to re-grouting the followed second the stages; two in executed was process cleaning The used. was biocide of kind some where places those to comparable deemed was water and steam the with achieved result aesthetic the since vapor, and water just using work the out carry to opted was it (IBAMA), Institute Environmental Brazilian the from a request following However, agents. cleaning other included figure the of restoration the for plan The ofacids. intheproduction indicating thechemicalactionoffungi thus deterioration, superficial marked displayed winds, are to storm exposed which sides west and south the in and arms, the and chin the as under such accumulated, moisture the where areas The the grout. from and patina tesserae biological the remove to order in out carried carefully was cleaning The surface. the against rubbed brush nylon a of head the remain to calibrated was device three and between four bars. The steam or water jet through was delivered 4002 DE model the of pressure The showed mortars rich in cement and sand. The proportions found were were found proportions analysis The the sand. of and cement in results rich The mortars whole. inert showed the the for for coloration granulometry and binder, substances and aggregates the for indicators Technological the by out Centre for carried Preservation and Restoration (NTPR) the were and provided of composition that analyses and The tesserae casing. the of concrete bed setting and grout the for used that Prior to replacement of the mortar, samples of the two types were collected: R treatment. anti-rust with primer a of application the for preparation in brushes, metal small using surface the from removed was exposed, primarily at the top of the head and the tips of the fingers. The rust reatment oftheexposed metalwork eplacement ofthemortar leaning OF CHRIST THE T HE CONSERV R OF THEST IO DEJ R EDEEMER A NEIRO, A A TION 2010 TUE ,

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MURALS, STONE, AND ROCK ART Replacing oftesseraeReplacing Figure 5 The entire surface of the statue was superficially worn, including both both general The exhibited grout tesserae. and grout including the the exposed exfoliated worn, superficially was statue the of surface entire The the for 3:7 and grout and mortar. bed casing concrete setting the for used mortar the for 1:1 the the originals. This was due to a request from the National Historic Heritage in hue from different were intentionally tesserae Up to replacement 2010, quantities. smaller in variations chromatic with tesserae original possesses also statue The tone. lighter a (soapstone) rock steatite the of minerals some turned has increasingly difficult to find in the natural world. The process of deteriorationThe original tesserae possess a light green tone and this color of soapstone is originals. the as color same the of tesserae of use the concerned process sample collectionthe in and sites. fingers (Figurethe of 5) tips the The on principalhead, the difficulty of top the in in this located replacement areas in the missing cracks, over primarily used were tesserae The replacement R the in tesserae. micro-cracks filling avoid would mortar coarser Using tesserae. re-grouting complete The durability. greater of product a introducing also while preservation of state current its for respect with monument the to restore possible It of seemed binder. varied grain size are more resistant because they require a smaller quantity more with Mortars bed. setting the of that from different deterioration of the same materials, the grout which remains exposed suffers from a process Although the original bedding mortar and grout are composed of essentially the duplicate laboratory results. precisely to attempting than rather adaptation, this make to desirable it made factors Some analysis. sample the in identified that than grains coarser slightly had bed setting and grout missing the replace to selected mortar The components. finer its of erosion as well as wear, were of a different color than the original. In these areas it was which decided to old interventions, the additions regarding took place to discussions use Some Gerais. Minas of state the in originals, the as region same the from came The less than was 5% new replaced. tesserae of tesserae the original that estimated It is undertaken. adjustment. chromatic satisfactory to achieve in order carefully was used discarded be was tesserae replacement the to of percent eighty Approximately tesserae the of selection The future interventions. during scaffolding from viewed when recognizable by clearly but identifiable visitors, easily be not should replacements the that decided it was and intervention this during reviewed was issue The result. aesthetic a harmonious produce not did initiative the However, (IPHAN). Institute eplacement ofthe tesserae

of the statue would add some residue to the the to residue some add would statue the of OF CHRIST THE T HE CONSERV R OF THEST IO DEJ R EDEEMER A NEIRO, A A TION 2010 TUE ,

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MURALS, STONE, AND ROCK ART The chestandface conservation after Figure 7 re-grouting During Figure 6 R discontinuity. chromatic or disruption further avoid to order in them new tesserae that were close in tone to the earlier replacements surrounding Thirty-six samples of tesserae were collected from the four sides authority. inspection monument’s the by use its for approval obtain to in order studies of scientific subject the was statue of the surface exterior The suitability of the use of a vapor-permeable water-proofing resin on the A inthecircumstances. comeupwith could option we best the was immediately almost excess the removing and surface entire the over grout the applying of method The tesserae. the of replacement the of that like intervention permanent a represent not does application Its subsequently. used material waterproofing the of that like temporary, wear, continual can be considered suffers Its existence of that than the tesserae. greater generally that element an is the grout of The removal the and microorganisms. cleaning the following observed that than less much was lightening This surface. the of lightening a caused it that and ones) worn most the (principally tesserae the this on that residues left note to procedure important is It 6). (Figure surface the of homogeneity aesthetic achieved it monument, the preserving of a purpose its to addition with In grout sponges. wet the with excess the removing applying after soon by and spatula out plastic carried was re-grouting entire The thick. mm 2 than less was lost area the as regrouting, the of adhesion the increase to not shown was procedures of sequence This re-grouting. the before made was siloxane In the tests carried out prior to the intervention, an application of a silane/ reference to no this work ever is the having been executed before There on the monument. treat degrees. to different to order deteriorated in had out which surface, carried whole was surface entire the of re-grouting the completed, been had tesserae and mortar the of replacement the and Once the tasks of cleaning, treatment of the cracks and the exposed metalwork application of two coats of the 5 per cent solution – a percentage commonly solution, it resulted in an undesirable darkening. cent per 10 the Testsin monument the to applied was repellent water this When were conducted with the laboratory equipment. ofthe parameters chromatic measurements The 10 in a tesserae original and new to the coats in two by Wacker) applied was For the artificial aging analyses, Silres BS290 (a silane/siloxane manufactured cent. per 80 approximately of absorption water in reduction a to due product the of of the application in the recommendation resulted out by CETEM carried analyses These tests. aging artificial for and of conservation state of their e-grouting pplication ofthewater repellent

per cent solution, in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.

indicated a superficial darkening, according to the the to according darkening, superficial a indicated OF CHRIST THE T HE CONSERV R OF THEST IO DEJ R EDEEMER

A for analysis NEIRO, A A TION 2010 TUE ,

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MURALS, STONE, AND ROCK ART The June2010 statue conservation, after Figure 8 if if used in a higher concentration. As the rock’s are capillaries very narrow, The of dilution the does not repellent mean that it would be more effective darkening. subtle a only producing acceptable, was result aesthetic the used in applications on porous surfaces (stone, mortar, ceramics, etc.) – and conclude with this stage, but through the continuation of this research, to research, of this continuation the through but stage, this with conclude to not studies these like Wewould analysis. laboratory the by confirmed project’sspecifications The project. entire the of execution the specification the of to the necessary contributed laboratory analyses, institute in additionthis to supervisingfrom Technicians IPHAN. to submitted The restoration of the C đ đ đ đ đ đ đ Operations performed inside the statue comprised the following: T purposes. monitoring in for documentation, identified the is shoulder) right the of cover the half (over per 10 solution the cent in silane/siloxane the of application test the of location The statue. the of surface the on effect droplet water the demonstrated which rainfall, some after soon verified be could efficiency Its penetration. its greater the dilution, the greater the reduction in the levels of porosity and the capacity to absorb water of of water absorb to capacity the and the porosity for of levels the responsible in was reduction hidrofugation/water-proofing of process The rock. the of environmental factors and possibly to the intrinsic tesserae to due various by wear qualitiesis explained which 2010, and 2000 replacement years the from ofthe the than composition tone darker a have tesserae original The Main conclusions ofthescientificanalyses procedures. emergency required vandalism the only case in this projects, in restoration are common of surprise elements Although the longer-lasting themonument. of preservation andsafer ensure to data scientific providing by interventions subsequent support

reatment oftheinterior ONCLUSIONS installation of permanent lighting. lighting. permanent of installation thestairway of repair covers oftheventilation restoration system cathodic the of repair treatment of the exposed metalwork of the support structure and concrete gullies the of clearing cleaning general casing casing Christ Christ the Redeemer statue was based on a project project a on based was statue OF CHRIST THE T HE CONSERV R OF THEST IO DEJ R EDEEMER A NEIRO, A

A TION 2010 were all all were TUE ,

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MURALS, STONE, AND ROCK ART lower lower than found those in commonly on the literature soap stone, but were are tesserae original the of mass saturated and dry specific, of levels The percent. 90 reaching tesserae, original the in marked more was reduction This grout. and tesserae the estruturas O M problemas derestauro teóricos ofart of works C EditoraRio. Rio deJaneiro: B doPatrimónio Português Instituto Lisboa: daCultura. Arquitectónico/Ministério AI R is temperature. in material variations the abrupt to that resistant highly prove observed dilation thermal of levels low The test. accelerated this to resistant was hidrofugate/water-proofer the that observed was it mist, saline and humidity of attacks the Following mosaic. the of areas different of lightening and darkening the for responsible elements the of one is statue the on air sea the of action the that indicating possibly hidrofugated, and of naturally tonality both the pieces, the in change the for responsible was mist saline The of observed. impact silicon and magnesium of levels high with tesserae, the all between variation little indicated analysis chemical the of results The facies. metamorphic different of materials indicating ones, later the than chlorite) and actynolite (tremolite, minerals of diversity greater As regards the mineralogical the characterization, original tesserae display monument. the from sampled tesserae the of wear of degree high the to due be may fact This 2010. and 2000 of tesserae the in found Detertec Neutral detergent (neutron spectrum) Vetec Mineral spirit Vanda and paraffinether esters) cellulose hydroxide, ammonium alcohol, methyl chloride, (methylene stripper Paste Wacker SILRES BS290 (silane/siloxane) MA KÜH RA ANE EFERENCES L U RES IV Ñ TERI G O E L A V -B Z , B.M. , I RA A , M. , ARROS . Salvador: Edufba. . Salvador: V A , IÑ G , M.M. , LS LIST 2003. ., M.P. N . Rome:ICCROM. AS 2009. , S. , L. Conservação e restauroe sobre Conservação pintura e mural tela pintura pedra, – 2002. 2003. 2003. 2001. Preservação do patrimônio arquitetônico da industrialização – industrialização da arquitetônico patrimônio do Preservação U G Tecnologia da conservação e da restauração – materiais e materiais – restauração da e conservação da Tecnologia AR As rochas dos monumentos portugueses – tipologias e patologias Teoria contemporánea de la restauración la de contemporánea Teoria . São Paulo: Paulo: . São Editorial/Fapesp. Ateliê I, and O. S AL Quimatic PCF (primer anti-rust) Dremmel Small electric shaft drill Kärcher temperature70°C) 3to4Bars, (Pressure 4002 DE model Waterdevice jet vapor and V ADOR OF I. 1991. 1991. CHRIST THE T HE CONSERV Biology in conservation conservation in Biology R OF THEST IO DEJ . Madrid: Sintesis. R EDEEMER A NEIRO, A A TION 2010 TUE ,

8 . .