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Anesthesia and Pain Management in Traditional Iranian Medicine
Pregledni rad Acta Med Hist Adriat 2016; 14(2);317-326 Review article ANESTHESIA AND PAIN MANAGEMENT IN TRADITIONAL IRANIAN MEDICINE ANESTEZIJA I UPRAVLJANJE BOLI U TRADICIONALNOJ IRANSKOJ MEDICINI Alireza Salehi, Faranak Alembizar, Ayda Hosseinkhani* Summary Studying the history of science could help develop an understanding of the contributions made by ancient nations towards scientific advances. Although Iranians had an import- ant impact on the improvement of science, the history of Iranian medicine seems not to have been given enough attention by historians. The present study focused on the history of anes- thesia and pain management in Iranian medical history. In this regard, related books such as Avesta and Shahnameh were studied in order to obtain the history of anesthesiology in Iranian pre Islamic era. This subject was also studied in the famous books of Rhazes, Haly Abbas, Avicenna, Jorjani, MomenTunekaboni and Aghili from different times of the Islamic era. Scientific data bases such as PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar were searched using key words “Iranian”, “Persian”, “pain management” and “anesthesia”. It was discovered that pain management and anesthesiology were well known to the Iranians. Rhazes and Avicenna had innovations in this regard. Fourteen Mokhader (anesthetic) herbs, which were included in the collection of the previous knowledge of the 18th century entitled Makhzan al-Advieyh and used as the Persian Materia Medica, were identified and listed. This study introduces the history of anesthesiology and pain management at different periods in the history of Iran. Key words: Anesthesiology; pain management; traditional Iranian medicine. * Research centre for traditional medicine and history of medicine, Shiraz University of medical sciences Shiraz, Iran. -
The History and Characteristics of Traditional Sports in Central Asia : Tajikistan
The History and Characteristics of Traditional Sports in Central Asia : Tajikistan 著者 Ubaidulloev Zubaidullo journal or The bulletin of Faculty of Health and Sport publication title Sciences volume 38 page range 43-58 year 2015-03 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2241/00126173 筑波大学体育系紀要 Bull. Facul. Health & Sci., Univ. of Tsukuba 38 43-58, 2015 43 The History and Characteristics of Traditional Sports in Central Asia: Tajikistan Zubaidullo UBAIDULLOEV * Abstract Tajik people have a rich and old traditions of sports. The traditional sports and games of Tajik people, which from ancient times survived till our modern times, are: archery, jogging, jumping, wrestling, horse race, chavgon (equestrian polo), buzkashi, chess, nard (backgammon), etc. The article begins with an introduction observing the Tajik people, their history, origin and hardships to keep their culture, due to several foreign invasions. The article consists of sections Running, Jumping, Lance Throwing, Archery, Wrestling, Buzkashi, Chavgon, Chess, Nard (Backgammon) and Conclusion. In each section, the author tries to analyze the origin, history and characteristics of each game refering to ancient and old Persian literature. Traditional sports of Tajik people contribute as the symbol and identity of Persian culture at one hand, and at another, as the combination and synthesis of the Persian and Central Asian cultures. Central Asia has a rich history of the traditional sports and games, and significantly contributed to the sports world as the birthplace of many modern sports and games, such as polo, wrestling, chess etc. Unfortunately, this theme has not been yet studied academically and internationally in modern times. Few sources and materials are available in Russian, English and Central Asian languages, including Tajiki. -
Extract from the Poison Edition
The Book of the Treasure of Alexander The Poison Edition Translated by Nicholaj de Mattos Frisvold and Edited by Christopher Warnock, Esq. Copyright © 2010 Nicholaj de Mattos Frisvold and Christopher Warnock All Rights Reserved Contents Occult Virtue & Hermetic Philosophy 1 Alexander, Aristotle & Hermes Trismegistus 4 Notes on the Translation 5 Ibn Wahshiyya & the Poison Edition 6 Warning and Disclaimer 7 The First Art The Chapter of the Formation of Things 16 The Chapter about the Indications of the Two Benefic Stars 16 The Chapter about the Greater Luminary 17 The Second Art of the Process of Elaboration and Manipulation of the Three Elixirs Section on the Extraction of the Active Water, called Sapius 25 Extraction of the Second Water called Qurial 25 Extraction of the Third Water called Rarasius 26 Extraction of the Fourth Water that is extremely useful and is called Triras 26 Chapter about the Extraction of the Essence Deposited in the Strength of Mars 27 Chapter about the Purification of Arsenic 29 Another Chapter about the Purification of Arsenic, which is Easier than the First 29 Chapter of the Sublimation of the Purified Arsenic 30 Chapter of the Purification of Copper 30 Chapter about How to make it Whitish and make it look like Silver being what was Bequeathed by Hermes and to what Balinas also Dedicated himself 31 Chapter about the other Method of Whitening of Copper 31 Chapter about How to Soften Purified Copper 32 Recipe of the Great Softener Water to which Hermes called Kalianus, that means ‘the one that takes out dryness’ -
History of Chess from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia for the Book by H
History of chess From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For the book by H. J. R. Murray, see A History of Chess. Real-size resin reproductions of the 12th century Lewis chessmen. The top row shows king, queen, and bishop. The bottom row shows knight, rook, and pawn. The history of chess spans some 1500 years. The earliest predecessor of the game probably originated in India, before the 6th century AD. From India, the game spread to Persia. When the Arabs conquered Persia, chess was taken up by the Muslim world and subsequently spread to Southern Europe. In Europe, chess evolved into roughly its current form in the 15th century. The "Romantic Era of Chess" was the predominant chess playing style down to the 1880s. It was characterized by swashbuckling attacks, clever combinations, brash piece sacrifices and dynamic games. Winning was secondary to winning with style. These games were focused more on artistic expression, rather than technical mastery or long-term planning. The Romantic era of play was followed by the Scientific, Hypermodern, and New Dynamism eras.[1] In the second half of the 19th century, modern chess tournament play began, and the first World Chess Championship was held in 1886. The 20th century saw great leaps forward in chess theory and the establishment of the World Chess Federation (FIDE). Developments in the 21st century include use ofcomputers for analysis, which originated in the 1970s with the first programmed chess games on the market. Online gaming appeared in the mid-1990s. Contents [hide] 1 Origin 2 India -
İslâm Kaynaklarına Göre Nuşirevân-I Âdil Anushirwan “Righteous” According to Islamic Sources
ISSN: 1309 4173 (Online) 1309 - 4688 (Print) Volume 5 Issue 5, p. 225-252, September 2013 İslâm Kaynaklarına Göre Nuşirevân-I Âdil AnushIrwan “Righteous” According to Islamic Sources Dr. UlaĢ Töre SĠVRĠOĞLU Balıkesir Üniversitesi - Balıkesir Öz: Bu çalışmada İslâm öncesi dönemde hüküm sürmüş Hüsrev I Anuşirvan’a İslâmî kaynaklarda duyulan ilgi ve saygının nedenleri ve gelişimi incelenmekte, adaletli bir yönetim sergilediği için bu hükümdarın İslam kaynaklarında saygınlıkla bahsedildiği tespit edilmektedir. İslâm kaynaklarında Nuşirevan-ı Âdil olarak geçen Hüsrev I Anuşirvan (531–579) ondokuzuncu Sâsâni hükümdarıdır. Pehlevice “ölümsüz ruh” anlamına gelen “anōşeg revān” lâkabı Hüsrev I’e “adaletli” bir hükümdar olması nedeniyle verilmiştir. Kendisine adanmış Pehlevice kitaplar ve sayısız menkıbeye bakılarak Nuşirevān’ın, en fazla saygı duyulan Sāsāni hükümdarlardan biri olduğu anlaşılabilir. Bu saygınlık İslâmî asırlarda da artarak devam etmiş ve İslâm kültürüne de geçmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Nuşirevan, Sasaniler, İslam literatürü, İran Abstract: This study examines the Islamic literature on the pre-Islamic king of Sasanid Empire Anushirwan and illustrates that because of his just rule Anushirwan was mentioned respectfully in the Islamic sources. In the Islamic resources, Khosrow I who is known as Nuşirevān-ı Ādil is the 19th King of the Sasanian Empire. His title “anōşeg revān” which means “immortal soul” in the Pahlavi language is given to Khosrow I for being a just king. A through study of Pahlavi books, which were dedicated to him, and numerous legends mention Nuşirevān as one of the most respectable of the Sasanian Emperors.This respectability continued increasingly in the Islamic culture. Keywords: Anushirwan, Sasani Empire, Islamic literature, Iran Giriş Hüsrev I (MS 531–579) 19. -
Arabic Origins of Cryptology (The Discovery of Ancient Manuscripts)
Arabic Origins of Cryptology (The discovery of Ancient Manuscripts) University of Oxford, April 26th 2018 Mohammed I. Al-Suwaiyel King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Why Use Cryptology? We all use Cryptography every day! Historical Milestones in Cryptology Encryption is as old as civilization 2400BC Egypt, Non-standard hieroglyphs 1600 BC, Greek Phaistos Disk 1500BC, Mesopotamia Tablets 500BC, •Sun Tzu Chinese code •Scytale Greek code Ad-hoc 350 BC India’s Arthashastra Cryptanalysis 100BC, Caesar code 1988AD 800s- 1400AD Quantum Cryptography Arab Cryptography Other Schemes Arab Cryptanalysis ? What is next? 1400 AD Incas 1940s AD 1976AD See: The Codebreakers , The Story Khipu code of Secret Writing, David Kahn, WWI – WWII codes Public Key Cryptography 1967, The Macmillan Company A Prelude 1353 AD Ali ibn ad-Durayhim wrote the book “Miftah 1412 AD مفتاح صبح A-Kunuz fi Idah Al-Marmuz” , (Key to Shihab al-Din al–Qalqashandi wrote on الكنوز في العشى Cryptology in his encyclopedic manual Treasures on Clarifying Ciphers). The book is إيضاح في صناعة a major reference on Cryptology at the time.* for the secretaries “Subh Al-A’sha fi Sina’at Al-Insha”. (The Dawn of the المرموز النشاء Blind in the Writing Industry). He 1963 AD included “a section on codes” mostly Clifford Bosworth, of the University of St, from the book by ibn ad-Durayhim. Andrews wrote an article in which he translated “The Section on Codes” in al - 1967 AD Qalqashandi's Subh al-a‘shā,”, and added a commentary on Arabic cryptology. **. David Kahn, a prominent historian of cryptology, read the article by Bosworth, and described it as: 1967 AD “perhaps the most important single article on David Kahn wrote "Cryptology was the history of cryptology”. -
THE REFLECTION of CHESS PLAYING TERMS in KHAGHANI POEMS *Akram Rahmani Department of Persian Literature, Islamic Azad University of Rasht *Author for Correspondence
Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences ISSN: 2231– 6345 (Online) An Open Access, Online International Journal Available at www.cibtech.org/sp.ed/jls/2015/01/jls.htm 2015 Vol.5 (S1), pp. 5315-5319/Rahmani Research Article THE REFLECTION OF CHESS PLAYING TERMS IN KHAGHANI POEMS *Akram Rahmani Department of Persian Literature, Islamic Azad University of Rasht *Author for Correspondence ABSTRACT Chess is a board game of strategic skill for two players, played on a checkered board. Each player begins the game with sixteen pieces that are moved and used to capture opposing pieces according to precise rules. The game is played on a squared checkered board divided into 64 small equaled squares in alternate black and white colors. Chess playing has a long story in Iran. Thus, from the beginning of development of Persian language, the terms and expressions of chess entered to Persian poetry and prose. Persian authors and poets used them in different original, symbolic, mystical and allegorical meanings and forms to decorate their language and create literary arrays and figures as well as colorful fantasy images. Most of the great Persian poets have considered chess playing as a mirror of learning which shows the destinies of opssossors. Some of the chess playing terms are included as: knight, queen, pawn, bishob, rook, king, checkmate, stalemate, preparation. The prepared research aims to consider the chess playing terms, codes, ironies and allegories in Khaghani poems and the ways this great poet applied them in his work. Keywords: Chess, Game, Symbol, Allegory, Khaghani INTRODUCTION In previous centuries, Iran was the only territory in geography of the orient giving most priority to exercise in teaching and learning system. -
Journal of American Science, 2011;7(10)
Journal of American Science, 2011;7(10) http://www.americanscience.org Symbolic world of dream in Kushnameh Nahid Yousefzadeh Department of Persian Literature, Sajad University of Iran, Mashhad, Iran [email protected] Abstract: In this study, dream symbols and their effect on opinion of the poet are reviewed, and difference between the application of this element in Shahnameh and Kushnameh is expressed. The dreams are one of several attractiveness factors of Iranshah stories in Kushnamh. He expresses beautiful and mysterious stories and legends, and in addition to respecting national and cultural values and figures, secret of many complexities are revealed to us in the form of a dream. His mysterious dreams have also features of Ahormazda dreams. In addition, they carry messages that contain their probable problems as well, which are symbolic and the truth is hidden in secrets. Iranshah has tried to reflect the hidden dimensions of his story characters and heroes in their dreams, and to create images with elements of dream that never happen in reality. He also tries to warn his readers and those who suffer from negligence and awaken and bring them to the world of conscious. [Nahid Yousefzadeh. Symbolic world of dream in Kushnameh. Journal of American Science 2011;7(10):84-90]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Sleep; Dream; Ahourai dream; Decryption; Kamdad mysterious; Abtin 1. Introduction part of the book includes verses as praise of This article reviews sleep and dream knowledge. Then God is worshiped and praised. symbols in the Kushnameh epic and its effects on thought of the story composer, who is Iranshah Ibn 2. -
Arabian and Persian Language and Literature: Items 67–98 Section 3 Important Books from the Western World: Items 99–126
Peter Harrington london We are exhibiting at these fairs 24–26 May london The ABA Rare Book Fair Battersea Evolution Queenstown Road, London SW11 www.rarebookfairlondon.com 28 June – 4 July masterpiece The Royal Hospital Chelsea London SW3 www.masterpiecefair.com 6–8 July melbourne Melbourne Rare Book Fair Wilson Hall, The University of Melbourne www.rarebookfair.com VAT no. gb 701 5578 50 Peter Harrington Limited. Registered office: WSM Services Limited, Connect House, 133–137 Alexandra Road, Wimbledon, London SW19 7JY. Registered in England and Wales No: 3609982 Front cover illustration from item 1 in the catalogue. Design: Nigel Bents; Photography: Ruth Segarra. Peter Harrington london Books to be exhibited at the Abu Dhabi International Book Fair 2018 Section 1 The Arab and Islamic World: items 1–66 Section 2 Arabian and Persian language and literature: items 67–98 Section 3 Important Books from the Western World: items 99–126 mayfair chelsea Peter Harrington Peter Harrington 43 Dover Street 100 Fulham Road London w1s 4ff London sw3 6hs uk 020 3763 3220 uk 020 7591 0220 eu 00 44 20 3763 3220 eu 00 44 20 7591 0220 usa 011 44 20 3763 3220 usa 011 44 20 7591 0220 www.peterharrington.co.uk 1 a wealthy and high-ranking patron as a token of authority The Arab and Islamic World instead of an item for everyday use. provenance: formerly in the collection of Captain R. G. 1 Southey (d. 1976). AL-JAZULI (Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn £7,500 [124658] Sulayman ibn Abu Bakr al-Jazuli al-Simlali). Dala’il al-Khayrat (Guides to Goodness), with two Highly detailed and copiously illustrated survey of the illuminated depictions of the holy cities of Mecca and Bakuvian oil industry Medina. -
3123 Women's Rebellion in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh
WOMEN'S REBELLION IN FERDOWSI'S SHAHNAMEH PJAEE, 18 (7) (2021) WOMEN'S REBELLION IN FERDOWSI'S SHAHNAMEH Roghaye Habibi1, Abdollah Toloei-Azar2* 1 PhD student of Persian Language and Literature, Area of Interest: Epic Literature, Urmia University: [email protected] 2Assistant Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature, Urmia University: [email protected] *Corresponding author Roghaye Habibi, Abdollah Toloei-Azar: Women's Rebellion in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh - - Palarch’s Journal Of Archaeology Of Egypt/Egyptology 18(7), ISSN 1567-214x Keywords: Rebellion, Women, Revolt, Epic, Myth, Good, Evil ABSTRACT Rebellion is one of the founding principles of Iranian myths and epics arising from the struggles between eternal dualities and conflicts of good and evil. This article aims to review the rebellion of women in the Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. The research method is descriptive- analytical. The article concludes that human rebellion requires some means and components to justify it. The components widely used in epics include avenge, ambition, and love, each initiating rebellion by men and women. INTRODUCTION Like Iran, the myths of different nations are founded on the struggle between duality of good and evil which result from the rebellion of evil forces and their revolt. The good frontier in this battle grapple with the evil to defeat their revolt. Most thinkers even before Socrates, including Hesiod, saw the world as a battleground between opposing forces; however, this war of foes, according to Hesiod, will end with the victory of Zeus and the dominance of justice over oppression. According to Anaximander, justice regulates the material opposing relations originating from an indefinite state (Gaiman, 2002: 132). -
Mamluk’ Architecture
Abstract art and communication in ‘Mamluk’ architecture Continuation of Volume I By Jane Jakeman Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Oxford 1993 ABBREVIATIONS AL-BUKHARI + Comms. Muhammad ibn Isma'Tl al-Bukhari [Corpus of traditions with marginalia by al-Sindl and al-Qastallanl. No t.p.], Cairo, 1894. AL-AZMEH. A. Al-Azmeh, Arabic thought and Islamic societies, London, etc., 1986. AL-GHAZALI, Mishkat. Abu Hamid al-Ghazali, Mishkat al-anwar, ed. A.'Afifi, Cairo, 1964. ALLAN, Aron. J.W. Allan, Metalwork of the Islamic world, the Aron collection, London, 1986. ALLAN, Nuhad es-Said. J.W. Allan, Islamic metalwork, the Nuhad es-Said collection, [London], 1982. ALLAN, Sha'ban, Barquq. J. W. Allan, 'Sha'ban, Barquq and the decline of the Mamluk metalworking industry,' Muqarnas, II, 1984, pp. 85-94. ANNALES ISL. Annales islamologiques. ARNOLD. T. W. Arnold, Painting in Islam, a study of the place of pictorial art in Muslim culture, Oxford, 1928. A.S.A.E. Annales du Service des antiquites de PEgypte. ASTOR. R. Astor, The sources of Mamluk painting, [M.Phil.thesis] Oxford, 1981. ATIL, Renaissance. E. Atil, Renaissance of Islam, Art of the Mamluks, Washington, D.C., 1981. AYALON, Plague. D. Ayalon, The plague and its effects upon the Mamluk army,' J.R.A.S., 1946, pp. 67-73. 214 Abbreviations AYALON, Structure. D. Ayalon, 'Studies on the structure of the Mamluk Army,' B.S.O.A.S., vol 15, 1953, pp. 203-228, 448-476, vol. 16, 1954, pp. 57-90. BALDICK. J. Baldick, Mystical Islam, an introduction to Suftsm, London, 1989. -
The Treasureof Alexander
The Book of the Treasure of Alexander The Poison Edition Translated by Nicholaj de Mattos Frisvold and Edited by Christopher Warnock, Esq. Copyright © 2010 Nicholaj de Mattos Frisvold and Christopher Warnock All Rights Reserved Custom Bookbinding by Lawrence Yerkes Deluxe Edition Number One Contents Occult Virtue & Hermetic Philosophy 1 Alexander, Aristotle & Hermes Trismegistus 4 Notes on the Translation 5 Ibn Wahshiyya & the Poison Edition 6 Warning and Disclaimer 7 The First Art The Chapter of the Formation of Things 16 The Chapter about the Indications of the Two Benefic Stars 16 The Chapter about the Greater Luminary 17 The Second Art of the Process of Elaboration and Manipulation of the Three Elixirs Section on the Extraction of the Active Water, called Sapius 25 Extraction of the Second Water called Qurial 25 Extraction of the Third Water called Rarasius 26 Extraction of the Fourth Water that is extremely useful and is called Triras 26 Chapter about the Extraction of the Essence Deposited in the Strength of Mars 27 Chapter about the Purification of Arsenic 29 Another Chapter about the Purification of Arsenic, which is Easier than the First 29 Chapter of the Sublimation of the Purified Arsenic 30 Chapter of the Purification of Copper 30 Chapter about How to make it Whitish and make it look like Silver being what was Bequeathed by Hermes and to what Balinas also Dedicated himself 31 Chapter about the other Method of Whitening of Copper 31 Chapter about How to Soften Purified Copper 32 Recipe of the Great Softener Water to which Hermes