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L'hermès Arabe » De Kevin Van Bladel 335 « L’HERMÈS ARABE » DE KEVIN VAN BLADEL 336 « L’HERMÈS ARABE » DE KEVIN VAN BLADEL ET LA QUESTION DU RÔLE DE LA LITTÉRATURE SASSANIDE DANS LA PRÉSENCE D’ÉCRITS HERMÉTIQUES ET ASTROLOGIQUES EN LANGUE ARABE* (Marie Curie Fellow Emily COTTRELL of the Gerda Henkel Stiftung — Freie Universität Berlin) Thisreview-articleofKevinvanBladel’sstudyoftheposterity ofHermesTrismegistusinArabicmedievalliteratureattemptsto giveathoroughexaminationofseveralofthethought-provoking hypothesesofferedbytheauthoraboutthetransmissionofthe Greek treatises and fragments where the figure of “Hermes” appearsasanauthor.ThecentralrolegiventoMiddlePersianas thelanguageintowhichsomeGreekhermetica— astrologicalin particular— weretranslated,isdiscussed.Thisthesis,onceput forwardbythelateDavidPingree,isquestionedindetail,occa- sioninganevaluationofPingree’smethologyandhisinterpretation oftheArabicevidence.AnewtranslationofanextractofAbūSahl IbnNawbakhttransmittedbyIbnal-Nadīm—whichPingreeand othersreadashistoricalevidence—isprovidedandnewreadings aresuggested,pointingtoadifferentsetofinfluence(i.e.Man- ichaeanandEnochliterature,nexttothecommonlyacceptedlate Zoroastrian).Theauthor’sdismissalofanypossibleinfluenceof AlexandrianHermeticismonsuchscholarsasal-Kindī,Thābitibn Qurra,oral-MubashshiribnFātikisre-evaluated,andconfronted tothemethodologyofthebook. «Myth as a constituent of Arab-Islamic Culture has long been ignoredorevendenied.»** 1. Introduction L’ouvrage de Kevin van Bladel constitue l’édition abrégée et corrigée d’une thèse de doctorat soutenue à l’Université de Yale en 2004, où elle avait été dirigée par Dimitri Gutas.1) La thèse de Van Bladel s’inscrit donc dans la continuité d’une tradition prestigieuse d’études orientalistes au sein des- quelles le domaine des Graeco-Arabica (ou études consa- crées à la transmission en langue arabe de matériaux litté- raires, philosophiques, et scientifiques d’origine grecque) a atteint une place éminente. Il revient à Franz Rosenthal (m. 2001), qui avait dirigé la thèse de Gutas à Yale2), d’avoir établi ce domaine comme champ de recherches spécifiques en démontrant tout au long de ses publications la valeur des fragments arabes donnés comme traduits du grec en tant que témoins valides de la tradition, tant pour l’apport de maté- riaux nouveaux aux classicistes que pour une compréhension plus précise des difficultés inhérentes à la genèse de la « phi- losophie islamique ». Soulignons d’emblée qu’il reste beau- coup à faire pour rendre mieux connu et plus accessible ne * Review article of Kevin van Bladel, TheArabicHermes, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. Mes remerciements les plus sincères vont à M. Gorea, A. Schilling, M. Ross, C.H. Bull, A. Pirea pour leurs correc- tions et remarques. Les erreurs qui ont persisté sont les miennes. ** J. Stetkevych, MuḥammadandtheGoldenBough.Reconstructing ArabianMyth, p. ix (Bloomington et Indianapolis, Indiana Univ. Press, 1996). 1) Le titre de l’ouvrage (« TheArabicHermes ») sera abrégé AH dans les pages qui suivent et l’auteur sera parfois désigné de façon abrégée (« l’A. »). 2) D. Gutas, GreekWisdomLiteratureinArabicTranslation.AStudy oftheGraeco-ArabicGnomologia, New Haven, 1975. 998291_Bior2015_3-4_01.indd8291_Bior2015_3-4_01.indd 305305 88/10/15/10/15 009:069:06 337 BIBLIOTHECA ORIENTALIS LXXII N° 3-4, mei-augustus 2015 338 serait-ce qu’un corpus représentatif de ces textes, et ceci l’ouvrage s’avère dès lors démesurée, si tant est qu’elle ait alors même qu’ils constituent un jalon essentiel de la trans- été suivie : on ne trouve finalement pas trace dans l’ouvrage mission des idées tardo-antiques vers le Moyen Âge et la de l’histoire de la réception occidentale, sinon la mention des Renaissance. En abordant un choix de textes arabes médié- traductions européennes des Sentenceschoisies d’al-Mubash- vaux se rapportant à « Hermès » —parfois explicitement shir ibn Fātik et deux courtes références à Marsile Ficin.5) identifié à Hermès Trismégiste— Van Bladel se proposait Sur bien des points, la première et la seconde partie pré- d’apporter sa pierre à l’édifice. sentent des contradictions frappantes qui ne peuvent s’expli- Il va sans dire que les matériaux étudiés par l’A. sont quer que par l’absence d’une représentation claire de la part d’une approche extrêmement difficile. La postérité du dieu de l’A. de ce qui constitue le ou les corpus « hermétique(s) », grec Hermès et de son homonyme égyptianisant Hermès ainsi que de la chronologie et de l’origine des textes étudiés. « Trismégiste », ainsi que celle du dieu égyptien Thoth Plus gênant encore est le fait que ces contradictions relèvent auquel il fut assimilé, en tant qu’ « interprète » (Gr. her- pour beaucoup de la tendance à résumer des travaux anté- mèneus) et messager/scribe des dieux, s’étend sur une aire rieurs en en donnant des résumés détaillés sans toujours indi- géographique étendue, avec une permanence et une conti- quer pour chaque élément qu’il s’agit du même ouvrage ou nuité qui nous vaut d’avoir encore dans l’Occident moderne, du même article qui continue d’être « présenté ». Du même des groupes d’héritiers auto-proclamés.3) Néanmoins, et tout type de méthode relève le principe d’amorcer ces résumés en reconnaissant les difficultés sous-jacentes, il nous semble soit par une critique ferme de la thèse soutenue avant de que l’A. échoue dans sa démonstration : ni sa définition de l’adopter à demi-mot en conclusion (cf. AH, pp. 69-79), soit ce qu’il considère comme « hermétique », ni sa tentative par une adhésion aux hypothèses d’un ou de plusieurs auteurs de prouver que c’est le rôle acquis par Hermès dans la avant de conclure à l’absence de preuves (AH, pp. 27-40). « culture sassanide » qui fit entrer ce dernier dans le corpus 4 scientifique médiéval des Arabes ) ne nous paraissent 2. Définitions convaincantes. L’A. indique en ouverture du livre: « D’anciens récits Etroitement lié à ce problème de vision d’ensemble, la arabes mentionnent un sage égyptien antique dont le nom définition même de ce que l’A. considère comme « hermé- était Hermès ‟Triple en sagesse”, lequel aurait été le fonda- tique » ou relevant de l’« hermétisme » pose problème, teur d’une religion païenne avant le Déluge ainsi qu’un légis- comme il le reconnaît lui-même (AH, p. 21). Le parti pris lateur qui avait réalisé une ascension céleste l’ayant mené adopté consiste à rejeter les notions d’hermétisme et de gnos- jusqu’aux planètes et à la suite de laquelle il redescendit pour ticisme, au titre qu’elles seraient inadéquates pour désigner enseigner l’astrologie. » (TheArabicHermes, ci-après : AH, ce que nous ont conservé les traductions arabes.6) Selon l’A. p. 3). Aucun de ces thèmes ne sera toutefois abordé dans la la seule définition valide du terme « hermétistes » serait première partie de l’ouvrage (« Background », AH, pp. celle qui consiste à designer par là « les auteurs et les lec- 3-118), et il aurait été souhaitable que l’A. signale le fait que teurs originaux des anciens Hermetica » ajoutant aussitôt si ces éléments apparaissent de façon disparate dans les récits que le concept « lui paraît inadapté lorsqu il s’agit de dési- médiévaux, ils ne sont jamais juxtaposés dans un seul et gner les théories, les pratiques, les auteurs ou les lecteurs des même texte, pas plus qu’ils ne concernent dans ces mêmes “Hermetica arabes” un demi-millénaire plus tard » (AH, récits un seul et unique personnage mais trois homonymes p. 18). Ceci amène l’A. à considérer sur un même plan ce tous appelés Hermès. Ces éléments apparaîtront en revanche que l’on pourrait appeler les « légendes d’Hermès » et les dans la deuxième partie du livre (« History of the Arabic ouvrages qui lui sont attribués, faisant peu de cas de la ques- Hermes », AH, pp. 121-233), qui est sans doute la plus inté- tion des forgeries et de l’utilisation de légendes relevant du ressante. En effet, la seconde partie développe le mythe des folklore tribal dans des contextes de syncrétismes religieux, trois Hermès, dont l’A. pense qu’il provient de la lecture des sans parler des problèmes spécifiques relatifs à la tradition chronographes byzantins par l’astrologue Abū Ma῾shar (AH, alchimique ou à la magie. L’A. se propose d’utiliser le terme pp. 131-155), au détriment de la thèse traditionnelle de l’in- « hermétique » pour désigner tout « texte » attribué nom- fluence des Sabéens de Harrān. mément à Hermès ou le mentionnant, ce qui ajoute à un cor- Selon l’A., « les légendes d’Hermès et les livres qui lui pus déjà mal défini les simples mentions et citations rencon- sont attribués en arabe … font partie de la riche production trées au fil des textes et traités ésotériques. De même, de l’antiquité tardive, à partir de laquelle l’ancienne culture il désignera sous le nom de « tradition hermétique » la « tra- arabe, dans tous ses aspects, prend naissance… » (AH, p. 3). Il faut selon lui étudier aussi « l’arrière-plan des origines à 5) AH, pp. 5-6 ; 193-196. Ce choix du 15e s. comme date de l’entrée partir desquelles les Hermetica arabes [‟Arabic Hermetica”] de la littérature hermétique en Europe ne me semble pas justifiée. D’une sont nées et continuer jusqu’à leur célèbre réception dans part, le traité intitulé Asclépius, (i.e. le DiscoursParfait, Gr. logosteleios, e e connu en Latin aussi sous le nom de sermoperfectus) dont on pense qu’il l’Europe des 15 et 16 siècles. » (AH, p. 3). L’ambition de se rattache au CorpusHermeticum circule dès le 4e s. ap. J.-C. dans une traduction latine. D’autre part, l’intérêt pour l’alchimie (si tant est que celle-ci puisse être considérée comme englobée par « l’hermétisme », ainsi 3) L’étude de Ch. Burnett, « The Establishment of Medieval Hermeti- que le fait l’A.) en Occident est bien antérieur au 15e s. cism », in P. Linehan et J.L. Nelson (éds.), TheMedievalWorld, Londres 6) J. Dillon — que cite par ailleurs l’A. — écrit pourtant (TheMiddle et New York, 2001, pp. 111-130 est un point de départ nécessaire pour Platonists, Ithaca, 1977, p. 384) que le paganisme de l’antiquité tardive est toute étude de l’hermétisme médiéval. Sur la diffusion du mythe à l’Occi- une « mixture de pensée gnostique, hermétique et chaldéenne ».
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