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Mention of the Birth of the Messenger of God 4^ 16 Mention of the Birth of the Messenger of God 4► There related to us Ibn al-Muthanna-Wahb b. Jarir-his father, who said: I heard Muhammad b. Ishaq-al-Muttalib b. `Abdallah b. Qays b. Makhramah-his father-his grandfather, who said: (967) The Messenger of God and myself were born in the Year of the Elephant. He related: `Uthman b. `Affan asked Qubath b. Ashyam, a mem- ber of the Banu 'Amr b. Layth, "Who is the greater in build (akbar), you or the Messenger of God?" He replied, "The Messenger of God is greater in build than I, although I preceded him in date of birth (ana aqdam minhu fi al-mildd); I saw the elephant's dung, dark colored and reduced to a powdery form, one year after the beast's appearance. I also saw Umayyah b. `Abd Shams as a very old man being led around by his slave." His son said, "0 Qubath, you have the best knowledge; what do you say?" There related to us Ibn Humayd-Salamah-Ibn Ishaq-al- Muttalib b. 'Abdallah b. Qays b. Makhramah-his father-his grandfather Qays b. Makhramah, who said: The Messenger of God and myself were born in the Year of the Elephant, and we were coevals of each other. There was narrated to me a narrative going back to Hisham b. Muhammad, who said: `Abdallah b. `Abd al-Muttalib, the Mes- senger of God's father, was born in the twenty-fourth year of Kisra Anusharwan's period of power, and the Messenger of God was born in the forty-second year of his period of power.642 642. That is, `Abdallah would have been born, on this reckoning, in 5 5 5 and his son Muhammad in 573. The Birth of the Messenger of God 269 I was informed by Yusuf b. Mu'in-IIajjaj b. Muhammad- Yunus b. Abi Ishaq-Sa'id b. Jubayr-Ibn 'Abbas, who said: The Messenger of God was born in the Year of the Elephant. I was informed by Ibrahim b. al-Mundhir-'Abd al-'Aziz b. Abi Thabit-al-Zubayr b. Musa-Abu al-Huwayrith, who said: I heard 'Abd al-Malik b. Marwan say to Qubath b. Ashyam al- Kinani al-Laythi, 0 Qubath, who is the greater in body, you or the Messenger of God?" He replied, "The Messenger of God was greater in body than me, but I am older than him. The Messenger of God was born in the Year of the Elephant, and my mother stood with me by a pile of the elephant's dung, when it was crumbling away to powder, at a time when I was nevertheless able to under- stand what it was." There related to us Ibn Humayd-Salamah-Ibn Ishaq, who said: The Messenger of God was born in the Year of the Elephant, [968] on Monday, the twelfth of the month of Rabi' I. It is said that he was born in the house known as that of Ibn Yusuf. It is further said that the Messenger of God gave this house to 'Agil b. Abi Talib, who retained ownership of it until he died, when his son sold it to Muhammad b. Yusuf, brother of al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf. Muhammad rebuilt the house called that of Ibn Yusuf, and incorporated that new part into the house as a whole. Later, al-Khayzuran separated the new part from the house as a whole and made it into a mosque, which then came into use for public worship.6 There related to us Ibn Humayd-Salamah-Ibn Ishaq, who said: Among what people relate is the assertion-but God is the most knowing [about the truth]-that Aminah bt. Wahb, the Mes- senger of God's mother, used to relate that when she became pregnant, people came to her and said, "You are bearing the lord of this community (sayyid hddhihi al-ummah), and when he drops to the ground [from you], exclaim, 'I seek refuge in the One God- from the evil of every envious one,' and then name him Muham- mad." When she was pregnant with him, she dreamed that there came forth from her a light, by which she could discern the for- 643. Muhammad had made this house over to 'Ali's half-brother 'Aqil b. Abi Talib when he left Mecca on the Hijrah to Medina; with al-Khayzuran's purchase of it, the house returned to the family of Hashim. See al-Azragi, Akhbar Makkah, 422; Nabia Abbott, Two Queens of Baghdad, Mother and Wife of Harun al-Rashid, 1 18-19. 270 The Birth of the Messenger of God tresses (qusur) of Busra in the land of Syria.644 When she actually gave birth to him, she sent a message to the child's grandfather 'Abd al-Muttalib: "A baby boy has been born for you, so come and see him." He indeed came along and saw the child, and she told him about the dream she had had while pregnant with the child, what had been told her regarding him and what she had been commanded to call the child.645 There related to us Muhammad b. Sinan al-Qazzaz-Ya'qub b. Muhammad al-Zuhri-'Abd al-'Aziz b. 'Imran-'Abdallah b. 644. Busra or Bosra was an ancient town of the Hawran in southern Syria, to the south of the modem Jabal al-Duruz. At the time of Muhammad's birth it was an important center of Byzantine power and of Eastern Christianity. Muslim legend later made the Arabs' capture of Busra, the first town of the Byzantines to fall into their hands, into a sign of divine favor for Muhammad 's mission. It also had a continued fame as the place to which the youthful Muhammad is said to have journeyed in the company of his uncle Abu Talib and where he is said to have met the Christian monk Bahiri or Buhayra, who foretold the boy' s coming greatness as a prophet. See Yaqut, Bulddn, I, 441-42; Le Strange, Palestine, 425-26; T. Andrae, Die Person Muhammeds in Lehre and Glauben seiner Gemeinde, 38; M. Lings. Muhammad, His Life based on the Earliest Sources, 29-30; E12, s.vv. Bahira and Bosra (A. Abel). 645. Aminah bt. Wahb b. 'Abd al-Manif was from the Meccan clan of Zuhrah. Her apparently uxorilocal marriage with 'Abdallah b. 'Abd al-Muttalib was ended by the latter's premature death (see n. 662 below), and she herself died when Muhammad was only six years old, leaving him to his paternal grandfather's care. See E12, s.v. Amina (W. M. Watt). Popular belief and lore in early Islam attributed various supernatural details to Aminah 's pregnancy and the birth of Muhammad, including the story of the dream of divine radiance, "the light of prophethood," the averring that she was bearing "the lord of this community," and the remarkable ease of her giving birth to him, clean, with cut umbilical cord and circumcised, after which the infant placed his hands on the ground and gave thanks to heaven. See In Hisham, Sirat al-nabi, ed. Wilstenfeld,102, io6 - ed. al-Sagga et al., I,166- 67, 175, tr. 69, 72; Ibn Sa'd, Kitdb al-Tabagdt al-kabu, I/1, 6o-61, 63-64. On the topic of Muhammad's being born circumcised and the fact that , according to some traditions, Muhammad was only one of a series of prophets born circumcised, see Kister, ..... And he was born circumcised. ' Some Notes on Circumcision in Iiadith," 10-3o and esp. 13-16. Modem scholars have pointed out the resemblance of many of these details to the stories of the birth and early life of other great religious leaders. Thus the nut muhammadi parallels the old Iranian idea of the divine fortune or glory of kings, xvaranah, MP farrah, NP fart (see n. 232 above), which manifested itself, according to the account in the Drinkard, at the time of Zoroaster's birth, and the light at the births of Krishna and the Buddha, while the announcement of Aminah's forthcom- ing delivery of a child is like that of Mary glorying in her conception of Jesus in the Magnificat. See I. Goldziher, "Neuplatonische and gnostische Elemente im Hadit," 328-30; Andrae, Die Person Muhammeds, 28-33, 319-21; idem, Mohammed, sein Leben and Glaube, 28-29 The Birth of the Messenger of God 271 'Uthman b. Abi Sulayman b. Jubayr b. Mut'im-his father-Ibn Abi Suwayd al-Thagafi-'Uthman b. Abi al-'AS-his mother, who said that she was present at the Messenger of God's mother [9691 Aminah bt. Wahb's giving birth, this being during the night, and Aminah said, "What is this thing which I can see from the house, lighting everything up, and I can also see the stars drawing near me to such a point that I can say that they are falling on top of me. Ibn Humayd-Salamah-Ibn Islhaq, who said: People assert that 'Abd al-Muttalib picked up the child and took it along to Hubal,646 in the heart of the Ka'bah, and stood by him, praying to God and giving thanks for what He had vouchsafed him. Then he went forth with the child and handed him over to his mother. He sought out for the child foster mothers, 647 and asked a woman to foster him, one from the Banu Sa'd b. Bakr called Ilallmah bt. AbI Dhu'ayb, Abu Dhu'ayb being 'Abdallah b.
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