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Carbonate Formation Mechanism in Paleosol Sediments of the Bohai Sea Coastal Zone, China

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Carbonate Formation Mechanism in Paleosol Sediments of the Bohai Sea Coastal Zone, China Arabian Journal of Geosciences (2018) 11: 584 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-3922-7 ORIGINAL PAPER Carbonate formation mechanism in paleosol sediments of the Bohai Sea coastal zone, China Shuhuan Du1 & Baosheng Li2 & Rong Xiang1 & Dongfeng Niu3 & Yuejun Si4 Received: 6 April 2017 /Accepted: 17 September 2018 /Published online: 2 October 2018 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2018 Abstract The Bohai Sea coastal zone of China consists of the Pacific Ocean to the east and Eurasia to the west; hence, this region is influenced by both the ocean and continental landmasses. The carbonate formation mechanism of eolian sediment within this area is poorly understood. The loess-paleosol sediments of the Miaodao stratigraphical section (MDS) contain a record of carbonate changes in this region during the last interglacial period. New insights into regional carbonate formation mechanisms since the last interglacial period were obtained by analyzing the ages of various sedimentary facies in combination with proxy paleocli- matic indices (including average grain size, standard deviation, CaCO3 content, and clay minerals), as well as via foraminiferal analysis. The results led to three principal findings: (1) The carbonate content change in the MDS was neither controlled by grain size nor affected by minerals. The carbonate change controlled by precipitate leaching in the Loess Plateau region cannot explain the eolian sediments within the Bohai Sea coastal zone. (2) Various subsections contain obvious carbonate content changes caused by foraminiferal deposits atop the eolian sediments, which were deposited by storm surges during a high sea-level period. This increased the carbonate content in the eolian sediments and restricted the carbonate content in the Bohai Sea coastal zone. (3) Newly detected foraminifera of the last interglacial period on the eolian sediment of the MDS were the main source of carbonate content, providing a new understanding of the carbonate formation mechanism in eolian sediments different from that of the Loess Plateau. Keywords Bohai Sea coastal zone . Eolian sediments . Carbonate content . Sea level change . Foraminiferal fossils . Formation mechanism Introduction Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article Carbonate has been used as an important indicator in (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-3922-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Quaternary climatic research since the early 1960s. In these studies, deep-sea sediments of the glacial (interglacial) period * Shuhuan Du that contain high (low during the interglacial) carbonate con- [email protected] tent were referred to as Pacific-type sediments, whereas those sediments of the glacial (interglacial) period with low (high 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South during the interglacial) carbonate content were known as China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou 510301, People’s Atlantic-type sediments (Elderfield 2002;Haysetal.1969). Republic of China Both types indicate that carbonate content is altered by climat- 2 Department of Geography, South China Normal University, ic change. The importance of carbonate indicators is apparent Guangzhou 510631, People’sRepublicofChina in deep-sea and continental sediments, particularly in eolian 3 Physical Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal sediments such as the loess of China. Carbonate in this loess is University, Zhanjiang 524048, People’s Republic of China a result of primary and secondary processes. Native sediments 4 School of Geography and Planning, Guangxi Teachers Education of the desert and Gobi regions include detrital carbonate, University, Nanning 530001, People’sRepublicofChina 584 Page 2 of 12 Arab J Geosci (2018) 11: 584 whereas a secondary carbonate process that occurs after the Geological setting weathering of the loess deposit formation (i.e., migration and deposition) is influenced mainly by precipitation (Zhao 1993). The geological structure in the study area belongs to East Carbonates in eolian loess sediments within the region of the Shandong South Liaoning land; the bedrock is mainly East Asian monsoon have been used both as indicators of Sinian quartzite with some phyllite and slate. Hills in the inner ancient environmental change and for reconstruction of envi- islands have an elevation of approximately 100 m, and there ronmental evolution and changes (Diao and Wen 1995;Liu are mostly gravel beaches along the coast (Cao et al. 1993). 1985;Zhao1999, 2002; Xie et al. 2003). This index has also The climate in the Miaodao Archipelago is a warm temperate been applied effectively to other eolian sediments such as zone monsoon climate, with 200 to 220 frost-free days and an loess and desert transitional zones (Wang et al. 2012; Guo average annual temperature of 11–12 °C. The coldest month is et al. 2015) and even applied in the Bohai Sea coastal zone, January with an average temperature from − 3to− 4 °C, and where sediments have been classified as eolian (Cao et al. the most thermidor is August with an average temperature of 1987, 1993;Li1987) in the same latitudinal zone of China. 24–26 °C. The average annual rainfall is 700–800 mm; ap- Wang et al. (2007) studied the magnetic and carbonate con- proximately 81% of the annual precipitation occurs during the tents of loess sediments within the coastal zone and reported summer and autumn and 19% during the winter and spring four previous climatic fluctuations in this area. However, it (Shandong Changdao County Compilation Committee 1990). was noted that because the carbonate levels in the sediment The section of the MDS used in this study is at 37° 56′ eluviations varied significantly, they could not be used to in- 31.9″ N, 120° 40′ 35.9″ E, at an elevation of 17 m above sea dicate paleoclimatic and environmental changes. The CaCO3 level in the northwest region of the Miaodao Archipelago in content in loess regions is affected mainly by eluviation. the Bohai Sea (Fig. 1). At this site, approximately 6.5 m of Under this mechanism, the effect of leaching during cold Quaternary sediments rests on an unconformity atop a weath- and dry periods is weak, which is reflected in the high ered granitoid crust (Fig. 1). In this study, we only discuss the CaCO3 content of the loess. Conversely, leaching has a strong subsection MDS5, with sedimentary sequences with depths effect during warm and humid paleosol periods is represented ranging from 3.4 to 6.3 m and a total of five identified layers by the low CaCO3 content in the loess (Liu 1985;Lv1981). as follows: MDS5a, MDS5b, MDS5c, MDS5d, and MDS5e. However, this theoretical model is not applicable to carbon- MDS5a, MDS5c, and MDD5e are three paleosols, and ates in coastal eolian sediments. The coastal zone is a sensitive MDS5b and MDS5d are eolian sand (Fig. 2). area at the junction of land and sea; however, carbonate mech- anism of eolian sediments is poorly understood. Thus, a new carbonate formation mechanism for coastal zones is required Methods and materials to explain both the regional CaCO3 index and the carbonate index in coastal zones. Optically stimulated luminescence age test The Bohai Sea coastal zone consists of the Pacific Ocean to the east and the Eurasian continent to the west. Thus, this Using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), this study region is influenced significantly by both the ocean and the obtained five sets of age data from four layers in the MDS continent and it is highly sensitive to climatic change. The that represent the last interglacial period. The OSL procedure loess-paleosol sequences in the Bohai Sea coastal zone are was conducted using the Daybreak 2200 OSL reader at the an important eolian archive and, along with those on the edge OSL Laboratory of the Institute of Hydrogeology and of the Asian Gobi Desert and the Chinese Loess Plateau as Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological part of the East Asian eolian dust accumulation system, are Sciences, and the 1100B OSL instrument at the Isotope and also important for global particulate research; therefore, the OSL Dating Laboratory of the Department of Earth Sciences, stratigraphic record can be used to extract information regard- Sun Yat-Sen University (Daybreak Nuclear and Medical ing the features of climate, sea-level change, and the evolu- Systems, Inc., USA). The tubes of the OSL samples were tionary process of the East Asian monsoon. The Miaodao opened under subdued red light in the laboratory. The sample stratigraphical section (MDS) in the Bohai Sea coastal zone, surface at both ends of the tube was scraped away for mea- in which sediments have accumulated since the last intergla- surements of the moisture content, radionuclide concentration, cial period, was selected as the study area for this research. In and other proxies. Only the central part of the sediment was this study, we present and discuss the chronology established used for OSL dating to avoid any incidental exposure to light for the MDS based on OSL measurements of sediments in during sampling and transportation. combination with data showing the CaCO3 content, grain size, The samples were treated with 10% HCl and 30% H2O2 to mineralogy, and foraminifera. Based on our results, we sug- remove carbonates and organics respectively; this procedure gest a new explanation for the carbonate formation mecha- took approximately 15 to 20 days. Quartz minerals, extracted nism in sediments of the Bohai Sea coastal zone. using heavy-liquid separation with sodium polytungstate, Arab J Geosci (2018) 11: 584 Page 3 of 12 584 10°140E′ 12°200E′ 134 ° 40′ E 120°15′ E 120°56′ E 121°37E′ ′ 47° 30 N a b 38° 30 N CHINA ea Bohai s Yellow sea 40° 00′ N LZ908 B Changdao MDS5 section Miaodao Archipelago 32° 30′ N 37° 42 N Fig. 1 Location of the Miaodao stratigraphical section (MDS) and Changdao section were subsequently treated with 40% hydrofluoric acid for ap- silicone oil.
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