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Ortega, E., Cárdenas, D., Sainz De Baranda, P Ortega, E., Cárdenas, D., Sainz de Baranda, P. & Palao, J. M. (2006). Analysis of the final actions used in basketball during formative years according to player's position. Journal of Human Movement Studies. 50(4), 421­437. [Doc] Title: Analysis of the final actions used in basketball during formative years according to player's position Ortega, E. 1 ; Cárdenas, D. 2 ;Sainz de Baranda, P. 1 ; Palao, J.M. 1 1 Faculty of Health, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences ­ UCAM Murcia, Spain 2 Faculty of Health, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences – University of Granada, Spain Address for correspondence: Enrique Ortega Toro Catholic University of St. Anthony Faculty of Health, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Campus de Los Jerónimos 30107 Guadalupe (Murcia, Spain) e­mail: [email protected] 1 ANALYSIS OF THE FINAL ACTIONS USED IN BASKETBALL DURING FORMATIVE YEARS ACCORDING TO PLAYER'S POSITION Summary The purpose of this study was to analyse and compare the way that players end their ball possessions during competition in formative years according to player position. One hundred eighty­four under­16 basketball players (37 point­guards, 32 off­guards, 61 small­forwards, 21 power­forwards, and 36 centers) were analysed during 24 games. The analysed variables were: shots, passes, interceptions or steals, interruptions, violations, personal fouls received, personal fouls committed, jump balls, and other actions. The results show differences in the shot actions, as the point­guards and power­forwards shoot the most often and have the best percentage in two­point shots and free­throws. In three­points shots, the point­guards shoot the most often and have the best percentage. Also, differences between the point­guards and the rest of the player in the number of passes, steals and violations are found. The data show differences between point­guards and power­forwards with the rest of the players in the personal fouls received and the points made. These results show the use of play styles of senior teams in formation years, in which each player is specialised in specific actions. These results show the necessity of adapting game style and rules to the characteristics of the youth players and not vice­versa. Key Words: Match analysis Basketball Children Player's position Final actions 2 Introduction Match analysis in basketball through observation has been a determinant step in gaining knowledge of the game. This gives information to the coaches, players, etc. and removes subjective opinion (Hughes, 1996; Karipidis, Fotinakis, Taxildaris & Fatouros, 2001). The rigours and scientific analysis permit two fundamental objectives: 1) improve knowledge of the game (Sampaio, 2002; Sampaio and Janeira, 2003); and 2) provide useful information to organise and design a teaching or training process (Hughes, 1996; Tsitskaris, Theoharopoulos, Galanis & Nikopoulou, 2002). Match analysis helps to create adequate training methods and competition systems adapted to the players in their different formative phases. Many studies have analyzed the average values of teams and described what happens in competition. These data allow planning and designing of tasks and sessions adapted to the competitive experiences. With respect to the analyzed population, most of these studies are done on professional and semi­professional teams (Brandão, Janeira & Sampaio, 2002; Carlin, 1996; Chatterjee & Lehmann, 1997; Chatterjee & Yilmaz, 1999; Christoforidis, Papadimitrou, Taxildaris, Aggelousis & Gourgoulis, 2000; Dizdar, Trninic & Milanovic, 1997; Fotinakis, Karipidis & Taxildaris, 2002; Ibáñez, Sampaio, Sáenz­López, Giménez & Janeira, 2003; Ittenbach, 1995; Karipidis et al., 2001; Lorenzo, Gómez and Sampaio, 2003; Papadimitriou, Taxildaris, Derri & Mantis, 1999; Perkins, 1999; Sampaio & Janeira, 2003; Schmidt & Braun, 2004; Schwertman, Schenk & Holbrook, 1996; Taxildaris, et al. 2001; Tsamourtzis & Athanasiou, 2004; Tsamourtzis, Salonikidis, Taxildaris & Mawromatis, 2002; Tsamourtzis & Taxildaris, 2001; Tsitskaris et al., 2002; Turcoliver, 1997; Wardrop, 1998) while fewer number of studies on team in formative years are found (Almeida, 1999; Brandao, 1999; Cruz & Tavares, 1998; Ferreira, 2001; Kozar, Vaughn, Whitfield & Lord, 1994; Ortega, Sainz de Baranda & Palao, 2004; Swalgin, 1987; Tavares & Gomes, 2003). Most of the indicated studies analysed the final actions from a collective perspective. A reduced number of studies differentiated actions of some of the specific player's positions (Papadimitriou et al., 1999; Taxildaris, et al., 2001) or analysed the differences between the specific player's positions (Brandão, Silva & Janeira, 2003; Hajnal, 1990; Swalgin, 1987; Tsitskaris, et al., 2002). However, there are few studies in which the different variables are studied in formative years according to player's position. Because of this, the objective of the present research was to analyse and compare the way that players end ball possessions during competition in formative years according to player's position. The purpose was to give reference values for planning practice and designing game style and competition systems adequate for the 3 characteristics of players in formative years. Method Sample The sample was 184 male basketball players (37 point­guards, 32 off­guards, 59 forwards, 21 power­forwards and 35 centers) of 16 teams. The players had an average age of 15.6±0.2 years. The actions of the players were analysed in 3897 attack phases, corresponding to the 24 games of the men’s under­16 finals of the Championship of Andalusia (Spain). Measures The registered and analysed variables were: player position (point­guard, off­guard, forward, power­forward, and center) and final actions. The final actions were divided into the following categories: a) shots; b) passes; c) interceptions or steals; d) interruptions; e) violations (rules 17.3.1, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, and 30); f) personal fouls received by the player with the ball; g) personal fouls committed by the player with the ball; h) jump balls; and i) other actions (rule 46.6, actions against the team with the ball but not against on the player with the ball, as such personal foul, technical or disqualifying, three seconds rule, 24 seconds rule, and beneficial action for the team that controls the ball not done by the player with the ball). Observer training took place before data collection following the methodology described by Behar (1993). Four observers participated and had a minimum inter­observer reliability index of 0.95 (intraclass correlation coefficient and Kappa index). Statistical Analysis A descriptive analysis of the different variables was carried out. Then, to determine the differences between player positions, a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), an univariate F­Test, and a multiple comparison Hoc Scheffé (when assuming equal variance) and Dunnett´s T3 (when assuming in­equal variance) were done. To compare the differences between averages of simple pairings the Repeated Measures Test was used. Statistical significance was set at p<.05. Results Table 1 shows the differences in final action realised by position during the championship. In all cases, the pass 4 was the action most used to end the ball possession [F8,177=44.239, p<.001], followed by the shot, personal foul received, and steals. In the rest of the actions, differences in the final action related to player's position can be seen. Table 1 Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) showed that player's position had a significant effect on the final action. Pillais was statistically significant differences among players of different positions on the final action [F32,700=2.565, p<.001]. The univariate F­Test showed statistically significant differences between the different positions in: ● Number of shot attempts [F4,179=2.356, p<.05]. Dunnett´s T3 multiple comparison tests showed significant differences (p.<05) between two groups: the group formed by small forwards, power­forwards, and off­guards; and the group formed by point­guards and centers. This last group made a higher number of shots in competition. ● Number of passes made [F4,179=8.772, p<.001]. Dunnett´s T3 multiple comparison tests showed significant differences between the point­guards and the rest of the players (p<.01). ● Number of steals made [F4,179=10.437, p<.001]. Dunnett´s T3 multiple comparison tests showed significant differences between the point­guards and the rest of the players (p<.01). ● Number of violations made [F4,179=3.987, p<.01]. Dunnett´s T3 multiple comparison tests showed significant differences between the point­guards and the small­forwards (p<.01). ● Number of personal fouls received [F4,179=3.833, p<.01]. Dunnett´s T3 multiple comparison tests showed significant differences between both point­guards and centers with the rest of players (p<.050). Table 2 With respect to the shot type (free­throw, two­point, or three­point), table 2 shows the frequency and efficacy percentages of shot types taken. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) showed that the player's position had a significant effect on the shot action. Pillais was statistically significant differences among players of 5 different position on shot type [F9,171=77.033, p<.001]. In the two­point shot, the centers were the players that had both the highest number of attempts and successful shots. The univariate F­Test showed statistically significant differences between the different players in shot attempts [F4,179=2.503, p<.05] and scored shots [F4,179=3.014, p<.01]. Scheffé´s multiple comparison tests showed significant differences in the number of shot attempts (p<.05) and scored shots (p<.05) between two groups of players: off­guards, small­forwards and power­forwards; and point­guards and centers. In relation to the three­point shot, table 2 shows that point guards were the players that had the highest number of attempted and scored shots. The univariate F­Test showed statistically significant differences between the different player positions in attempts shots [F4,179=7.109, p<.001], scored shot [F4,179=5.927, p<.001] and the efficacy percentage [F4,179=3.724, p<.01].
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