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Addition of Branched-Chain Amino Acids Can Reverse Propyrisulfuron-Induced Acetolactate Synthase (ALS) and Grow

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Addition of Branched-Chain Amino Acids Can Reverse Propyrisulfuron-Induced Acetolactate Synthase (ALS) and Grow See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303754025 Addition of Branched-Chain Amino Acids Can Reverse Propyrisulfuron-Induced Acetolactate Synthase (ALS) and Grow.... Article in Philippine Agricultural Scientist · December 2015 CITATIONS READS 0 135 6 authors, including: Kevin Salamanez Aurora M. Baltazar University of the Philippines Los Baños University of the Philippines Los Baños 11 PUBLICATIONS 2 CITATIONS 30 PUBLICATIONS 298 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Marivic S Lacsamana Abdelbagi M Ismail University of the Philippines Los Baños Consultative Group on International Agricultur… 11 PUBLICATIONS 9 CITATIONS 184 PUBLICATIONS 5,806 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Effect of flooding depth and pretilachlor rate on emergence and growth of three rice weeds: junglerice (Echinochloa colona), smallflower umbrella sedge (Cyperus difformis), and ludwigia (Ludwigia hyssopifolia) View project Basic Research (OVCRE-UPLB): Potential Allelopathic Compounds from the Leaves of Talinum paniculatum (Jacq) and Sphagneticola trilobata (L.): Isolation, Characterization and Bioherbicide Application View project All content following this page was uploaded by Kevin Salamanez on 16 June 2016. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. PHILIPP AGRIC SCIENTIST ISSN 0031-7454 Vol. 98 No. 4, 351–361 December 2015 Addition of Branched-Chain Amino Acids Can Reverse Propyrisulfuron-Induced Acetolactate Synthase (ALS) and Growth Inhibition in Three Rice Cultivars and Five Weed Species Kevin C. Salamanez1,*, Aurora M. Baltazar2, Evelyn B. Rodriguez1, Marivic S. Lacsamana1, Abdelbagi M. Ismail3 and David E. Johnson3 1Institute of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines 2Crop Protection Cluster, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines 3Crop and Environmental Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines *Author for correspondence; e-mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +63 49 536 2220 Propyrisulfuron is a new pyrimidinylsulfonylurea herbicide with a fused heterocyclic moiety. Similar to older sulfonylureas, propyrisulfuron inhibits the activity of acetolactate synthase (ALS), the enzyme involved in branched-chain amino acid synthesis. Previous studies have shown that ALS activity, and consequently, the growth of susceptible plants was inhibited when treated with propyrisulfuron. This study was conducted to determine whether or not the addition of branched chain amino acids to the growth medium will alleviate the inhibition of ALS activity and the growth of propyrisulfuron-treated rice and weeds. Visual assessment of injury, shoot height, shoot biomass, in vivo ALS activity and ALS content showed that addition of 100 mg L-1 valine, isoleucine and leucine significantly reversed ALS inhibition and resulted in recovery from ALS and growth inhibition of the propyrisulfuron-treated rice and weeds. Recovery of the weeds, which were more susceptible than rice, was more pronounced than that of rice. Addition of all three amino acids resulted in greater reversal of ALS inhibition and better recovery compared with addition of only two amino acids. Key Words: acetolactate synthase, Cyperus iria, Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa crus-galli, Leptochloa chinensis, Ludwigia hyssopifolia, propyrisulfuron, rice Abbreviations: AHAS – acetohydroxyacid synthase, ALS – acetolactate synthase, CPCA – 1,1- cyclopropanedicarboxylic acid, DAT – days after treatment, I – isoleucine, L – leucine, SDS-PAGE – sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, V – valine INTRODUCTION herbicides move via the phloem to all plant parts (Gunsolus and Curran 1996; Naylor 2002). In 1975, Weeds reduce yields by approximately 10% in George Levitt discovered the sulfonylureas, a group of transplanted rice and by 20–30% in direct-seeded rice herbicides which inhibit acetolactate synthase (ALS) or (Rao et al. 2007). In most Asian countries, the most acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS). Sulfonylureas were common weed problems infesting rice are grasses such as introduced commercially in 1982 for the control of weeds Echinochloa crus-galli, Echinochloa colona, and infesting wheat and barley and are now used around the Leptochloa chinensis; broadleaf weeds including world in all primary agronomic crops (Poston 1999). Monochoria vaginalis, Ludwigia octovalvis and Generally, sulfonylureas are effective against annual Ludwigia hyssopifolia; and sedges including Cyperus broadleaves and sedges, however, the more recently difformis and Cyperus iria (Pancho and Obien 1995; developed sulfonylureas have activity against grasses and Caton et al. 2004). perennial weeds. These herbicides work by blocking the Herbicides provide an economic and effective way to enzyme acetolactate synthase (ALS) (syn. help manage weeds (Lingenfelter and Hartwig 2007). acetohydroxyacid synthase, AHAS), which produces Herbicide use has increasingly been adapted in Asia since branched-chain amino acids needed to synthesize many countries are facing labor shortages as more and proteins necessary for plant growth. If ALS is inhibited, a more farm workers migrate from rural to urban areas continuous supply of essential proteins is hindered, thus, (Gianessi 2013). Selective herbicides inhibit specific the plant’s metabolic processes like cell division are shut plant physiological processes as target sites while crops down, resulting in mortality in susceptible plants (Mazur are relatively unharmed (Singh 2010). Herbicides that et al. 1987; Singh 2010). Zhou et al. (2007) found that prevent biosynthesis of amino acids are excellent in ALS inhibitors cause plant death due also to secondary controlling annual and perennial weeds because these effects such as buildup of 2-ketobutyrate or 2- The Philippine Agricultural Scientist Vol. 98 No. 4 (December 2015) 351 Reversal of Propyrisulfuron-Induced Growth Inhibition Kevin C. Salamanez et al. aminobutyrate, depletion of intermediates in the pathways of critical processes and disruption of photosynthesis, transport and respiration processes. Some sulfonylurea derivatives with a fused heterocyclic moiety have herbicidal activity not only against broadleaves and sedges but also against grasses as well as sulfonylurea-resistant biotypes (Tanaka et al. 2006). Propyrisulfuron (Fig. 1) [1-(2-chloro-6- propylimidazo[1,2-b]pyridazin-3-ylsulfonyl)-3-(4,6- dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)urea] is a novel sulfonylurea herbicide with a fused heterocyclic moiety developed in 2008 and registered for use in rice in Japan in 2010 (Ikeda et al. 2011a). In their evaluation of herbicidal activities of new sulfonylureas with fused heterocyclic moieties using whole-plant and ALS enzyme assays, Ikeda et al. (2011b) showed that propyrisulfuron effectively controlled Echinochloa species (grasses), Schoenoplectus juncoides, Cyperus serotinus (sedge), and Monochoria vaginalis (broadleaf) at 70 and 140 g a.i. ha-1 with good selectivity to rice. Propyrisulfuron can also control weed biotypes that have developed resistance to the older sulfonylurea herbicides (Ikeda et al. 2011a; Kramer et al. 2012). Results of our previous study (Salamanez 2012) concurred with those of Tanaka et al. (2006) and Ikeda et al. (2011b), confirming the herbicidal activity of propyrisulfuron against the grasses Echinochloa crus- galli, Echinochloa colona and Leptochloa chinensis, the sedge Cyperus iria and the broadleaf weed Ludwigia Fig. 1. Structure of propyrisulfuron. hyssopifolia. We found that propyrisulfuron inhibited in vivo and in vitro ALS activity and reduced ALS content in concentrate (SC)] was obtained from Sumitomo these weeds, with a corresponding reduction in growth Chemicals, Inc. All studies were conducted at the (Salamanez 2012). laboratory and greenhouse facilities of the Weed Science In identifying that ALS inhibition is the site of action and Plant Physiology laboratories of the Crop and of sulfonylureas, previous studies have shown an indirect Environmental Sciences Division, International Rice method of determining the mechanism of ALS-inhibiting Research Institute (IRRI), Laguna, Philippines, from herbicides – that supplementation with the branched- December 2011 to December 2012. chain amino acids valine, isoleucine and leucine reversed growth inhibition in pea roots and seedlings treated with Seed Collection chlorsulfuron, an older sulfonylurea (Ray 1984; Tanaka Seeds of rice cultivars IR64, Azucena, and N22 were and Yoshikawa 1998). obtained from the TTChang Rice Genetic Resources This study was conducted to determine the effect of Center at IRRI. Seeds of the weed species Echinochloa addition of valine, isoleucine and leucine on in vivo ALS colona, Echinochloa crus-galli, Leptochloa chinensis, activity and growth of three rice varieties and five weed Ludwigia hyssopifolia and Cyperus iria were obtained species treated with propyrisulfuron. It aims to from the seed collection at the Weed Science Group at demonstrate if this newly developed sulfonylurea the Crop and Environmental Sciences Division at IRRI. (propyrisulfuron) will differ in older sulfonylureas, in terms of its effect when applied with branched-chain Preparation and Growing of Plants amino acids. Understanding the mechanism of action of Seeds of the three rice cultivars and the five weed species propyrisulfuron
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