DOCSLIB.ORG

In Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
In Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa) JEN 127 (2003) J. Appl. Ent. 127, 221–227 (2003) Ó 2003 Blackwell Verlag, Berlin ISSN 0931-2048 Spatial and temporal pattern of colonization of Nabidae (Heteroptera) in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) S. Roth Institute of Ecology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany Ms. received: October 9, 2001; accepted: August 26, 2002 Abstract: Six species of Nabidae (Heteroptera) were collected by standardized sweep net sampling in alfalfa fields in Thuringia, Germany, from 1993 to 1995: Nabis pseudoferus, N. ferus, N. brevis, N. major, Nabicula flavomarginata and Aptus mirmicoides. Colonization of a newly cultivated field was studied over a 3-year period. The density of all the studied nabid species was low (less than five individuals per 100 sweeps) and not related to time since colonization started, or to the distance from the margin of the field. Macropterous species were able to colonize the whole field within one season. The density of one macropterous species, N. pseudoferus, varied between the years of study and was mainly affected by the harvest regime. The brachypterous species reached the margin within one season but for density it took three seasons to reach satiated values also in the centre of the field. The abundance of the brachypterous N. brevis was significantly different both between years and sampling sites. This indicates the importance of the surroundings on the succession of this species. Nabis major, a fully winged species, showed a migration pattern intermediate to macropterous and brachypterous nabids. These results suggest that the total abundance of nabid predators cannot be predicted by time or distance from the expansion source (shelter belts). The abundance of brachypterous nabid individuals can be predicted from time since colonization but is best analysed at the species level. Key words: abundance, flight ability, migration, natural enemies 1 Introduction sition, overall density of nabid predators and density of individual species. Wing reduction occurs in 30% Nabidae are important predators in alfalfa, partic- of the European species of Nabidae (Lattin, 1989). Pimentel ularly on several Aphidae species ( and Because this may be important for the colonization Wheeler Neuenschwander Guppy , 1973; et al., 1975; , pattern, I examined the effect of flight ability separately Siddique Chapman Braman Yeargan 1986; and , 1987; and , for brachypterous and macropterous species. Any Elliot Kieckhefer 1990; and , 1990). The majority of these prediction of the abundance above the species level studies were restricted to American species but there are would considerably facilitate the monitoring of these Boness some studies concerning European species ( , natural enemies of pest species. A priori, I expected both Balogh Loska Geiler Bjegovic 1953; and , 1956; , 1963; , the number of species and their abundances of brac- Balarin Krotova 1968; , 1980; , 1992). A general review of hypterous species to show a decrease with increasing investigations of Nabidae in alfalfa and other crops is distance from refuge zones or field margins and an Lattin given by (1989). increase with increasing time available for coloniza- For biological pest control, it would be desirable to tion. No such dependence was expected for macropter- predict the abundance pattern of these important ous nabids since they can arrive at any point within the predators. For example, the immigration of predators crop. into crops from surrounding shelterbelts or semi- natural habitats affects pest control (Paoletti et al., 1997; Bowie et al., 1999) for several entomophagous arthropods including Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Cocc- 2 Material and methods inelidae and Araneae (Ro¨ser, 1988). For the Nabidae, there was an increase in the abundance in herbicide- 2.1 Sites and time of investigation Mommertz free strips of wheat fields ( , 1993). In The sample site was located in central Thuringia, Germany, Katz addition, et al. (1989) showed that isolated and included an alfalfa field (150 m · 100 m) that was agricultural areas were colonized by aphidophagous bordered by a meadow (150 m · 40 m), field paths and bare, arthropods including Nabidae within one summer. ploughed, land without any vegetation (fig. 1). The alfalfa In this study, the immigration of Nabidae into an field was subdivided into marginal (site M) and central (site alfalfa field was analysed for 3 years after the field’s C) sections with the adjacent meadow designated as a further initial seeding by recording changes in species compo- site (site AM). U. S. Copyright Clearance Center Code Statement: 0931–2048/2003/2704–0221 $ 15.00/0 www.blackwell.de/synergy 222 S. Roth Unused, ploughed land 2.2 Sampling Adult Nabidae were sampled using a standard sweep net (diameter 30 cm) at 3 · 100 sweeps per date and site. In Alfalfa Field grassland habitats, this semi-quantitative method allows X Center (C) comparisons between sites (Roth, 1999). 100 m Standard sweeping was carried out on eight sampling days at intervals of about 10 days between the end of July X Margin (M) and October in 1993 and 1994. In 1995, sampling was carried out on five occasions in August and September because of harvesting in June and September. Sampling Meadow X AM 40 m was not resumed after the second harvest in September 1995. Road 2.3Species 150 m Aspects of general taxonomy and biology of the species are given in Southwood and Leston (1959), Pericart (1987) and Fig. 1. Sample sites (·) in the investigated area with Lattin (1989). Nabicula flavomarginata and Nabis major hibernate in the egg stage, the remaining species as adults the surrounding environment. The distance between Pericart sample site AM (adjacent meadow) and site M (margin ( , 1987). of the alfalfa field) was about 30 m, and the distance between sites M and C (centre of the alfalfa field) was 2.4 Data analysis about 50 m The numbers of nabid species and individuals were compared with regard to sampling site (see fig. 1), the distances between Table 1. Cover of the most dominant plant species in sample sites and different years of the investigation. the margin (site M) and the centre (site C) of the The data were stepwise analysed with regard to: alfalfa field during 1993–1995 using the Braun–Blanquet • Nabidae as group (by pooling all species); scale • wing morphology of the species; • individual species Site M Site C anovass based on Generalized Linear Models (by using SPSS Species 1993 1994 1995 1993 1994 1995 10.0), were used to detect whether factor ÔtimeÕ (year of study) and factor ÔdistanceÕ (by comparing sampling sites) have an Medicago sativa 532555 effect on the number of sampled nabids. In order to fit to Arctium tomentosa r4 –+r normal distribution, data were log-transformed. Agropyron repens +21––– Artemisia vulgaris –+– – r – Convolvulus arvensis r1+–1– Dactylis glomerta –13––– 3Results 3.1 Abundance of all nabids pooled Investigations were conducted from July 1993 until Octo- ber 1995. The field was cultivated with alfalfa (Medicago Six species of Nabidae were caught. Their abundances sativa) in early spring 1993 and first cut in late November are listed in table 2. 1994, with subsequent cuts in June and September 1995. The As shown in table 2, there was no effect of time (by adjacent meadow (AM) was harvested at the same time as the comparing samplings of the years) and distance (by field but it had also been harvested in both late spring and comparing sampling sites) or its interaction on the autumn 1992. The management of the harvest regime of all total number of Nabidae by using anova (F ¼ 1.007, sample sites was determined by the farmer using the land, but no fertilizer and pesticides were used during the time of the d.f. ¼ 8, P ¼ 0.394). study. Only a few individuals of plant species other than alfalfa 3.2 Abundance pooled according to wing morphology were found in sites M and C in 1993. In 1994, the vegetation of site M changed remarkably due to lack of harvesting as The proportion of macropterous and brachypterous revealed by the species inventory for sites C and M (table 1). individuals was not different between the adjacent The vegetation structure of the alfalfa crop also changed sample sites M and C in 1993 and 1995 (the year markedly as a result of the absence of harvesting in the spring of frequent harvesting) (1993: v2 ¼ 1.45, d.f. ¼ 1, n.s.; and summer of 1994. Whereas during 1993 and 1995 the 1995: v2 ¼ 1.21, d.f. ¼ 1, n.s.). In 1994, the total vegetation was about 50-cm high, predominantly vertical in number of macropterous individuals decreased in the structure and with a large number of fresh leaves, during alfalfa field. In addition, the number of brachypterous 1994 the lowest 30–40 cm of vegetation became a dense layer of dry alfalfa stems with a dominantly horizontal structure. individuals increased at the same time at the margin of Fresh leaves and stems were restricted to the upper the field. As a result, the proportion of brachypterous 20–30 cm. The meadow (AM) was dominated by Arrhen- to macropterous individuals changed significantly 2 atherum elatius, Geranium pratense, Poa pratensis, Achillea between sites M and C (1994: v ¼ 7.10, d.f. ¼ 1, millefolium and Falcaria vulgaris. P < 0.01). Colonization of Nabidae in alfalfa 223 Table 2. Number of nabid species sampled and number of all macropterous and brachypterous species pooled in adjacent meadow (AM), margin (M) and centre (C) of alfalfa field in the 3 years under investigation 1993 1994 1995 M + C, in % M + C, in % Total Species AM M C of samples AM M C of samples AM M C number Aptus mirmicoides (BS) 1 1 0 28 0 3 2 38 0 0 0 7 Nabis brevis (BS) 8 8 3 71 4 17 2 100 14 15 13 88 Nabicula Flavomarginata (MS)000 0 000 25012 3 Nabis major (MS) 1 1 0 28 2 1 5 63 0 4 3 17 Nabis ferus (MS) 1 4 4 43 1 2 6 38 2 0 2 22 Nabis pseudoferus (MS) 16 11 12 85 4 7 3 68 7 4 6 70 All macropterous 18 16 16 7 10 14 9 9 13 112 All brachypterous 9 9 3 4 20 4 14 15 13 95 Total number 27 25 19 22 30 28 46 24 26 414 The occurrence of nabid species in alfalfa field (data of sites M and C combined) from 1993 and 1994 is expressed as percentage presence of the eight samples per year.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Building-Up of a DNA Barcode Library for True Bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera) of Germany Reveals Taxonomic Uncertainties and Surprises
    Building-Up of a DNA Barcode Library for True Bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera) of Germany Reveals Taxonomic Uncertainties and Surprises Michael J. Raupach1*, Lars Hendrich2*, Stefan M. Ku¨ chler3, Fabian Deister1,Je´rome Morinie`re4, Martin M. Gossner5 1 Molecular Taxonomy of Marine Organisms, German Center of Marine Biodiversity (DZMB), Senckenberg am Meer, Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 2 Sektion Insecta varia, Bavarian State Collection of Zoology (SNSB – ZSM), Mu¨nchen, Germany, 3 Department of Animal Ecology II, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany, 4 Taxonomic coordinator – Barcoding Fauna Bavarica, Bavarian State Collection of Zoology (SNSB – ZSM), Mu¨nchen, Germany, 5 Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universita¨tMu¨nchen, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany Abstract During the last few years, DNA barcoding has become an efficient method for the identification of species. In the case of insects, most published DNA barcoding studies focus on species of the Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Hymenoptera and especially Lepidoptera. In this study we test the efficiency of DNA barcoding for true bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera), an ecological and economical highly important as well as morphologically diverse insect taxon. As part of our study we analyzed DNA barcodes for 1742 specimens of 457 species, comprising 39 families of the Heteroptera. We found low nucleotide distances with a minimum pairwise K2P distance ,2.2% within 21 species pairs (39 species). For ten of these species pairs (18 species), minimum pairwise distances were zero. In contrast to this, deep intraspecific sequence divergences with maximum pairwise distances .2.2% were detected for 16 traditionally recognized and valid species. With a successful identification rate of 91.5% (418 species) our study emphasizes the use of DNA barcodes for the identification of true bugs and represents an important step in building-up a comprehensive barcode library for true bugs in Germany and Central Europe as well.
    [Show full text]
  • Biology of Natural Enemies at Greenhouse Scale
    SESSI O N III BI O L O G Y O F N A T UR A L E N E M I ES A T G R E E N H O USE SC A L E 41! ! 42! SESSION III Use of the predators Orius laevigatus and Aeolothrips spp. to control F rankliniella occidentalis populations in greenhouse peppers in the region of Monastir, Tunisia Mohamed Elimem, Brahim Chermiti /DERUDWRLUHG¶HQWRPRORJLHHWGHOXWWHELRORJLTXH,QVWLWXW6XSpULHXUAgronomique de Chott- Mériem 4042, Université de Sousse, Tunisia The use of Orius laevigatus and Aeolothrips spp. to control Frankliniella occidentalis in greenhouse peppers in Tunisia produced different results according to predator species and different doses and release frequencies. In the case of the predator bug O. laevigatus, the most effective dose was 1 individual per m! repeated three times with an interval of one week. Although O. laevigatus releases caused F. occidentalis populations to decrease for only one week, the predator was able to become installed in the crop and to proliferate. In the case of the predatory thrips Aeolothrips spp., no individuals were recorded in the pepper greenhouse even after the third release. However, the F. occidentalis population decreased to low average values of 0.42 and 0.06 thrips per flower as a result of the spontaneous colonization of individuals of O. laevigatus from other greenhouses. 43! SESSION III Evaluation of four lacewing species for aphid control in sweet pepper Gerben Messelink1, Chantal Bloemhard1, Hans Hoogerbrugge2, Jeroen van Schelt2 1Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture, PO Box 20, 2265 ZG Bleiswijk, The Netherlands; 2Koppert Biological Systems, PO Box 155, 2650 AD Berkel & Rodenrijs, The Netherlands Four species of lacewings were evaluated for control of the peach aphid Myzus persicae in sweet pepper.
    [Show full text]
  • 2018-19 Update to Industry
    Canadian Agri-Science Cluster for Horticulture 3 Update to Industry 2018-2019 Activity title: Evaluating biological control strategies for the tomato leafmining moth (Tuta absoluta), a potential invasive greenhouse pest in Canada Name of Lead Researcher: Roselyne Labbe, AAFC Names of Collaborators and Institutions: Cara McCreary, Greenhouse integrated pest management specialist, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture Food and Rural Affairs Dr. Sherah VanLaerhoven, University of Windsor, co-director of MSc student working on this project. Nature Conservancy of Canada Thames Talbot Land Trust Parks Canada Activity Objectives (as per approved workplan): 1. Field survey for native natural enemies of the tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (predators and parasitoids) 2. Establish rearing methods for predators and parasitoids 3. Define the life history, predatory capacity and biological control potential of new agents on greenhouse crops. 4. Identify and apply novel molecular tools for identification and monitoring of the tomato leaf miner. Research Progress to Date: Summary: The tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta, continues to represent one of the most important arthropod pests of tomato crops around the world. Recently, the pest has spread in its geographic range, including to Haiti as detected in June 2018, meaning it is closer than ever to continental North America (Verheggen and Bertin, 2019). In preparation for a possible introduction into this area, we have begun our investigation of potential natural enemies of this pest that may naturally occur in Canada. In this first project year, we have conducted surveys which have led us to the identification of multiple predatory species, including Phytocoris tibialis, Ilnacora sp. Nabis americoferus and Nabis roseipennis, which are likely to represent important predators of the tomato leaf miner in North America.
    [Show full text]
  • Hemiptera: Heteroptera)
    ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA MUSEI NATIONALIS PRAGAE Published 30.vi.2010 Volume 50(1), pp. 33–44 ISSN 0374-1036 An annotated catalogue of the Iranian Nabidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) Hassan GHAHARI1), Rauno E. LINNAVUORI2), Pierre MOULET3) & Hadi OSTOVAN4) 1) Department of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Shahre Rey Branch, Tehran, Iran; e-mail: [email protected] 2) Saukkokuja 10, FIN-21220 Raisio, Finland; e-mail: rauno.linnavuori@kolumbus.fi 3) Museum Requien, 67 rue Joseph Vernet, F-84000 Avignon, France; e-mail: [email protected] 4) Department of Entomology, Fars Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran; e-mail: [email protected] Abstract. The Iranian fauna of the Nabidae is summarized in this paper. In total, four genera (Alloeorhynchus Fieber, 1860, Himacerus Wolff, 1811, Nabis Lat- reille, 1802 and Prostemma Laporte, 1832), 22 species and subspecies are listed from Iran. Three of these species are new for the Iranian fauna: Nabis (Nabicula) fl avomarginatus Scholtz, 1847, Nabis (Nabis) rugosus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Prostemma carduelis Dohrn, 1858. Key words. Heteroptera, Nabidae, catalogue, Iran, Palaearctic Region Introduction Damsel bugs (Heteroptera: Nabidae) have a worldwide distribution and include approxi- mately 400 species in about 20 genera (KERZHNER 1981, 1996; KERZHNER & HENRY 2008). All known species are predators of adults and larvae of various stages and groups of insects, e.g., aphids, leafhoppers and lepidopteran eggs and young caterpillars. They may be commonly found on low herbaceous vegetation, shrubs and grasses (LATTIN 1989). They have not been used as biological control agents but are considered benefi cial in natural biological control. The classifi cation of the Nabidae is conjectural.
    [Show full text]
  • Sexual Dimorphism in Winter Survival Rate Differs Little Between Damselbug Species (Heteroptera: Nabidae)
    Eur. J. Entomol. 106: 37–41, 2009 http://www.eje.cz/scripts/viewabstract.php?abstract=1423 ISSN 1210-5759 (print), 1802-8829 (online) Sexual dimorphism in winter survival rate differs little between damselbug species (Heteroptera: Nabidae) STEFFEN ROTH1 and KLAUS REINHARDT2 1Department of Biology, Ecological and Environmental Change Research Group, University of Bergen, Postbox 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; e-mail: [email protected] 2University of Sheffield, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK; e-mail: [email protected] Key words. Winter survival, overwintering, low temperature experiment, sexual dimorphism, Nabidae, Heteroptera, Nabis rugosus, N. ericetorum. N. pseudoferus Abstract. The winter survival of three closely related univoltine heteropterans that overwinter as adults, Nabis rugosus, N. erice- torum and N. pseudoferus was investigated. After 150 days of low temperature treatment (3–5°C, 16L : 8D, r.h. 70–80%) more males than females died. The mortality rate ranged from 88.8 to 93.8% in males and from 54.2 to 60.7% in females. However, these sexual differences in mortality did not differ significantly across the three species and populations of different geographic origin. It remains a general question whether this considerable evolutionary stability in the sex-specific investment into reproduction and sur- vival phylogenetically conserved or frequently evolves anew to similar levels in separated populations and species. In Nabis rugosus, the relative loss of body mass during overwintering was up to 37.8%. This reflects dramatic somatic costs of adult overwin- tering and indirectly supports the hypothesis that food supply during overwintering is important for some heteropteran predators.
    [Show full text]
  • Population Development of Tuta Absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) Under Simulated UK Glasshouse Conditions
    Insects 2013, 4, 185-197; doi:10.3390/insects4020185 OPEN ACCESS insects ISSN 2075-4450 www.mdpi.com/journal/insects/ Article Population Development of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) under Simulated UK Glasshouse Conditions Andrew G. S. Cuthbertson 1,*, James J. Mathers 1, Lisa F. Blackburn 1, Anastasia Korycinska 1, Weiqi Luo 1, Robert J. Jacobson 2 and Phil Northing 1 1 The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK; E-Mails: [email protected] (J.J.M.); [email protected] (L.F.B.); [email protected] (A.K.); [email protected] (W.L.); [email protected] (P.N.) 2 Rob Jacobson Consultancy Ltd., 5 Milnthorpe Garth, Bramham, LS23 6TH, UK; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +44-01904-462-201; Fax: +44-01904-462-111. Received: 11 March 2013; in revised form: 23 April 2013 / Accepted: 25 April 2013 / Published: 15 May 2013 Abstract: Tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) is a major pest of tomato plants in South America. It was first recorded in the UK in 2009 where it has been subjected to eradication policies. The current work outlines T. absoluta development under various UK glasshouse temperatures. The optimum temperature for Tuta development ranged from 19±23 °C. At 19 °C, there was 52% survival of T. absoluta from egg to adult. As temperature increased (23 °C and above) development time of the moth would appear to decrease.
    [Show full text]
  • Heft 61 / 2021
    HETEROPTERON Mitteilungsblatt der Arbeitsgruppe Mitteleuropäischer Heteropterologen Heft Nr. 61 - Köln, Januar 2021 ISSN 1432-3761 print ISSN 2105-1586 online INHALT Einleitende Bemerkungen des Herausgebers. ................................................................................................................... 1 GREGOR TYMANN: Wanzenvorkommen (Insecta: Heteroptera) in acht ausgewählten Lebensräumen eines Grünzuges im Ruhrgebiet (NRW). ................................................................................................................................................ 3 LUTZ LANGE: Der Raupenjäger Pinthaeus sanguinipes auch im Kreis Steinburg (Schleswig-Holstein). ...................... 23 WOLFGANG H. O. DOROW, ANNALENA SCHOTTHÖFER & KLAUS P. VOIGT: Erstnachweis der Raubwanze ........................ Nagusta goedelii (KOLENATI, 1857) in Rheinland-Pfalz (Heteroptera: Reduviidae). ............................................... 24 WOLFGANG H. O. DOROW & ALEXANDER SCHNEIDER: Erste Nachweise von Holcocranum saturejae (KOLENATI, 1845) (Heteroptera: Artheneidae) in Hessen. .......................................................................................... 27 ANDREAS MÜLLER: Zweiter Nachweis und erster Belegfund von Holcogaster fibulata (GERMAR, 1831) in Nordrhein-Westfalen (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). .............................................................................................. 30 TORSTEN VAN DER HEYDEN: Erstfund von Zelus renardii KOLENATI, 1856 in Deutschland (Heteroptera: Reduviidae). 31 HANS-JÜRGEN
    [Show full text]
  • Copulatory Wounding and Traumatic Insemination
    Downloaded from http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/ on September 26, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Copulatory Wounding and Traumatic Insemination Klaus Reinhardt1, Nils Anthes1, and Rolanda Lange1,2 1Animal Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tu¨bingen, D-72076 Tu¨bingen, Germany 2School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia Correspondence: [email protected] Copulatory wounding (CW) is widespread in the animal kingdom, but likely underreported because of its cryptic nature. We use four case studies (Drosophila flies, Siphopteron slugs, Cimex bugs, and Callosobruchus beetles) to show that CW entails physiological and life- history costs, but can evolve into a routine mating strategy that, in some species, involves insemination through the wound. Although interspecific variation in CW is documented, few data exist on intraspecific and none on individual differences. Although defensive mecha- nisms evolve in the wound recipient, our review also indicates that mating costs in species with CWare slightly higher than in other species. Whether such costs are dose- or frequency- dependent, and whether defense occurs as resistance or tolerance, decisively affects the evolutionary outcome. In addition to sexual conflict, CW may also become a model system for reproductive isolation. In this context, we put forward a number of predictions, including (1) occasional CW is more costly than routine CW, (2) CW is more costly in between- than within-population matings, and (3) in the presence of CW, selection may favor the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases if they induce resource allocation. Finally, we outline, and briefly discuss, several medical implications of CW in humans.
    [Show full text]
  • As Heteroptera Show a Considerable Differentiatio
    Boll. Zool. agr. Bachic. 31 December 2004 Ser. II, 36 (3): 355-366 L. LIMONTA, P. DIOLI, N. BONOMELLI Heteroptera on flowering spontaneous herbs in differently managed orchards (*) Abstract - Heteroptera were collected on spontaneous herbs, during flowering, in two environments with different mowing management. The highest number of Heteroptera was collected on Medicago sativa, Daucus carota, Centaurea nigre- scens and Erigeron annuus. As foreseeable, a higher number of species was found in the environment less influenced by traditional farming methods and with a higher number of plant species. Riassunto - Eterotteri su piante spontanee fiorite in colture con diversa gestio- ne. Sono state considerate le specie di Eterotteri raccolte su piante spontanee, al momento della fioritura, in due ambienti con diversa gestione degli sfalci. Le pian- te su cui sono stati catturati più Eterotteri sono Medicago sativa, Daucus carota, Centaurea nigrescens ed Erigeron annuus. Come prevedibile, la località caratte- rizzata da un maggiore numero di specie è risultata quella con una maggiore ric- chezza botanica, meno disturbata dalle pratiche colturali. Key words: Heteroptera, herbs, mowing management. As Heteroptera show a considerable differentiation in food diets, they can offer a good measure of biodiversity; the richness in species in this Order is strongly related to the total insect diversity (Duelli & Obrist, 1998). In many crops Heteroptera repre- sent most of the total fauna; they are particularly abundant in unsprayed apple and pear orchards, where they form 30-50% of predators throughout the growing season (Fauvel, 1999). Many species are supported by moss and lichens, found on unsprayed trees harbouring bark dwelling insects, such as Psocids (Fauvel, 1999).
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Age-Dependent Parasitism in Eggs of Tuta Absoluta
    Journal of Insect Science, (2019) 19(3): 27; 1–6 doi: 10.1093/jisesa/iez040 Research Effect of Age-Dependent Parasitism in Eggs of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on Intraguild Predation Between Nabis pseudoferus (Hemiptera: Nabidae) and Trichogramma brassicae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) Marzieh Mohammadpour,1 Mojtaba Hosseini,1,3 Javad Karimi,1, and Vahid Hosseininaveh2 1Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran, 2Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj 77871-31587, Iran, and 3Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Subject Editor: Kris Godfrey Received 26 December 2018; Editorial decision 9 April 2019 Abstract The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is a destructive pest of tomato that can cause up to 100% yield loss. The predatory bug Nabis pseudoferus (Remane) (Hemiptera: Nabidae) and the parasitoid Trichogramma brassicae (Bezdenko) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) are natural enemies of this pest. Since the interaction between predators and parasitoids in different trophic levels including intraguild predation (IGP) can decrease or increase the efficiency of natural enemies, the effects of age-dependent parasitism of host eggs on IGP between these two species were investigated under laboratory conditions. In no-choice and choice preference tests, the predatory bug was exposed to 40 parasitized and nonparasitized eggs of different ages (24, 48, and 72 h old). Investigation of switching behavior was conducted using various combinations of tomato leafminer eggs (30:90, 45:75, 60:60, 75:45, and 90:30 nonparasitized:parasitized eggs) using eggs of different ages (24, 48, and 72 h old).
    [Show full text]
  • Predation Response of Nabis Pseudoferus (Hemiptera: Nabidae) on Untreated and Metarhizium Anisopliae-Treated Larvae of Tuta Absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechidae)
    J. Crop Prot. 2019, 8 (3): 311-322______________________________________________________ Research Article Predation response of Nabis pseudoferus (Hemiptera: Nabidae) on untreated and Metarhizium anisopliae-treated larvae of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechidae) Maryam Alikhani1, Seyed Ali Safavi1* and Shahzad Iranipour2 1. Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. 2. Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Abstract: Functional response is an important behavioral characteristic of prey- predator interactions that can be utilized for assessing impact of natural enemies. In this research, the functional response of Nabis pseudoferus Remane females was examined to the third-instar larvae of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) which were exposed 4 to LC30 (2.03 × 10 conidia/ml) values of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin isolate DEMI 001. Six densities of the prey (1, 2, 4, 8, 10 and 16) were exposed to the predator (0, 24, 48 and 72 h) after inoculation. N. pseudoferus exhibited a type II functional response to prey density in all treatments, indicating that predation increases asymptotically to a satiation level. The highest and the lowest attack rates (a) were 0.1052 ± 0.0440 and 0.0509 ± 0.0133h-1 for 48h and 72h post-infection treatments, respectively. Maximum theoretical predation rate (T/Th) was estimated 10.96 in control. Our results suggest that M. anisopliae and N. pseudoferus, can be a useful combination in pest management of tomato leaf miner, although it must be confirmed in field condition. Keywords: Functional response, Attack rate, N. pseudoferus, T. absoluta, M. anisopliae Introduction12 Ebrahimi, 2014; Ghaderi et al., 2017).
    [Show full text]
  • Studies of Organismical Biodiversity
    Part II Studies of organismical biodiversity 64 3 Animal diversity and ecology of wood decay fungi Contents 3.1 Methods of sampling arthropods in the canopy of the Leipzig floodplain forest 66 3.2 Arboricolous spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of the Leipzig floodplain forest – first results . 72 3.3 Species diversity and tree association of Heteroptera (Insecta) in the canopy of a Quercus-Fraxinus-Tilia floodplain forest . 81 3.4 Spatial distribution of Neuropterida in the LAK stand: significance of host tree specificity . 91 3.5 Ecological examinations concerning xylobiontic Coleoptera in the canopy of a Quercus-Fraxinus forest . 97 3.6 Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the forest canopy: species com- position, seasonality, and year-to-year fluctuation . 106 3.7 Diversity and spatio-temporal activity pattern of nocturnal macro-Lepidoptera in a mixed deciduous forest near Leipzig . 111 3.8 Arthropod communities of various deciduous trees in the canopy of the Leipzig riparian forest with special reference to phytophagous Coleoptera . 127 3.9 Vertical stratification of bat activity in a deciduous forest . 141 3.10 Influence of small scale conditions on the diversity of wood decay fungi in a temperate, mixed deciduous forest canopy . 150 65 Sampling design for arthropod studies 3.1 Methods of sampling arthropods in the canopy of the Leipzig floodplain forest Erik Arndt1, Martin Unterseher & Peter J. Horchler SHORT COMMUNICATION Window trap (Flight interception traps) Intensive entomological investigations have been car- Composite flight-interception traps (Basset et al. ried out at the Leipzig crane site in the years 2001 1997, Schubert 1998) were used to catch flying in- to 2003, to evaluate the diversity and distribution of sects (e.g.
    [Show full text]