DOCSLIB.ORG

Effect of Seed Storage and Seed Treatments on Seedling Growth of Garcinia Gummi-Gutta (L.) Roxb

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Effect of Seed Storage and Seed Treatments on Seedling Growth of Garcinia Gummi-Gutta (L.) Roxb Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(6): 3874-3880 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 06 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.706.456 Effect of Seed Storage and Seed Treatments on Seedling Growth of Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Roxb. in Ponnampet, Western Ghat Aditya Kumar Jayant1, N.M. Poonacha1, G.M. Devagiri1, Vijay Kumar Yadav2* and P.S. Chauhan3 1College of Forestry Ponnampet, University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga, Karnataka 577204, India 2Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar- Garhwal, Uttarakhand 246174, India 3College of Horticulture and Forestry, Jhalrapatan, Jhalawar, Agriculture University, Kota-326 023, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT K e yw or ds The experiment was conducted to examine the effect of seed storage and seed treatments on seedling growth of Garcinia gummi-gutta at College of forestry, Ponnampet in split Garcinia gummi-gutta, plot design in that seed storage selected as main plot and seed treatment as sub plot. In the Growth , Seedling, Seed storage, Seed present study seed stored up to 0, 30, 60, 90 days respectively with the eight different seed treatment treatments. In each treatment 30 seeds were used per replication. The study indicated that seed stored up to 6o days has significant effect on growth. Results indicates that seed Article Info treated with mechanical scarification of seed coat showed best growth while seed treated Accepted: with hydrogen peroxide and hot water treatment showed less growth. The overall result 30 April 2018 concluded that seed stored up to 60 days and seed treated with mechanical scarification of Available Online: seed coat found best for the seedling growth of Garcinia gummi-gutta. 10 June 2018 Introduction bark with an average thickness of 5.3 mm (Hegde et al., 1998). These trees grow up to Genus Garcinia belongs to the family an average height of 18 m and attain diameter Clusiaceae (Guttiferrae). It is composed of of up to 70 cm. Gacinia gummi-gutta trees are approximately 400-600 species, including dioecious, with a male to female sex ratio of dioecious evergreen trees growing in the 1:1. Trees of both the sexes usually commence tropical parts of the world (Steentolft, 1988; flower production when they are about 14 cm Richards, 1990). Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) in diameter. Male and female trees produce Roxb. is a moderate sized tree with round flowers from early February to April. Fruits canopy, drooping branches (Shringeshwara et ripen from June to August. Fruit is an al., 2000) and the trees have a dark, smooth indehiscent berry, pulp juicy and weigh about 3874 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(6): 3874-3880 80 g (Saldanha, 1984). The English name of and high yielding mother plants from nearby the tree is Malabar Gamboge. In Kannada it is estates in Ponnampet, Kodagu during month known as Simai Hunase, and Uppage of July. Seeds were extracted from the fruit of (Saldanha, 1984). The scientific name of the Garinia gummi-gutta and wash thoroughly to species is derived from a botanist Garcinia remove pulp. The experiment was conducted who described it in 1547 (Subhas, 1996). in split plot design with four replications in Garcinia gummi-gutta is also known as that seed storage selected as main plot and Garcinia cambogia, probably got its name seed treatment as sub plot. In the present study from the gum tree gummi-gutta or gamboges seed stored up to 0, 30, 60, 90 days used as pigment in miniature paintings and respectively with the eight different seed water colors (Bhandari, 1998). treatments. In each treatment 30 seeds were used per replication. Observation on growth Garcinia gummi-gutta, is a common medicinal recorded after 180 day of sowing for each plant, has been used historically to treat storage period. The data collected was respiratory infections such as sore throat and subjected to analysis of variance (adjusted for cough. The phyto-chemical constituents covariate) based on Split plot design using the include bi-flavinoid, xanthone and GENSTAT software (Genstat 5 Release 3.2) benzophenones and principle acid in the fruit after angular transformation of per cent values and rind is Hydroxycitric Acid (HCA) and square root transformation of count. The (Jayaprakash and Sakariah, 1998). The acid covariates considered for the analysis of has been found to suppress fatty acid covariance is Air temperature. synthesis, lipogenesis, and food intake and to promote glycogenesis, while inducing weight Treatment details loss (Jena et al., 2002). The sun dried rind of the fruit is astringent, antiseptic and purgative. Main plot- storage Due to its commercial importance several M1: Sowing of fresh seeds. farmers of the Western Ghats have shown M2: Sowing after 30 days storage. interest in bringing the species under M3: Sowing after 60 days storage. cultivation (Vasudeva et al., 2003). M4: Sowing after 90 days storage. Owing to these important properties the Sub plot - Seed treatments demand for the fruit has increased, which in S1 Control (soaking in water) turn has led to the unscientific and reckless S2 Mechanical damaging of seed coat exploitation. In rural areas of the Western S3 Acid scarification for 3 minute Ghats, people harvest the fruits even when S4 Treatment of kernel with 50 ppm GA3 they are green and there are also instances of after removal of seed coat severe loping of branches for easy collection S5 Cow dung slurry treatment for 48 of fruits. As a result, the species has already hours been declared as “threatened” as per the IUCN S6 Hot water treatment for 30 minutes guidelines (Ravi Kumar and Ved, 2000; S7 H2O2 (30%) treatment for 30 minutes Ramesh et al., 1997). S8 Fresh cow urine treatment for 24 hour Materials and Methods Observations recorded The present study was conducted at college of Root and shoot length (cm): Root and shoot forestry, Ponnampet, Kodagu district, length of seedlings was taken by the help of Karnataka. Fruits were collected from healthy scale after 180 days of sowing, the seedlings 3875 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(6): 3874-3880 were carefully uprooted with least disturbance Results and Discussion to the root from the soil. Root portion was washed to remove the soil. Shoot length was Effect of storage on seedling growth measured from collar region to the top most nodal region. The root length was measured The study revealed that the effect of seed from collar region to the tip of the longest storage on seed germination showed root. For each treatment one seedling was significant differences for growth parameters taken. except root length. Out of the different storage period tried, seed stored up to 60 days after Collar diameter (cm): Collar diameter of collection recorded the higher collar diameter, seedling was taken by using digital calliper. average number of leaves, root length and shoot length while the shoot weight and root Average Number of leaves: Leaves were weight were found maximum in seed stored counted after 180 days of sowing. up to 90 days after collection of seed. The minimum growth parameter were observed in Root and shoot biomass (g/plant): Dry weight fresh seeds except collar diameter which is of root and shoot were taken by harvesting one found minimum in seed stored up to 90 days plant from each of the replication for storage (Table 1). and seed treatment by keeping in hot air oven at 70˚ C for 72 hours. Table.1 Effect of seed storage on seedling growth parameters Storage Collar Average Root Shoot Root Shoot diameter number of length length (cm) weight weight (mm) leaves per (cm) (g) (g) plant b a a a a M1 2.06 8.80 13.92 11.67 0.61 0.93 (2.97)* c b b b ab M2 2.21 10.73 15.15 12.60 0.71 1.06 (3.28) c c b c b M3 2.25 11.92 15.71 13.44 0.75 1.12 (3.45) a a b d c M4 1.84 9.01 14.69 12.71 1.15 1.53 (3.01) Mean 2.09 10.08 14.86 12.60 0.80 0.60 (3.18) SEm± 0.04 0.09 0.47 0.27 0.03 0.13 LSD(0.05) 0.15 0.30 NS 0.92 0.09 0.17 *Values in Parentheses are square root transformed; LSD- Least Significant Difference NS- Non Significant, Figure with similar letters as superscript do not differ significantly 3876 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(6): 3874-3880 Table.2 Effect of seed treatments on seedling growth parameters Treatments Collar Average number Root Shoot Root Shoot diameter of leaves per length length weight weight (mm) plant (cm) (cm) (g) (g) c d b c c b S1 2.38 12.55 (3.54)* 16.62 13.21 0.74 1.34 c e bc d e c S2 2.63 13.68 (3.70) 17.37 15.58 1.23 1.77 b b a b bc a S3 1.66 8.68 (2.95) 10.25 10.71 0.57 0.59 c c c d e c S4 2.53 12.04 (3.47) 19.33 17.37 1.22 1.70 c c bc c d bc S5 2.41 12.22 (3.50) 18.62 13.63 0.93 1.53 a a a a ab a S6 1.29 5.16 (2.27) 8.92 8.54 0.40 0.40 ab a a a a a S7 1.42 4.89 (2.21) 10.58 8.46 0.36 0.31 c c b c d bc S8 2.40 12.17 (3.49) 17.21 13.33 0.97 1.60 Mean 2.09 10.8(2.19) 14.86 12.60 0.80 1.16 SEm± 0.10 0.10 0.73 0.65 0.06 0.12 LSD(0.05) 0.29 0.29 2.07 1.84 0.18 0.34 *Values in Parentheses are square root transformed; LSD- Least Significant Difference, Figure with similar letters as superscript do not differ significantly Fig.1 Effect of different treatments on germination per cent Plate.1 Influence of seed treatments on seedling growth in fresh seeds 3877 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(6): 3874-3880 Plate 2: Influence of seed treatments on seedling growth in seed stored for 30 days Plate 3: Influence of seed treatments on seedling growth in seed stored for 60 days Plate 4: Influence of seed treatments on seedling growth in seed stored for 90 days 3878 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(6): 3874-3880 Effect of seed treatment on seedling growth method for breaking seed coat dormancy.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Leprosy and Other Skin Disorders
    Copyright by Robert Joseph Gallagher 2014 The report committee for Robert Joseph Gallagher Certifies that this is the approved version of the following report: An Annotated Translation of Chapter 7 of the Carakasaṃhitā Cikitsāsthāna: Leprosy and Other Skin Disorders APPROVED BY SUPERVISING COMMITTEE: Supervisor: __________________________________ Donald R. Davis _________________________________ Joel Brereton An Annotated Translation of Chapter 7 of the Carakasaṃhitā Cikitsāsthāna: Leprosy and Other Skin Disorders by Robert Joseph Gallagher, B.A., M.A. Report Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment for the degree of Master of Arts University of Texas at Austin May 2014 Dedication To my wife Virginia and our two daughters Michelle and Amy, who showed patience and understanding during my long hours of absence from their lives, while I worked on mastering the intricacies of the complex but very rewarding language of Sanskrit. In addition, extra kudos are in order for thirteen year-old Michelle for her technical support in preparing this report. Acknowledgements I wish to thank all the members of the South Asia team at UT Austin, including Prof. Joel Brereton, Merry Burlingham, Prof. Don Davis, Prof. Oliver Freiberger, Prof. Edeltraud Harzer, Prof. Patrick Olivelle, Mary Rader, Prof. Martha Selby and Jennifer Tipton. Each one has helped me along this path to completion of the M.A. degree. At the time of my last serious academic research, I used a typewriter to put my thoughts on paper. The transition from white-out to pdf has been challenging for me at times, and I appreciate all the help given to me by the members of the South Asia team.
    [Show full text]
  • 74 Oil Seeds and Oleaginous Fruits, Miscellaneous Grains, Seeds and Fruit
    SECTION II 74 CHAPTER 12 CHAPTER 12 Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits, miscellaneous grains, seeds and fruit; industrial or medicinal plants; straw and fodder NOTES 1. Heading 1207 applies, inter alia, to palm nuts and kernels, cotton seeds, castor oil seeds, sesamum seeds, mustard seeds, safflower seeds, poppy seeds and shea nuts (karite nuts). It does not apply to products of heading 0801 or 0802 or to olives (Chapter 7 or Chapter 20). 2. Heading 1208 applies not only to non-defatted flours and meals but also to flours and meals which have been partially defatted or defatted and wholly or partially refatted with their original oils. It does not, however, apply to residues of headings 2304 to 2306. 3. For the purposes of heading 1209, beet seeds, grass and other herbage seeds, seeds of ornamental flowers, vegetable seeds, seeds of forest trees, seeds of fruit trees, seeds of vetches (other than those of the species Vicia faba) or of lupines are to be regarded as “seeds of a kind used for sowing”. Heading 1209 does not, however, apply to the following even if for sowing : (a) leguminous vegetables or sweet corn (Chapter 7); (b) spices or other products of Chapter 9; (c) cereals (Chapter 10); or (d) products of headings 1201 to 1207 or heading 1211. 4. Heading 1211 applies, inter alia, to the following plants or parts thereof: basil, borage, ginseng, hyssop, liquorice, all species of mint, rosemary, rue, sage and wormwood. Heading 1211 does not, however, apply to : (a) medicaments of Chapter 30; (b) perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations of Chapter 33; or (c) insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, disinfectants or similar products of heading 3808.
    [Show full text]
  • 2I Fireworks Contract.Pdf
    City Council Agenda: 03/222021 2I. Consideration of approving a two-year contract to RES Specialty Pyrotechnics for the Riverfest fireworks display for a total of $20,000 Prepared by: Meeting Date: ☐ Regular Agenda Parks Superintendent 03/22/21 Item ☒ Consent Agenda Item Reviewed by: Approved by: PW Director/ City Engineer City Administrator Finance Director ACTION REQUESTED Consideration of approving a two-year contract to RES Specialty Pyrotechnics for the Riverfest fireworks display for a total of $20,000. REFERENCE AND BACKGROUND The Annual Riverfest event is the largest city celebration of the year and is hosted by volunteer organizations within the City of Monticello. Since 2009, RES Specialty Pyrotechnics has been the fireworks vendor for the Riverfest fireworks display. Currently, RES Specialty Pyrotechnics contract has expired, and staff is asking city council to extend a two-year contract with RES Specialty Pyrotechnics. It should also be noted that the Monticello School District has granted permission to RES for use of the high school property for the fireworks show. Only one proposal was received due to the difficulty in comparing fireworks presentations without defining a price point. Budget Impact: The City of Monticello has been financing the annual fireworks display from the Liquor Store Fund with a 2021 budget of $10,000. I. Staff Workload Impact: Minimum staff workload impacts for fire department review and Public Works to work with the company to section off the staging area. II. Comprehensive Plan Impact Builds Community. STAFF RECOMMENDED ACTION City staff recommends approving a two-year contract to RES Specialty Pyrotechnics for the Riverfest fireworks Display for a total of $20,000.
    [Show full text]
  • Garcinia Cambogia Common Names : Citrin, Gambooge, Brindal Berry, Gorikapuli, Malabar Tamarind Synonyms : Gutta Gamba
    Dr. Supriya Dikshit Latin Name : Garcinia Cambogia Common Names : Citrin, Gambooge, Brindal Berry, Gorikapuli, Malabar Tamarind Synonyms : Gutta gamba. Gummigutta. Tom Rong. Gambodia. Garcinia Morella. Saskrit name : Vrikshamla, Kankusta Distribution : SE Asia, West and Central Africa, India Introduction : Garcinia gummi-gutta (syn. G. cambogia, G. quaesita), commonly known as Gambooge, Brindleberry, Brindall berry or Malabar tamarind, Goraka (Sri Lanka) is a subtropical species of Garcinia native to Indonesia. It is a small, sweet, exotic fruit native to South India and Southeast Asia. The yellowish fruit is pumpkin-shaped. Garcinia has garnered a lot of attention of late as a popular natural weight loss aid. The reason is that the rind of this pumpkin like fruit is rich in a substance called hydroxycitric acid / HCA, a principle extract of Garcinia cambogia. Garcinia is a source for a revolutionary natural diet ingredient which is currently a rage in America, Japan, Europe, and other western countries. Plant Description : Garcinia cambogia is a moderate-sized, evergreen tree and the flowers are unisexual, sessile and axillary. The leaves are dark green, shining, elliptic to obovate. It bears sweet-sour mixed fruits native to SE Asia and India. The fruit may resemble a small yellow or reddish pumpkin, or it may have a unique purple color. The fruit of Garcinia cambogia has been traditionally used in food preparation and cooking, having a distinctive taste. Garcinia has garnered a lot of attention of late as a popular natural weight loss aid. The reason is that the rind of this pumpkin like fruit is rich in a substance called hydroxycitric acid / HCA.
    [Show full text]
  • A Short History of 18-19Th Century
    A SHORT HISTORY OF 18-19TH CENTURY BRITISH HAND-COLOURED PRINTS; WITH A FOCUS ON GAMBOGE, CHROME YELLOW AND QUERCITRON; THEIR SENSITIVITIES AND THEIR IMPACT ON AQUEOUS CONSERVATION TREATMENTS Stacey Mei Kelly (13030862) A Dissertation presented at Northumbria University for the degree of MA in Conservation of Fine Art, 2015 VA0742 Page 1 of 72 Table of Contents List of figures……………………………………………………………………………………...…2 List of tables……………………………………………………………………………………….....2 Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………3 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………..………...…3 Research aims, methodology and resources………………………………………………….…....4 1. Aims……………………………………………………………………………………..…...4 2. Research Questions…………………………………………………………………..…...….4 3. Literature review……………………………………………………………………….....….5 4. Case Study Survey………………………………………………………………………..….5 5. Empirical Work……………………………………………………………………………....6 Chapter 1: A Brief History of Hand-coloured Prints in Britain………………………………....6 1.1 The popularity of hand-coloured prints…………………………………………………….....6 1.2 The people behind hand-colouring……………………………………………………..….….9 1.3 Materials and Methods……………………………………………………………………....14 Chapter 2: Yellow Pigments: A focus on Gamboge, Chrome Yellow, and Quercitron……….19 2.1 Why Gamboge, Chrome Yellow, and Quercitron……………………………………….…..19 2.2 Gamboge……………………………………………………………………………….....….20 2.2.1 History…………………………………………………………………………….…....20 2.2.2 Working properties…………………………………………………………………..…21 2.2.3 Physical and chemical properties…………………………………………………..…..21 2.2.4 Methods of
    [Show full text]
  • Medicinal Potential of Garcinia Species and Their Compounds
    molecules Review Medicinal Potential of Garcinia Species and Their Compounds Bruna Larissa Spontoni do Espirito Santo 1, Lidiani Figueiredo Santana 1 , Wilson Hino Kato Junior 2, Felipe de Oliveira de Araújo 3, Danielle Bogo 1, Karine de Cássia Freitas 1,* , Rita de Cássia Avellaneda Guimarães 1, Priscila Aiko Hiane 1 , Arnildo Pott 4, Wander Fernando de Oliveira Filiú 5, Marcel Arakaki Asato 6, Patrícia de Oliveira Figueiredo 7 and Paulo Roberto Haidamus de Oliveira Bastos 1 1 Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul-UFMS, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Brazil; [email protected] (B.L.S.d.E.S.); [email protected] (L.F.S.); [email protected] (D.B.); [email protected] (R.d.C.A.G.); [email protected] (P.A.H.); [email protected] (P.R.H.d.O.B.) 2 Graduate of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul-UFMS, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Brazil; [email protected] 3 Graduate of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul-UFMS, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Brazil; [email protected] 4 Laboratory of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Brazil; [email protected] 5 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul-UFMS, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Brazil; wander.fi[email protected] 6 Medical School, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Brazil; [email protected] 7 Laboratory PRONABio (Bioactive Natural Products)-Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul-UFMS, 79074-460 Campo Grande, Brazil; patricia.fi[email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +55-67-3345-7416 Academic Editor: Derek J.
    [Show full text]
  • Watercolor Substitution Cheat Sheet * = Lindsay Recommended Color
    Watercolor Substitution Cheat Sheet * = Lindsay Recommended color *Phthalo Blue (Strong cool-green leaning-blue) Prussian Blue (also look for that pigment) AKA Pthalo blue GS Cyan Blue or green shade. Cerulean Blue (if it looks dark: Mission Gold) Helio Cerulean **This colors is great for mixing green when Winsor Blue (Winsor & Newton) paired with a cool yellow. Intense Blue (Winsor & Newton/Cotman) Azure (Yarka/White Nights) Turquoise Indigo (deep cool blue grey) Indanthrone Blue Payne's Grey+Prussian Blue *Ultramarine Blue (warm, purple bias red) Colbalt Blue Pthalo blue Red Shade (not my fave substitute) **This color is good for mixing violet with a cool Poland Blue red or gray with burnt sienna. ***This color granulates for textured washes. Cerulean Blue (Less intense cool blue) Manganese Blue Phthalo blue + white Cinerous Blue (Sennelier) *Quinacridone Rose (Cool red with violet Alizarian Crimson undertones) Carmine **This color makes lovely purples and mauve Crimson lake with blues. Rose Madder (weaker than AZ) *Cadmium Red or Cadmium red light Vermilion (Warm red with orange undertones) Scarlet Napthol Red **This color makes beautiful oranges when mixed Bright Red/ Brilliant Red with warm yellows. Pyrrole Red Permanent Rose Magenta *Cadmium Yellow (warm yellow) Gamboge Cadmium yellow medium/Cadmium yellow deep Indian Yellow Permanent yellow deep **This color makes beautiful oranges when mixed with warm reds or peach with cool reds *Hansa Yellow Light (cool yellow) Lemon Yellow (cool yellow) Cadmium yellow light, pale or Cadmium
    [Show full text]
  • Perennial Edible Fruits of the Tropics: an and Taxonomists Throughout the World Who Have Left Inventory
    United States Department of Agriculture Perennial Edible Fruits Agricultural Research Service of the Tropics Agriculture Handbook No. 642 An Inventory t Abstract Acknowledgments Martin, Franklin W., Carl W. Cannpbell, Ruth M. Puberté. We owe first thanks to the botanists, horticulturists 1987 Perennial Edible Fruits of the Tropics: An and taxonomists throughout the world who have left Inventory. U.S. Department of Agriculture, written records of the fruits they encountered. Agriculture Handbook No. 642, 252 p., illus. Second, we thank Richard A. Hamilton, who read and The edible fruits of the Tropics are nnany in number, criticized the major part of the manuscript. His help varied in form, and irregular in distribution. They can be was invaluable. categorized as major or minor. Only about 300 Tropical fruits can be considered great. These are outstanding We also thank the many individuals who read, criti- in one or more of the following: Size, beauty, flavor, and cized, or contributed to various parts of the book. In nutritional value. In contrast are the more than 3,000 alphabetical order, they are Susan Abraham (Indian fruits that can be considered minor, limited severely by fruits), Herbert Barrett (citrus fruits), Jose Calzada one or more defects, such as very small size, poor taste Benza (fruits of Peru), Clarkson (South African fruits), or appeal, limited adaptability, or limited distribution. William 0. Cooper (citrus fruits), Derek Cormack The major fruits are not all well known. Some excellent (arrangements for review in Africa), Milton de Albu- fruits which rival the commercialized greatest are still querque (Brazilian fruits), Enriquito D.
    [Show full text]
  • Show Activity
    A Purgative *Unless otherwise noted all references are to Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press. Plant # Chemicals Total PPM Achyranthes aspera Chaff Flower 1 Aconitum napellus Garden Wolfsbane; Helmet Flower; Garden Monkshood; Monkshood; Aconite; Blue Rocket; Friar's Cap; Turk's 1 Cap; Bear's-Foot; Soldier's Cap; European Aconite; Queen's Fettle Aconitum carmichaelii Aconite; Fu-Tsu 2 Actaea spicata European Baneberry 1 Actaea rubra Red Baneberry 1 Actaea pachypoda Doll's-Eyes; American Baneberry; White Cohosh; White Baneberry; Baneberry 1 Aesculus hippocastanum Horse Chestnut 1 Alnus glutinosa Black Alder 1 Aloe vera Aloe; Bitter Aloes 7 Althaea officinalis White Mallow; Marshmallow 1 Anastatica hierochuntica Jericho Rose 1 Andira araroba Araroba 1 Anemone pulsatilla Pasque Flower 1 Areca catechu Pin-Lang; Betel Nut 1 2000.0 Artemisia capillaris Capillary Wormwood 1 Boehmeria nivea Ramie 1 Buxus sempervirens Boxwood 1 Camellia sinensis Tea 1 Capsella bursa-pastoris Shepherd's Purse 1 Cassia tora Sickle Senna 5 Cassia marilandica Wild Senna 2 2.0 Cassia grandis Pink Shower 1 Citrullus colocynthis Colocynth 1 Clematis vitalba Traveler's Joy 1 Cocos nucifera Copra; Nariyal; Coconut Palm; Coconut; Kokospalme (Ger.); Cocotero (Sp.) 1 Colchicum autumnale Meadow Saffron; Autumn Crocus 1 24600.0 Convallaria majalis Lily-Of-The-Valley 1 Cornus florida American Dogwood 1 Crataegus rhipidophylla Hawthorn 1 Crataegus laevigata Whitethorn; Hawthorn; English Hawthorn; Woodland Hawthorn 1 Croton tiglium Purging Croton 1 Daphne genkwa Yuan Hua 1 Equisetum arvense Horsetail; Field Horsetail 1 Eremurus chinensis 1 Euphrasia officinalis Eyebright 1 Fallopia japonica Japanese Knotweed; Hu-Zhang; Giant Knotweed; Mexican Bamboo 2 13400.0 Frangula purshiana Cascara Buckthorn; Cascara Sagrada 6 Frangula alnus Buckthorn 6 Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Wood Forest Products in Asia
    Page 1 of 4 Non -Wood Forest Products in Asia RAPA PUBLICATION 1994/28 REGIONAL OFFICE FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC (RAPA) FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS BANGKOK 1994 EDITORS Patrick B. Durst Ward Ulrich M. Kashio The designations and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors alone and do not imply any opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO. COVER PHOTO CREDIT: Mr. K. J. Joseph PHOTO CREDITS: Mr. Mohammad Iqbal Sial Mr. A.L. Rao Mr. Urbito Oncleo Mr. Michael Jensen Mr. K. J. Joseph EDITED BY: Mr. Patrick B. Durst Mr. Ward Ulrich Mr. M. Kashio TYPE SETTING AND LAYOUT OF PUBLICATION: Helene Praneet Guna-Tilaka FOR COPIES WRITE TO: FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific 39 Phra Atit Road Bangkok 10200 Page 2 of 4 Table of Contents Foreword Bangladesh Introduction Major NWFPs Collection and processing of NWFPs Economic and social benefits from NWFPs Promoting NWFPs References China Introduction Production and utilization of non-wood forest products Prospects for NWFP development in China India Introduction Status of various categories of non-wood forest products Export of non-wood forest products Organization for collection and processing Employment generation and
    [Show full text]
  • Pigments in Later Japanese Paintings : Studies Using Scientific Methods
    ND 1510 ' .F48 20(}3 FREER GALLERY OF ART OCCASIONAL PAPERS NEW SERIES VOL. 1 FREER GALLERY OF ART OCCASIONAL PAPERS ORIGINAL SERIES, 1947-1971 A.G. Wenley, The Grand Empress Dowager Wen Ming and the Northern Wei Necropolis at FangShan , Vol. 1, no. 1, 1947 BurnsA. Stubbs, Paintings, Pastels, Drawings, Prints, and Copper Plates by and Attributed to American and European Artists, Together with a List of Original Whistleriana in the Freer Gallery of Art, Vol. 1, no. 2, 1948 Richard Ettinghausen, Studies in Muslim Iconography I: The Unicorn, Vol. 1, no. 3, 1950 Burns A. Stubbs, James McNeil/ Whistler: A Biographical Outline, Illustrated from the Collections of the Freer Gallery of Art, Vol. 1, no. 4, 1950 Georg Steindorff,A Royal Head from Ancient Egypt, Vol. 1, no. 5, 1951 John Alexander Pope, Fourteenth-Century Blue-and-White: A Group of Chinese Porcelains in the Topkap11 Sarayi Miizesi, Istanbul, Vol. 2, no. 1, 1952 Rutherford J. Gettens and Bertha M. Usilton, Abstracts ofTeclmical Studies in Art and Archaeology, 19--13-1952, Vol. 2, no. 2, 1955 Wen Fong, Tlie Lohans and a Bridge to Heaven, Vol. 3, no. 1, 1958 Calligraphers and Painters: A Treatise by QildfAhmad, Son of Mfr-Munshi, circa A.H. 1015/A.D. 1606, translated from the Persian by Vladimir Minorsky, Vol. 3, no. 2, 1959 Richard Edwards, LiTi, Vol. 3, no. 3, 1967 Rutherford J. Gettens, Roy S. Clarke Jr., and W. T. Chase, TivoEarly Chinese Bronze Weapons with Meteoritic Iron Blades, Vol. 4, no. 1, 1971 IN TERIM SERIES, 1998-2002, PUBLISHED BY BOTH THE FREER GALLERY OF ART AND THE ARTHUR M.
    [Show full text]
  • POETRY NORTHWHT S Mmmrri 10 6 1 VOLNM E L L I N N N S ER 0 $5+OO SUSTAINING PATRONS
    POETRY NORTHWHT S MMMRRi 10 6 1 VOLNM E l l i N N N S ER 0 $5+OO SUSTAINING PATRONS LEONIE ADAMS BENJAMIN H. KIZER MRS. ROBERT SIMEON ADAMS MR. AND MRS. ROBERT LEVIN POETRYI' 4NORTHWR5T '' ':.' ROBERT W. AYERS JOHN PALMER V 0 L U M E T W 0 I'.': N U M B E R T H R E E DQRGTHY W. BLocK (g'n memoriam) THEODORE ROETHKE MliRRELL R. DAvl s (in memoriam) JOSEPHINE SMALL SUMMER, 1961 ROBERT FITZGFRALD MRS. THGMAS D. STLMsoN GEORGE GARRETT 5'IARK TOBEY HAYDEN CARRUTH RACHEL GRIFFIN MRS. CHARLES HUNT TODD Five Poems T. C. HOEPFNER WINDSOR UTLEY GEORGE WOODCOCK 10 TIIE TRANSATLANTIC REVIEW Two Poems DAVID CORNEL DeJONG 12 Two Poems PATRONS VI GALE . 15 Two Poems MRS. ROBERT L. ALLEN NEIL M EITZLER ARNOLD STEIN 16 SARAH M. ANDERSON PETER MICHELSON Three Poems MARGARET BELL EI.IZABETH B. MICHKII.S WILLIAM BOLCOM JOHN R. MILTON SUSAN ROTHOLZ . 19 CAPT. AND MRS. JOHN H. BOXVEN MR. AND MRS. CARL MORRIS Two Poems DOROTHY M. P iYE JEAN MUSSER CARL MORRIS 21 FIELENE CLARK ALYCE NEWMARK Four Drawings MR. AND MRS. GIOVANNI COSTIGAN BERNICE OLIPIIANT MR. AND MRS. FLOYD DANSKIN JOHN L'HEUREUX, S. J. 25 JERRY POURNEI.LE VIRGINIA DEARBORN EI.RAN OR RUGGLES Five Poems AIRS. ROBERT L. EDWARDS MRS. FIENRY SIEGL FLORENCE VICTOR 31 CLARISSA ETHEL ARTHUR G. SINGER Three Poems DAYID C. FowLER illR. AND MRS. D. E, SKINNER JOHN C. GARNEY JOHN WOODS 33 RUTH SLONIM CHAiRLES GULLANS Three Poems ARTIIUR HALL SMITH MAC HAMMOND SUN LOVE TIIE TWO MOON TIM REYNOLDS 37 KATHERINE HANSEN FRANCES E.
    [Show full text]