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BIANCA AGARIE Rev.Pdf UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE EDUCAÇÃO BIANCA AGARIE A cultura em quadrinhos: um estudo sobre as tiras cômicas em livros didáticos de espanhol para o ensino médio São Paulo 2017 BIANCA AGARIE A cultura em quadrinhos: um estudo sobre as tiras cômicas em livros didáticos de espanhol para o ensino médio Versão corrigida Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Educação da Universidade de São Paulo como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Educação. Linha de pesquisa: Linguagem e Educação Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Isabel Gretel María Eres Fernández São Paulo 2017 AUTORIZO A REPRODUÇÃO E DIVULGAÇÃO TOTAL OU PARCIAL DESTE TRABALHO, POR QUALQUER MEIO CONVENCIONAL OU ELETRÔNICO, PARA FINS DE ESTUDO E PESQUISA, DESDE QUE CITADA A FONTE. Catalogação na Publicação Serviço de Biblioteca e Documentação Faculdade de Educação da Universidade de São Paulo 375.136 Agarie, Bianca A261c A cultura em quadrinhos: um estudo sobre as tiras cômicas em livros didáticos de espanhol para o ensino médio / Bianca Agarie; orientação Isabel Gretel María Eres Fernández. São Paulo: s. n., 2016. 285 p.; apêndices Dissertação (Mestrado – Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação. Área de Concentração: Linguagem e Educação) - - Faculdade de Educação da Universidade de São Paulo. 1. Cultura 2. Língua espanhola 3. Livro didático 4. Multiletramentos 5. Tira cômica I. Eres Fernández, Isabel Gretel María, orient. Nome: AGARIE, Bianca Título: A cultura em quadrinhos: um estudo sobre as tiras cômicas em livros didáticos de espanhol para o ensino médio Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Educação da Universidade de São Paulo como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Educação. Aprovado em: 13/03/2017 Banca Examinadora Profa. Dra. Isabel Gretel María Eres Fernández Instituição: Faculdade de Educação - USP Assinatura: ______________ Prof. Dr. Paulo Eduardo Ramos Instituição: Unifesp Assinatura: ______________ Profa. Dra. Eliane Gonçalves Instituição: PUC – SP Assinatura: ______________ À professora Yuri, que me ensinou a amar as línguas estrangeiras e me inspirou a seguir essa carreira AGRADECIMENTOS A Deus por me proporcionar as oportunidades que me fizeram trilhar o caminho acadêmico e por me conceder saúde para continuar a segui-lo. A Mokiti Okada e à sua filosofia, que guiaram e guiam a minha vida para cumprir a missão no mundo material. Aos meus pais que, com o seu amor e esforço pelos filhos, ensinaram a valorizar cada pequena conquista. Ao meu irmão por ser sempre um exemplo e por me oferecer sábios conselhos que me ajudaram nas questões mais complexas. À Profa. Dra. Isabel Gretel María Eres Fernández, que orientou este trabalho com dedicação e carinho e representa um exemplo de profissional competente que exerce o seu trabalho demonstrando muito amor pela docência e pela pesquisa. Ao Prof. Dr. Paulo Eduardo Ramos pelas valorosas contribuições que enriqueceram este trabalho. À Profa. Dra. Eliane Gonçalves não somente pelas importantes contribuições na avaliação deste trabalho, como também pelo exemplo de competência e dedicação à docência durante meu estágio no Programa de Aperfeiçoamento de Ensino (PAE). Ao CNPq por financiar parte desta pesquisa. A todos os pesquisadores cujas investigações edificaram as bases deste trabalho. Aos funcionários da Faculdade de Educação que me atenderam sempre de maneira gentil e prestativa em todos os momentos. À amiga Cinthia não somente por compartilhar anseios, dúvidas, crises acadêmicas, profissionais e existenciais, mas também por ter apresentado autores que foram fundamentais para o embasamento teórico desta dissertação. À amiga Kelly por dividir chamadas para eventos e viagens a passeio, informações acadêmicas e não acadêmicas, pessoais e impessoais. Aos colegas de pós-gradução Suzana, Roberta, Jefferson e Camila pelo apoio e pelos momentos divertidos e enriquecedores. À professora Creusa Rodrigues Pajares, coordenadora da Escola Estadual Prof. Salvador Rocco, que disponibilizou a coleção Síntesis e a Vanessa Farias, funcionária da editora SM, que forneceu a coleção Cercanía Joven. A todos os professores que fizeram parte da minha vida e que contribuíram de alguma maneira para o que eu sou hoje. A todos os amigos que fizeram e fazem parte da minha vida e que me inspiram a ultrapassar os obstáculos com alegria e esperança. Todos os textos refletem o pensamento da pessoa que os escreveu: precisamos ter plena ciência disso. Espiritualmente falando, significa que as vibrações espirituais do escritor são transmitidas através das letras para o espírito do leitor. Mokiti Okada RESUMO AGARIE, B. A cultura em quadrinhos: um estudo sobre as tiras cômicas em livros didáticos de espanhol para o ensino médio. 2017. 285 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Faculdade de Educação, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2017. Ao longo de nossa trajetória como professora de língua espanhola, deparamo-nos com diversas dificuldades, entre elas a escolha de materiais didáticos adequados ao nosso público e contexto de ensino. Nesse sentido, uma de nossas maiores preocupações é a relação entre língua e cultura, visto que, muitas vezes, nesses materiais, elas se encontram dissociadas. Como os indivíduos se comunicam por meio dos gêneros discursivos e, assim, estabelecem uma “interconexão da linguagem com a vida social” (FIORIN, 2006, p. 61), entendemos que essas formas ou tipos de enunciados relativamente estáveis (BAKHTIN, 2003) são importantes para conhecer o contexto sociocultural da língua meta. Uma das formas por meio das quais os sujeitos estabelecem relações e expressam crenças e opiniões é a tira cômica, objeto de nosso estudo, pois, se por um lado ela aparenta simplicidade pela proximidade com a oralidade e pelo uso de imagens que facilitam o entendimento, por outro, ressalta a sua dificuldade pela interpretação da intersecção do verbal e do visual e que implicam, normalmente, a recorrência a referências como o contexto de produção e o conhecimento dos elementos que integram a linguagem dos quadrinhos, os quais podem compor-se não somente por uma sequência predominantemente narrativa, mas também pela conversacional-dialogal ou pela argumentativa (SILVEIRA, 2003). Dada a potencialidade que o estudo com esse gênero tem para estimular a reflexão crítica do alunado, pautada pelos multiletramentos, analisamos a presença de aspectos culturais nas propostas que fazem uso das tiras cômicas em dois livros didáticos de espanhol selecionados pelo Programa Nacional do Livro Didático de 2012 e 2015, a saber, Síntesis: curso de lengua española (MARTIN, 2011, 2011a, 2011b) e Cercanía Joven (COIMBRA; CHAVES; BARCIA, 2013, 2013a, 2013b). Para fundamentar este trabalho, estudamos o termo cultura (THOMPSON, 1995; CUCHE, 1999; EAGLETON, 2005; BOAS, 2010) a fim de evidenciar como esse conceito está presente no ensino e aprendizagem de línguas. Em seguida, aprofundamo-nos na concepção, características e papel das tiras cômicas (EGUTI, 2001; SILVA JUNIOR, 2004; RAMOS, 2007, 2011; CAGNIN, 2014) com o intuito de situá-las no contexto educacional e compreendê-las melhor para afastá-las de terminologias equivocadas. Nossa pesquisa, de cunho exploratório e bibliográfico, abarcou tanto dados quantitativos, coletados nos LD e organizados em gráficos e quadros, quanto qualitativos, os quais, com base na Análise de Conteúdo (FRANCO, 2012), possibilitaram a inferência de crenças, valores e ideologias dos autores das obras didáticas selecionadas. Concluímos que a maioria das atividades incluídas nos manuais se pauta em atividades de compreensão, que, em geral, buscam a exploração de informações explícitas dos textos e cujo principal objetivo é a ilustração de um item gramatical. Isso posto, confiamos que as discussões apresentadas servirão para estimular a reflexão crítica de autores e editores de livros didáticos, com vistas à exploração da potencialidade da tira cômica, principalmente no que concerne ao aspecto cultural, e também de professores e alunos para que ambos possam desenvolver maior criticidade em relação ao seu objeto de estudo. Palavras-chave: Cultura. Língua Espanhola. Livro didático. Multiletramentos. Tira cômica. ABSTRACT AGARIE, B. Culture in comics: a study of comic strips in Spanish textbooks for high school. 2017. 285 f. Thesis (Master) – Faculdade de Educação, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2017. Throughout our history as a Spanish language teacher, we are faced with several difficulties, among them the choice of teaching materials appropriate to our public and teaching context. In this sense, one of our major concerns is the relationship between language and culture, since in these materials they are often dissociated. As individuals communicate through discursive genres and thus establish an "interconnection of language with social life" (FIORIN, 2006, 61), we understand that these relatively stable forms or types of utterances (BAKHTIN, 2003) are important to know the socio-cultural context of the target language. One of the ways in which subjects establish relationships and express beliefs and opinions is the comic strip, object of our study, because, on the one hand, it seems simple by its proximity to orality and by the use of images that facilitate the understanding; on the other , emphasizes its difficulty in interpreting the intersection of verbal and visual and which usually imply the recurrence to references such as the context of production and knowledge of the elements that integrate the language of comics, which may be composed not only of a predominantly narrative sequence, but also by conversational-dialogal
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