DOCSLIB.ORG

Investigating the Existence, Cognitive Attributes and Potential Pathological Consequences of the Extreme Female Brain

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Investigating the Existence, Cognitive Attributes and Potential Pathological Consequences of the Extreme Female Brain INVESTIGATING THE EXISTENCE, COGNITIVE ATTRIBUTES AND POTENTIAL PATHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE EXTREME FEMALE BRAIN Sarah Louise JONES Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Division of Psychology Faculty of Social Sciences University of Bradford 2 0 1 6 Abstract INVESTIGATING THE EXISTENCE, COGNITIVE ATTRIBUTES AND POTENTIAL PATHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE EXTREME FEMALE BRAIN Sarah Louise Jones Key words: extreme female brain, empathising, systemising, sex differences, autism, schizophrenia, memory, cognition, gene imprinting, paranoid ideation The ‘extreme female brain’ (EFB) is derived from the empathising - systemising theory (E-S) which hypothesises that sex differences in cognition exist on a continuum, based on abilities in ‘empathising’ and ‘systemising’ (Baron-Cohen, 2003). The EFB profile; extreme empathising alongside deficient systemising, has received little attention in social cognitive neuroscience research, compared to the extreme male brain, which has advanced the knowledge of sex differences in the expression of autism. Currently, there is no solid evidence of a clinical pathology relating to the EFB nor a marker of cognition associated with a person’s ‘place’ on the E-S continuum. Here, an episodic memory paradigm with social and non-social conditions was given to participants along with measures of empathising and systemising. Scores on the social condition predicted where a person lies on the E-S continuum. The thesis then investigated the hypothesis that schizophrenia is expressed in the feminised profile (Badcock & Crepsi, 2006) i and the presumption that empathising and systemising demonstrate a trade­ off. Elements of paranoia were associated with an empathising bias. However, a bias in systemising ability was associated with schizotypy along with a significant overlap in the expression of autistic traits and schizotypy. Therefore, schizophrenia as a whole is unlikely to be the pathology seen in the EFB, rather, the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. A trade-off between empathising and systemising was seen but only in participants over 36 years. These results have significant implications for assessment and treatment of neuropsychological disorders and provide more specific details on the potential EFB pathology. ii Acknowledgments I dedicate this thesis to my Dad, who has supported me throughout my whole PhD journey. Thank you for all your encouragement and support. First and foremost, a massive thank you to my super amazing primary supervisor Dr Valerie Lesk for all her inspiration, endless encouragement, help and guidance throughout the project. I would also like to thank my 2nd supervisor Dr Gill Waters for her support throughout this project, and Rebecca Durrans for her help with recruitment of participants and statistical analysis support. Also, thank you to everyone who has come and gone from ‘E5’ for your encouragement and most importantly, friendship! I would like to say a huge, special thank you to Laura; you have supported me in every way throughout this PhD and I couldn’t be more grateful. To my whole family, thank you for all your support. Acknowledgements and thanks are owed to the Autism Research Centre at Cambridge University for making their cognitive tests and inventories available for academic use. And finally, a huge thank you to each and every one of the participants who gave their time to contribute to the project. Table of Contents Abstract j Acknowledgments ¡¡i Table of Contents jv List of Abbreviations ix Chapter 1: Thesis overview 1 1.1 Introduction and aims 1 1.2 Introducing the main concepts 6 1.3 Overview of thesis structure 9 Chapter 2: Sex differences in cognition 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Sex difference in cognitive ability 17 2.3 Neuroanatomy of sex differences 18 2.4 Biology, neurochemistry and sex hormones 21 2.5 Sex differences and disorder 24 2.6 Considerations 25 2.7 Chapter summary 27 Chapter 3: The empathising - systemising theory 29 3.1 Introduction 29 3.2 The evolution of empathising and systemising 31 3.3 Support for the E-S theory 32 3.4 Brain types 33 3.5 Biological determinants of the E-S theory 34 3.6 Neuroanatomical support 36 3.6.1 Mirror neuron system 38 3.7 Considerations 39 3.8 Chapter summary 40 Chapter 4: The extreme male brain theory of autism spectrum 42 disorder 4.1 Introduction 42 4.2 Autism spectrum disorder 42 4.3 The extreme male brain 44 4.3.1 The extreme female brain 46 4.4 Chapter summary 47 Chapter 5: The imprinted brain theory 48 5.1 Introduction 48 5.2 Overview of schizophrenia 49 5.3 Support for the imprinted brain theory 51 iv 5.4 Characterising the EFB with schizophrenia 54 5.5 Chapter summary 56 Chapter 6: Associative memory and source monitoring in 57 relation to empathising and systemising: a two-part study 6.1 Introduction 57 6.1.1 Background 57 6.1.1.1 Objective of this study 58 6.1.2 Memory ability, empathising and systemising 58 6.1.3 The neural basis of memory 60 6.1.4 Episodic memory and the development of theory of mind 61 6.1.5 Source and associative memory 64 6.1.6 Considerations 65 6.2 Aims of the study 66 6.3 Study one 67 6.3.1 Overview 67 6.3.2 Methods 68 6.3.2.1 Participants 68 6.3.2.2 Materials 68 6.3.2.3 Design 75 6.3.2.4 Procedure 75 6.4 Results 76 6.4.1 Main effects of gender 77 6.4.2 Regression analysis 78 6.4.3 Source memory (word recall) and empathising 78 6.4.4 Source memory (word recall) and systemising 80 6.4.5 Associative memory (pairing task) and empathising 80 6.4.6 Associative memory (pairing task) and systemising 82 6.5 Main findings - study one 86 6.6 Study 2 88 6.6.1 Rationale 88 6.6.2 Background - source monitoring error 89 6.6.3 Methods 93 6.6.3.1 Participants 93 6.6.3.2 Materials 94 6.6.3.3 Design 95 6.6.3.4 Procedure 96 6.7 Results 96 6.7.1 Regression analysis 97 6.7.1.1 Associative memory, empathising and systemising 97 6.7.1.2 Source monitoring error, empathising and systemising 98 6.8 Main findings - study two 99 6.9 General discussion 101 6.9.1 Interpretations 102 6.9.2 Conclusions 105 6.10 Chapter summary of key points 10g V . Chapter 7: Empathising - systemising ‘brain types’ and their 107 relationship with schizotypy, eating disorder and anxiety 7.1 Introduction 107 7.1.1 Background 1° 7 7.1.2 The extreme female brain and disordered eating 110 7.1.3 The extreme female brain and anxiety 115 7.2 The present study: research aims 117 7.3 Methods 117 7.3.1 Participants 117 7.3.2 Design 11® 7.3.3 Materials 110 7.3.4 Procedure 1^0 7.4 Results 1^0 7.4.1 Schizotypy 1^0 7.4.2 Eating disorder 1^ 3 7.4.3 Anxiety 1^4 7.4.4 Fear of negative evaluation 124 7.5 Discussion 1^4 7.5.1 Concluding remarks 120 7.6 Chapter summary of key points 128 Chapter 8: Is the ‘female brain’ more likely to be associated with 130 jumping to conclusions bias and paranoid ideation? 8.1 Introduction and background 130 8.1.1 Paranoia I 34 8.1.2 Jumping to conclusions 133 8.2 The present study: research aims 138 8.3 Methods 138 8.3.1 Participants 138 8.3.2 Design 139 8.3.3 Materials I 39 8.3.4 Procedure I 44 8.4 Results 148 8.4.1 Main effects of E-S bias 146 8.4.2 Regression analysis exploring empathising and systemising 147 8.4.2.1 Empathising 147 8.4.2.2 Systemising I 50 8.5 Discussion 1^1 8.5.1 The issue of the presumed ‘trade-off 152 8.5.2 Empathising and paranoia 153 8.5.3 Empathising and jumping to conclusions 153 8.5.4 Paranoid Ideation, jumping to conclusions bias and 154 systemising 8.5.5 Considerations 155 8.5.6 Limitations 157 8.5.7 Overall conclusion 158 8.6 Chapter summary of key points 158 vi Chapter 9: How does the AQ relate to dimensional schizotypy in 160 a neurotypical sample? 9.1 Introduction 160 9.2 The present study: research aims 165 9.3 Methods 165 9.3.1 Participants 165 9.3.2 Design 166 9.3.3 Materials 166 9.3.4 Procedure 167 9.4 Results 167 9.4.1 Regression analysis of the AQ and O-LIFE 168 9.4.2 Partial correlation 169 9.5 Discussion 170 9.5.1 Implications of results 171 9.5.2 Limitations 173 9.6 Chapter summary of key points 173 Chapter 10: Testing the continuum; does empathising and 175 systemising cognition trade-off? A two-part study considering age effects 10.1 Introduction 175 10.2 Research aims 179 10.3 Study one 181 10.3.1 Methods 181 10.3.1.1 Participants 181 10.3.1.2 Materials 182 10.3.1.3 Design 188 10.3.1.4 Procedure 188 10.4 Results 189 10.4.1 Main effect of brain type 190 10.4.2 Correlational analysis 192 10.5 Main findings - study one 194 10.6 Study 2 195 10.6.1 Methods 196 10.6.1.1 Participants 196 10.6.1.2 Materials 196 10.6.1.3 Design 196 10.6.1.4 Procedure 197 10.7 Results 197 10.7.1 Correlational analysis 197 10.7.2 Age effects 198 10.8 Main findings - study two 200 10.9 General discussion 201 10.9.1 Considerations 205 10.9.2 Limitations 207 10.10 Conclusions 207 vii 10.11 Chapter summary of key points 209 Chapter 11 : General Conclusion 211 11.1 Thesis objectives and rationale 211 11.1.1 Experimental design 214 11.2 Summaries of experimental chapters 214 11.2.1 Summary of findings 219 11.3 Implications of this thesis 221 11.4 Considerations and future directions 228 11.5 Thesis conclusion 231 References 233 Appendix 1: The EQ 281 Appendix 2: The SQ 282 Appendix 3: The Say What? Task 283 Appendix 4: O-LIFE 285 Appendix 5: EAT-26 286 Appendix 6: GAD-7 287 Appendix 7: fNE 288 Appendix 8: Paranoia Checklist 289 Appendix 9: The AQ 292 Appendix 10: Chapter 9 supplementary data 298 viii List of Abbreviations AM associative memory ANOVA analysis of variance AQ autism spectrum quotient ASD autism spectrum disorder BPD borderline personality disorder CAM-MR Cambridge mind-reading
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Proceedings of the 20Th International Seminar of the ISME Commission on Music in Special Education, Music Therapy, and Music Medicine
    Proceedings of the 20th International Seminar of the ISME Commission on Music in Special Education, Music Therapy, and Music Medicine Faculdade de Artes do Paraná – FAP CuritiBa, Brazil 17-18 July 2014 Editor Melita Belgrave ©International Society for Music Education 2014 www.isme.org All abstracts presented at the 2014 ISME World Conference in Porto Alegre, Brazil, were peer refereed before inclusion in the Conference program. In addition, completed papers were fully (blind) refereed by a panel of international authorities before inclusion in the Seminar Proceedings. Editorial Board Melita Belgrave, Editor Jessie Chen Helen Farrell Markku Kaikkonen Bo Nilsson Lyn Schraer-Joiner National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication Author: ISME Commission on Music in Special Education, Music Therapy, and Music Medicine International Seminar (20th: 2014: Curitba, Brazil) Title: Proceedings of the 20th International Seminar of the Commission on Music in Special Education, Music Therapy, and Music Medicine, Curitiba, Brazil [electronic resource] / ISBN: 978-0-9942055-3-7 (ebook) Notes: Includes bibliographical references. Subjects: Music--Congresses. Music in education--Congresses. ISME Commission on Music in Special Education, Music Therapy, and Music Medicine Dewey Number: 780.7 ii The Conference Organizing Committee and ISME are grateful to the following people who provided expert, independent advice and who acted as referees for selecting papers and workshops for presentation at the 2014 ISME World Conference: Commissioners 2012-2014
    [Show full text]
  • SR Template FINAL 010210
    A systematic review of the literature July 2010 The effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for behavioural and psychological symptom management for people with dementia in residential care settings Arindam Basu David Brinson This report should be referenced as follows: Basu, A and Brinson, D. The effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for behavioural and psychological symptom management for people with dementia in residential care settings. HSAC Report 2010; 3(19) Health Services Assessment Collaboration (HSAC), University of Canterbury ISBN 978-0-9864652-1-5 (online) ISBN 978-0-9864652-2-2 (print) ISSN 1178-5748 (online) ISSN 1178-573X (print) i Review Team This review was undertaken by the Health Services Assessment Collaboration (HSAC). HSAC is a collaboration of the Health Sciences Centre of the University of Canterbury, New Zealand and Health Technology Analysts, Sydney, Australia. This report was authored by Arindam Basu, Senior Researcher and David Brinson, Researcher, who jointly developed and undertook the literature search, extracted the data, conducted the critical appraisals, and prepared the report. Sub-editing was performed by Lyn Wright. Acknowledgements Dr Ray Kirk peer reviewed the final draft. Cecilia Tolan (Administrator) provided document formatting. Franziska Gallrach, Carmel Olsen and staff at the University of Canterbury Libraries assisted with retrieval of documents. The current review was conducted under the auspices of a contract funded by the New Zealand Ministry of Health. This report was requested by Roz Sorensen, Senior Project Manager, Policy and Service Development Mental Health Group, Population Health Directorate of New Zealand’s Ministry of Health. We thank Roz Sorensen and Scott Connew, Policy Analyst, Mental Health Policy and Service Development, Ministry of Health for assisting in developing the scope of the review and providing background material for the review.
    [Show full text]
  • Neuroscience and Sex/Gender
    Neuroethics (2012) 5:211–215 DOI 10.1007/s12152-012-9165-5 EDITORIAL NOTE Neuroscience and Sex/Gender Isabelle Dussauge & Anelis Kaiser Received: 4 September 2012 /Accepted: 13 September 2012 /Published online: 2 October 2012 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2012 This special issue publishes interdisciplinary scholar- hosts very different epistemological approaches, a ship which aims to map and re-imagine the relations common knowledge of neuroscience and gender between neuroscience and gender studies. studies was a prerequisite for the group’stheoret- ical and methodological exchange. The participants lively debated crucial issues, from current research neuroGenderings: The Network on sex/gender difference in neuropsychology, through the implications of notions of sex/gender, The authors of the present special issue were all par- gender identity and sexuality used in neuroscien- ticipants in the workshop neuroGenderings: Critical tific experimentation, to the social workings of a Studies of the Sexed Brain (Uppsala, 2010). Then co- sexed/gendered brain. organizers, now guest editors, we work in gender More precisely, the neuroGenderings workshop studies, neuroscience, and science and technology achieved an impressive first mapping of the research studies. In 2010, we did not know for a fact that the on sex/gender in neurosciences and the methodological neuroGenderings initiative would grow and develop frames used in those sciences. We discussed, for in- into an international network and conference series. stance, the role assigned to “sexed” regions of the brain, Now we know. by analyzing the relevance of the notion of sexual di- In neuroGenderings, a transdisciplinary and inter- morphism, itself a system of significance that is always national group of researchers from the neurosciences, and solely framed by neuro-logical sexual dichotomy.
    [Show full text]
  • Delusions of Gender: How Our Minds, Society, and Neurosexism Create Difference
    P a g e | 145 Delusions of Gender: How Our Minds, Society, and Neurosexism Create Difference Author: Cordelia Fine, 2010, Published by W. W. Norton & Company Book review by Sorana-Alexandra CONSTANTINESCU Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania [email protected] This book is an alternative to the vast literature that aims to show us why women are from Venus and men are from Mars. As pretentions it might sound, I consider this book to be a must read for everybody, not only for academics or researchers. Gender myth perpetuation can be in some proportion stopped by educating people about the various biases that can interfere with the outcome of studies on sex and gender, and the factors that can favor or inhibit their popularization outside academia, which could, in the long run, lead to a discrediting or at least a critical reception of the wealth of pseudo- scientific claims of biologically inherent differences in the psychological and social construction of men and women. Emphasis in writings that explain that there are hard-wired differences between men and women is placed upon the fine-tuned emotional skills of women, as opposed to their emotionally helpless male counterpart, to sugarcoat the inherently misogynistic message at the core of these studies: it is due to the very nature of our species that women are underrepresented in the hard sciences and mathematics, in leadership etc., not due to historical systemic oppression. While the history of sexism is not explicitly denied, it is provided with an implicit excuse in an appeal to nature, and the active role of excluding women from the political, economic and academic spheres is thus minimized, and passed off as being in a large part due to women being, on average, naturally deficient in the necessary skills required to be involved in these activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Delusions of Gender: How Our Minds, Society, and Neurosexism Create Difference. by CORDELIA FINE. New York: W. W. Norton Comp
    INVITED REVIEW ESSAY Delusions of Gender: How Our Minds, Society, and Neurosexism Create Difference. By CORDELIA FINE. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2010. Brain Storm: The Flaws in the Science of Sex Differences.ByREBECCAM. JORDAN-YOUNG. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2010. Letitia Meynell “…we’re only trying to find the biological roots to gender inequality, so why be fussy, right?” (Fine, 108). That the search for dimorphic cognitive, affective, and behavioral sex differences con- tinues is no doubt a source of anxiety for those who have long embraced a feminist or progressive ideal of equality for all postnatal humans, regardless of their sex/gender (or other) identities. Indeed, the prevalence of media reports and best-selling accounts of scientific findings of fundamental neurological, psychological, and behavioral sex dif- ferences, in addition to the studies themselves, may give the most ardent feminists among us occasion to suspect that there might just be something to it: Putting aside the many queer, trans, and intersexed exceptions—for which some biological explana- tion must also, presumably, exist—a rational consideration of the mountain of evi- dence surely suggests that our natural history really has produced two fundamentally different types of people: men and women. Or so one might suppose. Feminists strug- gling with this haunting doubt would do well to take a look at Cordelia Fine’s Delu- sions of Gender: How Our Minds, Society, and Neurosexism Create Difference and Rebecca Jordan-Young’s Brain Storm: The Flaws in the Science of Sex Differences as effective remedies. These recent books join a now extensive literature by feminist aca- demics, both within and outside the biological and mind sciences, that meticulously and critically dissect empirical claims about human sex differences as they pertain to cognition, emotions, and behavior.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Engagement with Neuroscience
    The Brain in Society: Public Engagement with Neuroscience Cliodhna O’Connor Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University College London September 2013 DECLARATION I, Cliodhna O’Connor, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. ____________________________________________ Cliodhna O’Connor 1 DEDICATION To Mom and Dad, with love and thanks 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My first thanks go to my supervisor, Hélène Joffe, who has guided and encouraged me tirelessly over the last three years. I will always be grateful for the time and energy that she has devoted to my work. The research would not have been possible without the financial support that I received from several sources: the EPSRC; the Faraday Institute for Science & Religion at St Edmund’s College, Cambridge; the Easter Week 1916 commemoration scholarship scheme; the UCL Graduate School Research Projects Fund; and the UCL Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology. I very much appreciate all of these contributions. The work presented in this thesis owes much to countless conversations I have had with colleagues, both within and outside UCL. The comments of the editors and anonymous reviewers of the journals to which I submitted articles over the course of my PhD were extremely helpful in refining my ideas, as were the audiences at the various conferences and workshops at which I presented my research. I would also like to thank Caroline Bradley for her help in the analysis stages. Finally, I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my family, friends and boyfriend for their constant support throughout the last three years.
    [Show full text]
  • SBC Publication List July 13Th 2019
    PUBLICATIONS BY SIMON BARON-COHEN (updated 13 July 2019) * Top 20 most important SECTION 1: PEER REVIEWED JOURNAL ARTICLES (in chronological order) 1985 1. *Baron-Cohen, S, Leslie, A.M., & Frith, U, (1985) Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind?” Cognition, 21, 37-46. 1986 2. Baron-Cohen, S, Leslie, A.M., & Frith, U, (1986) Mechanical, behavioural and Intentional understanding of picture stories in autistic children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 4, 113-125. 1987 3. Baron-Cohen, S, (1987) Autism and symbolic play. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 5, 139-148. 4. Baron-Cohen, S, Wyke, M, & Binnie, C, (1987) Hearing words and seeing colours: an experimental investigation of a case of synaesthesia. Perception, 16, 761-767. 1988 5. Baron-Cohen, S, (1988) Social and pragmatic deficits in autism: cognitive or affective? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 18, 379-402. 6. Baron-Cohen, S, (1988) An assessment of violence in a young man with Asperger's Syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 29, 351-360. 7. Baron-Cohen, S, (1988) “Without a theory of mind one cannot participate in a conversation”. Cognition, 29, 83-84. 1989 8. Baron-Cohen, S, (1989) The autistic child's theory of mind: a case of specific developmental delay. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 285-297. 9. Baron-Cohen, S, (1989) Perceptual role taking and protodeclarative pointing in autism. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 7, 113-127. 10. Baron-Cohen, S, (1989) Do autistic children have obsessions and compulsions? British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28, 193-200. 11.
    [Show full text]
  • It Reveals Who I Really Am”: New Metaphors, Symbols, and Motifs in Representations of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Popular Culture
    “IT REVEALS WHO I REALLY AM”: NEW METAPHORS, SYMBOLS, AND MOTIFS IN REPRESENTATIONS OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS IN POPULAR CULTURE By Summer Joy O’Neal A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English Middle Tennessee State University 2013 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Angela Hague, Chair Dr. David Lavery Dr. Robert Petersen Copyright © 2013 Summer Joy O’Neal ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There simply is not enough thanks to thank my family, my faithful parents, T. Brian and Pamela O’Neal, and my understanding sisters, Auburn and Taffeta, for their lifelong support; without their love, belief in my strengths, patience with my struggles, and encouragement, I would not be in this position today. I am forever grateful to my wonderful director, Dr. Angela Hague, whose commitment to this project went above and beyond what I deserved to expect. To the rest of my committee, Dr. David Lavery and Dr. Robert Petersen, for their seasoned advice and willingness to participate, I am also indebted. Beyond these, I would like to recognize some “unofficial” members of my committee, including Dr. Elyce Helford, Dr. Alicia Broderick, Ari Ne’eman, Chris Foss, and Melanie Yergau, who graciously offered me necessary guidance and insightful advice for this project, particularly in the field of Disability Studies. Yet most of all, Ephesians 3.20-21. iii ABSTRACT Autism has been sensationalized by the media because of the disorder’s purported prevalence: Diagnoses of this condition that was traditionally considered to be quite rare have radically increased in recent years, and an analogous fascination with autism has emerged in the field of popular culture.
    [Show full text]
  • Emotions, Situations and Music
    Durham E-Theses A Framework of Distinct Musical Chills: Theoretical, Causal, and Conceptual Evidence BANNISTER, SCOTT,CRAIG How to cite: BANNISTER, SCOTT,CRAIG (2020) A Framework of Distinct Musical Chills: Theoretical, Causal, and Conceptual Evidence, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/13582/ Use policy This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial 3.0 (CC BY-NC) Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk A Framework of Distinct Musical Chills: Theoretical, Causal, and Conceptual Evidence Scott Bannister Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Music Durham University, September 2019 ABSTRACT The phenomenon of musical chills has attracted extensive attention in previous music and emotion research, correlating the experience with musical structure, psychoacoustics parameters, individual differences in listeners, and the listening situation. However, there are three crucial limitations in the literature: 1) The emotional characteristics of musical chills have not been explored, and are poorly understood; 2) musical chills have never been causally manipulated, and no theories have been tested; and 3) it is unclear whether chills are a unified psychological construct, or a set of distinct experiences, distinguished at the levels of subjective feeling, psychophysiological
    [Show full text]
  • Key Principles and Implications for Research Design, Analysis, and Interpretation
    REVIEW ARTICLE published: 28 August 2014 HUMAN NEUROSCIENCE doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00650 Recommendations for sex/gender neuroimaging research: key principles and implications for research design, analysis, and interpretation Gina Rippon 1*, Rebecca Jordan-Young 2, Anelis Kaiser 3 and Cordelia Fine 4 1 Aston Brain Centre, School of Life and Health Sciences (Psychology), Aston University, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK 2 Department of Women’s, Gender and Sexuality Studies, Barnard College, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, NY, USA 3 Department of Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland 4 Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Melbourne Business School, and Centre for Ethical Leadership, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia Edited by: Neuroimaging (NI) technologies are having increasing impact in the study of complex Sven Braeutigam, University of cognitive and social processes. In this emerging field of social cognitive neuroscience, Oxford, UK a central goal should be to increase the understanding of the interaction between the Reviewed by: Sören Krach, Philipps-University neurobiology of the individual and the environment in which humans develop and function. Marburg, Germany The study of sex/gender is often a focus for NI research, and may be motivated by a Jennifer Blanche Swettenham, desire to better understand general developmental principles, mental health problems that University of Oxford, UK show female-male disparities, and gendered differences in society. In order to ensure the Ana Susac, University of Zagreb, Croatia maximum possible contribution of NI research to these goals, we draw attention to four key *Correspondence: principles—overlap, mosaicism, contingency and entanglement—that have emerged from Gina Rippon, Aston Brain Centre, sex/gender research and that should inform NI research design, analysis and interpretation.
    [Show full text]
  • 2012 Annual Report
    INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTION Restoring Hoosier Communities 2012 Annual Report 2012 Annual Report 1 LEADERSHIP from the top Governor Mitchell E. Daniels, Jr. “The Indiana Department of Correction continues to be a model organization, one looked to by other states as they reform and modernize their departments. This year, IDOC was awarded the prestigious Rees- Stalder National Award for Sustainability in Corrections for the Department’s efforts in creating sustainable practices across all state facilities. Whether it is through donations to food shelters, tornado relief, or cleaning up parks and neighborhood streets, IDOC staff and offenders are always there to help Hoosiers in their time of need. I applaud IDOC for its continued service to our state, and know they will also work to find even more ways to spend tax dollars more efficiently and effectively.” 2 Indiana Department of Correction TABLE OF CONTENTS Letter from the Commissioner 5 Executive Staff 6 Timeline of Progress 18 Adult Programs & Facilities 32 Division of Youth Services (DYS) 49 Juvenile Programs & Facilities 50 Parole Services 56 Correctional Training Institute (CTI) 63 PEN Products 66 Financials & Statistics 70 Vision The Indiana Department of Correction uses best correctional practices to protect the people of Indiana and ensure the consequence for criminal behavior is meaningful. Mission The Indiana Department of Correction advances public safety and successful reentry through dynamic supervision, programming, and partnerships. 2012 Annual Report 3 Restoring Hoosier
    [Show full text]
  • Machine Learning of Brain Gray Matter Differentiates Sex in a Large Forensic Sample
    Received: 11 April 2018 Revised: 5 September 2018 Accepted: 27 October 2018 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24462 RESEARCH ARTICLE Machine learning of brain gray matter differentiates sex in a large forensic sample Nathaniel E. Anderson1 | Keith A. Harenski1 |CarlaL.Harenski1 | Michael R. Koenigs2 | Jean Decety3 | Vince D. Calhoun1,4 | Kent A. Kiehl1,4 1The Mind Research Network & Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Abstract Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico Differences between males and females have been extensively documented in biological, psy- 2University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, chological, and behavioral domains. Among these, sex differences in the rate and typology of Wisconsin antisocial behavior remains one of the most conspicuous and enduring patterns among humans. 3 University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois However, the nature and extent of sexual dimorphism in the brain among antisocial populations 4 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, remains mostly unexplored. Here, we seek to understand sex differences in brain structure New Mexico between incarcerated males and females in a large sample (n = 1,300) using machine learning. Correspondence Nathaniel Anderson, The Mind Research We apply source-based morphometry, a contemporary multivariate approach for quantifying Network & Lovelace Biomedical and gray matter measured with magnetic resonance imaging, and carry these parcellations forward Environmental Research Institute, using machine learning to classify sex. Models using components of brain gray matter volume Albuquerque, NM. and concentration were able to differentiate between males and females with greater than 93% Email: [email protected] generalizable accuracy. Highly differentiated components include orbitofrontal and frontopolar Funding information National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and regions, proportionally larger in females, and anterior medial temporal regions proportionally Bioengineering, Grant/Award Number: larger in males.
    [Show full text]