WATER QUALITY

AND

TROPHIC CONDITION

OF

LAKE SUPERIOR

(WISCONSIN WATERS)

Department of Natural By Resources Donald R. Winter Madison, Wis.

1971 AGkNOWLED6MENTS

I first wish to thank the Wisconsin Department of Natural

Resources for making this study possible. Those vi thin the Depart­

ment to whcm I owe my gratitude include Mr. Lloyd A. Lueschov, Chief,

Laboratory Services Section, Division of Environmental Protection,

for his suggestions in this stuay; Mr . Orville Weberg, Conservation

Warden, who navigated the research vessel in open waters; Mr. Dan

Ryan , District Water Pollution Biologist, who assisted me vith the field work; and to the Department chemists who performed many of the chemical analyses. I especially wish to thank Professor J. Magnuson or the University

of Wisconsin Department of Zoology and Dr . H. F. Henderson formerly of the University of Wisconsin Department of Zoology , for their guidance in this research project and their thoughtfulness during the

course of my graduate studies.

The author vas a Water Pollution Biologist in the Bureau of

Standard.e and Surveys , Madison, and is nov Administrative Assistant in the Bureau of Air Pollution and Solid Waste Disposal.

Edited by Ruth L. Hine GONTENTS

2 INTRODUCTION

3 DESIGN AND METHODS

4 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CONDITIONS

4 Dissolved Oxygen

4 Nutrients

8 Transparency

10 Bottom Sediments

10 BIOTIC CONDITIONS

10 Benthos

10 Seston

12 Cladophora

12 Fish Net Slimes

14 POTENTIAL POLLUTION SOURCES

14 Superior Fiber Products, Inc.

14 E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company

14 American Can Company

15 Reserve Mining Company

18 CONCLUSIONS

19 APPENDIX

26 REFERENCES INTRODUGTION

Lake Superior is a great The surface area is 82,360 square in Table 1 with their respective asset to northern Wisconsin. km. Approximately 8,300 square drainage areas (Schraufnagel

The lake's large size and generally km of northern Wisconsin drain et al., 1966). good water quality make it important into Lake Superior. This area The Wisconsin shoreline can for pleasure boating, shipping, includes portions of Douglas, be divided into three topographic commercial and sport fishing, Ashland, Bayfield and Iron Counties units. A flat elevated plain with and potable water supplies. The and extends 160 km from the deeply eroded ravines shipping of iron ore and grain St. Louis River and the Wisconsin- and predominately is of substantial economic importance Minnesota Boundary on the west red clay soils characterizes to the area. Many goods are to the Montreal River and the Douglas County, western Bayfield received in ports of Lake Superior Wisconsin-Michigan Boundary County, a portion of Iron County, for dispersal to midcontinent on the east. The drainage area and eastern Ashland County. Rugged regions. The aesthetic value has an average width of 50 km. hills and sands tone out croppings of Lake Superior cannot be over- Wisconsin river systems tributary with poorly defined drainage emphasized. The scenery along to Lake Superior are listed patterns typify the Bayfield much of the Wisconsin shoreline Peninsula. Low flat areas with is superb, particularly the soils of peat and muck are found rugged cliffs and rock formations at the southwestern end of Chequamego of the Bayfield Peninsula. These Bay and in the Kakagon Sloughs . values, at least in part, stimulated this study to determine present water quality conditions. Water quality and trophic conditions of Wisconsin and boundary waters in Lake Superior TABLE 1 were established from field Wisconsin River Systems Tributary collections made during the to Lake Superior (Drainage Areas in Square Km.) summer of 1968.

Lake Superior, the largest Amnicon 337 Montreal 466 Bad 2,631 Nemadji of the St. Lawrence Great Lakes, 458 Bois Brule 479 Poplar 119 Fish 360 St. Louis is approximately 610 km long, 199 Flog 184 Sioux 249 Iron 389 Siskiwit 80 260 km wide, and 4oo m deep. Middle 130

2 PESI6N & METHODS

Sample Stations km northeast of Superior B~ was not conducted in open waters and equidistant between the because Beeton (1965) reported Sampling transects were Minnesota and Wisconsin shorelines saturated dissolved oxygen established prior to the field (Fig. 1) . concentrations study w1 th stations located 1, at all depths in Lake Superior. 2. 5 , and 5 km f'rom shore. Additional Dissolved Ox,ygen stations were added during the Nutrients study in the vicinity of waste Dissolved oxygen was sampled

discharges and in other areas during d~light hours near waste Nitrogen and phosphorus

where variability was thought sources and outside Superior samples were analyzed according

to be significant. A center B~ . Samples were collected to standard methods (Amer . Public

transect , running f'rom the Superior with a brass Kemmerer water Health Assoc. et al., 1965) .

B~ to a point north of the bottle and analyzed by the azide Analyses were made for several Apostle Islands , was also established modification of the Winkler method major Wisconsin tributaries,

with sampling stations at 1 .0, (Amer . Public Health Assoc. Superior B~, Chequamegon B~ , 1 . 5, 2. 5 , 5.0, 8.0 , 16.0, 24 .0 , et al., 1965). Extensive sampling and along the center transect 40 .0, 64.1, 89 .0 , and 113.0 of Lake Superior.

Transparency

I Secchi disc readings and ,.----1 I turbidity samples were taken at nearly all sampling stations . A Hack turbidimeter was used

with results expressed in standard units .

FIGURE 1 . Sampling Locations During July, 1968, Survey

3 Bottom Sediments environments, rock or gravel as micrograms of solids per riffles often produce the greatest liter of water filtered (Amer. At each station where Petersen species diversity. In lentic Public Health Assoc. et al. , dredge samples were collected, environments , there is generally 1965). The measurements of visual observations of the physical little species diversity. In volatile solids ~e of particular characteristics of the sediments both lotic and lentic environments, importance since they are an were recorded. These were considered organically enriched or slightly indication of standing crop importQnt because bottom sediments polluted habitats support the which is related to nitrogen m~ be related to the distribution highest number of organisms. and phosphorus concentrations and abundance of benthic organisms in the water. and m~ indicate unnatural conditions due ~o waste discharges. Net collections as described above fail to capture many of Seaton was collected with Benthos the smaller algal species such a Clarke-Bumpus sampler using as Chlorella sp. and for this Benthic organisms were a 20-mesh net with a 12.5 em reason are not representative collected with a Petersen dredge. diameter. The samples were concen­ of the total species composition Macro-invertebrates were concentrated trated in the 20-mesh Clarke-Bumpus nor do they represent the total with a standard 30 sieve, preserved cup and preserved in 10 percent solids concentration. McNaught with 10 percent formalin in the field formalin. Three different observers (1965) describes other limitations then tentatively identified and analyzed, microscopi.cally, represent­ in the use of the Clarke-Bumpus enumerated in the laboratory. ative portions of e·ach sample and sampler for obtaining representative Most organisms were identified visually estimated the percentage samples of the standing crop. to genus and were categorized composition by volume. Each At slow-towing speeds, friction as to their sensitivity to organic sample was dried and analyzed in the metering device m~ be pollution or lowered dissolved for total, fixed and volatile significant. At faster speeds oxygen concentrations. Those solids with the results expressed (over 140 revolutions per minute) considered less sensitive are clogging and back pressure become able to withstand lower dissolved a problem particularly with oxygen concentrations for extended small mesh nets as used in this periods of time while the more study. sensitive organisms require The method, though only higher concentrations. In lotic an approximation of the standing 4 PMYSlCAL It CH&MlC~ CONOITlONS

crop, is valuable in comparing Dissolved Oxygen samples 90 meters and 1.0 kilometers standing crops of various lakes off the American Can Company No dissolved oxygen was as well as different areas of had concentrations of 8.4 and found 3.0 m off the lagoon overflow large lakes . 9.2 mg/liter respectively. A of Superior Fiber Products, sample 30 meters off the plant Inc. (Station 4A) (Table 12). could not be titrated due to Cladophora None of the other concentrations some unknown chemical interference . were low enough to be critical Visual observations were for aquatic life. The concentration made of tr.e distribution and Nutrients 90 meters off the Superior sewage abundance of. Cladophora sp. , treatment plant was 8. 5 mg/liter. Organic nitrogen is that a green, filamentous algae that Other values in the St. Louis which is bound in plankton and grows on wave-washed rocks, River and Superior Bey ranged organic detritus and is thus pilings or other suitable substrate. from 4.3 to 6.5 mg/liter. Values an indication of standing crop These growths have been personally of 10.9 and 11.3 were found or trophic conditions. observed in nuisance proportions 2.5 kilometers off the Superior in some shoreline areas of Lake Organic nitrogen was at

Michigan and other lakes. entrance and were near saturation. a minimum in the Apostle Island In Chequamegon Bey at Ashland, region where the concentration

Fish Net Slimes

Numerous complaints had Table 2 D8iYtime Dissolved Ox;ygen Concentrations oeen received, principally from in the Vicinity of Waste Sources and Superior BBiY

commercial fishermen in the Semple Depth Beyfield area, regarding the Station No. Semple Location (m) ms/11ter l St. Louis River - mouth 0 . 5 6.2 accumulation of slime growths 6.0 5.8

3 Superior BBiY - south of Superior Fiber Products lagoon 0 .5 6.1 on fish nets, a problem apparently 1.0 4.3

4A Superior Bay - 3 m off Superior Fiber Products of recent years. Growths are lagoon outfall 0.5 0.0 sometimes so heavy that the 4B Superior BBiY - 30 m off Superior Fiber Products lagoon 0.5 5.5

nets are difficult to lift. Several 5 Superior BBiY - 150 m east of Superior Fiber Products 0 .5 5.0 lagoon 2.0 6.5

requests were made of commercial 26 Lake Superior - 2 . 5 km off Superior entrance 0.5 10.0 15.0 11. 3 fishermen to collect samples 71 Olequemegon BBiY - 100 m off American Can Company outfall 0 . 5 8.4 of the slime growths for microscopic 72 Cbequamegon BBiY - 1.0 km off American Can Company 0.5 9.2 4.0 examination.

5 was 0.10 mg/l iter (Table 3; TABLE 3 Fi gs. 2 and 3). Multipl e samples Nitrogen and Phosphorus Concentrations (ma/liter)

along the center t ransect produced Station Tot.al Soluo1e Total No. Sam;ele Area Oraanic Rl!3- N N02::H li03:N tnorae.nic PhoeE:horu.s Phos18!orus the lowest mean concentration 1 St. Louis River 0 .98 0 . 34 O.Ol2 0 . 41 0. 762 0 .057 0 .112 2 Superior B~ 0 .90 0 .17 0 . 010 0.37 0. 550 0.028 0 .108 6 Superior Day 0 . 83 0 . 21 0.040 0 . 49 0 . 740 0.058 o . uo followed by t hose in Chequamegon 7 Super ior Bay 0 . 89 0 . 24 0 . 014 o . 49 0 . 740 0.042 0 .106 12 1 . 5 l

r egion and the mean concentration for the center transect samples,

0.242 and 0 .291 mg/liter respectively,

were below 0.30 mg/liter, the concentration often considered

critical for nuisance algal

populations (Sawyer, 1947).

The mean concentrations for

Chequamegon Ba;y and Superior Bay were 0.395 and o.68o mg/liter.

Total phosphorus concentrations were also lowest in the Apostle

Island region with the mean

concentrations increasing in

the center transect samples,

Chequamegon Ba;y, and Superior

Ba;y (Figs . 5 and 6) • These values FIGURE 3. Location of Organi ma;y also be related to standing Nitrogen Concentration! crop during the active growing season.

Soluble phosphorus is that

6 X-NUMBER OF SAMPLES -MAXIMUM

_ ONE STANDARD 3- DEVIATION t- MINIMUM 1.1

1.0

0.9

l 0.8 ::::: l 0.7 ~ 0.6 a:0 1-z 0.5 <..>z 0.4 ~ 9 -!... ~ 0.3 02 tt 0.1 -!...

FI GURE 6. Total Phosphorus Concentrations

LAKE AREAS AND TRIBUTARIES FIGURE 2. Organic Nitrogen by Lake Areas and Tributaries

X- NUMBER OF SAMPLES - MAXIMUM X- NUMBER OF SAMPLES ~ONE STANDARD - MAXIMUM ~ DEVIATION ~ONE STANDARD 1-MINIMUM ~DEVI ATION 0.12 f- MINIMUM 0.1 1

0.10 j 0.09 0.8 ..!-. o.oe 4 0.7 1' ~ Cl) ::::: 007 l 0.6 ~ 3; 0.06 z 0.5 t 0 4 -!.. :z: I "'~ ... 005 0 -!... _, !!= 0.4 - z ~ 004 o.3 g !:! z -!...-!... ! j_ 003 ~ 02 * ~ a: Q02 0 ;!; Ql ' QOI QO !!! ~ QOO "" " "" ~"tj a:>-~ ""Cl) ~ ~~ ~ s ~ Cl) ~ !5 ~~ '3 ~~ !:1 ~~ csili Cl) it ~ CI)LI. Iii ~ ~ LAKE AREAS AND TRIBUTARIES LAKE AREAS AND TRIBUTARIES FIGURE 4. Inorganic Nitrogen by Lake FIGURE 5. Total Phosphorus by Lake Areas and Tributaries Areas and Tributaries 7 which is available for plankton was also lower than the Superior Transparen~ was generally nutrition and would be lowest when BS¥ mean. The greatest turbidity, the lowest close to shore (Fig. the standing crop is at its peak. 60.00 was recorded for the South 9). Variability decreased with

Concentrations in the Apostle Island Branch of Fish Creek which carries increasing distance from shore.

region and along the center transect high quantities of suspended clS¥ Suspended clS¥ particles caused were less than the 0.015 mg/liter particles . This turbidity compares considerable turbidity within 1.1 often thoUght necessary for objection- with a Secchi disc of approximately km of much of the Wisconsin shoreline

able algal growths (Sawyer, 1947) • 0.3 m. The sediments contributed Some of the clay was held in suspensi•

Again the means for Chequamegon to Chequamegon BS¥ by Fish Creek and perhaps resuspended by wave

BS¥ and Superior BS¥ were higher were noticeable over an extensive action. than the critical value (Fig. area. The Secchi disc readings

7). ranged from 0. 3 to 7. 0 m with maximum

Nitrogen and phosphorus concentra- values in the Apostle Island Region. tions for grab samples from tributary Rather incomplete data show streams were highly variable. the Bad River near Odanah, Wisconsin,

The South Branch of Fish Creek to have an average annual sediment and the St. Louis River had the yield of approximately 95 metric

highest nitrogen and phosphorus tons per square kilometer of drainage.

concentrations. Areas with intensive agriculture

and moderate rainfall elsewhere

Transparency in the country seldom have yields

of less than 35 metric tons per The lowest turbidity mean, square kilometer annually and some 1. 06, was for the Apostle Island Turbidity From Fish Creek Sediments drainage basins yield over 350 region (Fig. 8). As a comparison, in Chequamegon Bay metric tons per square kilometer. the turbidity of distilled water The red clay area of northwestern is 0.02. Other means increased Wisconsin is one of the most severely in open lake waters including eroded areas in the Lake Superior the center transect, Chequamegon Basin (Collier, 1968). BS¥, and Superior BS¥. Of the five rivers tested, the St. Louis had the lowest measurement which

8 Hack turbidity measurements X- NUMBER OF SAMPLES X- NUMBER OF SAMPLES and Secchi di sc values do not ~ONE STANDARD f·"~ONE·~ STANDARD t-""'""' DEVIATION DEVIATION 39 show a linear relationship as - MINIMUM 60 MINIMUM might be expected (Fig. 15) . In 0 10 .J.. 50 relatively clear water the Secchi 009 ~ ~ z disc values vary from 0.6 to 6.1 Q08 ::I 40 ~ Q a: meters. The Hack turbidity measure- ..s Q(J7 <§ ~ 006 I ~ 30 ments, .in this range where the Secchi ~ 4 i0 005 -- >- 1- values vary widely, are between :r... 0 004 iii ~ a: 20 - 1/) ~~ ~ 5 ~ W

from sight is related to the apparent X-NUMBER OF SAMPLES

decrease in disc diameter or vanishing ~ONE STANDARD 7 t-""''"'"DEVIATION j_ point as the disc moves away from 60 - MINIMUM 18 & the observer. This effect is obviously 50 greater in clear waters as the j!? 5 distance from observer to disc ~40 1 "'z i s greater. Other effects on .J.. ] ~ 4 -.. I~30 5 the depth of disappearance may 5 !: >- ~ - !:: 0 3 - Q 48 ~ ~ be the shadow of the vessel, the ': ~20 ::I .J.. -: 1- I r eflection of the disc, and glare -- 2 ··- I ;" and image distortion of the disc 10 .....I ~ ··-·:· I .: .. , 0 t1 ·- !1:! z a: a! a: 0 ~ w ~...J 0:: ...J ~ 0 cr:oi~ 0 z 0 !~ 1/) ~ ~ 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 ~ ...J ::I z 1/) w

due to reflection from the water Benthos clay, sand, hard bottom, and wood surface and wave action. If the fibers were 1,771; 810; 76; and The benthic organisms found attached line does not remain vertical 22 respectively. and their sensitivity to low dissolved and the disc horizontal, the reading There appears to be no definite oxygen concentrations (Bartsch, may also be affected. correlation between the number and Ingram (no date); Gaufin and of organisms and water depth. Howe vel: Tarzwell, 1952; Hynes, 1963) are Bottom Sediments the seven highest concentrations listed in Table 4 and enumerated of organisms were found in less The bottom sediments were with respect to location in Table than 17m of water (Fig. 11) . found to be highly variable (Table 11, Appendix.

11, Appendix). The sediments were Though the total number of' composed of rock, gravel, sand, benthic organisms in the extreme silt, clay, cinders, organic debris, west end of Lake Superior (within The more common organisms wood fibers, wood chips and plastic 6 km of Superior Bey) are inconsistent, in the Clarke-Bumpus net collections film, with almost all combinations the area supports sanewhat higher appear in Table 5, and Table 10, noted. The predominately clay populations than the other areas Appendix. Copepoda , cladocerans sediments at stations 10 and 20 studied. The inconsistency may be attri and ostracods were most predominant in boundary waters contained an buted to variation in microhabitats among the zooplankton. Melosira unusual thin, hard, black strata due to waste discharges , dredging, sp. was the most common diatom found in no other area of the lake. ship traffic and wave action. except in Chequamegon Bey where Most other bottom samples revealed Tabellaria sp. was the most common.

low numbers of organisms which Very few blue-green algae were

are characteristic of an oligotrophic noted in the samples. Aphanizomenon lake. Pontoporeia affinis, an sp. was the most common genus. amPhipod, was the most common sensitive In some cases substantial quantities

organism found. Substantial numbers of inorganic and organic debris of the sensitive mayfly, Hexa.genia were present in the samples. The

sp. were collected from Chequamegon inorganic debris was primarily

Bey. A bottom of silt supporten sand or clay, and organic debris

the highest number of benthic organis included plant fragments, insect

but populations were highly variable fragments , exuvia, and the like. (Fig. 10). The mean values for

10 TABLE 4 X-NUMBER OF SAMPLES 35,000 Benthic Organisms Found and Their Relative Tolerances ~ONE STANDARD to Lov Dissolved Oxygen DEVIATION (Bartsch and Ingram (no date); Gaufin and TarzveU, 1952; !Iynes, 1963) f""''""' B 30,000 - MINIMUM

Very Tolerant Tolere.nt Sensitive 7 25,000 200 Pisidium sp. Musculi um sp. Hexagenia sp. iieloiidel1e. stagne.lis MacrobdeUe. sp. Pontoporeia sp. Tubifex sp. Haemopsis sp. !!2!!!!!!!.!. sp. Ne.is sp. Procladius sp. Ephemera~ 100 Ve.lve.te. sp. AseUus mili te.ris ~sp. "'e 20,000

More Common Planktonic Organisms in Clarke-Bumpus Net Collections From Lake Superior

!19,464 120,875 !12,516 Cope pods Aaterionella sp. !10,316 Cladocere.ns (De.phnia sp.) Tabellaria sp.

Ostracods Fre.gellaris sp. 5,000 Rotifers Aphanizomenon sp.

Ceratium sp. ~sp. 4{)00

Protozoans Flagellates "\; ' Melosira sp. Dinobryon sp. "'~ 3,000 2: ct "'~ 2,000

1,000 .. •.:

0 0 3 7 10 13 17 20 23 27 30 33 DEPTH (In) FIGURE 11. Number of Benthic Organisms Relative to Depths up to 33 Meters

11 The mean volatile solids that the absence of a trace element Total solids of 5 ,000 ~g/li ter have concentrations for the net collections is limiting plankton growths. More been recorded. The most oligotrophic were less than 100 ~/liter for likely is the presence of an element or least productive lakes in Wisconsi the center transect, the Apostle or compound which limits growth. with no ice cover generally support

Island region and Superior Bay. Another possibility is the presence less than 100 A( g/liter of volati ve

The mean for Chequamegon Bey was of very small plankton which passed solid~ in the surface waters and considerably higher at 473 A( g/liter through the tow net. some are occasionally less than

(Fig. 12). In many lakes it is the volatile 5 .If g/liter. With large concentrations

The volatile solids concentrations, solids in the water which are most of diatoms, the percentage of which are an approximation of objectionable from a recreational and fixed solids may increase as silicates standing crop, correlate well with aesthetic point of view. Characteris­ are incorporated into the cell nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations tirally those lakes with-substantial structure. except in Superior Bay. The bey algae blooms are of a eutrophic has comparatively low volatile nature and will produce a high Cladophora solids with excessive nutrient concentration of volatile solids Cladophora sp. growths were concentrations. The mean turbidity in the surface waters . Concentrations variable but never approached nui­ value for Superior Bay is higher of 2,500 ~ g/li ter are not uncommon sance proportions (Table 6) . than for other lake areas, and in very productive Wisconsin lakes. reduces the photic zone . However, Fish Net Slimes volatile solids samples were taken at the surface where light is not One sample, collected on July the limiting factor in primary 13, 1968 from float nets set in production. The St. Louis River, Big Bay on the east side of Madeline which is a major tributary to Island, was received. Microscopic

Superior Bay, carries large quantities examination revealed virtually of industrial waste, nitrogen and all diatoms, with Tabellaria sp. phosphorus. Because of the industrial predominating along with a few wastes and domestic sewage which cells of Fragilaria sp. Similar enter Superior Bey, it. is unlikely slime growths on fish nets have been documented along the Minnesota

shore of Lake Superior (Putnam

and Olson, 1961) .

12 X-NUMBER OF SAMPLES 1,400 18 ~ONE STANDARD f ~'""'" DEVIATION 1,200 - MINIMUM

1,000 l

~' 800 :g ::J 0 (/) w ..J 600 fi ~ 400

200 Maximum Cladophora 10 Growths Observed, ~ Madeline Island 0 .... !!! 5 Near La Pointe ~~ ~ ~~ §~ ~ 2 I :r u LAKE AREAS FIGURE 12. Volatile Solids for Center Transect , Apostle Islands, Superior Bay, and Chequamegon Bay TABLE 6 Comparative Cladophora Growths Along the Ba,yfield Peninsula and Apostle Islands , Lake Superior, July, 1968

Nearest Permanent Station Numbers Location Extent Remarks

4~ BarkBa,y Light 1 - 3 em strip 44 ,45 Point between Bark Ba,y and Siski wit Ba,y Moderate 3 - 1( em strip 46 Squaw Point Moderate 51 Sand Island, east of light Moderate 51 York Island, northwest point Moderate 52 Raspberry Island, at light Light 52 Raspberry Island, east of light None 52 Raspberry Island, southeast side Light 52 Raspberry Island, east side Trace .c 1 em strip 52 Bear Island, southwest side Light 55 Oak Island, south and southeast sides Trace 55 Stockton Island, south and south- west sides None 55 Her:Dit Island, east side Light 56 Rays Point, on mainland Light 56 Basswood Island, west side None 57 Basswood Island, east side None - Trace 58 Ba,yfield Harbor area Moderate 58 Madeline Island, La Pointe Moderate - Heavy 15 em strip 58 Madeline Island, 1 . 5 km north of La Pointe Light 58 Madeline Island, 3.0 km north- east of La Pointe None 59 ,60 Madeline Island at S . Channel None 68 Ashland breakwater Moderate 8o Marble Point None 81 Montreal River mouth Moderate 84 1. 5 km 'northeast of Montreal R. Moderate

13 PGTlNTlAL POlLUTlON &OURCES

The Lake Superior Drainage E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company American Can Canpany Basin in Wisconsin is sparsely E. I . DuPont de Nemours Bottom samples in the vicinity populated and has relatively little and Company discharges wastewater of this paper mill revealed a industry. Though surface waters to Boyd Creek which turns the stream severely altered habitat. Sam'Dles in the basin are generally of a blood red color. The stream, collected approximately 30 and good quality, localized problems which would likely be intermittent 90 m off the company's outfall do exist in the vicinity of some if the wastewater did not enter were composed predominately of communi ties and industries. Table 7 the watercourse, has m.llllerous wood fibers. These have destroyed is a summary of the potential source" riffle areas . These riffles which the habitat for bottom organisms , of pollution within Wisconsin. are an excellent physical habitat and no organisms were found in Those sourceR which were for immature insects are completely either sample. One sample contained shown to be adversely affecting devoid of all macro-invertebrates. pieces of plastic film and foil local water quality were Superior The red color is noticeable in and the other had a septic odor. Fiber Products, Inc., Superior; Chequamegon Bay a .considerable Pieces of plastic film were also E. I . Du Pont de Nemours and Company , distance from the creek' s mouth. noted either in bottom samples Barksdale; and American Can Company , The wastewater discharged or in the water at several other Ashland. A concentrated effort also has a high nitrite nitrogen stations in Chequamegon Bay, and was also made to determine if taconite concentration and may be a significant at the public boat landing at tailings discharged by the Reserve nutrient source to the Bay the northeast end of Ashland. Mining Company at Silver Bay , Minnesota ( Schrau:fnagel et al. , 1966) . Pieces of plastic film are reportedly were present within Wisconsin found periodically in the Apostle boundaries of Lake Superior. Island region; however, none were

observed during this survey. Superior Fiber Products , Inc. Wood fibers constituted nearly

The dissolved oxygen concentration 100 percent of the plankton sample

3.0 m off the Superior Fiber Products, near the discharge.

Inc. wastewater lagoon overflow was zero. This was the only pollution

effect shown and was limited to

the immediate vicinity of the overflow.

14 Reserve Mining Company U.s9trj.AP..~ GRAND PO-RTAGE No evidence was found to / indicate the presence of taconi te MINNESOTA \ tailings in Wisconsin waters. ·-- The net currents which could carry - colloidal size particles into Wisconsin - - waters are shown in Figure 13.

Portions of the bottom sediments from stations 19, 2'0, 23, 34, and 54 were submitted to t he Nati onal WISCONSIN

Water Quality Laboratory, Duluth, \ N+ I!IQ1E; I SCALE Minnesota, for mineralogical analysis Surface Flow­ I W I Mll.ffi Bottom Flow --- 0• 10 zo 30 by x-ra;y detraction in an effort FIGURE 13. Direction of Net Flow to isolate the mineral cummingtonite.

This mineral is a possible tracer TABLE 7

Pvteutial Source& of Swtace Water for taconite tailings discharged Pollution in the Wisconsin Drainage Basin to Lake Superior

Source 'l'Ype of Has t.e

American Can Co . - Ashland Div. Paper Anderoonville Co-op Dairy Assn. Milk Ashland, City of Sewase Bqfield, City Seveee Bodin Fisheries Fieh Processing Douslas Co . Hospital and San.ite.ry Seveee E. I . Du Pont de Nemoura e.nd Co . Chemical Evertt Fisheries , Inc . P'ieh Processing Farmers Oleeae Fe.ctory Milk Fuhrmann 18 South Shore D&iry Milk Gr eat Northern Rail road Co . Oil Hurl ey, City ot Sevase Iron Belt , Unincorporated Sewage Iron R1 ver, Unincorporated Sewage Koppers Companr Chemical Marengo Co-op Dairy Assn . Milk Martens Dairy Milk Mason Milk Products Milk Mellen, City of Sewage Middle River Sanitori\121 and Dousl aB Co . General Hospital Sewage Montreal, Village ot Sev age Moquab Cheeoe Factory Mill< •:Ountain V&ll ey Oleese Factory Milk Murphy Oil Corporation Oil Ondaseaa;on School Sev aa:e Pence, Tovn ot Sew06,e Penokee Veneer Company Wood Pureair Sanitorium Sevage American Can Company's Ruppe Cement Companr Silt Sand Ba.y Fisheries Fiah Processing Submerged Outfall and Saxon , Tovn of Seva.se Offshore Area Soo Ling Railroad Compall)' Oil Stott Briquet Companr Coal Superior, City of Sevaa;e Superior F'iber Products , Inc. Wood Processing Superior t Village of Se\fe.ge Twin Ports Dairy Milk Union Tonk Cor COCDp&n)' 011 Washb urn , City ot Sewage

15 to Lake Superior by the Reserve The various arbitrary lake areas where water quality may

Mining Company, Silver Bey, Minnesota. areas are ranked for each available differ, the lake as a unit may

The results of x-ray defraction parameter and a score assigned be understood and its trophic status

analysis were negative for the (Table 9 ) . The Apostle Is land established.

tracer cummingtonite (Table 8) . region had the lowest mean score The tributary streams are

A map showing the incomplete deposition of the lake areas followed by the also ranked in the same manner

area of these tailings suggests center transect , Chequamegon B~v (Table 9). Pikes Creek had the

that deposition extends to Wisconsin and Superior Bay. If a lake could lowest mean followed by the Brule,

waters (Fig. 14) . actually be divided into areas, Amnicon, and St. Louis Rivers

Much more subtle is eutrophicatio~ the Apostle Island region could and Fish Creek. The parameters

Most waste sources add nutrients be considered the least eutrophic. considered may be affected by agricul·

to the lake which accelerate natural It is for convenience of study ture, timber cutting, wastewaters,

eutrophication. Conventional domestic only that a lake can be divided recreation and other activities withiJ

sewage treatment removes verv into areas . By comparing these the watershed.

few nutrients. E. I. DuPont de

Nemours and Company discharges

wastes high in nitrites which

may oxidize to nitrates and thus

become an available nutrient.

TABLE 8 The fish net diatom slimes, ResuJ.ts ot Mineralogical Analysis ot Bottom Sediments FrOOI Areas With Possible Taconite Tailings Cladophora growths, and comparatively

high standing crop in Chequamegon Mineralos,ical Com:];!osition*

any Semple Chlorite- Bey cannot be related to particular No. SemJlle Location (Aee maJl) VemicuJ.ite guartz Mica Kaolinite Montmorillonite Other sources of waste but may result 20 MidvS¥ between Silver BillY and the Apostle Islands Tr ++ + ++ Tr Feldspar from increased eutrophication. 19 Approx. 10 mi. s.w. ot e.l>ove + ++ + ++ The fish net slimes are claimed 23 Just East of Outer Bar at Duluth-Superior Harbor ++ ++ ++ ++ to be a problem only of recent 34 East ot Superior Harbor Entrance on Wisconsin Shore ++ ++ ++ ++ years. 54 Apostle Islands Area ++

* Designations - ++ MaJor Component, + Mi.nor Component, Tr - Trace only , - not detected.

16 TABLB 9

Troplilc Raok11l8 ot Lel

Center Cbequamegon Al!2at1ea Transect B!ll SuJ1!rior B& Total Inorganic Nitrogen 1 2 3 4 Organic Nitrogen l 2 3 4 Total Plloophorus l 2 3 4 Soluble Plloophorus 1 2 3 4 Volatile Solido 2 l 4 3 Trubiditr !. ...£ ...l !!. Total 7 ll 19 23

Mean 1.2 1.8 3.2 3.8

Pikes Brule Amnicon St. Louie Fish

Total Inorganic Nitrogen 2 1 3 5 4 Organic Nitrogen l 2 3 4 5 Total Pllosphorus l 2 4 3 Soluble Phosphorus 2 3 1 4 5 Trubiditr _g_ 1 !!. !. i Total 8 9 13 18 22

Mean 1.6 2. 3 2.6 3.6 4.4

FIGURE 14. Taconite Tailings Deposition Area, Reserve Minins Company

17 CONCLUSIONS

1. Minimum dissolved oxygen 8. Pollution is extremely

concentrations were not critical for difficult to demonstrate to any

aquatic life except in the immediate extent in the open water of Lake

vicinity of the Superior Fiber Superior. and was shown to occur

Products, Inc. lagoon outfall. only in the immediate vicinity

2. Nitrogen and phosphorus of waste discharge~'!. Deleterious

concentrations were loweQt in open effects can only be demonstrated

waters and in the Apostle Island i n localized areas near Superior

region. Fiber Products , Inc. , E. I. Du

3. Transparency was highest Pont de Nemours and Company , and

in open waters and in the Apostle American Can Company.

Island region. Transparency was 9. Most waste so~ces are

generally the lowest close to accelerating natural eutrophication

shore. Secchi disc readings are by the addition of nutrients.

not linearly related to turbidity 10 . Corrective measures are

measurements. necessary where waste sources are

4. Numbers of benthic organisms causing pollution.

are related to type of bottom 11. Cultural eutrophication

sediment. should be reduced to an absolute 5. Volatile solids concentrations minimum.

were highest in Chequamegon B~.

6. Cladophora growths were

not observed in nuisance proportions.

7. Fish net slimes were

caused by diatoms, growths which

cannot be attributed to any source

of waste.

18 TABLE 10 Transparency, Solids, and Seston By Lake Areas And Tributaries

Sec chi Hack Fixed Volatile Mean Percentage Observed ( T=trace) Station Disc Turbidity Solids Solids Zoo- Proto- Blue- Organic Inorganic Debris No. (m) (s .u.) ( e;/1) ( sil) :elankton zoens Diatoms greens Greens Debris

St. Louis River

l 0.6 8. 50 44 71 48 17 T T T 32

Superior Bay

2 0.8 9.00 30 70 65 24 ~ T 3 0.6 7.80 36 51 72 20 T T 3 5 0.6 5. 50 39 57 60 28 2 T 5 6 0.6 16.00 87 79 59 30 3 7 0.3 27.00 63 57 65 20 T 3 12

West End of Lake

8 1.2 4. 70 7l 62 52 28 T 20 9 1.4 0.60 77 67 57 32 T T ll 10 2.1 2.30 92 51 46 42 T T 2 8 ll 1.5 2.30 69 124 77 18 3 12 2.1 1.50 13 1.5 0 '45 73 47 57 28 10 14 3.1 1.6 69 26 22 T 63 8

Center Transect

15 4.0 0.73 22 19 49 T 40 T 3 16 3. 7 0. 70 25 13 14 5 55 13 13 l7 4.0 0.92 70 24 35 T 20 21 24 18 0 .65 20 16 57 5 22 10 6 19 5.00 7 59 98 T 2 T 20 l. 30 20 14 45 T 40 12 3 20 0. 45 21 0 '55 8 45 25 25

West End of Lake

22 1.2 2.80 57 77 77 18 T T 3 23 0.9 9.30 70 75 74 23 T T 3 24 1.5 3. 70 67 41 50 T 39 3 8 25 0. 5 14.00 106 60 50 32 T T 3 15 26 1.8 2.30 36 27 6o 32 T 5 3 27 2.4 2.40 56 34 48 47 2 3 28 1.2 6.50 101 73 52 23 5 20 29 1.4 5 'so 69 4S 60 35 T T 5 30 1.5 3.60 65 43 55 30 T 2 13 31 0.9 10.00 56 44 68 2 25 3 2 32 1.5 4.50 15 71 67 5 26 T 33 1.7 3.80 65 54 67 8 25 T

Off Poplar River

34 0.9 14.00 84 60 45 38 15 35 2.1 1.90 78 49 48 45 5 36 2.4 l. 70 12 9 70 25 T 3

Off Bardon Creek

37 0.6 22.00

Off Brule River

38 0.9 12.00 105 158 78 20 2 T 39 1.8 3.20 46 76 75 20 T T 5 40 2.7 1.10 29 78 so 15 T 5 Port Wing

41 4.60 40 33 75 15 T 10 42 3. 70 24 39 so 12 T 8 43 l. 50 26 21 73 20 T 7 Bark Bay

44 1.60 37 60 T T

Cornucopia

45 0 '72 8 52 45 T 46 1.40 22 10 45 50 T 47 1.10 8 4 30 65 1' 4S 1.60 6 4 58 37 T 19 Table 10 (Cont'd)

Sec chi Hack Fixed Volatile Mean Percentage Observed (Tot race) Station Disc Turbidity Solids Solids Zoo- Proto- Blue- Organic Inorganic No. (m) (s .u.) ( f:l(l) ( 5/l) J:!lankton zoe.ns Diatoms Sire ens Greens Debris Debris Sand Island

49 3.8 0. 76 26 20 60 30 T T 50 4. 3 0. 79 11 11 75 T 22 T T 3 51 2.4 2. 50 18 10 58 T 35 T 7

Raspberry Island

52 3.1 2.00 25 16 62 23 T 15

Devils Island

53 0. 37 46 26 42 52 2

South Twin Island

54 0.08 46 21 17 47 T 33

Stockton Island

55 7.0

Red Cliff

56 3. 7 1.00 37 26 43 55 T T Basswood Island

57 6.1 0.25 8 63 32 T T T Bayfield

58 4.0 1.60 187 101 30 T 68 T 2 Long Island

59 3. 4 o. 75 256 149 95 T 2 T La Pointe

60 4.4 2.10 128 64 16 2 80 T T Chequamegon Bay

61 2.1 2.00 904 734 28 66 T 2 62 1.5 1.80 407 332 35 T 55 T T 10 63 0.6 18.oo 288 216 55 2 40 64 T T 3 2.1 3.10 1056 1124 48 T 52 T T 65 4.0 0.61 318 211 42 56 66 T T 2. 7 1.50 294 169 32 T 68 T T T 67 1.8 2.90 441 268 40 T 60 T T T 68 1.5 2.80 371 226 27 69 T 73 T T T 70 0.3 54.oo 252 704 12 5 10 71 2.3 1.60 73 97 72 22 70 8 T 72 1.2 2.50 558 390 45 53 2 73 1.5 3.20 T 264 264 63 2 35 T 74 2.1 6.8 T 365 233 26 2 72 T 75 2.6 T T 1.50 189 192 63 37 T 76 1.1 T 5 .oo 559 323 28 2 63 T H 1.1 7 5. 50 596 322 32 T 66 T T 2 78 1.5 5 .6o 242 149 50 48 T 2 79 1.1 2. 70 1319 878 50 T 45 T T 5 Oronto Bay

80 4.4 0.58 54 45 12 86 T 2 T T 81 4.6 0.65 62 33 8 88 T T T 2 82 5.2 0.26 128 62 2 2 93 T T T 3 83 5.5 0.32 181 90 10 90 T T T T 84 3.4 0. 85 301 128 22 10 58 T 3 7 .Amnicon River

85 30.00

Brule River

86 18.oo

Pikes Creek

87 16.oo

20 Table 10 (Cant' d)

Sec chi Hack Fixed Volatile Mean Percentage Observed (T=trace) Station Disc Turbidity Solids Solids Zoo- Proto- Blue- Organic Inorganic No. (m) (s .u.) ( g/1) ( g/1) plankton zoans Diatoms greens Greens Debris Debris

So. Branch Fish Creek

88 60.00

Boyd Creek

Cheq_uamegon Bay

90 44.00

TABLE 11 Locations , Benthos BJld Sediments For All Stations Sampled

Permanent July, Approx. Classification (No./rn2 ) Station 1968 Depth Sensitive Tolerant Very Tolerant No. Date Location (m) Sediment SJ2J2• No. SJ2J2· No. SJ2J2· No. Observations

1 10,11 Upstream from the High 6.0 Silt, sand 409 20,466 Bridge

10 Inside Duluth Entrance 8. 5 Silt, sand 1 11 1,388 Wood chips. organ. debris

South of Superior, Fiber 1.0 Silt, organic 1 19,464 Products Lagoon Out fall debris

4A 11 3 m off Superior, Fiber 1.0 Products Outfall

4B ll 30 m off Superior, Fiber 1.0 Effluent cloudy Products Outfall tan color.

8 150 m east of Superior 2.0 Sand 1 11 2,130 Fiber Products Outfall

10 1. 0 km west of Sky Harbor 4.0 Silt 0 312 1,625 Airport

10 Inside Superior Entrance 8.0 Silt, sand 1 22 2 32 3,440

11 1.0 km off Duluth Entrance 13.5 Sand 22 1 11 108

ll 2. 5 km off Duluth Entrance 18.0 Sand, clay, 0 108 1,130 organ. debris cinders

10 11 5.0 km off Duluth Entrance 24.5 Sand, cinders 1 11 1 11

11 ll 1.0 km offshore, between 9.0 Hard sand 1 54 l ll Superior & Duluth Entrances

12 17 1. 5 km offshore, between 20.0 Sand, clay, 0 Superior & Duluth Entrances organ. debris

13 11 2. 5 km offshore, between 21.5 Sand, clay, l 151 4 118 810 Superior & Duluth Entrances organ. debris

14 ll 5. 0 km offsbore, between 24.5 Sand, clay 1 226 86 l 936 Superior & Duluth Entrances organ. debris

14 17 5.0 km offshore, between 24.5 Sand, cla;y 11 Superior & Duluth Entrances

15 17 8. 0 km offshore, center 30.5 Silt, soft cla:y, 1 625 2 646 1 441 transect cinders

16 17 16. 0 km offshore , center 43.0 Soft clay org. 1 236 11 194 transect debris , cinders Some grayish 17 17 24,0 km offshore, center 64.0 Clay, cinders 1 86 1 43 transect sediment.

18 17 40.0 km off Superior Bay, 107 .o Clay, cinders 1 43 11 1 32 Some grayish- center transect black sediments, 0. 3 em strata.

21 Table 11 ( Cont 'd)

r'ermanent July, Approx. Classification (No./m2 ) Station 1968 Depth Sensitive Tolerant Very Tolerant --~N~o~·----~D~a~t~e~~L~oc~a~t~i~o~n~------(~m~)~---~Se~d~i~m~e~n~t ______~S~PP~·~N~o~.--~SP~P~·~N~o"-. Spp. No. Observations

19 17 64.0 km off Superior Bay 162.0 Clay 32 Thin, hard black center transect strata, water ap­ pears greenish­ brown.

20 18 89.0 km off Superior Bay, 162.0 Clay, cin6.ers l 32 l 22 Hard black stratf center transect O.l-0.2 em.

20A 18 89.0 km off Superior Bay 137 .o Clay, cinders l 32 0 3.0 km southeast of 20

21 18 113.0 km off Superior Bay, 137.0 Sand, clas- 1 194 l 32 l 334 Some black center transect sediment.

22 11 1. 0 km northwest of Superior 9. 0 Sand, clay l ll 32 l 140 Entrance, 1.1 km offshore organ. debris

23 11 1.0 km northwest of Superior 10.5 Sand 32 Some black Entrance, 2. 5 km offshore sediment"

24 11 1.0 km northwest of Superior 26.0 Sand, clay l 140 32 l 97 Entrance, 5. 0 km offshore

25 1.0 km off Superior Entrance 13.5 Sand 43 97

26 2. 5 km off Superior Entrance 15.0 Clay, organ. 216 l 12,300 debris

27 5. 0 km off Superior Entrance 26.0 Clay 11 Surface tempera­ tl.rre l2°C, Bottom 8°C.

28 10 1.0 km southeast of Superior 9.0 Sand, clay l 22 324 l 43 Entrance, 1, 0 km offshore organ. debris

29 10 l. 0 km southeast of Superior 20.0 Silt, clay 1 43 43 l 2, 781 Entrance, 2. 5 km offshore organ. debris

30 10 1.0 km southeast of Superior 26.0 Silt, sand, l 32 2 43 l 3,720 Entrance, 5.0 km offshore clay, organic debris

31 10 4. 0 km southeast of Superior 9.0 Sand, clay l ll l 11 Water turbid, Entrance, l. 0 km offshore reddish-brow:c

32 10 4.0 km southeast of Superior 14.0 Hard clay l 11 Very little Entrance, 2. 5 km offshore sample.

33 10 4.0 km southeast of Superior 21.0 Clay l 119 l 54 l l ,520 Entrance, 5. 0 km offshore

34 9 Between Middle R. & Poplar 9.0 Sand, clay l 11 l ll l 11 Some black R., 1.0 km offshore sediment.

35 Between Middle R. & Poplar 17 .o Sand, clay l 11 R., 2.5 km offshore

36 Between Middle R. & Poplar 21.0 Sand, clay l 32 l 11 l 22 R., 5.0 km offshore

37 0. 5 Y,m off Bardon Creek 10.5 Very tur.bid.

38 l. 0 km off Brule River 9.0 Sand, gravel l 11 l 11 Water turbid.

39 2. 5 lan off Brule River Hard 1 22 Very little sample.

4o 5. 0 km off Brule River 46 .o Sand l 43 l 11 l 54

41 19 l. 0 km off Port Wing 10.5 Sand, organic l 11 65 2 130 debris

42 19 2. 5 km off Port Wing 21.0 Sand, organic l 205 2 130 l 388 Water turbid, debris brown.

19 5. 0 km off Port Wing 53.5 Sand, organic 1 625 108 2 895 Water sligbtly debris turbid.

44 19 Middle of Bark Bey 21.0 Sand, organic l 280 32 130 Water appears debris green.

19 Middle of Siskiwit Bay Sand, organic l 173 119 238 Water appears debris green. 22 Table ll ( Cont 'd)

Permanent July , Approx. Classification (No. /m 2 ) Station 1968 Depth Sensitive Tolerant Very Tolerant No. Date Location (m) Sediment Spp. No. Spp. No. Spp. No. Observations

46 19 1.0 km off Squaw Point 24.5 Sand, organic 1 464 43 605 Some black debris sediment.

47 19 2. 5 km off Squaw Point 34.0 Clay, organic 1 194 1 22 1 97 Grey streaking debris in clay.

48 19 5.0 km off Squaw Point 61.0 Sand, clay 1 lllO 2 162 1 615 Some black sediment.

49 25 3.0 km west of Sand Is. 46.0 Sand, clay 1 928 l 130 1 970 Water appears slightly green.

50 25 9.5 km west of Sand Is. 91.5 Clay , cinders 1 ll 43 Water appears Light slightly green.

51 25 Between Sand & York Is. 18.5 Sand, clay 830 928 583 Water appears greenish-brown.

52 25 Equidisdant between York, 27 .o Sand, clay 1 852 895 1 75 Water appears Raspberry & Bear Island green.

53 18 2.5 km south of Devils Is. 30.5 Sand, clay 1 646 1 1,200 Some black sediment.

54 18 2.0 km south of South Twin Sand, clay, 950 970 Water very clear. Island organ. debris Some black sediment.

55 24 1. 5 km south of Stockton 75 .o Secchi only Island

24 Between Red Cliff and 24.5 Sand, clay 1 950 75 1 162 Basswood Island cinders

57 24 1. 0 km east of Basswood 46.0 Clay, organic 1 324 130 755 Island debris

58 23 2. 0 km southeast of 46.0 Clay, cinders 176o 3 108 1 ll Bayfield organ. debris

59 23 3. 0 km east of Long Is. 24.5 Sand 1 54 1 32 Light

60 23 7.0 km southwest of La 21.0 Clay, organic 54 1 270 Pointe debris

23 18.0 km off Fish Creek, 4.0 Sand, clay, 119 6 260 281 center transect orgAnic debris

62 23 Between Chequamegon Point 2.0 Sand 530 2lb Some weeds. and Oak Point

23 2. 5 km south of Oak Point, 2.0 Sand 22 226 173 Water turbid, l. 0 km offshore brown.

64 23 13.0 km off Fish Creek, 4.0 Sand, gravel 1 32 334 Water slightly center transect turbid. Many mayfly casts on water.

23 1. 0 km south of Houghton Clay, cinders 1 107 680 Point Bouy

66 23 1. 0 km south of Washburn 6.0 Sand, clay 410 53 Weeds off Wash­ organ. debris burn boat landing. 23 8. 0 km off Fish Creek, 8.0 Clay, organic 2 288 108 center transect 4 75 Water appears debris slightly green. Pieces of plastic noted. 68 23 0. 5 km northeast of Ashland 3.0 Clay, organic 227 560 Sorr.e weeds inside Breakwater, 1. 0 km offshore debris breakwater. Pieces plastic and foil noted. Mey­ fly casts on water 23 1.0 km off American Can 4.0 Clay, organic 1 75 6 366 9,950 Pieces of Co. towards Ashland Break­ debris water plastic noted.

23 Table 11 (Cant' d) 2 Permanent July, Approx. Classification (No./m ) Station 1968 Depth Sensitive Tolerant Very Tolerant No. Date Location (m) Sediment SEJ:!· No. SJ2J2· No. SJ2J2· No. Observations

70 22 10 m off American Can 1.0 Fibers, cinders Water brown and Company Out fall cloudy. Mayfly casts on water. Pieces of foil and plastic. Bottom almost all fibers. Plastic pieces at boat landing.

71 22 30 m off American Can 2.5 Fibers Water appears Company Outfall green. Bottom all fibers and odorous, Mayfly casts on water.

72 22 l.O km off American Can 4. 0 Bark, pieces 1 22 1 22 1 11 Water appears Company of wood green. Mayfly casts on water. Poor sample.

73 23 Between ore docks~ 1. 0 km 8.0 Clay, organic 1 11 2 3,810 Pieces of offshore debris plastic noted.

74 23 5.0 km off Fish Creek, 8.0 Clay, cinders 4 186 2 302 Pieces of plastic center transect organ. debris noted. Water appears green.

75 23 1.0 km southeast of Bono 4.0 Sand, clay, 679 2 130 Pieces of plastic Creek organ. debris on water.

76 22 5 m off Ashland STP 3.0 Hard, organic 1 11 162 Bottom materials Outfall debris black and odorous. Water appears greenish-brown.

77 22 Southwest side of Ashland 4.0 Cinders, clay, 2 97 670 151 Water appears 1.0 km offshore gravel greenish-brown.

78 22 1.5 km off Fish Creek, 2. 5 Sand, organic 32 561 2 203 Water appears center transect debris greenish-brown.

79 22 0.5 km off Boyd Creek 2.0 Sand 6 162 130 Some weeds. Water appears deep red.

80 24 5.0 km north of Marble Pt. 24.5 Sand l 32 1 11 0 0 Water appears slightly greenish. Some black sediment.

81 24 1.0 km off Saxon Harbor 9.0 Hard, sand, 1 108 1 22 2 65 clay

82 24 2. 5 km off Saxon Harbor lj.O Rard, sand 1 11 32 1 32 clay

83 24 5. 0 km off Saxon Harbor 21.0 Sand 1 22 1 86

84 24 0. 5 km off Montreal River 6.0 Hard Water appears brown but clear. Iron 0. mg/liter. tannins 0. 9 mg/ liter.

85 Hwy. 13 Nutrient sample. 86 Hwy. 13 Nutrient sample. 87 Below RR Trestle Nutrient sample. 88 Hwy. 112 Nutrient sample.

89 Hwy. 13 0 No life present in riffles below DuPont. Water deep red. 90 16 0. 5 km off Fish Creek Turbidity only.

24

1100-54 LlTERATURi GITED

American Public Health Association, et al. Hynes, N. B. 1065. Standard methods for the 1963. The Biology ot Polluted examination of water and Waters . L1 verpool Uni v. wastewater. 12th ed, Amer. Press. 202p. Public Health Assoc. , Amer. Water Works Assoc. , McNaught, D. C. Water Poll. Cont . Fed., N.Y. 1965. A study of sane ecological 769p . • relationships and the role of vision in the diel Bartsch, A. F. and w. M. Ingram migrations ot Daphnia. PhD (No date)Stream life and the pollution Thesis, Univ. Wis., Madison. environment. Public Works Publication Reprint. 7p. Putnam, H. D. and T. A. Olson 196o. An investigation of Beeton, A. M. nutrients in Western Lake 1965. Eutrophication of the St. Superior. School of Public Lawrence Great Lakes. Limnol. Health, Univ. Minn. 78p. Oceanog . , 10:240-254. 1961. Studies on the productivity Carr, J. F. and J, K. Hiltane and plankton of Lake Superior. 1965. Changes in bottom fauna of School of Public Health, Western Lake Erie from 1930 Univ. Minn . 72p. to 1961. Limnol. Oceanog., 10:551-569. Ruschmeyer, 0. R. , T. A. Olson, and H. M. Bosch Collier, c. R. 1957. Lake Superior study, 1956. 1968. Pre11minary report on stream­ School of Public Health, flow conditions and sedimen­ Univ. Minn . 85p. tation in the vicinity of Silver BS¥, Minnesota. U. s. Sawyer, C. N. Geol . Surv. 18p. 1947. Fertilization of lakes by agriculture and urban drainage Gaufin , A . R. and C. M. Tarzwell J . New Eng. Water Works Assoc. , 1952. Aquatic invertebrat.es as 61(2) :109-127. indicators of stream pollution. Pub. Health Rep. Schraufnagel, F. H., L.A. Montie, 67 :57-64. L. A. Luescl!ow , and K. Glasshof 1966. Report on an investigation Holland, R. E. of the pollution in the Lake 1968. Correlation of Melosira sp. Superior Drain~e Basin made with trophic conditions in during 1965 and early 1966. Lake Michigan. Limnol. Wis. Comm. on Water Poll. 32p. Oceanog. , 13:555-557. Winter, D. R. 1965. The distribution and abundance 1968. Report on the water quality of planktonic diatoms in Lake survey in Wisconsin waters Superior. Great Lakes Research of Lake Superior made during Division, Institute of Science July , 1968. Wis. Dep. Natur. and Technology, Univ. Mich . Res our. , l9p. Pub. No. 13:96-105. Zube, E. H. and H. A. Dega Holmer, R. W. 1964. Wisconsin's LakP Superior 1970. The Secchi disc. Martek Shoreline. Wis. Dep. Resour. Mariner 2:1. Dev., 42p.

26