DOCSLIB.ORG

View of Each General at Type Is Discussed

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
View of Each General at Type Is Discussed Exploring Empirical Guidelines for Selecting Computer Assistive Technology for People with Disabilities A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science By Jennifer Border B.S., Wright State University, 2008 2011 Wright State University WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES DATE MARCH 7, 2011 I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY Jennifer Border ENTITLED Exploring Empirical Guidelines for Selecting Computer Assistive Technology for People with Disabilities BE ACCEPTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Master of Science. Wayne Shebilske, Ph.D. Thesis Director Scott Watamaniuk, Ph.D. Graduate Program Director Committee on Final Examination John Flach, Ph.D. Chair, Department of Psychology Wayne Shebilske, Ph.D. John Flach, Ph.D. Clark Shingledecker, Ph.D. Andrew T. Hsu, Ph.D. Dean, School of Graduate Studies ii ABSTRACT Border, Jennifer. M.S., Department of Psychology, Wright State University, 2011. Exploring Empirical Guidelines for Selecting Computer Assistive Technology for People with Disabilities. Assistive technologies (AT) enable people with disabilities (PWD) who are unable to use traditional computer workstations to independently access computers. The selection process of AT is complex due to the numerous AT available and the specific needs of the user. This study examined the process to select new AT for a PWD with Arthrogryposis. In part 1, a series of two different typing sessions (typing test & journal response) were completed by three different AT (voice recognition (VRS), head tracker (HT), & brain computer interface (BCI)). In part 2 only journaling sessions using VRS & the user’s traditional typing method (touch screen) were completed. Quantitative & qualitative data was analyzed for both parts. For the current PWD, a combination of HT and VRS AT was selected as AT choices. Her results provided a discovery of important AT features and implications for improving AT selection for the general population. Future research is needed to explore these implications. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. Introduction. 1 Understanding the Goals… . 2 User Selection . 4 Problem Space Dimensions. 5 The Cause of the Problem. 7 Physical Ability Level…. 9 Previous AT Workstations . 10 Current and Future Work Demands that use Computer Technology. 14 Personal Attitudes and Preferences. 15 Solution Space. 16 Mode of User Input. 19 Level of Technology Used. 19 Text Input Methodology. 20 Typing Productivity. 20 Cursor Control Methodology. 21 Keyboard Type. 21 Key Selection. 22 Keyboard Character Layout. 23 Qwerty. 23 Dvorak. 24 Fitaly. 24 iv Physical Hardware Keyboard. 25 Virtual Keyboard Platforms. 26 WiViK. 26 Hot Virtual Keyboard. 27 Eye Gaze Interaction Keyboard Platforms. 27 GazeTalk. 27 Dasher. 28 StarGazer. 28 Predictive Text. 28 T9. 29 Character. 29 Word Bank. 29 Detailed Description of Six General AT. 29 Eye Gaze Interaction. 29 Usability and Productivity Of Eye Gaze. 30 Head Tracking. 31 Usability and Productivity of Head Tracking. 31 Brain Computer Interface (BCI). 33 Usability and Productivity of BCIs. 34 Voice Recognition Software (VRS). 36 Usability and Productivity of VRS. 37 Stylus Mouth Stick/Head Stick Typing. 38 Usability and Productivity of One Digit Typing Performance. 38 v General Cursor Manipulation Using External Devices. 39 Usability and Productivity Using an External Device. 39 Assistive Technologies Used in Current Study. 40 Voice Recognition Software. 41 Head Tracking. .. 42 Brain Computer Interface. 43 II. Methods. 44 Participant. 44 Experimental Design. 44 III. Procedure. 46 IV. Results. 49 Quantitative Analysis. 49 Experimental Part 1. 49 Experimental Part 2. 52 Qualitative Analysis. 53 Independence Frustration. 54 Low Output and Cognitive Speed Ratio Frustration. 56 Reliability Frustration. 56 Personalization Frustration. ..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gesture Keyboard Using Arduino
    www.ijcrt.org © 2021 IJCRT | Volume 9, Issue 5 May 2021 | ISSN: 2320-2882 GESTURE KEYBOARD USING ARDUINO P. R. Rodge1 Gawali Harshada2 Chaudhari Pooja3 More Mayur4 1Professor of Computer Engineering Department, SSJCOE, Maharashtra, India 2Student of Computer Engineering Department, SSJCOE, Maharashtra, India 3Student of Computer Engineering Department, SSJCOE. Maharashtra, India 4Student of Computer Engineering Department, SSJCOE, Maharashtra, India ABSTRACT Different keyboards are available in the market, with variations in size, layouts, programs, and functionalities. Recently, virtual keyboards are also in use but for every single keyboard, the user should remember the arrangement of keys in order to enter different characters. Remote-based gesture keyboard is a system that serves on the Internet of Things [IoT] architecture and embedded with Arduino as well as the accelerometer and machine learning process that enforces the system to perform in the desired direction. The remote-based gesture keyboard is the model, where the user can enter text and number in a text editor by moving a hand to the specific motion of characters in the air using Arduino. Arduino operates as a remote where gestures relocate into the air, translating into letters, and exposing them on a computer screen. Keywords— gesture, Arduino, remote, keyboard. I.INTRODUCTION The keyboard plays a vibrant role in the computer system for the entry of data by pressing the number of keys. In today’s generation screen touch keyboards are mostly used and gesture keyboards also used only for physically disabled people and for special use. There is plenty of variation in layouts of the physical keyboard such as AZERTY, QWERTY, Dvorak Colemak, Maltron, and JCUKEN.
    [Show full text]
  • Interaction Techniques for Finger Sensing Input Devices
    PreSense: Interaction Techniques for Finger Sensing Input Devices ££ £ £ Jun Rekimoto £ Takaaki Ishizawa Carsten Schwesig Haruo Oba £ Interaction Laboratory ££ Graduate School of Media and Governance Sony Computer Science Laboratories, Inc. Keio University 3-14-13 Higashigotanda Shonan Fujisawa Campus Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0022 Japan 5322 Endo, Fujisawa 252-8520 Japan Phone: +81 3 5448 4380, Fax +81 3 5448 4273 [email protected] rekimoto,oba @csl.sony.co.jp http://www.csl.sony.co.jp/person/rekimoto.html ABSTRACT Although graphical user interfaces started as imitations of the physical world, many interaction techniques have since been invented that are not available in the real world. This paper focuses on one of these “previewing”, and how a sen- sory enhanced input device called “PreSense Keypad” can provide a preview for users before they actually execute the commands. Preview important in the real world because it is often not possible to undo an action. This previewable fea- Figure 1: PreSense Keypad senses finger contact ture helps users to see what will occur next. It is also helpful (proximity) and position before the key press. when the command assignment of the keypad dynamically changes, such as for universal commanders. We present sev- eral interaction techniques based on this input device, includ- touch sensor, finger motions on the keypad are recognized ing menu and map browsing systems and a text input system. by integrating each keytop’s information. We also discuss finger gesture recognition for the PreSense This sensor and keytop combination makes it possible to rec- Keypad. ognize “which button is about to be pressed”, and the system KEYWORDS: input devices, previewable user interfaces, can provide appropriate information to users.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Action-Level Metrics to Report the Performance of Multi-Step Keyboards
    Using Action-Level Metrics to Report the Performance of Multi-Step Keyboards Gulnar Rakhmetulla* Ahmed Sabbir Arif† Steven J. Castellucci‡ Human-Computer Interaction Group Human-Computer Interaction Group Independent Researcher University of California, Merced University of California, Merced Toronto I. Scott MacKenzie§ Caitlyn E. Seim¶ Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Mechanical Engineering York University Stanford University Table 1: Conventional error rate (ER) and action-level unit error rate ABSTRACT (UnitER) for a constructive method (Morse code). This table illustrates Computer users commonly use multi-step text entry methods on the phenomenon of using Morse code to enter “quickly” with one handheld devices and as alternative input methods for accessibility. character error (“l”) in each attempt. ER is 14.28% for each attempt. These methods are also commonly used to enter text in languages One of our proposed action-level metrics, UnitER, gives a deeper with large alphabets or complex writing systems. These methods insight by accounting for the entered input sequence. It yields an error require performing multiple actions simultaneously (chorded) or rate of 7.14% for the first attempt (with two erroneous dashes), and in a specific sequence (constructive) to produce input. However, an improved error rate of 3.57% for the second attempt (with only evaluating these methods is difficult since traditional performance one erroneous dash). The action-level metric shows that learning has metrics were designed explicitly for non-ambiguous, uni-step meth- occurred with a minor improvement in error rate, but this phenomenon ods (e.g., QWERTY). They fail to capture the actual performance of is omitted in the ER metric, which is the same for both attempts.
    [Show full text]
  • An Improved Arabic Keyboard Layout
    Sci.Int.(Lahore),33(1),5-15,2021 ISSN 1013-5316; CODEN: SINTE 8 5 AN IMPROVED ARABIC KEYBOARD LAYOUT 1Amjad Qtaish, 2Jalawi Alshudukhi, 3Badiea Alshaibani, 4Yosef Saleh, 5Salam Bazrawi College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT: One of the most important human–machine interaction (HMI) systems is the computer keyboard. The keyboard layout (KL) dictates how a person interacts with a physical keyboard through the way in which the letters, numbers, punctuation marks, and symbols are mapped and arranged on the keyboard. Mapping letters onto the keys of a keyboard is complex because many issues need to be taken into considerations, such as the nature of the language, finger fatigue, hand balance, typing speed, and distance traveled by fingers during typing and finger movements. There are two main kinds of KL: English and Arabic. Although numerous research studies have proposed different layouts for the English keyboard, there is a lack of research studies that focus on the Arabic KL. To address this lack, this study analyzed and clarified the limitations of the standard legacy Arabic KL. Then an efficient Arabic KL was proposed to overcome the limitations of the current KL. The frequency of Arabic letters and bi-gram probabilities were measured on a large Arabic corpus in order to assess the current KL and to design the improved Arabic KL. The improved Arabic KL was then evaluated and compared against the current KL in terms of letter frequency, finger-travel distance, hand and finger balance, bi-gram frequency, row distribution, and most frequent words.
    [Show full text]
  • Senorita: a Chorded Keyboard for Sighted, Low Vision, and Blind
    Senorita: A Chorded Keyboard for Sighted, Low Vision, and Blind Mobile Users Gulnar Rakhmetulla Ahmed Sabbir Arif Human-Computer Interaction Group Human-Computer Interaction Group University of California, Merced University of California, Merced Merced, CA, United States Merced, CA, United States [email protected] [email protected] Figure 1. With Senorita, the left four keys are tapped with the left thumb and the right four keys are tapped with the right thumb. Tapping a key enters the letter in the top label. Tapping two keys simultaneously (chording) enters the common letter between the keys in the bottom label. The chord keys are arranged on opposite sides. Novices can tap a key to see the chords available for that key. This figure illustrates a novice user typing the word “we”. She scans the keyboard from the left and finds ‘w’ on the ‘I’ key. She taps on it with her left thumb to see all chords for that key on the other side, from the edge: ‘C’, ‘F’, ‘W’, and ‘X’ (the same letters in the bottom label of the ‘I’ key). She taps on ‘W’ with her right thumb to form a chord to enter the letter. The next letter ‘e’ is one of the most frequent letters in English, thus has a dedicated key. She taps on it with her left thumb to complete the word. ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Senorita is a novel two-thumb virtual chorded keyboard for Virtual Qwerty augmented with linguistic and behavioral mod- mobile devices. It arranges the letters on eight keys in a single els has become the dominant input method for mobile devices.
    [Show full text]
  • Gesture Typing on Smartwatches Using a Segmented QWERTY Around the Bezel
    SwipeRing: Gesture Typing on Smartwatches Using a Segmented QWERTY Around the Bezel Gulnar Rakhmetulla* Ahmed Sabbir Arif† Human-Computer Interaction Group Human-Computer Interaction Group University of California, Merced University of California, Merced Figure 1: SwipeRing arranges the standard QWERTY layout around the edge of a smartwatch in seven zones. To enter a word, the user connects the zones containing the target letters by drawing gestures on the screen, like gesture typing on a virtual QWERTY. A statistical decoder interprets the input and enters the most probable word. A suggestion bar appears to display other possible words. The user could stroke right or left on the suggestion bar to see additional suggestions. Tapping on a suggestion replaces the last entered word. One-letter and out-of-vocabulary words are entered by repeated strokes from/to the zones containing the target letters, in which case the keyboard first enters the two one-letter words in the English language (see the second last image from the left), then the other letters in the sequence in which they appear in the zones (like multi-tap). Users could also repeatedly tap (instead of stroke) on the zones to enter the letters. The keyboard highlights the zones when the finger enters them and traces all finger movements. This figure illustrates the process of entering the phrase “the world is a stage” on the SwipeRing keyboard (upper sequence) and on a smartphone keyboard (bottom sequence). We can clearly see the resemblance of the gestures. ABSTRACT player or rejecting a phone call), checking notifications on incoming Most text entry techniques for smartwatches require repeated taps to text messages and social media posts, and using them as fitness enter one word, occupy most of the screen, or use layouts that are trackers to record daily physical activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Text Input Methods for Indian Languages Sowmya Vajjala, International Institute of Information Technology
    Iowa State University From the SelectedWorks of Sowmya Vajjala 2011 Text Input Methods for Indian Languages Sowmya Vajjala, International Institute of Information Technology Available at: https://works.bepress.com/sowmya-vajjala/3/ TEXT INPUT METHODS FOR INDIAN LANGUAGES By Sowmya V.B. 200607014 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Master of Science (by Research) in Computer Science & Engineering Search and Information Extraction Lab Language Technologies Research Center International Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad, India September 2008 Copyright c 2008 Sowmya V.B. All Rights Reserved Dedicated to all those people, living and dead, who are directly or indirectly responsible to the wonderful life that I am living now. INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Hyderabad, India CERTIFICATE It is certified that the work contained in this thesis, titled “ Text input methods for Indian Languages ” by Sowmya V.B. (200607014) submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Master of Science (by Research) in Computer Science & Engineering, has been carried out under my supervision and it is not submitted elsewhere for a degree. Date Advisor : Dr. Vasudeva Varma Associate Professor IIIT, Hyderabad Acknowledgements I would like to first express my gratitude to my advisor Dr Vasudeva Varma, for being with me and believing in me throughout the duration of this thesis work. His regular suggestions have been greatly useful. I thank Mr Prasad Pingali for his motivation and guidance during the intial phases of my thesis. I thank Mr Bhupal Reddy for giving me the first lessons in my research. I entered IIIT as a novice to Computer Science in general and research in particular.
    [Show full text]
  • Clavier DUCK
    Clavier DUCK : Utilisation d'un syst`emede d´eduction de mots pour faciliter la saisie de texte sur ´ecrantactile pour les non-voyants Philippe Roussille, Mathieu Raynal, Christophe Jouffrais To cite this version: Philippe Roussille, Mathieu Raynal, Christophe Jouffrais. Clavier DUCK : Utilisation d'un syst`emede d´eduction de mots pour faciliter la saisie de texte sur ´ecrantactile pour les non- voyants. 27`eme conf´erencefrancophone sur l'Interaction Homme-Machine., Oct 2015, Toulouse, France. ACM, IHM-2015, pp.a19, 2015, <10.1145/2820619.2820638>. <hal-01218748> HAL Id: hal-01218748 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01218748 Submitted on 21 Oct 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. Clavier DUCK : Utilisation d’un système de déduction de mots pour faciliter la saisie de texte sur écran tactile pour les non-voyants. Philippe Roussille Mathieu Raynal Christophe Jouffrais Université de Toulouse & Université de Toulouse & CNRS & Université de CNRS ; IRIT ; CNRS ; IRIT ; Toulouse ; IRIT ; F31 062 Toulouse, France F31 062 Toulouse, France F31 062 Toulouse, France [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] RÉSUMÉ fournissant des claviers logiciels qui s’affichent sur ces L’utilisation des écrans tactiles et en particulier les cla- surfaces tactiles.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Action-Level Metrics to Report the Performance of Multi-Step Keyboards
    Using Action-Level Metrics to Report the Performance of Multi-Step Keyboards Gulnar Rakhmetulla* Ahmed Sabbir Arif† Steven J. Castellucci‡ Human-Computer Interaction Group Human-Computer Interaction Group Independent Researcher University of California, Merced University of California, Merced Toronto I. Scott MacKenzie§ Caitlyn E. Seim¶ Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Mechanical Engineering York University Stanford University Table 1: Conventional error rate (ER) and action-level unit error rate ABSTRACT (UnitER) for a constructive method (Morse code). This table illustrates Computer users commonly use multi-step text entry methods on the phenomenon of using Morse code to enter “quickly” with one handheld devices and as alternative input methods for accessibility. character error (“l”) in each attempt. ER is 14.28% for each attempt. These methods are also commonly used to enter text in languages One of our proposed action-level metrics, UnitER, gives a deeper with large alphabets or complex writing systems. These methods insight by accounting for the entered input sequence. It yields an error require performing multiple actions simultaneously (chorded) or rate of 7.14% for the first attempt (with two erroneous dashes), and in a specific sequence (constructive) to produce input. However, an improved error rate of 3.57% for the second attempt (with only evaluating these methods is difficult since traditional performance one erroneous dash). The action-level metric shows that learning has metrics were designed explicitly for non-ambiguous, uni-step meth- occurred with a minor improvement in error rate, but this phenomenon ods (e.g., QWERTY). They fail to capture the actual performance of is omitted in the ER metric, which is the same for both attempts.
    [Show full text]
  • Designing a Better Touch Keyboard
    Designing a Better Touch Keyboard JOEL BESADA ([email protected]) DD143X Degree Project in Computer Science, First Level KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Computer Science and Communication - Supervisor: Anders Askenfelt Examiner: Mårten Björkman iii Abstract The growing market of smartphone and tablet devices has made touch screens a big part of how people interact with technology today. The standard virtual keyboard used on these devices is based on the computer keyboard – a design that may not be very well suited for touch screens. This study sought to answer whether there are alterna- tive ways to design virtual touch keyboards. An alternative design may require training to use, but the user should be able to use it viably after a reasonable amount of prac- tice. Optimally, the user should also have the potential to reach a higher level of efficiency than what is possible on the standard touch keyboard design. Analysis was done by researching current and previous attempts at alternative keyboard designs, and by imple- menting an own prototype based on analysis made on the researched designs. The thesis concludes that there is an interest in solving issues encountered in this area, and that there is good potential in building viable virtual keyboards using alternative design paradigms. iv Referat Utformning av ett bättre pektangentbord Den växande marknaden för smarttelefoner och surfplattor har gjort pekskärmen till en stor del av hur folket interage- rar med dagens teknologi. Det virtuella standardtangent- bordet som används på dessa enheter är baserad på dator- tangentbordet – en design som möjligen inte är särskilt bra anpassad för pekskärmar.
    [Show full text]
  • Mobile Devices Developers Guide
    MOBILE DEVICES DEVELOPERS GUIDE MOBILE DEVICES DEVELOPERS GUIDE 8000271-001 Rev. A April 2015 ii Mobile Devices Developers Guide No part of this publication may be reproduced or used in any form, or by any electrical or mechanical means, without permission in writing from Zebra. This includes electronic or mechanical means, such as photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval systems. The material in this manual is subject to change without notice. The software is provided strictly on an “as is” basis. All software, including firmware, furnished to the user is on a licensed basis. Zebra grants to the user a non-transferable and non-exclusive license to use each software or firmware program delivered hereunder (licensed program). Except as noted below, such license may not be assigned, sublicensed, or otherwise transferred by the user without prior written consent of Zebra. No right to copy a licensed program in whole or in part is granted, except as permitted under copyright law. The user shall not modify, merge, or incorporate any form or portion of a licensed program with other program material, create a derivative work from a licensed program, or use a licensed program in a network without written permission from Zebra. The user agrees to maintain Zebra’s copyright notice on the licensed programs delivered hereunder, and to include the same on any authorized copies it makes, in whole or in part. The user agrees not to decompile, disassemble, decode, or reverse engineer any licensed program delivered to the user or any portion thereof. Zebra reserves the right to make changes to any software or product to improve reliability, function, or design.
    [Show full text]
  • Predicting and Reducing the Impact of Errors in Character-Based Text Entry
    PREDICTING AND REDUCING THE IMPACT OF ERRORS IN CHARACTER-BASED TEXT ENTRY AHMED SABBIR ARIF A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, ONTARIO APRIL 2014 © AHMED SABBIR ARIF, 2014 Abstract This dissertation focuses on the effect of errors in character-based text entry techniques. The effect of errors is targeted from theoretical, behavioral, and practical standpoints. This document starts with a review of the existing literature. It then presents results of a user study that investigated the effect of different error correction conditions on popular text entry performance metrics. Results showed that the way errors are handled has a significant effect on all frequently used error metrics. The outcomes also provided an understanding of how users notice and correct errors. Building on this, the dissertation then presents a new high-level and method-agnostic model for predicting the cost of error correction with a given text entry technique. Unlike the existing models, it accounts for both human and system factors and is general enough to be used with most character-based techniques. A user study verified the model through measuring the effects of a faulty keyboard on text entry performance. Subsequently, the work then explores the potential user adaptation to a gesture recognizer’s misrecognitions in two user studies. Results revealed that users gradually adapt to misrecognition errors by replacing the erroneous gestures with alternative ones, if available. Also, users adapt to a frequently misrecognized gesture faster if it occurs more frequently than the other error-prone gestures.
    [Show full text]