Title: A Post-Holocaust Reading of Jewish Heroism in Bernard Malamud’s The Fixer, “Man in the Drawer,” and “An Apology”
Author: Sajjad Mahboobi
Affiliation: Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch Year:2015 Abstract: This thesis has two major purposes: to examine the concept of Jewish heroism in Bernard Malamud’s selected works, and to demonstrate that despite denying it, the author is foremost concerned with Jewish, rather than universal, issues. It is argued that the main characters of Malamud’s fiction, especially in the discussed narratives, portray heroism through resistance, morality, and the responsibility they accept toward their people, while they suffer inevitably and arouse emotion in the reader on miseries and pains of Jews. In light of a truth- oriented historicist approach, the researcher argues that Malamud’s characters are time-bound and benefit from the postwar Holocaust-saturated America and the considerable sympathy that Jews drew especially in those years. While these characters associate the non-Jewish reader mainly with two things, Jew the innocent and the alleged Holocaust, they help American Jews, in particular, rise again from the so-called Auschwitz ashes and free from Jew-the-victim mentality, intensified by the Holocaust propaganda, through displaying heroism of resistance. They also help revive qualities of Jewishness that were fading in the increasingly assimilated postwar perio
Keywords: : Post-Holocaust Jewish American fiction, Jewish suffering, Jewish heroism, Jew-the-victim mentality
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Author: Niloufar Khosravi
Affiliation: Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch Year:2013 Abstract:
Helen Cixous is a poet-philosopher who is famous for her practice called Ecriture
Feminine (Feminine Writing). She believes women are to change the rules of narration and Grammar in order to be able to tell their (the other’s) story through their own experiences and existence. Considering her ideas of “Feminine Writing” the researcher tried to read Oranges are not the Only Fruit by Jeanette Winterson and Kimya Khatun by Saideh Ghods in order to scrutinize the feminine sings of narration in them. Feminine concepts mentioned by Cixous in her different critical works are considered in different chapters as landmarks for the writers’ feminine language. Also, sexual differences are the points of focus in order to clarify the way the writers picture different male and female characters. Master narratives and their changes are other important concepts of the study. Consequently although there are big cultural and time gaps between the two novels, but they meet each other at the feminine point. Both of them has changed the patriarchal rules and tried to create a feminine economy in which instead of focusing on the oppositions between sexes, only their differences are highlighted. Both writers recreate old stories in order to make new ones from the view point of women. They not only write themselves but they also create a feminine, fluid and without ending world in their stories.
Keywords:
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Dowlatabadi’s Missing Soluch
Author: Nastaran Khosravi
Affiliation: Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch Year:2014 Abstract:
Arne Naess, the Norwegian philosopher, coined the word Ecosophy in 1970. His philosophy is the basis to a political movement called The Deep Ecology Movement.
The emphasis on the word “deep” is to indicate that the movement is after fundamental changes in the way people think and act toward nature. Also,
Ecosophy assert that its followers can permanently review and revise their thought and action. The ultimate goal of the Deep Ecology Movement is Self-realization through nonviolent resistance. Each member of the movement can create her own
Ecosophy as long as they include Naess-Sesseions’ platform. Naess’s personal ecosophy is Ecosophy T.
Ecosophy is not a literary approach but the researcher believes that it has the capacity to become one. It can fill the gaps where Literary Ecocriticism does not know in its territory. Accordingly, the researcher has applied Normative System and some of the key concepts introduced by Arne Naess on the novels The Drought and
Missing Soluch by J.G. Ballard and Mahmoud Dowlatabadi. Naess puts diversity, complexity, and symbiosis under the umbrella term Self-realization while truth and fearlessness go under nonviolent resistance. These concepts are tightly interwoven and interdependent as the two novels prove them to be. The research shows that all the introduced concepts can be more or less found and discussed in the two novels and a System of norms can be written according to the concepts and personal experience and observation of any researcher. In this sense, the two literary texts are capable of being read through Ecosophy.
Keywords:
References:
Abrams, Meyer H., and Geoffrey Galt. Harpham. A glossary of literary terms. Boston, Mass. [u.a.: Thomson Wadsworth, 2005. Amin, Hasan. "Mahmoud Dowlatabadi." Hafez 3rd ser. 76 (2010): 40-41. Andolan, Narmada Banchao. "Naess, Arne." The encyclopedia of religion and nature. By Bron Raymond. Taylor. London: Thoemmes Continuum, 2005. 1149-150. Ballard, J. G. The drought. Australia: Penguin, 1974. Barnhill, David. University of Wisconsin Oshkosh. 1 June 2013
Shamee, Milaad, and Minou Bitarafaan. "A Comparative Analysis of Mahmoud Dowlatabadi's Missing Soluch and Pear Buck's The Mother." Adab Pajouhi 14 (2010): 67-91. Tošić, Jelica. "Ecocriticism – Interdisciplinary Study of Literature and Environment." 3 (2006): 43-50. Vaccari, Andrés. "AWAKENING THE ENTROPY WITHIN The Novels of J.G. Ballard." Andresvaccari.net. Zimmerman, Michael E. "Rethinking the Heidegger-Deep Ecology Relationship." Umweltethik 15 (1993): 195-223.
ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ اﻣﯿﻦ، ﺣﺴﻦ. "ﻣﺤﻤﻮد دوﻟﺖ آﺑﺎدی." ﺣﺎﻓﻆ ٧٦ (١٣٨٩): ٤٠-٤١ ﺷﻤﻌﯽ، ﻣﯿﻼد، و ﻣﯿﻨﻮ ﺑﯿﻄﺮﻓﺎن. " ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﯽ ﺟﺎی ﺧﺎﻟﯽ ﺳﻠﻮچ ﻣﺤﻤﻮد دوﻟﺖ آﺑﺎدی ﺑﺎ رﻣﺎن ﻣﺎدر اﺛﺮ ﭘﺮل ﺑﺎک". ادب ﭘﮋوھﯽ ٣ (١٣٨٩): ٦٧-٩١. ﭼﮫﻞ ﺗﻦ، اﻣﯿﺮﺣﺴﯿﻦ، و ﻓﺮﯾﺪون ﻓﺮﯾﺎد. ﻣﺎ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﺮدﻣﯽ ھﺴﺘﯿﻢ، ﺗﮫﺮان: ﭼﺸﻤﻪ، ١٣٨٠ ﺑﯿﺰارﮔﯿﺘﯽ، ﻣﺴﻌﻮد. روﻧﺪ ﺑﻐﺮﻧﺞ آﻓﺮﯾﻨﺶ، رﺷﺖ: اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات ﮔﯿﻼن، ١٣٧٦ دوﻟﺖ آﺑﺎدی، ﻣﺤﻤﻮد. ﺟﺎی ﺧﺎﻟﯽ ﺳﻠﻮچ. ﺗﮫﺮان: ﻧﺸﺮ ﻧﻮ، ١٣٦١ Title: Foucault’s Concepts of Self and Punish in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies and J. G. Ballard’s High Rise
Author: Mohsen Musavi Fard
Affiliation: Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch Year:2015 Abstract: The individual has always been exposed to the challenges in social institutions.
Michel Foucault is largely concerned with the relation between social structures and institutions and the individual and the effects of them on groups of people and the role that those people play in affirming or resisting those effects. The aim of this study is to analyze Foucault’s concepts of self and punish in J. G. Ballard’s High-Rise and William
Golding’s Lord of the Flies. High-Rise (1975) depicts Ballard’s preoccupation with how the modern High-rise pushes man to the point where he struggles for saving his subjectivity from continuous raid of disciplinary society. William Golding’s Lord of the
Flies (1954) also represents the condition of the human, real-life violence and brutality of World War II and constrains within society. Both of the novels are analyzed based on
Foucault’s conceptions of self and punish. This study shows that the procedures of power are at the basic level of the social order where it produces its own kinds of bodies that conform to its demands and needs. Foucault presents a history of changes that cause alterations in modes of thinking. Both of the novels depict characters that are willingly or unwillingly exposed to these circumstances and implicitly delineate the way they try to mold and recreate themselves in order to be fit in those structures and environment.
Keywords: Care of the Self, Aphrodisia, Disciplinary Power, Governmentality,
Normalization, Subjugated, Technologies of Self.
References:
Abrams, M. H., and Geoffrey G. Harpham. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Boston:
Wadsworth
Cengage Learning, 2009.
Alec McHoul, Wendy Grace. A Foucault Primer. London: Routledge, 2002.
Ballard, J. G. High Rise. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1975.
Basile, Jennifer. “Democratic and Totalitarian Power Systems in William Golding’s Lord of the
Flies.” Karlstad University, 2007.
Batters, Stephanie M. “Care of the Self and the Will to Freedom: Michel Foucault,
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http://andresvaccari.net/Vaccari_Ballard.pdf (accessed 1, 1, 2015). Title: Ken Kesey’s One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest: An Althusserian Reading Author:Shima Lotfi
Affiliation: Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch Year:2013 Abstract:
The present study is an attempt to apply Althusserian Neo-Marxist theories to Ken
Kesey’sOne Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest.To achieve this goal, a complete account of ideology and different strategies in its transmission in the mentioned novel is scrutinized. Macherey’s “symptomatic reading” and its importance in providing a better picture of ideology out of which the novel is written is another central point of the present study. This scientific method shows that every literary work compromises a profusion of different conflicting meanings, thus by exploring those aspects of the novel that convey meanings different from the intention of the author, a better picture of ideology and its deficiencies is presented. Through the application of Althusser’s theories, it is proved that the characters in Kesey’s novel are good emblems of Althusserian subjects who are trapped in the networks of ideologies, thus ideology plays a significant role in interpellating them as ideological subjects. The total attempt of the dominant group is to maintain their ideology through different ideological and repressive apparatuses along with the role of ideology in shaping the patients’ personalities are investigated in this novel. By investigating characters’ psychological problems such as the lack of masculine virility, loss of self-confidence and fear, Kesey’s negative portrayal of totally dependent characters and their ideologically contaminated motivations is accomplished. It depicts that the root of patients’ problems lies in the exploitive nature of the ideology whose ultimate goal is to ignore their individuality mainly through the dominant “culture”.
Keywords:
References: Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms.Boston: Thomas Wadsworth, 2005.
Althusser, Louis. “Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses”.Rivkin and Ryan 693-
703.
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Baurecht, William C. “Separation, Initiation, and Return: Schizophernic Episode in
One Flew
Over the Cuckoo’s Nest”. Bloom 81-90.
Bennet, Tony. Formalism and Marxism.2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2003. Bertens, Hans. Literary Theory: The Basics. London:Routledge, 2001.
Bloom, Harold, ed. Bloom’s Critical Interpretation:Ken Kesey’sOne Flew Over the
Cuckoo’s
Nest. New York: Infobas Publishing, 2007.
Boardman, Micheal M. “One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest: Rhetoric and Vision”.
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Macherey, Pierre. “For a Theory of literary Production”.RivkinAnd Ryan 703-711.
Madden, Fred. “Sanity and Responsibility: Big Chief as Narrator and Executioner”.
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Manhood in:
One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest”. Bloom 151-160. Title:An Althusserian Reading of Lorraine Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun and August Wilson's Ma Rainey's Black Bottom
Author:Nasrin Fallahi
Affiliation: Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch Year:2013 Abstract:
The present study is an attempt to apply Althusserian theories to Lorraine
Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun and August Wilson’s Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom. To achieve this goal, a complete account of ideology and different strategies in its transmission in the mentioned plays is scrutinized. Through the application of
Althusser’s theories, it is proved that the characters in these plays are good emblems of Althusserian subjects who are trapped in the networks of ideologies, thus ideology plays a significant role in “interpellating” them as ideological subjects.
The total attempt of the dominant classes is to maintain their ideology through different ideological and repressive apparatuses and exploit those people who belong to lower classes of society. But those individuals who are under the effect of the prevailing ideologies in the society have their own dreams, and for actualizing these dreams they have to discover their identity and individuality and resist the dominant ideologies and discourses.
Keywords:
References: Abbotson, Susan. Masterpieces of 20th Century American Drama. Westport: Greenwood, 2005. Althusser, Louis. For Marx, trans. B. Brewster, London and New York: Verso, 1969.
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Bogumil, Mary L. Understanding August Wilson. South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press, 1999.
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Clark, Keith. “Race, Ritual, Reconnection, Reclamation: August Wilson and the Refiguration of the Male Dramatic Subject”. Ed. Harold Bloom. Bloom’s Modern Critical Views: August Wilson. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2009. 43-76
Delarosa, Rebecca. “An Exploration of Social Change Through Literature: Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun”. Honors and the Schools. New York: Waltrip High School. 2004. 141-159
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Ferretter, Luke. Louis Althusser. London: Routledge, 2007.
Gantt, Patricia. “Ghosts from “Down There”: The Southernness of August Wilson”. Ed. Harold Bloom. Bloom’s Modern Critical Views: August Wilson. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2009. 5-20
Gao, Maria. Lorraine Hansberry: A Writer in the Sun. Urbana: University Laboratory. 2007.
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Hansberry, Lorraine. A Raisin in the Sun. Literature Drama: The Elements of Drama. Ed. Laurence Perrine. Texas: Kingwood, 2008. 1321-1392
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Shannon, Sandra G. “Audience and Africanisms in August Wilson’s Dramaturgy: A Case Study”. Ed. Harold Bloom. Bloom’s Modern Critical Views: August Wilson. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2009. 21-42
------. “The Long Wait: August Wilson’s Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom”. Black American Literature Forum 25.1 (1991): 135-146
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Wright, Tom, etal. A Raisin in the Sun By Lorraine Hansberry: Resource Pack. London: Young Vic Theatre Company, 2005. Title:A Psychological Analysis of Ian McEwan’s Atonement and Enduring Love in the Light of Lacanian Three Orders
Author:Mahsa Yeganeh
Affiliation: Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch Year:2015 Abstract:
It is to investigate the mental problems of the characters Ian McEwan has created in his
Enduring Love (1997) and Atonement (2001). The researcher has drawn on Lacan’s psychological theories in order to find the roots of these mental problems. As Lacanian subjects, the major characters of these novels have to bear several imposing forces which confine them and their free will to seek the objects of desires that have substituted the joyful unity they had experienced in the imaginary order. Their unsatisfied desires reinforce their sense of alienation, frustration and lack as the result of which they try to escape reality and live in an illusory world. The uncomfortable situation of the protagonist of Atonement in the world of boundaries causes her to escape from the limitations of this world by putting herself in an illusory world she builds by her art of writing stories. To fulfill it she considers her family as fictional characters of her writings to play their roles as she wishes and she carries out her desires on them as the subsequent of which she ruins their life as well as her own life.
To free himself from his difficult situation, the protagonist of Enduring Love seeks refuge in an elusive world by presenting himself as the agent of God on earth. The effects of social boundaries in his life are the reinforcement of his mental problems to the extent of committing a crime.
Keywords:
References: Abbasiyannejad, Mina, Rosli Talif, and Marjan Heidari. “A Reflection of Ian
McEwan’s Life in His Fiction.” English Language and Literature Studies. Vol.2
,No.2, 2012.
Bulger, Laura. “McEwan's and Wright’s Flight from Dunkirk.” Via Panorâmica, Monte
Argentario: Via Panorâmica, 2012. PDF
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men> Ridley, Matt. Ian McEwan and the Rational Mind: Ian McEwan: Contemporary Critical Perspectives. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2009. PDF Saussure, Ferdinand De. Course in General Linguistics. New York: Philosophical Library, 1959. Seaboyer, Judith. “Ian McEwan: Contemporary Realism and the Novel of Ideas.” The Contemporary British Novel, Edinburgh: University Press, 2005. PDF Selden, Raman, and Peter Widdowson. A Reader’s Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory. Lexington, KY: U of Kentucky, 1993. PDF Shah, Bruno M. “The sin of Ian McEwan's fictive Atonement: Reading his later novels.” New Blackfriars, Washington: Blackwell Publishing, 2008. PDF Sharpe, Matthew. “Jacques Lacan.” Web. 2002. 1978. PDF Tyson, Lois. Critical Theory Today a User-Friendly Guide. Hoboken: Routledge, 2006. Vladiv-Glover, Slobodanka. “The representation of the object as the other in modernism/ postmodernism: A psychoanalytic perspective.” Melbourne: Monash University, 2011. PDF Wells, Juliette. “Shades of Austen in Ian McEwan’s Atonement.” Persuasions. New York: Manh Attanville College, 2008. PDF Wood, Michael. “When the Baloon Goes Up”. Web. 04 Sep. 1997. Author: Atieh Afzali Affiliation: Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch Year:2014 Abstract: Speaking has always been one of the main concerns of EFL learners and finding methods to teach speaking more successfully has been a challenge for EFL teachers. One of the important aspects of language is learning how to speak especially in the academic environment. Consequently, it is important for EFL learners to improve their ability to speak fluently especially in an international test such as IELTS .Hedging strategies, if taught and used properly, can be of great help to the learners speaking. Language teachers can adopt hedging strategies and direct the students towards keeping these strategies. Thus the present research was a quantitative study which attempted to investigate whether instructing dynamic hedging strategies has any effect on students’ fluency in the speaking test of IELTS. To fulfill the purpose of the study, 60 female Persian native speakers whose age ranged from 20 to 30, enrolled at the IELTS level at Iran-Canada Institute, were selected out of initial 120 students via a general IELTS speaking test. An oral proficiency test was administered to make sure students were at the same level. In the interview session, each individual was interviewed for 11 to 14 minutes, and the principles followed during the interview were in line with IELTS guidelines. An oral interview was administered to students at the beginning of the course as the pre-test and also at the end of the term as the post-test. Throughout these stages, the researcher conducted IELTS speaking tests for the 60 candidates. Both descriptive and inferential analyses were conducted in this study. To answer the research questions, a series of paired and independent sample t tests were conducted. A paired sample t test was conducted to investigate the trend of change from the pretest to the posttest of the control group. It was found that the participants in the experimental group significantly differed from those in the control group in terms of the type of strategies they used. The mean score of the students’ performance in the posttest of the experimental group was greater than that of the control group. This means that students who received instruction on hedging strategies in the experimental group outperformed the students who received the traditional instruction in the control group. To cover up the normality issues in the data, the non-parametric Mann Whitney U test was also conducted to see if the same results would be achieved. 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In this study, the researcher made an attempt to find out the effectiveness of mnemonic devices as a memory strategy on the learners’ vocabulary retention. To do so, she selected 95 pre- intermediate EFL female learners of some foreign language institutes. There was no limitation regarding their age. To ascertain the homogeneity of the learners, she implemented PET as a pretest. The participants have been randomly divided into two groups of experimental and control. The experimental group (n=30) have been instructed 80 pre-selected words through the mnemonic devices, but the same vocabularies have been instructed to the control group (n=30) in a traditional way. To answer the first question, the mean scores of both experimental and control groups compared on the immediate posttest. The results demonstrated that instructing words through the mnemonic devices is more influential than through the traditional methods. To answer the second research question, the researcher compared the mean scores of the experimental groups on the immediate and the delayed posttests. The results revealed that the learners’ delayed recognition of second language vocabulary is not affected by the passage of time. It means that the words learned via the mnemonic strategy instruction were retrieved well both in the process of immediate and delayed retention. Therefore, this study sheds light on the fact that memory strategies like mnemonics are of great use and importance in the Effects of keyword, context and wordlist instructional strategies on Keywords: References: Ahmad, J. (2011). Intentional vs. Incidental vocabulary learning. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 3(5),pp.67- 75. Aitchison, J. (1990). Words in the mind: An introduction to the mental lexicon. USA, UK: Basil Blackwell. Akmajian, A., Demers, R.A., Farmer, K.A., & Harnish, R.M. (2010). 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Title:The Impact of Dynamic Assessment on Form-focused Writing Performance of Iranian Intermediate EFL Learners Author:Meysam Varzi Affiliation: Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch Year:2015 Abstract: Reaching to a specific teaching method, which leads to a more promising outcome in terms of improving the writing performance of EFL learners, can be important for those teachers and researchers who may focus on one of the most problematic areas of language learning as form-focused instruction. Teaching writing, also, has been a controversial issue in recent years and there has been a great deal of research regarding this skill. To this end, Dynamic Assessment (DA), as a practical way of teaching, makes learning writing an effective and encouraging process. Accordingly, this study was an attempt to investigate the impact of dynamic assessment on form-focused writing performance of Iranian EFL learners. Prior to the experiment, a PET writing section was administered among 85 students and 60 of them, who scored above 17.5, were chosen for the study. These 60 students were then randomly divided into two groups, experimental group, and control group. All the participants of the study were intermediate students of English at private language institutes. Both groups had 12 one-hour sessions of instruction through which the participants of each group were taught the linking words (such as coordinating and subordinating words, conjunctive adverbs, and transition signals) and took a number of writing tests; however, the way each group was taught and assessed varied. Therefore, the traditional way of teaching writing was applied for the control group and the “test-mediation-test” model of DA was the treatment of the experimental group. After the treatment, another PET writing section was administered as the posttest of the study. The data analyses conducted in this study were both descriptive and inferential statistics, the former for calculating the means, standard deviations, and the reliability of the tests, and the latter (mixed-method factorial ANOVA) to answer the research question and to test the null hypothesis raised in the study. The results showed that, there is a significant improvement from the pretest to the posttest in the experimental group by moving from the mean score of 19.83 to 22.01, whereas, the control group showed less improvement on the posttest by moving just from 19.70 to 20.35. As a conclusion, the results of data analysis in this study showed that the null hypothesis of this study could be safely rejected; therefore, DA can be recommended as an influential method of teaching writing in a form-focused instruction setting. Keywords: References: Aastrup, S. (2009). Dynamic assessment by overall evaluation in connection with difficulties in mathematics. 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Title: The Effect of Socio-affective Strategies Training on Speaking Ability and Anxiety Reduction among Iranian Intermediate EFL Learners Author: Parisa Haji Mohamad Ebrahim Affiliation: Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch Year:2014 Abstract: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of socio-affective strategies on speaking ability and anxiety reduction of Iranian Intermediate EFL learners. For this purpose, 44 learners of an English language institute were selected and participated in this study. They were assigned into two groups of 22, experimental and control. Then, both groups sat for pretests, which were a speaking test of TOEFL IBT, an anxiety questionnaire by Horwitz, Horwitz, and Cope (1986), and a socio-affective questionnaire by Oxford (1990). The purpose of these tests was to measure the learners’ initial knowledge of speaking ability, their initial level of anxiety, and their attitudes toward using socio-affective strategies. Afterwards, the experimental group received treatment based on socio-affective strategies. However, the control group received no treatment and was taught following conventional procedure. The treatment period and placebo took a seventeen-session semester. Finally, at the end of the semester both groups sat for the posttests of speaking ability, anxiety questionnaire, and socio-affective questionnaire. After keying in the data into SPSS, the Mixed Within-Between Groups ANOVA statistical technique was used to measure speaking ability and the Wilcoxon, and Mann Whitney U test was used to measure both anxiety and socio-affective questionnaires. The data findings revealed that the learners’ speaking ability improves and their level of anxiety reduces by using socio- affective strategies. Key words: Socio-affective strategies, speaking ability, anxiety Keywords: Socio-affective strategies, speaking ability, anxiety References: Baily,K.M.(2005). 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Vol, 1, issue 1. Retrieved in October 2013, from files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED506736. Title:Meshes of Power" in Selected Works of Caryl Churchill: A Foucauldian Study Author:Narges Taher Dabbagh Affiliation: Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch Year:2012 Abstract: The present thesis is a Foucauldian study of Churchill's Fen and Softcops. To achieve this purpose a thorough investigation of Foucault's theory of power and its subtopics, such as sovereign and disciplinary power, panopticon, normalization, resistance have been conducted. Foucault rejects the idea that power belongs to the center of an institution or the government. According to him, power does not move from up to down from the rich to the poor. He believes that power operates in a web of power relations where there is resistance as well. Without resistance the possibility of power relations becomes rare in social body. Moreover, sovereignty and disciplinary power is explained. Sovereignty power is a traditional system of power in which power was in the hands of king and church but French revolution changed the structure of power from feudal system to that of capitalist system where everybody's job was important and then their management is mandatory. The purpose of disciplinary power is to make useful individuals for the society, through the application of Foucault's theories on Churchill's Fen and Softcops. In Fen, it is illustrated that the capitalist system has imposed its ideologies on the characters and has also normalized people that they have internalized what the power tells them as true. However, there are some characters in the play resisting their condition, thereby questioning the system. Power in these plays has been disseminated throughout all members. Moreover, in Softcops it is depicted how the soft ways of controlling people are employed, such as panopticon, to control the soul and mind of the prisoners in a way that the characters themselves are made to self-observe and self-control their behavior. In these works, therefore, the controlling power, through its mechanisms and strategies, tries to normalize the characters granting them their identity by making them to watch their behavior Keywords: References: Adiseshiah, Siân. Churchill’s Socialism: Political Resistance in the Plays of Caryl Churchill. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009. Aston, Elaine. Caryl Churchill. Plymouth: Northcote House, 1997. Aston, Elin, and Diamond, Elin. "On Caryl Churchill". Cambridge Companion to Caryl Churchill. Ed. Aston, Elin, and Diamond, Elin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.1-18 Bertens, Hans. Literary Theory: The Basics. London: Routledge, 2001. Betsko, K. and Koenig, R . "Caryl Churchill" [on Top Girls, Fen and Cloud Nine]. Interviews with Contemporary Women Playwrights. New York: Beech Tree Books, 1987. 75-84. Bigby, W.E.C. Contemporary English Drama. New York: Holmes and Meher Publishers Inc, 1981. Booker, Keith M. A Practical Introduction to Literary Theory and Criticism. London: Longman, 1996. Churcill,Caryl. Plays: One: Owners, Traps, Vinegar Tom, Light Shining In Buckinghamshire, Cloud Nine. London: Methuen Inc, 1985. Churchill, Caryl. Plays: Two : Softcops, Top Girls, Fen, Serious Money. London: Methuen, 1990. Danaher, Geof. Schirato, Tony and Webb, Jen. Understanding Foucault. NSW:Allen& Unwin, 2000. Diamond, Elin. "On Performance and Selfhood in Caryl Churchill". Cambridge Companion to Caryl Churchill. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. 125-143 Diamond, Elin and Elaine Aston. "Introduction: on Caryl Churchill". Cambridge Companion to Caryl Churchill. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. 1-17 Diamond, Elin. "(In)Visible Bodies in Churchill's Theatre". Theatre Journal, Vol. 40, No. 2 (May 1988) pp. 188-204. Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press http://www.jstor.org/stable/3207656 .Accessed: 03/07/2011 Downing, Lisa. The Cambridge Introduction to Michel Foucault. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Foucault, Michael. History of Sexuality. Trans. Robert Hurley. Vol.2. NewYork: Vintage Books, 1990. ______." Power and Strategies". Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings by Michel Foucault. Ed.C Gordon. New York: Pantheon Books, 1980 .134-145 ______. "Afterword: The Subject and Power," in Hubert Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow, Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutic Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983, 208-226 ______"The Eye of Power". Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings by Michel Foucault. Ed. C. Gordon. New York: Pantheon Books, 1980.147- 165 ______"Critical theory/intellectual theory", interview with Ed. Gerard Raulet, in L. Kritzman, Michel Foucault: Politics, Philosophy, Culture: Interviews and Other Writings, 1977–1984, London: Routledge, 1988. 20-47 ______"Two Lectures". Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings by Michel Foucault. Ed. C. Gordon. New York: Pantheon Books, 1980. 80- 105 ______.DE. Dits et écrits: 1954–1988. Vols I–IV. Ed. D.Defert, F. Ewald & J. Lagrange Paris: Gallimard, 1994. ______. "The Meshes of Power". Space, Knowledge and Power, Foucault and Geography, Ed. Jeremy W. Crampton and Stuart Elden. Burlington and Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2007. 153-168 ______. Power: Essential works of Foucault, 1954-1984, Vol. 3. Ed. James Faubion. New York: New Press, 2000. Habib, M.A.R. A History of Literary Criticism and Theory: From Plato to Present. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2005. Hook, Derek. Foucault, Psychology and the Analytics of Power. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Howard, Jean E. "On Owning and Owing: Caryl Chrchill and the nightmare of capital". Cambridge Companion to Caryl Churchill. Ed. E.Aston And E.Diamond, Elin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. 36-51 Innes, Christopher. Modern British Drama 1890 -1990. Cambridge: UniversityPress. 1992. Keyssar, Helene. "The Dramas of Caryl Churchill: The Politics of Possibility". Vol. 24. No.1 Spring,. Published by: The Massachusetts Review, Inc. Stable, 1983.198-216 URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25089409 .Accessed: 03/07/2011 Kritzer, Amelia Howe. "Theatricality and Empowerment in the Plays of Caryl Churchill". Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism. Vol 17. No3. Fall.Published by University of Southern Mississipi. 1989. 126-136 Kritzer, H. Amelia. "Caryl Churchill". British Playwrights 1956 –1995; A Research and Production Sourcebook. Ed. William W. Demastes. New York: St Martin's Press, 2006. 104- 118 Leitch, Vincent B., General Editor. The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. 1st ed. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2001 Liu, Cecilia H. C. "Subjectivity in Caryl Churchill's Fen and Softcops. Jen Catholic University". Sun Yat-Sen Journal of Humanities. 11 October (2000). 1-16 Malpas, Simon and Paul Wake. The Routledge Companion to Critical Theory. London: Routledge, 2006. McGushin, Edward F. Foucault's Askesis: An Introduction to the Philosophical Life. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2007. O’Leary, Timothy and Christopher Falzon. Foucault and Philosophy. Malden: Blackwell, 2010. Reinet, Janelle. "On Feminist and Sexual Politics". Cambridge Companion to Caryl Churchill. Ed. E. Aston, and E. Diamond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. 18-35 Rabinow, Paul. The Foucault Reader: An Introduction to Foucault’s Thought. London: Penguin books, 1991. Smart, Barry. Michel Foucault. London: Tavistock Publications, 2002. Wilson, A. "Hauntings: Ghosts and the Limits of Realism in Cloud Nine and Fen Caryl Churchill". Ed. Boireau, . Drama on Drama: Dimensions of Theatricality on the Contemporary British Stage. New York: St Martin’s, 1997. 152-6 Title:The Detrimental Role of Ideology in Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World and Bohumil Hrabal’s Too Loud a Solitude: An Althusserian Reading Author:Mona Shabestarilar Affiliation: Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch Year:2014 Abstract: The present study applies Althusserian Neo-Marxism to Aldous Huxley’s the Brave New World (1932) and Bohumil Hrabal’s Too Loud a Solitude (1976) to expose how characters of both novels are interpellated by ideological state apparatuses. Regarding Althusser’s theories about ideology, ideological and repressive state apparatuses, subject formation and conjuncture, the researcher aims to show that the two depicted societies, a highly developed communication and a communist regime, actually represent modern societies of our era. Concerning the fact that ideology ascertains the subjection of individuals, especially the modern man, it is seen that all characters in both novels are interpellated by the dominant ideology. The ruling discourses in both stories target individuals’ unconscious which leads to dehumanization and loss of individuality. However, two rather similar issues that meddle in the process of subjugation in both novels are literature and love which play a significant role in shaping characters’ mind and soul. Since each protagonist responds in a different way, two different outcomes are formed. Eventually one finds his peace and true self in death, while the other one who is evaded by the dominant ideology fails to achieve his goal even by his death. Keywords: References: Allen, Richard. Projecting Illusion: Film Spectatorship and the Impression of Reality. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1995. PDF. Althusser, Louis, and Etienne Balibar. Reading Capital. London: Verso, 1997. Print. ---. For Marx. Trans. Ben Brewster. New York: The Penguin Press, 1969. PDF. ---. Lenin and Philosophy, and Other Essays. Trans. Ben Brewster. New York: Monthly Review, 1971. PDF. ---. On Ideology. Trans. 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Title:The Impact of Rhetorical Strategies on Candidates’ Cohesion-Coherence in Task 1 of Academic Writing Module of IELTS Exam Author:Azadeh Bijannia Affiliation: Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch Year:2014 Abstract: The primary aim of the present research was to investigate the impact of rhetorical structures on candidates’ cohesion-coherence score in task 1 of IELTS Academic Writing. The goal of the research was to evaluate the extent to which candidates’ writing coherence might be related to their knowledge of rhetorical features. To achieve this end, 90 IELTS candidates of Mojtama’ Fani of Tehran institute – Karaj branch – participated in this study in two groups, namely experimental and control groups. The said subjects attended three sets of writing task 1 tests which assessed their writing ability. The first test (pretest) was meant to tap their writing proficiency based on which the data was selected. In the second test, their ability to describe a diagram or table was tapped via an IELTS task 1 of the academic writing test. As the next step, two different instructional strategies were employed separately for the two afore-mentioned groups. That is, there was an instruction with the focal point on rhetorical structures for experimental group, and there was also an instructional note with an emphasis on practicing various samples of IELTS task 1 test in control group. Subsequently, the comparison of the mean scores of the experimental and the control groups computed through the independent sample t-test at a=0.05 level of significance was 0.005. The results of the t-test, therefore, confirmed that teaching the rhetorical structures have a positive effect on the production of the coherent text. Keywords: References: Baleghizadeh, S. & Derakhshesh, A. (2012). The effect of task repetition and noticing on EFL learners’ oral output. International Journal of Instruction. Vol.5, No.1. 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The Essential Works of Michel Foucault 1954-1988. Trans. Robert Hurley. Vol. 2. New York: New York Press, 1977. Fogle, Richard Harter. 1948. JSTOR. 01 04 2009 Author:Fatemeh Shams Affiliation: Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch Year:2014 Abstract: The present study was conducted to demonstrate that there is a relationship between self-esteem and risk-taking traits and success in foreign language proficiency among upper-intermediate EFL learners. Learners have many differences in themselves. Among these differences, self- esteem and risk taking could be considered and the strategies appropriate for the learners could be employed in order to help them understand the situation and act appropriately. Studying the relationship between self-esteem, as a style, risk-taking, as a strategy, and language proficiency, as a construct, is the main purpose of the study. The participants of this study consisted of 120 male and female upper- intermediate level students studying English at Iran-Mehr English language institute in Tehran. Two questionnaires for measuring personality traits of self-esteem and risk- taking and a TOEFL test for homogenizing the students in terms of their language proficiency. Three research hypotheses aimed to investigate that there is no significant relationship between self-esteem and risk-taking traits and success in foreign language proficiency among upper-intermediate EFL learners. The results of the three Pearson correlations were satisfied enough to reject the three null hypotheses and conclude that there is a significant relationship between self-esteem and risk-taking traits and success in foreign language proficiency among upper-intermediate EFL learners. The results of this study shed some light for those teachers who are always looking for effective ways to improve their students' language proficiency. 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