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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality fllnctratirmc and phnfngraprK, print HWHthmngh qiHctanHarri marcinc and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note wiD indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g* maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right meqiialsecticaswimsman overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographicauy in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prims are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Be« & Howell information Company 300 Norm Zeeo Road. Ann Artior. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/76W700 800/521-0600 LANGUAGE, IDEOLOGY, AND POWER: ENGLISH TEXTBOOKS OF TWO KOREAS BY MARTIN JONGHAK BAIK B.A., Seoul National University, 1984 A.M., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1991 THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1994 Urbana, Illinois DMI Number: 9522078 UMI Microform Edition 9522078 Copyright 1995, by DMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN THE GRADUATE COLLEGE September 26, 1994 WE HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS BY Martin Jonghak Baik FA'TTTT.F.n Language, Ideology, and Power; English Textbooks of Two Koreas BE ACCEPTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF. Director of Thesis Research /%*4#C^L0»*%&6* Prof. Elmer H. Antonsen Head of Department ComtiiKeaan±5ittea,on Final f.Examination ! JffiQLi Pri rfL^BrajRr Kac Prof. Chin-Chuan Cheng Prof njk.1Yamun a Kachru Prof. Eyamba G. Bokamba t Required for doctor's degree but not for master's. © Copyright by Martin Jonghak Baik, 1994 Ill LANGUAGE, IDEOLOGY, AND POWER: ENGLISH TEXTBOOKS OF TWO KOREAS Martin Jonghak Baik, Ph.D. Department of Linguistics University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1994 Braj B. Kachru, Advisor ABSTRACT The main objectives of this study fall into two general areas: first, to provide a theoretical background and methodology for the analysis of the relationship among language, ideology, and power; and second, to apply the methodology to a specific set of texts, namely, English textbooks that are used in North and South Korea, identify the major ideology in the English textbooks of North and South Korea, and thus establish a relationship between the use of language and the manifestation of ideology and power in the two respective countries. The theoretical background of this study is found in the approaches to (critical) sociolinguistics in which the framework of analysis takes into consideration factors such as the context of situation, context of culture, and functionality of language. Thus it is found that a linguistic approach is needed to describe and explain the manners in which language is used in particular contexts in order to create specific ideologies that serve to sustain asymmetrical power relations in a given society. In developing a methodology for the analysis of language, ideology, and power, I adopted the suggestions given by Thompson (1984, 1987) that emphasize socio-historical, textual, and interpretive analyses. I further divide the textual analysis procedure into three components—micro, macro and linguistic—that examine the topical, thematic, prepositional content, manifestations of ideology, and linguistic devices used in the text. i v By applying such methodology to the analysis of two sets of English language textbooks used in North and South Korea, this study identifies major manifestations of ideology in the two Koreas that serve to naturalize specific power relations (that may be either positive or negative) among the members of each society. The positive power relations promote a sense of equality and personal satisfaction for the majority of the people in the society while the negative power relations allow certain individuals, specific institutions, or special languages and cultures to exploit others by claiming their interests at the expense of others. The results of this study also reveal several linguistic methods utilized in the English language textbook that performs the function of maintaining specific power relationships among different groups of people within the respective countries. Thus the conclusion of this study shows that there is a strong relationship among English language education, manifestation of ideology and power structures in the two Koreas. This conclusion also suggest a strong possibility that similar relationships may exist in other countries as well. Some suggestions are given in the concluding chapter of this study that may help to bring critical language awareness to the language planners and textbook writers in the two Koreas. v To my parents: parents-in-life, Joonsun Baik and Songmin Yi; parents-in-law, Jae-Kee Shim and In-Bok Lee; and parents-in-Iinguistics, Braj B. Kachru and Yamuna Kachru VI ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Circumstances allowing, it should be recognized that this dissertation is co- authored with many people—my parents, teachers, friends and many others who contributed in one way or another to the shape of my mind, intelligence, and understanding of the world. But their names do not appear on the title page because of the explicit regulation that a dissertation may not have multiple authors. It is needless to say, however, that any responsibility for shortcomings and flaws is solely mine. Now I would like to take this opportunity to thank just a few people whose collaborations were instrumental to my graduate studies and this dissertation. First and foremost, I would like to thank Y. X. Li xiansheng and Z. Q. Shen xiansheng for making the North Korean English textbooks available to me. Although I had been interested in analyzing the contents of the North Korean English textbooks for quite some time, it was impossible for me to get them. It was only through great fortune that the textbooks could be obtained over the North Korean-Chinese border, via Dalian, via Beijing, and over the Pacific Ocean. I feel an immense gratitude to the above named individuals for going to great lengths to help me in this endeavor. I would also like to acknowledge that the decisive factor in galvanizing my motivation for this study was the fourth International Conference on Bilingualism that was held in Osaka, Japan, January 22-23, 1993. This conference was organized through the cooperation of the Korean Society of Bilingualism (based in South Korea) and the International Society for Korean Studies (based in Japan). At this conference I witnessed the game of ideology and power through the medium of language that was being subtlely planned and vigorously played by the participants from Japan (some of them vii representing North Korea), South Korea, and the United States. I thank the organizing committee of the Korean Society of Bilingualism for allowing me active participation at the conference, and I also thank the Department of Linguistics and the Graduate College of the University of Illinois for making this inspirational trip possible. As I am nearing the completion of my studies as a graduate student, I remember the financial support that I received from the Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures, and the Language Learning Laboratory, of the University of Illinois; Media International Co. Inc., Prime Industrial Co. Ltd., and Woojin Publishing Co., of Korea, in the form of several part time jobs. The rewards in exchange for my services were more than generous. Most importantly, however, I would like to thank my committee members. Even if I had acquired the North Korean textbooks, and even if I had the financial support from various sources, were it not for the encouragement and impetus of the committee members, the ideas for this study would have remained foggy in my mind. To use a Korean metaphor, the "Big Tree" in this discipline, my maha guru, Dr. Braj Kachru advised me through this study with unmatchable wit, academic curiosity, and patriarchal enthusiasm. Dr. Yamuna Kachru personally saw to my needs with parental care; Dr. C. C. Cheng never let me down with his generosity; and Dr. Eyamba Bokamba led me with his gentle but firm hands. Finally, I must acknowledge the spur and support of my colleague, Rosa Jinyoung Shim. With all the materials, the inspiration, the financial aid, and the superb advising of committee members, I would not have been able to complete this study without assistance from her 25 hours a day. All through the time she was writing her own dissertation on a topic in psycholinguistics, she lent me her mathematical expertise for the statistical part of the data viii analysis needed for this study. She also counseled me on several aspects of the content analysis for this study with her TESOL experience obtained through a Master's degree in TESOL and with her six years of experience in teaching English to foreign students at the University of Illinois. On numerous occasions, our discussions continued through the night until the dawn broke.
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