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"Christ Is the Answer Ministries" (CITAM) and the Urban Poor

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ABSTRACT MIDDLE-CLASS “CHRIST IS THE ANSWER MINISTRIES” (CITAM) AND THE URBAN POOR: A STUDY OF COMMUNITY ACTION WITH RECOMMENDATIONS Despite all the efforts to eliminate global poverty, the number of the urban poor in Kenya has been growing. At the same time there has been notable expansion of the middle-classes and middleclass churches particularly in Kenya’s urban areas. This dissertation is a study of aims the barriers keeping CITAM churches from more fruitful ministry engagement with their neighbors in the slums in Kisumu and Nairobi cities in Kenya. Out of this investigation, the researcher has proposed a theory and a model for promoting a more intensive and effective engagement. Although CITAM and CITAM assemblies have made various attempts to reach out to the poor and the surrounding communities, most of the efforts have been through relief benevolence and emergency response. The main lessons from this study are as follows: 1. Poverty is a complex phenomenon. Its causes are multiple and diverse, hence its alleviation requires a multi-disciplinary approach with a holistic, Kingdom-based perspective. 2. The needs of the urban poor in Kenya are overwhelming. No one social institution can single-handedly meet them or alleviate poverty. Therefore, church organizations like CITAM must seek local and international partnerships with other churches, communities, government departments, international development organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and corporate bodies which could help mobilize resources to alleviate urban poverty. 3. CITAM assemblies’ effective involvement with the urban poor is hindered by various barriers: theological, ecclesiastical, personal fears and social-cultural. They are committed to continue reaching out to the urban poor and hope to do more to meet their felt needs in the future. However, moving from relief development is limited by the funds corporately assigned by CITAM for social ministry. DISSERTATION APPROVAL SHEET This Dissertation, Entitled Middle-Class “Christ Is the Answer Ministries” (CITAM) and the Urban Poor: A Study of Community Action with Recommendations Written by Silas K. Waweru and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Intercultural Studies) has been read and approved by the undersigned members of the Faculty of the E. Stanley Jones School of World Mission and Evangelism Asbury Theological Seminary ________________________________ Dr. Art McPhee, Mentor ________________________________ Dr. Eunice Irwin, Reader ________________________________ Dr. Ellen Marmon, Reader April 2010 MIDDLE-CLASS “CHRIST IS THE ANSWER MINISTRIES” (CITAM) AND THE URBAN POOR: A STUDY OF COMMUNITY ACTION WITH RECOMMENDATIONS A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of E. Stanley Jones School of World Missions and Evangelism Asbury Theological Seminary In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Intercultural Studies Dissertation Committee: Dr. Art McPhee, Mentor Dr. Eunice Irwin, Reader Dr. Ellen Marmon, Reader By Silas Kinyua Waweru April 2010 Copyright 2010 Silas Kinyua Waweru All Rights Reserved Table of Contents List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………..…v List of Maps……………………………………………………………………………...vii List of Tables……………………………………………………………………...….....xiii List of Abbreviations………………………………………………………………………..……ix Acknowledgements……….……………………………………………………………….x Chapter 1. Christ is the Answer Ministries (CITAM) and the Urban Poor………….1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………...1 Background of the Study……………………………………………………...3 The Problem and its Setting………………………………………..………….6 Statement of the Research Problem…………………………………………...7 Sub-problems……………………………………………………….…9 Assumptions……………………………………………………………….…10 Significance of the Study………………………………………………….....10 Delimitations……………………………………………………………...….12 Definition of Terms…………………………………………………………..13 Research Methodology………………………………………………………17 Methodology…………………………………...…………….………17 Data Needed………………………………………………………….19 Methods of Data Collection……………………………………….....20 Data analysis and Interpretation………………………………...……22 Summary……………………………………………………………………..24 2. The History of Kenya and CITAM, Poverty and Churches Involvement with the Urban Poor…………….………………………………………….26 Kenya: Historical Background..……………..……………………………….26 Topography…………………………………………………………..28 The Impact of Colonialism……………………………………..……29 The Economy………………………………………………………...36 The Religious Context……………………………………………….38 The History of CITAM………………………………………………………38 CITAM Governance and Management………………………………48 The Context of Urban Poverty in Kenya…………………………………….52 The Features of Urban Poverty………………………………………56 Theoretical Framework………………………………………………………64 The Theory of Christian Transformational Development…………...65 Theories of Development…………………………………………….72 Marketplace Proven Solution Theory.…………………………….....77 Summary……………………………………………………………………..79 ii 3. Literature Review……..……………………………………………………81 The Causes of Urban Poverty.……………………..…………………...……81 What are Slums……………………………………………………..82 What is Poverty……………………………………………………..85 What are the Causes of Urban Poverty……………………………..87 The Bible, Urban Poor and the Ultimate Goal………………………………99 The Ultimate Goal of Transformation is Shalom…………….…....103 The Mandate of Solidarity with Urban Poor……………………………..…107 Solidarity with the Poor Demands Action……………………...….109 Pentecostalism and the Urban Poor……………………………………...…112 The Growth of Pentecostalism………………………………...…..113 Pentecostals’ Ministries among the Poor……………..……….…..114 Urban Theology of Ministry………………………………………………..117 Economic Development Theories…………………………………………..122 Global Development Theories……………………………………...123 Christian Transformational Development………………………………….142 What is Transformational Development……...…………………….144 Guidelines in Implementing Community Programs………………..149 Summary……………………………………………………………………155 4. Key Research Findings………..………..……..…………………………..158 Introduction…………………………………………………………………158 Analysis of CITAM Assemblies………………………………………........159 NPC Valley Road…………………………………………………..159 NPC Woodley……………………………………………………....171 NPC Karen………………………………………………………….186 NPC Parklands……………………………………………………...198 NPC Ngong………………………………………………………....211 NPC Buruburu……………………………………………………...225 Kisumu Pentecostal Church (KPC)………………………………...237 Analysis of CITAM Ministry Units………………………………………...248 Historical Overview…………………..………………………….....249 Descriptive Narration……………………………………………….262 Analysis and Interpretation…………………………………………271 Summary……………………………………………………………………273 5. Conclusions and Recommendations……………………………………276 Introduction……………….……………….……………………………....276 The Participatory Catalytic Progression…………………….....…..……....276 Conclusions…………………..…………………………………….284 Recommendations…………..…………..………………………….286 Appendix A. Interview Schedule for the CITAM Head Office Staff…………………………295 iii B. Interview Schedule for CITAM Assemblies……………………………………297 C. The Map of Kenya showing Nairobi and Kisumu cities………………………..299 D. The Map of Nairobi Administrative Divisions…………………………………300 E. Map of Kenya Showing CITAM Congregations in Nairobi…………………....301 F. Map of Kenya showing Kisumu Pentecostal Church (KPC)…………………...302 G. Table showing estimated population of Kenya’s 10 largest cities………...……303 References List………………………………………………………………...……304 iv List of Figures Figure 1: Hawkers in Nairobi Central Business District…….……………………...1 Figure 1: Otto and Marion, with son Eldon, 1922………………………………….40 Figure 3: Nyang'ori Mission Center, 1920s……………………...…………………41 Figure 4: John and Ella McBride, Founders of PAOC in Nairobi….…………...…42 Figure 5: Bahati Church, the First PAG Assembly in Nairobi…………………….43 Figure 6: Tent Meetings in Nairobi, 1955………………………………………….44 Figure 7: Richard and Olive Bombay, First Pastor of NPC Valley Road……….....45 Figure 8: A Congregation outside First Sanctuary at Valley Road………………...46 Figure 9: Kibera Slums, Nairobi Kenya…………………...……………………….83 Figure 10: Current Sanctuary at NPC Woodley……………………..……………..172 Figure 11: The Interior the Sanctuary at NPC Woodley…………………………...173 Figure 12: NPC Karen Sanctuary………………………………………………..…187 Figure 13: The interior the Sanctuary at NPC Karen……………………………....188 Figure 14: NPC Parklands Mega Dome……………………………………………201 Figure 15: NPC Ngong Mega Tent……………………………………………...…213 Figure 16: Worship in Progress at NPC Ngong Sanctuary………………………...214 Figure 17: NPC Buruburu Multipurpose Hall………………………………...……227 Figure 18: New Kisumu Pentecostal Church Sanctuary……………………..…….239 Figure 19: The First Valley Road Day Nursery, 1972……………………………..251 Figure 20: NPC Academy Woodley Ground Breaking Ceremony…………...……252 Figure 21: Kisumu Pentecostal Church (KPC) Academy………………………….253 Figure 22: NPC Children’s Center, Kiserian………………………………..……...256 v Figure 23: One of the dishes served by the Catering Unit……………...………….261 Figure 24: The Participatory Catalytic Progression………………….…………….282 vi List of Maps Map 1: Map of Kenya Showing Nairobi and Kisumu…………………………..299 Map 2: Administrative Divisions in Nairobi Province……………………….…300 Map 3: Map of Kenya showing CITAM Congregations in Nairobi……...….…301 Map 4: Map of Kenya showing the location of Kisumu Pentecostal Church…..302 vii List of Tables Table 1: Basic Information on CITAM Assemblies………………………….….273 Table 2: The illustration of the Participatory Catalytic Progression Model.…....279 Table 3: The estimated population of Kenya’s 10 largest cities………………....303 viii List of Abbreviations ACK Anglican Church of Kenya AIC African Inland
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