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Gender and Power Analysis in Five Urban Informal Settlements – Nairobi, Kenya

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Gender and Power Analysis in Five Urban Informal Settlements – Nairobi, Kenya Gender and Power Analysis in Five Urban Informal Settlements – Nairobi, Kenya Project: Promoting livelihoods and Inclusion of vulnerable women domestic workers and women small scale traders Project Implementing Partners Study conducted by Funded by EU Gender and Power Analysis in Nairobi Informal Settlements, 2015 | 1 The findings and views in this study are solely the responsibility of Oxfam, Women’s Empowerment Link (WEL), National Organization of Peer Educators (NOPE) and SITE Enterprise Promotion (SITE) and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union.” JULY 2015 Gender and Power Analysis in Nairobi Informal Settlements, 2015 | 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDEMENT ............................................................................................................... 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................... 7 LIST OF ACRONYMS ..............................................................................................................11 DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS ..................................................................................................12 1 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................14 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY ........................................................................................14 1.2 STUDY OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................19 2 METHODOLOGY ..............................................................................................................21 2.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE STUDY ..................................................................21 2.2 STUDY SITES ................................................................................................................21 2.3 STUDY DESIGN AND SAMPLING ......................................................................................22 2.4 DATA ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................25 2.5 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY ..........................................................................................26 3 FINDINGS: ........................................................................................................................28 3.1 SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS ..........................................28 3.2 THE EXISTING GENDER INEQUALITIES ............................................................................29 3.3 ADDRESSING GENDER INEQUALITY IN THE URBAN INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS ....................60 3.4 POTENTIAL RISKS THAT ARE LIKELY TO AFFECT EFFECTIVE EMPOWERMENT OF THE TARGET GROUPS AND RELEVANT MITIGATION STRATEGIES AND MEASURES ...........................................68 4 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................69 4.1 ON GENDER INEQUALITIES .............................................................................................69 4.2 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THESE INEQUALITIES ..........................................................69 4.3 POSSIBLE STRATEGIES TO ADDRESS CHALLENGES/ INEQUALITIES ....................................70 4.4 POTENTIAL RISKS .........................................................................................................70 5 RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................................................70 5.1 RECOMMENDATIONS TO ADDRESS GENDER INEQUALITY IN ACCESS AND CONTROL OVER REPRODUCTIVE AND PRODUCTIVE RESOURCES .........................................................................70 5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS TO ADDRESS GENDER INEQUALITY IN PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN IN DECISION MAKING AT COMMUNITY LEVEL ...................................................................................70 5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS TO ADDRESS GAPS IN POLICIES, LEGISLATIONS AND INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITIES THAT ARE BARRIERS TO GENDER EQUALITY .............................................................71 6 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................73 7 APPENDICES ...................................................................................................................80 7.1 APPENDICES 1: TABLES SUMMARIZING FINDINGS FROM QUANTITATIVE STUDY ........................... 80 7.2 DATA ANALYSIS: HOW EMPOWERMENT AND POVERTY SCORES WERE GENERATED .................... 81 7.3 APPENDICES 2: DATA COLLECTION TOOLS ............................................................................... 84 7.4 APPENDICES 3: LISTS OF RESPONDENTS ............................................................................... 110 Gender and Power Analysis in Nairobi Informal Settlements, 2015 | 3 List of Tables TABLE 1: PROPORTION OF STUDY POPULATION IN THE TOTAL POPULATION BY INFORMAL SETTLEMENT ..... 22 TABLE 2: SUMMARY LIST OF FGDS CONDUCTED ..................................................................................... 24 TABLE 3: DATA COLLECTION TOOLS ........................................................................................................ 25 TABLE 4: SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC DATA BY GENDER OF THE RESPONDENT .................................................. 28 TABLE 5: ACTIVITIES OF MEN AND WOMEN AT HOUSEHOLD LEVEL ............................................................. 29 TABLE 6: GENDER ACTIVITY PROFILE AT COMMUNITY LEVEL ..................................................................... 34 TABLE 7: BELONGING TO A SOCIAL SUPPORT GROUP BY GENDER OF THE RESPONDENT ............................ 36 TABLE 8: HAVE FAIR OPPORTUNITY TO PARTICIPATE IN MAKING DECISIONS IN THE HOUSEHOLD ................ 43 TABLE 9: INVOLVEMENT IN DECISIONS AT COMMUNITY LEVEL BY GENDER OF THE RESPONDENT ................ 45 TABLE 10: RANKING OF MOST IMPORTANT DECISIONS AT COMMUNITY LEVEL BY FGD RESPONDENTS ....... 48 TABLE 11: ELEMENTS INCLUDED IN THE POVERTY SCORE MODEL (BASED ON OXFAM`S DEFINITION OF POVERTY) ....................................................................................................................................... 52 TABLE 12: FORMS OF VIOLENCE ............................................................................................................. 58 TABLE 13: MAPPING OF STAKEHOLDERS ADDRESSING GENDER INEQUALITIES IN THE TARGET INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS ................................................................................................................................ 66 TABLE 14: ANALYSIS OF DATA ON POVERTY SCORE GENERATED FROM THE FOUR ELEMENTS* .................. 80 Gender and Power Analysis in Nairobi Informal Settlements, 2015 | 4 List of Figures FIGURE 1: REASONS FOR DOING HOUSEHOLD CHORES ............................................................................ 30 FIGURE 2: FACTORS DETERMINING HOUSEHOLD ROLE ALLOCATION ......................................................... 31 FIGURE 3: DISTRIBUTION OF PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY BY GENDER............................................................... 34 FIGURE 4: PROPORTION OF THE HOUSEHOLD RESPONDENTS ACCESSING PRODUCTIVE RESOURCES ......... 36 FIGURE 5: PROPORTION OF MEN AND WOMEN IN PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY BY LEVEL OF EDUCATION ............. 37 FIGURE 6: PROPORTION OF MEN AND WOMEN IN PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY AGAINST BELONGING TO A SUPPORT GROUP ........................................................................................................................................... 39 FIGURE 7: PROPORTION OF MEN AND WOMEN EARNING AT LEAST KSHS.150 (USD.2) PER DAY IN PRODUCTIVE ROLE .......................................................................................................................... 40 FIGURE 8: PROPORTION OF MEN AND WOMEN ENGAGED IN PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY BY AGE AND GENDER ... 41 FIGURE 9: PROPORTION OF MEN AND WOMEN ENGAGED IN PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY BY MARITAL STATUS AND GENDER ......................................................................................................................................... 42 FIGURE 10: DECISIONS MADE IN THE HOUSEHOLD BY GENDER OF THE RESPONDENT ................................ 43 FIGURE 11: RESPONDENT GETS THE FINAL SAY WHEN THERE IS DIFFERENCE IN OPINION .......................... 44 FIGURE 12: PROPORTIONS OF RESPONDENTS WHO REPORTED BEING ―VERY MUCH‖ CONSULTED IN COMMUNITY DECISIONS ................................................................................................................... 46 FIGURE 13: PROPORTION OF HEADS OF HOUSEHOLD REPORTING A REASON FOR INABILITY TO PARTICIPATE IN COMMUNITY DECISION MAKING .................................................................................................... 47 FIGURE 14: PROPORTIONS OF RESPONDENTS WHO AGREED/ STRONGLY AGREED ON SELECT CULTURAL BARRIERS ....................................................................................................................................... 49 FIGURE 15: PROPORTIONS OF RESPONDENTS WHO AGREED TO SELECT BARRIERS TO POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT .............................................................................................................................. 51 FIGURE 16: SUSTAINED POVERTY SCORE BY AGE AND GENDER ............................................................. 53 FIGURE 17: HOW POVERTY DISTINCTLY AFFECTS MEN FROM WOMEN ......................................................
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