Archaeological Impact Assessment (AIA) of New Monaco Property in , B.C.

Heritage Inspection Permit #2010-237

Prepared on Behalf of:

Paul Tsang New Monaco Enterprise Corporation 3599 Hwy 97N P.O. Box 1180 Peachland, B.C. V0H 1X0

Prepared by:

Ian Cameron, MSc, RPCA Ursus Heritage Consulting 514 Terrace Drive Coldstream, B. C. V1B 2X2

© Ian Cameron 2010

October 23rd, 2010

Archaeological Impact Assessment (AIA) of New Monaco Property in Peachland, B.C.

Grant of License

I, Ian Cameron, confirm that I am the copyright owner (or a copyright owner) of this report, and for good and valuable consideration I irrevocably grant a non-exclusive license to the Province of , for a term equal to the life of the copyright commencing on the date of execution below, to make copies of the reports, including all appendices and photos, and to provide such copies to anyone, at the discretion of the Province, either at no charge or at the cost incurred by the Province in making and distributing the copies. All parties, except the party for whom the report was prepared, acknowledge that any use or interpretation of this report is at the sole risk and liability of the subsequent user(s).

Executed this 23rd day of October, 2010, by

Signature of Copyright Owner

Ursus Heritage Consulting

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Credits

Project Coordinator ...... Ian Cameron, M.Sc., RPCA

Principal Investigator ...... Ian Cameron

Field Personnel ...... Meghan McGill, BA (Ursus) Kaine Alexis ( Indian Band) Keona Joe ()

Report Author ...... Ian Cameron

Report Editor/Quality Assurance ...... Natasha Lyons, PhD

Report Drafting ...... Bill Angelbeck, PhD Kisha Supernant, PhD (ABD)

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Management Summary

This report presents the results of the Archaeological Impact Assessment (AIA) of the New Monaco property in Peachland, B.C. (Figure 1). The AIA was conducted at the request of Paul Tsang, President of the New Monaco Enterprise Corporation. The proponent intends to construct a mixed commercial- residential-recreational development in the District of Peachland. The New Monaco property is approximately 52 ha in area and is located between Highway 97 and Highway 97C. The New Monaco property is located within the asserted traditional territory of the and Indian Band (both members of the ).

The objectives of the AIA described in this report are: (1) to identify and evaluate the significance of any archaeological sites located within the boundaries of the parcels of land, (2) to identify and assess possible impacts by any proposed developments within the parcels of land on any protected archaeological sites, (3) to provide recommendations regarding the need and appropriate scope of further archaeological studies prior to the initiation of any proposed developments, and (4) to recommend appropriate impact management actions for protected archaeological sites (where necessary). The AIA took place in accordance with the British Columbia Archaeological Impact Assessment Guidelines (Archaeology Branch 1998) issued by the Archaeology Branch, at the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and the Arts. The current AIA was not intended to identify areas in which no physical remains of past human activities can be found, such as berrypicking sites and fishing locations, as the identification of these types of sites is more appropriately addressed in Traditional Use and Traditional Knowledge Studies (TUS/TKS).

The field component of the AIA was conducted between June 29th and July 5th, 2010. The field crew consisted of Ian Cameron, Meghan McGill (Ursus), Kane Alexis and Keona Joe (Okanagan Indian Band). Unfortunately, representatives of the Westbank First Nation were not available to be part of the field crew for the field assessment. The project area was subjected to a combination of judgementally selected and systematic survey transects and a subsurface testing program. Two archaeological sites were identified during the field assessment. Site DkQw-40 was previously identified (Arcas Associates 1986) and relocated during this AIA. DkQw-40 consists of a sub-surface lithic scatter including one piece of basalt debitage. The site is located on a southern aspect terrace remnant overlooking Highway 97 and the north shore of . Site DkQw-40 has been impacted by past highway construction and orchard activities.

Site DkQw-44 was newly identified near the northern edge of the property. This site consists of a sub- surface lithic scatter including eight pieces of chert and basalt debitage. The site is located on a southern aspect terrace remnant overlooking Highway 97 and the north shore of Okanagan Lake. Site DkQw-44 has been impacted by past orchard activities.

The following is recommended for sites DkQw-40 and DkQw-44.

* Avoidance of further disturbance to sites DkQw-40 and DkQw-44; and * Application for a Section 12 alteration permit if it is necessary to disturb ground within sites DkQw-40 and DkQw-44. The Section 12 permit application will also address monitoring of DkQw-40 and systematic data recovery at DkQw-44 if any land disturbance or construction is to take place in vicinity of the sites.

The potential for locating undiscovered archaeological sites within the project area is considered to be low. In the event that any unanticipated archaeological remains are discovered within the project area, it is recommended that the proponent halt all activities in the immediate vicinity of the previously

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unidentified site(s) and promptly inform, the Archaeology Branch, Ursus Heritage Consulting, and the appropriate First Nations of the location of the site(s) and the nature of the disturbance. Management recommendations regarding emergency impact mitigation will then be determined in consultation with the Archaeology Branch, and the appropriate First Nations.

It is also recommended that the proponent inform the purchaser and any potential developers and/or contractors that archaeological remains are protected by the Heritage Conservation Act (1996) and may not be altered, damaged, moved, excavated in, or desecrated in any way without a permit issued under Section 12 or 14 of the Heritage Conservation Act.

Acknowledgements

Ursus Heritage Consulting (Ursus) would like to thank Paul Tsang for the opportunity to conduct this study. Ursus would also like to thank the Westbank First Nation and the for the opportunity to work within their asserted traditional territories and claim areas. Ursus would also like to thank Meghan McGill (Ursus), Kane Alexis and Keona Joe (Okanagan Indian Band) for all their hard work during the field component of the project. Thanks also to Nancy Bonneau at Westbank First Nation for assisting with project details and arranging for field assistants. Ursus acknowledges Jim Spafford and Beth Weathers of the Archaeology Branch for their assistance.

The opinions expressed in this document are those of the author. The authors are solely responsible for its contents and any omissions and errors that it may contain. The author accepts no responsibility for uses other than those intended and stated in this report.

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Table of Contents

1.0 Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Definitions ...... 1 1.2 Study Objectives ...... 1 1.3 Proposed Development Type and Facilities ...... 3 2.0 Background Information ...... 3 2.1 Definition of the Study Area and its Physiographic and Environmental Setting ...... 3 2.2 Ethnographic Background ...... 4 2.2.1 The Okanagan ...... 4 2.3 Regional Prehistory ...... 6 2.4 Previous Archaeological Work Conducted Near the Study Area ...... 6 2.5 Expected Types of Sites ...... 7 3.0 Methodology and Procedures ...... 8 3.1 Background Research ...... 8 3.2 Communications with First Nations ...... 8 3.3 Archaeological Potential Assessment ...... 8 3.4 Archaeological Inventory ...... 8 4.0 Study Results ...... 9 4.1 Archaeological Potential Assessment ...... 9 4.2 Archaeological Impact Assessment ...... 9 5.0 Site Significance Evaluations ...... 23 6.0 Impact Assessments and Management Recommendations ...... 24 6.1 Data Gap Analysis of the Literature Consulted ...... 25 7.0 References Cited ...... 26 8.0 Appendix I – Artifact Tables ...... 32

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List of Figures Figure 1: Location of Project Area and Previously Recorded Nearby Archaeological Sites...... 2 Figure 2a: Area examined archaeological sites and subsurface test locations...... 12 Figure 2b: Area examined archaeological sites and subsurface test locations...... 13 Figure 2c: Area examined archaeological sites and subsurface test locations...... 14 Figure 3: Site map of DkQw-40...... 15 Figure 4: View S at site DkQw-40...... 16 Figure 5: View SW at site DkQw-40...... 16 Figure 6: Positive shovel test (#4) at site DkQw-40 (0-40 cm dbs)...... 17 Figure 7: Dacite flake retrieved from DkQw-40 (0-5 cm depth below surface)...... 17 Figure 8: Site map of DkQw-44...... 18 Figure 9: View N at site DkQw-44...... 19 Figure 10: View S at site DkQw-44...... 19 Figure 11: Flakes from St# 19 (5-10 cm dbs) at site DkQw-44...... 20 Figure 12: Chert flake and dacite utilized flake from St#11 (5-10 cm dbs) at site DkQw-44...... 20 Figure 13: Utilized chert flake from St#18 (5-10 cm dbs) at site DkQw-44...... 20 Figure 14: View SE at St Location #5...... 21 Figure 15: View S at St Location #7...... 21 Figure 16: View SE in centre of project area...... 22 Figure 17: View S at St Location #11...... 22

List of Tables

Table 1. Shovel Test Locations for New Monaco Resort AIA...... 10 Table 2. Trench Locations for New Monaco Resort AIA...... 11 Table 3. Site Signficance Evaluation for Sites DkQw-40 and DkQw-44 Recorded under Heritage Inspection Permit 2010-237...... 23 Table 4. DkQw-40 Metric Attributes of Artifacts...... 32 Table 5. DkQw-44 Metric Attributes of Artifacts...... 32

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1.0 Introduction

This report presents the results of an Archaeological Impact Assessment (AIA) of the New Monaco property project area located in Peachland, B.C. The legal description of the lands included within the project area are: That part of Lot 1, Block 1, District Lot (DL) 449 shown on Plan 3358 O.D.Y.D., except Plans 5947, H783, and 41470, and DL 2690, O.D.Y.D., except Plans B3052, 14369, 14611, 31627, and 41470 (Figures 1-2). The AIA was conducted by Ian Cameron, M.Sc., RPCA of Ursus Heritage Consulting (Ursus) on behalf of Paul Tsang, New Monaco Enterprise Corporation. The assessment was carried out in accordance with Heritage Inspection Permit 2010-237, issued by the Archaeology Branch at the Ministry of Tourism, Culture, and the Arts, to Ian Cameron of Ursus pursuant to Section 14 of the Heritage Conservation Act. The project area is situated within the asserted traditional territories of the Westbank First Nation and the Penticton Indian Band.

This report provides background data regarding the context of the research in terms of its biophysical and cultural setting, describes the objectives of the research, details the methodology, presents the results of the fieldwork, and provides recommendations regarding the need and appropriate scope of future archaeological research within the areas examined.

1.1 Definitions

An Archaeological Impact Assessment (AIA) is concerned with the identification and management of archaeological sites. An archaeological site can be defined as any location that contains identifiable physical traces of past human activities and/or behaviours. Many different types of archaeological sites may be found in the study area and more than one line of archaeological evidence may be present at these sites. The types of sites that may be found in the study area include village sites, temporary camps, lithic scatters, isolated finds, rock art sites (pictographs and petroglyphs), remains of temporary shelters, lithic raw material quarry sites, burials, trails, and Culturally Modified Trees (CMTs). The current AIA was not intended to identify areas in which no physical remains of past human activities can be found, such as berrypicking sites and fishing locations, as the identification of these types of sites are more appropriately addressed in Traditional Use and Traditional Knowledge Studies (TUS/TKS).

Archaeological sites that pre-date 1846 are automatically protected under the Heritage Conservation Act (HCA) whether on public or private land. Sites that are of an unknown age and that have a likelihood of dating prior to 1846 (i.e., lithic scatters) as well as aboriginal pictographs, petroglyphs, and burials which are considered to have historical or archaeological value are also automatically protected. Sites that are protected under the HCA may not be altered, damaged, moved, excavated in, or desecrated in any way without a permit issued under Section 12 or 14 of the HCA.

1.2 Study Objectives

The objectives of the AIA described in this report are: (1) to identify and evaluate the significance of any archaeological sites located within the project area, (2) to identify and assess possible impacts by any proposed developments within the two blocks on any protected archaeological sites, (3) to provide recommendations regarding the need and appropriate scope of further archaeological studies prior to the initiation of any proposed developments, and (4) to recommend appropriate impact management actions for protected archaeological sites (where necessary). These objectives were in accordance with the objectives of an AIA as they are described in the British Columbia Archaeological Impact Assessment Guidelines (Archaeology Branch 1998).

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Figure 1: Location of Project Area and Previously Recorded Nearby Archaeological Sites.

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1.3 Proposed Development Type and Facilities

The New Monaco Enterprise Corporation proposes to construct a commercial-residential-recreational development within a part of the former Ryder family holdings in the District of Peachland. The project area is approximately 52 ha (130 acres) in area, and is located between Highway 97 and Highway 97C, east of their junction and overlooking Okanagan Lake to the south. The property is vacant but an active orchard is present in DL 2960, and other orchards existed in DL 449. A Terasen gas pipeline runs east to west along the northern part of DL 449.

Proposed facilities within the project area include a boutique hotel, skating rink, a mix of single- family and multi-family residences as well as office and village retail. Land altering activities which may negatively affect any archaeological sites present within the boundaries of the project area include: (1) landscaping and the felling and yarding of trees, (2) the construction of buildings and footings for those buildings, (3) the laying of waterlines and sewer pipes, and (4) the construction of access roads.

2.0 Background Information

2.1 Definition of the Study Area and its Physiographic and Environmental Setting

The study area is located on the south slope of Mount Drought and overlooks Okanagan Lake. The elevation of the project area is between approximately 400 and 520 metres above sea level. The study area is 2500 m from east to west and varies between 300-400 metres north to south. Terrain within the study area ranges from moderate to steep slopes with intermittent benches, terrace remnants and breaks- in-slope that have gently sloping to level terrain.

Bedrock in the study area consists of Eocene-aged dacite and trachyte of the Kitley Lake formation (Templeman-Kluit 1989). Fine grained dacite from the Pennask Lake area is known to have been used by Aboriginal people for tool-making (Roed 2004). Sandstone, siltstone and cherty siltstone of the White Lake formation are located north and east of the study area (Templeman-Kluit 1989, Roed and Greenough 2004). These rocks would also have been sought out by Aboriginal people for tool-making. Surficial geology of the area indicates that the landscape is characterized as a glacial kame terrace with meltwater channels (including the Drought Creek valley) (Nasmith 1962). Detailed mapping of surface sediments (Surveys and Resources Mapping Branch 1989) indicates that most of the sediments in the study area are of glaciofluvial origin (sand and gravel).

The study area is located within the Ecosection of the Thompson-Okanagan Plateau Ecoregion (Demarchi 1996). The study area is encompassed within a single biogeoclimatic subzone as defined by the biogeoclimatic classificatory system utilized by the Ministry of Forests (see Meidinger and Pojar 1991). The study area is located within the Very Dry Hot Ponderosa Pine biogeoclimatic subzone (PPxh1). This subzone has forests dominated by Ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir, with the latter occurring usually at higher elevations and on north facing slopes (Hope et al. 1991).

The study area was significantly modified by Pleistocene glaciations (Fulton and Smith 1978). Between 19,000-17,000 BP, valley glaciers began to cover the entire . The initial stages of glacial growth occurred in the mountains followed by the coalescence of valley glaciers (Fulton and Smith 1978; Fulton 1991). By 15,000 BP, the Cordilleran Ice sheet was approximately 500-1,000 m thick over the Thompson-Okanagan Plateau. Approximately 14,000 BP, the glaciers began to recede with low elevation areas of the being entirely ice free by 11,500 BP and higher elevation areas

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being ice-free by 10,200 BP (Fulton and Smith 1978; Clague 1991). The Okanagan Lobe of the Fraser Glacier was the last glacial advance in the study area (Kershaw 1978, Roed and Greenough 2004). Hebda (1982, 1995) outlines the late Pleistocene and Holocene climate, vegetation, and lake level history for the Thompson-Okanagan Plateau. Based on such evidence the late-Quaternary paleoenvironmental record of the study area can be divided into five discrete periods: Fraser glaciation, glacial retreat, the Xerothemic Warm Interval, Holocene Neo-glaciations, and the onset of modern climatic conditions (Hebda 1982, 1995).

2.2 Ethnographic Background

The New Monaco property is located within the asserted traditional territory of the Westbank First Nation, and Penticton Indian Band (both members of the Okanagan Nation Alliance).

Understanding the traditional lifeways and land use systems of First Nations peoples is of crucial importance towards gaining an understanding of the archaeological record of this culturally and physiologically unique region. Sources of information on these peoples are generally derived from contemporary First Nation accounts of the past and the ethnographic record. Several caveats must be attached to the use of the ethnographic record to understand past lifeways. First, the historical context of the period and second, the amount of exposure to these cultures that ethnographers experienced during the tenure of their research. In general, ethnographers spent relatively little time with First Nations, spoke with relatively few informants, and constructed their understandings of aboriginal lifeways within academic and political frameworks that were affected by a number of ethnocentric and colonial assumptions (see Klassen 2002 and Wickwire 2005 for a more detailed review of bias within regional ethnographies). The following brief discussion of traditional First Nation lifeways draws on both types of source material focusing primarily on subsistence practices, mobility strategies, and settlement patterns in an effort to provide the reader with a basic context in which to understand the archaeological record of the region. It is by no means intended to serve as a comprehensive review of these cultures or lifeways, past or present.

2.2.1 The Okanagan

The study area is situated within the asserted traditional territory of the Westbank First Nation and Penticton Indian Band, both member groups of the larger Okanagan Interior Salish ethno-linguistic family. The Interior Salish language family includes four major sub-divisions in : the Okanagan, Secwepemc (aka Shuswap), Nlaka’pamux (aka Thompson), and Stl’atl’imx (aka ) languages (Duff 1969). The group, also known as the Okanagan-Colville language group (Turner, Bouchard, and Kennedy 1980), has seven major dialects (Northern Okanagan, Similkameen Okanagan, Southern Okanagan, Methow Okanagan, Sanpoil-Nespelem, Colville, and Lakes). The Okanagan peoples occupy a large geographical area centered on the Okanagan Valley and Highlands, Thompson Plateau, and the Valley in southern British Columbia and northern Washington State. Knowledge and appreciation of the traditional lifeways and land use systems of the Okanagan peoples is of crucial importance towards gaining an understanding of the archaeological record of this culturally and physiologically unique region. Sources of information on the Okanagan past are generally derived from contemporary Okanagan accounts of the past and the ethnographic record.

Two early anthropologists in the region, Charles Hill-Tout and James Teit, spent considerable time in the larger region researching the society and culture of neighbouring Nlaka’pamux peoples. The resulting seminal ethnographies, Hill-Tout (1978) and James Teit (1930), reflect this focus and as such, there has been some question as to the accuracy of these ethnographies in regards to the Okanagan peoples.

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Hudson (1990:55) notes that the Okanagan reject Teit’s (1930) early ethnography as “superficial and inaccurate”. Geologist George Dawson (1892) wrote a brief ethnographic account, while Leslie Spier (1938) edited a description of southern Okanagan culture. More recently, linguistic ethnographers Dorothy Kennedy and Randy Bouchard conducted several seasons of fieldwork among Okanagan informants, much of which is summarized in Kennedy and Bouchard (1998). A generalized summary of traditional Plateau cultures is provided by Ray (1939).

The following brief discussion of traditional Okanagan lifeways draws on both contemporary Okanagan accounts of the past and the ethnographic record. A brief description of subsistence practices, mobility strategies, and settlement patterns is presented to provide the reader with a basic context in which to understand the archaeological record of the region. It is by no means intended to serve as a comprehensive review of Okanagan culture or lifeways, past or present.

The Okanagan practised a semi-sedentary hunting-gathering-fishing economy incorporating logistical forays by task groups over wide territorial areas in order to acquire specific resources. Subsistence for the Okanagan was based on fishing, the hunting of terrestrial mammals, and the gathering of various floral resources according to a complex annual cycle (Hill-Tout 1978; Hudson 1990; Teit 1930). Winter villages were generally located in enclosed creek valleys and consisted of variable numbers of pithouses and/or matt or bark lodge dwellings with associated storage facilities (cache pits, etc.) for processed food resources (Hudson 1990:68; Kennedy and Bouchard 1998:242-243). Smaller mat lodges were constructed above ground for summer residence, housing no more than two families (Hudson 1990; Teit 1930:227). Resource collection entailed family-based forays to specialized base camps and other resource procurement locations in order to gather seasonally available plant resources, and to hunt and fish (Hudson 1990; Kennedy and Bouchard 1998).

Okanagan peoples living in the northern part of the Okanagan Valley traveled to fish seasonal salmon runs, either at or north of Shuswap Falls (Bouchard and Kennedy 1984; Hunn et al. 1998; Kennedy and Bouchard 1998; Teit 1930:247). For these northern Okanagan peoples, other species of fish such as trout, greyling, Dolly Varden, and white sturgeon were also important subsistence resources (Hudson 1990:60). Resource procurement areas differed by seasonal availability of particular species and by clinal variation in elevation, biogeoclimatic zone, and distance to water. The seasonal round for the Okanagan included but was not limited to: (1) winter village residence from early-to-late winter with mid winter hunting for deer, and late winter hunting for sheep, (2) spring and early summer fishing for trout, hunting of deer and sheep, and the gathering of food plants such as a variety of roots and berries, (3) hunting sheep and the gathering of berries during the summer and early fall, and (4) deer, elk, sheep, and bear hunting in the late fall (Kennedy and Bouchard 1998; Hudson 1990; Post 1938; Teit 1930; Turner 1978). Many different plant resources were utilized by Interior Plateau First Nations (Lepofsky and Peacock 2004). The most important food plants in the Okanagan were yellowbells, balsamroot, bitterroot, “wild carrot” or biscuitroot, chokecherry, saskatoon berry, huckleberries, blueberries, and soapberry (Turner 1997, Turner et al. 1980). All of these species are locally abundant throughout the study area.

A variety of plant resources were harvested and utilized for the making of baskets and mats, including the bark of birch, balsam, cedar, spruce, pine, cottonwood, and various rushes (Turner 1997). Bark and wood from a variety of trees also served as construction material for pithouse dwellings, mat and bark lodges, and temporary shelters. Canoes were generally constructed from balsam bark in the Okanagan Valley but dug-out canoes were also carved from pine, cottonwood, Western redcedar, and fir (Kennedy and Bouchard 1998; Teit 1930). Cordage for sewing, nets and ropes were made from a variety of materials including willow, hemp, animal sinew and hide, and bear and goat hair. Clothing was made from the hide and fur of deer, elk, caribou, moose, beaver, marmot, rabbit, squirrel, and otter. These

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materials utilized for the production of traditional Okanagan material culture were available in specific eco-niches and were exploited on a seasonal and/or opportunistic basis.

Interior Plateau material culture consisted of products derived from a variety of raw materials (Andrefsky 2004). The Okanagan utilized a sophisticated range of chipped as well as pecked and ground stone tools (e.g., scrapers, knives, projectile points, celts, chisels, wedges, mauls) which they manufactured from a wide variety of lithic raw materials (e.g., basalt, jasper, obsidian, slate, sandstone, soapstone) (Ewonus et al. 2004). The type of raw material selected reflected the fit between the properties of the raw material and the design and function of the tool being manufactured. Bone, antler, and wood were also employed in making tools, ornaments, utensils and containers of a variety of forms.

Okanagan socio-political organization at the time of contact included a kin and village-based socio- political system with both ascribed and achieved status positions falling to a minority of individuals. Political authority appears to have been invested primarily in individuals whose status was achieved through merit and/or task organization in a particular field (hence war chiefs, hunting chiefs, salmon chiefs, shamans, etc.) (Hudson 1990; Teit 1930). Many subsistence resources and associated places of procurement (e.g., fishing locations, berrypicking and root-digging areas, hunting locales) appear to have been the common property of a given band or family group with their access and use directed by family group leaders and community chiefs in consultation with elders (Hudson 1990). Exactly how far back into prehistory the ethnographic pattern described above extends is open to question. A full account of the ethnographic subsistence, economic and socio-political pattern of the Okanagan peoples is beyond the scope of this report. Further accounts of Okanagan ethnography, mythology, language, subsistence practices, ceremonial life, and material culture can be found in a number of primary and secondary sources regarding the Okanagan including but not limited to: Curtis (1911), Hill-Tout (1978), Hudson (1990), Kennedy and Bouchard (1987, 1998), Louis (2002), Post (1938), Teit (1930), Turner, Bouchard and Kennedy (1980), Robinson and Wickwire (1989, 2005), and Wickwire (1992).

2.3 Regional Prehistory

The culture history of the Okanagan region has been divided into three periods, each with one or more cultural phases (Grabert 1974; Copp 1979). These periods are identified on the basis of changes in cultural attributes, in particular, stone tools and projectile point forms. The initial peopling of the study area and the surrounding landscape likely commenced between ca. 11,000 and 10,000 BP (Stryd and Rousseau 1996). The Early Prehistoric Period, which dates from about 9,000 to 6,000 years B.P. (before present), consists of the Okanagan Phase. The Middle Prehistoric Period (dating between 6,000 and 3,000 years B.P.) consists of the Indian Dan Phase. The Late Prehistoric Period has been divided into two phases, the Chilliwist Phase (dating to approximately 3,000 to 900 years B.P.) and the Cassimer Bar Phase (dating to around 900 to 150 years B.P.). This is followed by the Protohistoric Period (identified by an indirect influx of European goods), which then becomes the Historic Period at direct contact with Euro-Canadians. It should be noted that some typological differences in projectile points do exist in the Northern Okanagan Valley (i.e., north of Okanagan Falls). The North Okanagan Valley region’s chronology is distinguished as a variant established by Grabert (1974) and Copp (1979) for the southern part of the valley (Pokotylo and Mitchell 1998).

2.4 Previous Archaeological Work Conducted Near the Study Area

There are 24 recorded pre-contact archaeological sites located within approximately 5 km of the New Monaco project area (Figure 1). No recorded historic sites (usually heritage buildings) are located within this area. Two archaeological sites (DkQv-42 and DkQw-40) were previously identified and according to RAAD, were located within the project area. Archaeological site DkQv-42 was initially identified and

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recorded by Rousseau and Kuijt (Arcas Associates 1986) during the impact assessment for the proposed Okanagana Connector (97C). The site was comprised of an intact section of the HBC Brigade Trail, a petroform, pre-WW1 household refuse and three prehistoric lithic artifacts (Ibid.). The site was identified on the west side of Highway 97 and was almost entirely within the impact zone for the proposed Highway 97/Okanagan Connector junction. Follow up visits by Zacharias (1990) and during this study, failed to reveal any additional cultural materials attributable to this site. The author believes the site is actually located east of the project area and has most likely been destroyed by highway construction. Site DkQw40 was relocated along the northern boundary of the project area and its location was re-mapped during this study by a handheld GPS device (Garmin GPSmap 60Cx). The majority of this site is believed to be heavily disturbed (see Section 4.0 Results). Other work completed within or near the project area includes an inventory and impact assessment by Wilson and Thomson (1985).

Along the shoreline of Okanagan Lake, many sites were recorded during the archaeological surveys of the 1970s (Lawhead and McAleese 1976, Rousseau and Wales 1977). Excavations at several habitation sites along the Okanagan Valley (Copp 1974, 1979; Roberts 1973, 1974; Rousseau and Howe 1979) have documented past village life, as well as resource and land use in Okanagan territory. Several other studies involving survey and excavation along the Similkameen and Okanagan River valleys and shores of the many prominent lakes within Okanagan territory have documented archaeological sites and offered interpretations regarding past lifeways and land use in the region (e.g., Arcas 2007a ; Bailey and Rousseau 1994; Baker 1975; Bussey 1986, 1993, 1995; Caldwell 1975; Golder 2008, 2009; Grabert 1968, 1974; Lawhead and McAleese 1976; Muir and Rousseau 1991; Points West Heritage Consulting 1985; Rousseau 1979, 1984a, 1984b; Rousseau and Wales 1977; Vivian 1989, 1992).

2.5 Expected Types of Sites

Based upon the literature review and the previously recorded sites in the study area, the types of sites expected within the study area include village sites, lithic scatters, artifacts scatters, quarry sites, forest utilization sites comprised of CMTs, land mammal hunting camps, pictograph sites, petroglyph sites, special use campsites (menstrual huts, vision quest sites, plant resource processing sites, etc.), burial sites, fishing sites, trap sites, trails, historic remains, etc.

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3.0 Methodology and Procedures

3.1 Background Research

Prior to conducting fieldwork, the study team engaged in an extensive background research program designed to assess existing documentary information pertaining to past uses of the study area. Several sources of information were consulted during this phase of the study including; the Archaeology Branch Site Inventory Forms, consultant reports, aerial photographs, and other relevant published and unpublished reports, theses and dissertations.

3.2 Communications with First Nations

During the early planning stages of this project, representatives from the Westbank First Nation were contacted by phone and email. The Westbank First Nation was involved through the employment of field crew and a Westbank Heritage Investigation Permit (2010-010) was obtained prior to commencement of fieldwork. Keona Joe and Kaine Alexis participated in the fieldwork. Copies of this permit report will be sent to all First Nations involved.

3.3 Archaeological Potential Assessment

The archaeological potential for the study area was evaluated using several methods. First the Provincial Heritage Register was searched via the Remote Access to Archaeological Data (RAAD) online application administered by the BC Archaeology Branch, Ministry of Tourism, Culture and the Arts, to determine if any previously recorded archaeological sites are located within or nearby the study area. Second, a review of the regional archaeological, ethnographic and palaeoenvironmental literature was undertaken. Third, topographic maps, aerial photographs, Google Earth images and TRIM maps were examined. Finally, the preliminary reconnaissance completed several years earlier was also consulted (Arcas 2007b).

Variables considered in the archaeological potential assessment included: proximity to known archaeological sites, terrain attributes (distance to water, relict drainages, prominent landforms, slope, aspect, elevation, soil characteristics), past land disturbances, historic land uses, biogeoclimatic information, forest stand characteristics and proximity to traditional resource areas and transportation corridors such as Okanagan Lake and the historic Brigade Trail (Harris et al. 1989; Holt et al. 1986).

3.4 Archaeological Inventory Field investigations involved a combination of systematic ground surface inspection and a judgmental subsurface testing program intended to locate and assess cultural deposits or features that may be present. Areas that were to have subsurface tests were selected judgmentally by criteria such as suitable landform, level of disturbance, availability of water, and proximity to known archaeological sites. These areas were then systematically tested with a combination of shovel tests and machine excavated trenches. The results of the archaeological field investigations are included in Section 4.0 of this report.

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4.0 Study Results

4.1 Archaeological Potential Assessment

After assessing the variables listed in Section 3.3, the project area was given a pre-field archaeological potential assessment of moderate to high. The proximity of the project area to the historic Brigade Trail, Okanagan Lake and many nearby archaeological sites (Figure 1), gave the project area this rating.

4.2 Archaeological Impact Assessment

Between June 29th and July 5th 2010, an archaeological impact assessment was carried out by Ursus on the project area. The project area includes approximately 52 hectares of land located on the north slope above Okanagan Lake. The project area was surveyed systematically by a crew of four crew members using parallel pedestrian traverses with five metre spacing (Figure 2). Close to 70% of the project area was surveyed by this method. Evidence of cultural materials on the surface was sought, including but not limited to: stone, bone, antler, or other artifacts; fire-altered rock; cultural features (e.g., depressions or cairns) and historic cultural remains and debris. Existing subsurface exposures (e.g., tree throws, road cuts, etc.) were also examined for evidence of cultural deposits. The terrain in the project area is primarily gentle to steeply sloping with an overall southern aspect. Forest cover is composed of Ponderosa pine, cottonwood, trembling aspen and domestic fruit trees (apple, plum, cherry, peach). Shrubs throughout the property (outside of the orchards) include Oregon-grape, snowberry, Saskatoon berry, rabbitbrush, wild roses, western sumac, Rocky Mountain maple and some poison ivy. Balsam root, biscuit root, prickly pear and wild buckwheat were also present. The area has been disturbed by past orchard activities and highway construction (both Highway 97 to the south and Highway 97C to the north). In the western project area, bedrock is either exposed or located at very shallow depths (̴ 20 cm dbs). Due to the past disturbance and general lack of soil development, the majority of the western project area is rated as having low potential for subsurface archaeological remains. A subsurface testing program was conducted systematically in areas that were judgmentally identified as having high potential (terraces or similar suitable landforms). Subsurface tests were conducted every 5 m in a grid pattern where possible. Due to the shallow depth of the soil above the bedrock, most shovel tests were very shallow. Shovel tests were excavated to an average depth of 30 cm. The removed matrices were screened through 6 mm (1/4”) mesh. Shovel tests were an average of 40 x 40 cm in dimension. Machine excavated trenches using a backhoe with a 1.2 metre wide finishing bucket were also placed at several locations throughout the project area. Trenches were an average 2.5 m long x 1.2 m wide x 3.2 m deep in dimension. Shovel testing took place in twelve locations (See Table 1) and nine trenches were excavated using a backhoe (See Table 2). Subsurface testing consisted of 188 shovel tests and 9 machine excavated trenches. The subsurface tests were located on terraces, breaks-in-slope, knolls and level areas in a 5 metre grid pattern where possible. Cultural materials were identified in subsurface tests at Shovel Test Locations #4 (DkQw-44) and #6 (DkQw-40). No cultural materials were visible on the ground surface.

DkQw-40

Site DkQw-40 is located near the northern edge of the property at Shovel Test Location #6 (Figure 2a) and was previously identified during the Okanagan Connector impact assessment (Arcas Associates 1986) and relocated during this AIA. The site is about 100 m north of the northwestern corner of the eastern most orchard. It was described as consisting of a small surface scatter of unmodified dacite flakes amidst an ad hoc automobile graveyard on a south aspect high terrace remnant (Ibid). The Ryder family

Prepared by Ursus Heritage Consulting - 9 - Archaeological Impact Assessment (AIA) of New Monaco Property in Peachland, B.C. reported that a small projectile point had previously been found at the site. A subsequent visit to the site concluded that it had been destroyed by the construction of the Okanagan Connector (Zacharias 1990). At this time, DkQw-40 consists of a sub-surface lithic scatter including one piece of dacite debitage (Figures 3-7). The site has a 20 metre diameter and is located on a southern aspect terrace remnant overlooking Highway 97 and the north shore of Okanagan Lake. This site is likely the remains of a hunting camp or temporary habitation site. An old truck wreck lies northeast of the site boundary, perhaps a remnant of the automobile graveyard. Site DkQw-40 has been heavily impacted by past road construction and orchard activities. See Appendix I for a table of lithic metric attributes.

DkQw-44

Site DkQw-44 was newly identified near the northern edge of the property and was located at Shovel Test Location #4 (Figures 2b, 8-10). This site consists of a sub-surface lithic scatter including eight pieces of chert and dacite debitage (See Figures 11-13). The site has a 25 metre diameter and is located on a southern aspect terrace remnant overlooking Highway 97 and the north shore of Okanagan Lake. The site is likely the remains of a hunting camp or temporary habitation site. Site DkQw-44 has been impacted by past orchard activities.

Table 1. Shovel Test Locations for New Monaco Property AIA.

Location # Landform Reason for In-field Potential Matrix description # Tests description # of tests potential after testing St Loc# 1 N=4 S aspect 5 x 10 m Moderate Low 0-2 cm = duff, 2-10 cm= semi-compact break-in-slope light brown silty sand with bedrock fragments, 10+ cm = compact broken bedrock fragments and bedrock St Loc# 2 N=12 Level area on 22 x 15 m Moderate Low 0-2 cm = duff, 2-13 cm = light brown north side of sandy silt, 13+ cm = compact bedrock knoll fragments and bedrock St Loc# 3 N=36 S aspect 20 x 40 m High Low 0-4 cm = duff, 4-45 cm= semi-compact terrace light brown silty sand with pebbles, 45+ cm = bedrock fragments St Loc# 4 N=41 level area 20 x 40 m High High 0-4 cm = duff, 4-15 cm= compact mid (site brown silty sand with pebbles, 15-30 DkQw-44) cm+ = compact silt and bedrock fragments St Loc# 5 N=15 S aspect 10 x 35 m High Low 0-3 cm = duff, 3-20 cm = compact mid bench brown silty sand with pebbles, 20-30+ cm = compact yellow brown silt St Loc# 6 N=32 S aspect 15 x 35 m High High 0-2 cm = duff, 2-35 cm = compact mid terrace (site brown silty sand with pebbles, 35-40+ fragment DkQw-40) cm = compact silty sand and bedrock fragments St Loc# 7 N=8 S aspect 8 x 20 m Moderate Low 0-2 cm = duff, 2-30 cm= semi-compact break-in-slope light brown silty sand with pebbles, 30+ cm = bedrock St Loc# 8 N=4 S aspect 7 x 10 m Moderate Low 0-2 cm = duff, 2-20 cm= semi-compact break-in-slope light brown silty sand with bedrock fragments, 20+ cm = bedrock St Loc# 9 N=4 S aspect 7 x 7 m Moderate Low 0-1 cm = duff, 1-20 cm= semi-compact break-in-slope light brown silty sand with bedrock fragments, 20+ cm = bedrock St Loc# N=8 S aspect 7 x 20 m Moderate Low 0-2 cm = duff, 2-10 cm= semi-compact 10 bench dark brown silty sand, 10+ cm = compact dark brown silt and pebbles St Loc# N=13 S aspect 15 x 20 m Moderate Low 0-10 cm = duff, 10-25 cm = compact 11 bench sand with pebbles, 25+ cm = compact silt

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St Loc# N=11 Break-in- 10 x 15 m Moderate Low 0-3 cm = duff, 3-15 cm = semi-compact 12 slope light brown silty sand, 15-20+ cm = compact gravel and whitish silt

Table 2. Trench Locations for New Monaco Property AIA.

Location # In-field Potential UTM 11U Matrix description potential after testing Trench# 1 Moderate Low 307787E 0-2 cm = duff, 2-30 cm= semi-compact grey brown silty sand with 5520154N pebbles, 30-200 cm = semi-compact cobbles, 200-270 cm = grey brown loose silty clay, 270-290 cm = loose coarse beach sand, 290-330+ cm = loose fine light grey sand Trench# 2 Moderate Low 307877E 0-5 cm = duff, 5-70 cm = dark brown semi-compact silty sand, 70- 5520143N 150 cm = grey sandy clay, 150 cm = big-O pipe, drainage pipe Trench# 3 Moderate Low 307891E 0-5 cm = duff, 5-30 cm= dark brown silty clay, 30-70 cm = light 5520163N brown silty sand, 70-150 cm = grey semi-compact clay, 150-300+ cm = grey brown loose sand Trench# 4 Moderate Low 308034E 0-5 cm = duff, 5-18 cm= dark grey brown silty sand, 18-40 cm = 5520197N grey compact sandy silt, 40-60 cm grey compact sandy silt with cobbles, 60-390 cm = compact white grey silt, 390—400+ cm = loose fine white grey sand Trench# 5 Moderate Low 308007E 0-5 cm = duff, 5-18 cm= dark grey brown silty sand, 18-40 cm = 5520186N grey compact sandy silt, 40-60 cm grey compact sandy silt with cobbles, 60-190 cm = compact white grey silt, 190-200 cm = coarse beach sand, 200-215 cm = compact white silt, 215-225 cm = coarse beach sand, 225-235+ cm = compact whitish silt Trench# 6 Moderate Low 308044E 0-5 cm = duff, 5-18 cm= dark grey brown silty sand, 18-40 cm = 5520180N grey compact sandy silt, 40-60 cm grey compact sandy silt with cobbles, 60-190 cm = compact white grey silt, 190-200 cm = coarse beach sand, 200-215 cm = compact white silt, 215-225 cm = coarse beach sand, 225-235+ cm = compact whitish silt Trench# 7 Moderate Low 307914E 0-5 cm = duff, 5-20 cm= dark brown silty sand with pebbles, 20- 5520094N 57 cm = mid brown compact silty sand with cobbles, 57-120 cm = white grey compact silt,120+ cm = white grey compact silt with boulders and cobbles Trench# 8 Moderate Low 307909E 0-5 cm = duff, 5-20 cm= semi-compact mid brown silty sand with 5520118N pebbles, 20-100 cm = light grey compact silt, 100-220 cm = grey brown coarse beach sand and cobbles, 220-300+ cm = dark grey brown silty sand with cobbles Trench# 9 Moderate Low 307969E 0-5 cm = duff, 5-25 cm= semi-compact light brown silty sand, 25- 5520106N 75 cm = light grey compact silt, 75-280 cm = coarse beach sand with loose gravel and cobbles, 280+ cm = compact cobbles

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Figure 2a: Area examined, archaeological sites, and subsurface test locations.

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Figure 2b: Area examined, archaeological sites, and subsurface test locations.

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Figure 2c: Area examined, archaeological sites, and subsurface test locations.

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Figure 3: Site map of DkQw-40.

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Figure 4: View S at site DkQw-40.

Figure 5: View SW at site DkQw-40.

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Figure 6: Positive shovel test (#4) at site DkQw-40 (0-40 cm dbs).

Figure 7: Dacite flake retrieved from DkQw-40 (0-5 cm depth below surface).

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Figure 8: Site map of DkQw-44.

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Figure 9: View N at site DkQw-44.

Figure 10: View S at site DkQw-44.

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Figure 11: Flakes from St# 19 (5-10 cm dbs) at site DkQw-44.

Figure 12: Chert flake and dacite utilized flake from St#11 (5-10 cm dbs) at site DkQw-44.

Figure 13: Utilized chert flake from St#18 (5-10 cm dbs) at site DkQw-44.

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Figure 14: View SE at St Location #5.

Figure 15: View S at St Location #7.

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Figure 16: View SE in centre of project area.

Figure 17: View S at St Location #11.

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5.0 Site Significance Evaluations

Site significance assessments are a major component of the impact assessment process. Assessments of this nature are conducted in order to ensure that appropriate management recommendations are proposed. The British Columbia Archaeological Impact Assessment Guidelines (Archaeology Branch 1998) defines several types of significance in relation to archaeological sites. The sites identified in the development areas were assessed using the checklist of criteria for site evaluation presented in the British Columbia Archaeological Impact Assessment Guidelines (Archaeology Branch 1998). The scientific, public, ethnic, economic, and historic significance of the sites identified were assessed and rated as high, moderate, or low. Definitions of the types of significance assessments conducted are as follows:

Scientific Significance is based on the potential of a site to contain evidence which could substantively increase understanding of culture history and cultural processes, its ability to contribute to various scientific disciplines, and its ability to contribute to an understanding of local and regional prehistory.

Public Significance is based on the potential of a site to be used by the public in an educational, interpretative, or recreational capacity.

Ethnic Significance is determined by the local First Nation(s) and refers to the traditional, social, or spiritual importance of a site. Sites DkQw-40 and DkQw-44 are located in the asserted traditional territory of the Westbank First Nation and the Penticton Indian Band, who both consider archaeological sites to be of high ethnic significance.

Economic Significance refers to the potential financial benefits that could be derived from the public’s use of a site as an educational or recreational facility.

Historic Significance refers to the possible association of a site with an important historic person or event.

The significance ratings for sites DkQw-40 and DkQw-44 are provided in Table 3.

Table 3. Site Significance Evaluation for Sites DkQw-40 and DkQw-44 Recorded under Heritage Inspection Permit 2010-237. Scientific Public Ethnic Economic Historic Site Significance Significance Significance Significance Significance DkQw-40 Low Low High Low Low DkQw-44 Moderate Low High Low Low

The low scientific rating for DkQw-40 reflects the high level of disturbance, lack of diagnostic artifacts and of datable materials identified at the site to date. The moderate scientific rating for DkQw- 44 reflects the variety of lithic materials located at the site, the moderate amount of disturbance, lack of diagnostic artifacts and of datable materials identified at the site to date. The low historic rating for both sites reflects the absence of known historical associations with these sites. A full evaluation of the cultural and ethnic significance of the sites is beyond the scope of the current study and could be determined in consultation with the Westbank First Nation and the Penticton Indian Band.

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6.0 Impact Assessments and Management Recommendations

One newly identified protected archaeological site (DkQw-44) and one relocated but previously identified and protected archaeological site (DkQw-40) were recorded near the northern boundary of the project area, just south of Highway 97C. The sites were recorded under Permit 2010-237. The sites consist of lithic scatters and are believed to pre-date 1846 and are therefore protected under Section 13 of the Heritage Conservation Act.

There are four principle strategies available to manage conflicts between archaeological sites and development projects in British Columbia, as described in the Guidelines (Archaeology Branch 1998). These strategies are:

(1) Site conservation by avoidance is the most effective strategy for significant sites or portions of sites threatened with destruction. (2) Mitigation in the form of systematic data recovery (i.e., archaeological excavation) is usually recommended for vulnerable, significant sites, or portions of sites which cannot be protected by other strategies. (3) Archaeological monitoring, as one condition of a Site Alteration Permit, is another type of mitigation, often recommended for construction within sites or portions of sites to ensure that appropriate emergency impact management actions are carried out if unanticipated and significant archaeological remains are encountered. (4) Lastly, compensation refers to direct monetary payments made by a development proponent to finance the costs of data recovery or other archaeological investigations on parts of a site not directly affected by a particular activity or development.

Heritage resources are non-renewable, and mitigative measures such as project design changes and site protection are preferred where conflicts between heritage sites and proposed developments have been identified.

Upon consultation with the New Monaco Enterprise Corporation management, it appears that the sites can be avoided through project redesign. The sites will be incorporated into green spaces within the project area and will not be subject to ground disturbance within the 10 m site buffer.

It is recommended that the New Monaco Enterprise Coproration:

(a) Avoid the site through alteration of project design, or if site avoidance is not possible; (b) Obtain a Section 12 Site Alteration Permit prior to any land altering activities within either of the sites’ boundaries; this Permit may include requirements of systematic data recovery and/or archaeological monitoring.

Users of this report should be aware that even the most thorough investigation may fail to reveal all archaeological remains, including sites protected by the BC Heritage Conservation Act, that exist in an area. All users of this report should also be aware that: (1) archaeological remains in BC are protected from disturbance, intentional or inadvertent, by the Heritage Conservation Act; (2) in the event that archaeological remains are encountered, all ground disturbance in the immediate vicinity must be suspended at once; (3) it is the individual’s responsibility to inform the Archaeology Branch, and appropriate First Nations as soon as possible, about the location of the archaeological remains and the nature of the disturbance; and (4) the Heritage Conservation Act may incur heavy fines and imprisonment for failing to comply with these requirements.

The study area is located within the asserted traditional territory of the Westbank First Nation and the Penticton Indian Band. The sole purpose of this study was to identify archaeological sites, or the

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6.1 Data Gap Analysis of the Literature Consulted

Detailed information concerning how First Nation peoples utilized the study area and interacted with other groups is lacking in the ethnographic literature. This comparative lack of information may be partly due to the fact that many historical observers, including ethnographers, arrived in the area after First Nation groups had been heavily impact by smallpox and other post-contact epidemics (see Duff 1964; Harris 1997). As such, much of the traditional knowledge of the area may have died with the people who succumbed to these epidemics. In addition, it should be noted that many of the ethnographers working in the area did not start their work until well into the 20th century. Many of the First Nation groups had been in contact with Europeans for more than a century, and their lifeways had already been heavily impacted by the effects of the fur trade, cash economy, missionaries, firearms and other influences. Many of the ethnographic accounts concentrate on the more permanent village settlements and do not pay as much attention to only seasonally occupied areas such as the majority of the study area.

In terms of the archaeological literature review, the majority of the previous archaeological work in the area has consisted of development related surveys of limited extent (though see Copp 1974, 1976, 1979, 2006). Many of the archaeological survey reports are very brief and provide few details of methodology, background research and results.

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7.0 References Cited

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Caldwell, W.W. 1954 An archaeological survey of the Okanagan and Similkameen valleys of British Columbia. Anthropology in British Columbia 4: 10-25.

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Grabert, G. 1968 An Archaeological Survey of the Upper Okanagan Valley, British Columbia: 1967. Permit 1967- 6. Report submitted to the National Museum of Man, Ottawa. 1974 Okanagan Archaeology. Syesis 7, Supplement 2. Victoria.

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Harris, R., H. Hatfield, and P. Tassie 1989 The Okanagan Brigade Trail in the South Okanagan, 1811 to 1849. Wayside Press, Ltd.

Hebda, R.J. 1982 Postglacial history of grasslands of southern British Columbia and adjacent regions. In Grassland Ecology and Classificaiton Symposium Proceedings, edited by A.C. Nicholson, A. McLean and T.E. Baker, pp. 156-191. Ministry of Forests, Victoria. 1995 British Columbia vegetation and climate history with focus on 6 Ka BP. Geographie Physhique et Quaternaire 49(1): 55-79.

Hill-Tout, Charles 1978[1906] The Salish People: The Local Contribution of Charles Hill-Tout Volume I: The Thompson and Okanagan. Edited with and Introduction by Ralph Maud. Talonbooks, Vancouver.

Holt, R., A. Jahnke, and P. Tassie 1986 The Okanagan Brigade Trail, Central and North Okanagan: A Field Guide to the Remaining Sectiosn of the Trail. Okanagan Historical Society, Vernon Branch.

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Kennedy, D.I.D. and R.T. Bouchard 1986 Indian History and Knowledge of the Aspen Grove to Peachland Corridor of the Coquihalla Highway. Appendix II in Coquihalla Highway Project, Merritt to Peachland, B.C.: Detailed Heritage Resource Inventory and Impact Assessment, by Arcas Associates. Report on file at the Archaeology Branch, Victoria. 1998 Northern Okanagan, Lakes and Colville. In Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 12, Plateau, edited by D.E. Walker Jr., pp. 238-252. Smithsonian Institution, Washington.

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Lawhead, S. and K. McAleese 1976 Interior Lakes Archaeological Inventory (Okanagan Lake Survey: 1976). Report on file at the Archaeology Branch, Victoria.

Lepofsky, D. and S.L. Peacock 2004 A question of intensity: Exploring the role of plant foods in Northern Plateau Prehistory. In Complex Hunter-Gatherers: Evolution and Organization of Prehistoric Communities on the Plateau of Northwestern North America, edited by W.C. Prentiss and I. Kuijt, pp. 115-139. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.

Louis, S. [editor] 2002 Q’sapi: A History of Okanagan People as Told by Okanagan Families. Theytus Books, Penticton.

Meidinger, D. and J. Pojar 1991 Ecosystems of British Columbia. Ministry of Forests, Research Branch. Special Report Series 6. Victoria.

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8.0 Appendix I – Artifact Tables Table 4. DkQw-40 Metric Attributes of Artifacts. Artifact# Material Type Width (mm) Length (mm) Thickness (mm) Location Comments

1 Basalt Flake 10.3 15.6 1.9 St4

Table 5. DkQw-44 Metric Attributes of Artifacts. Artifact# Material Type Width Length Thickness Location Comments

1 Basalt Flake 15.6 22.1 4.4 St11 utilized 2 Chert Flake 7.5 9.2 1.1 St11 3 Basalt Flake 7.6 9.9 0.9 St12 4 Chert Flake 11.4 13.1 1.9 St18 5 Chert Flake 11.8 16.4 2.1 St19 6 Chert Flake 9.6 10.0 1.3 St19 7 Basalt Flake 9.0 16.1 1.7 St19

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