Report on Arms Trafficking in the Border Regions Of

REPORT ON

ARMS TRAFFICKING IN THE BORDER REGIONS OF SUDAN, UGANDA AND KENYA (A case Study of Uganda: North, Northeastern & Eastern)

Action For Development of Local Communities (ADOL) WITH SUPPORT FROM SWEDISH GOVERNMENT AND ACTION OF CHURCHES TOGETHER (ACT), NETHERLANDS.

APRIL - JUNE, 2001. 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...... 3

1.1. BACKGROUND 7

1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES, COVERAGE AND METHODOLOGY 8

2.0. RESEARCH FINDINGS ...... 10

2.1 MARKETS 10

2.2 ROUTES AND MODES OF ARMS TRAFFICKING 14

Map 2 showing Gun Market Belts 15

2.2 SOURCES OF SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITIONS 16

2.3 DEALERS AND BUYERS OF SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITIONS 17

2.4 NETWORKS AND OTHER METHODS OF ARMS ACQUISITION 18

Diagram 1: CURRENT NETWORK OF GUNS AND AMMUNITION SALES 20

2.5 EFFECTS OF GUN TRAFFICKING ON COMMUNITIES 21

2.6 EFFORTS TO CURB GUN TRAFFICKING 21

2.7 IMPACT OF GUN TRAFFICKING ON LOCAL ECONOMIES 23

3.0 CONCLUSION ...... 25

APPENDICES ...... 26

APPENDIX 1 26

APPENDIX 2 28 3

1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The study was conducted in the districts of Moroto, Kotido, Nakapiripirit, Katakwi, Soroti, Kumi, Lira, Kitgum, Gulu, Pader, Adjumani, Moyo, Yumbe, and Kapchorwa with the following objectives:

♦ Collect first hand data from local authorities, community leaders, businessmen, police personnel and the army on the sources and causes of arms trafficking in the border regions of Sudan, Uganda and Kenya. ♦ Collect information on the location of gun markets, the quantity of traded arms, and the motives for trading in arms and ammunitions as well as the networks in which the gun traffickers operate. ♦ Establish the provenance of the types of guns in the region and the manner they are being acquired. ♦ Determine the impact of illegal gun trade and trafficking on communities and local economies in the region. ♦ Ascertain attempts made to curb gun trafficking in the north and northeastern Uganda.

A total of about 300 semi-structured interviews were held with community leaders, opinion leaders, kraal leaders and young warriors (Karachunas) These semi-structured interviews were supplemented by informal group discussions and observations. Another 100 questionnaires were administered to district political and civil service leaders, intelligence officers, civil servants, police and army personnel.

The study identified markets and areas for guns and ammunition sales and routes for trafficking in most of the areas of study. In some of the markets, the buying and selling of firearms and ammunitions are done openly, while in others covertly through discrete contacts. Exchange arrangements between willing buyers and sellers often take place under disguise.

There are defunct gun markets in the districts of Yumbe, Moyo and Adjumani along the Sudan–Uganda border. These were located mainly in the hills of West Nile. Gulu is a major internal source of guns and ammunitions according to the lower ranks of the security organs and civilian respondents. The arms and the ammunitions come from the UPDF armoury in Gulu Town with the connivance of well-placed security officers who provide protection for the racketeers. Some of these guns are those captured from LRA during clashes and ambushes. Most of the guns end up in the Karamoja region. In Kitgum district; mobile and designated gun markets are located in Lokung, Agoro/Aguru, Lututuru/Lugururu and Akilok.

Along the Kotido-Sudan border, markets exist in Lobalangit, Kapedo, Kathile and Karenga/Napore in Dodoth County. There are also markets in Kacheri and Bar Tanga in Jie and Labwor counties respectively. In Moroto and Nakapiripirit districts guns markets flourish in Namalu, Matany, Nabilatuk, Amudat and Loroo. Guns and ammunition filter into Karamoja and Kapchorwa through markets in the counties of Dodoth, Matheniko, Katikekile and Pokot.. Market points keep on changing locations. In Moroto district, trading points are mainly in isolated areas like bushes and riverbanks. 4

A new AK47 costs US$70-$100 (i.e. UShs.100, 000/= to 150,000/=) at entry points; and US$270-$340 (i.e. UShs.400, 000/= to 500,000/=)1 in the interior. Bullet prices range from ten to seventy cents (i.e. 100/= to 1,000/=). Prices fluctuate reaching a peak between June and October when the Karamojong warriors intensify internal conflicts and cattle raids.

Guns and ammunitions from Sudan pass through Dzaipi to Adjumani Town where the guns find their way to Gulu, Lira and eventually to Karamoja. Other guns to Adjumani come through Morobo in Yumbe district via Obongi in Moyo district.

Guns sourced from outside Gulu Town come from Sudan to Adjumani through Atiak where they are either channeled to Kitgum or Lira and eventually into Karamoja. From Sudan, guns and ammunitions enter Kitgum district through Lokung, Lututuru and Agoro where they find their way to Karamoja through Orom, Akilok and Agago.

Kenya is the main external source of guns for the Sabiny of Kapchorwa and the Pokot of Uganda (Nakapiripirit district). Arms come via Kanyao and Kangolai in Kenya to Kapchorwa through Suam. They are then transported to Pokot County through Karita. Some of these guns find their way into Bugisu.

Guns from Sudan enter Kotido district through Nyangia, Kapedo Kathile and Kacheri where they eventually find their way to Moroto & Nakapiripirit districts. From Kenya, guns get into Karamoja through the Matheniko, Tepeth and Pokot of Uganda.

The sources of guns are varied and have international dimensions. Guns originate mainly from the former Soviet bloc countries; China, North Korea, United Kingdom, Israel and United States of America. Small arms from these states pass through a number of countries before winding up in the Horn of Africa: Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia, Eritrea, and Kenya. Karamoja region is the major market for these arms. Internally the gun and ammunition dealers source their merchandise from the local representatives of the SPLA, renegade members of the officer corps and men of the UPDF and local defense units (LDUs). The other source of guns and ammunitions in Karamoja are inter-ethnic raids.

The major dealers in small arms and ammunition trade are the Karamojong businessmen, rogue elements of the UPDF, LDUs, vigilantes and/or SPLA. The dealers use local collaborators as contact persons to access end users. In Karamoja region in particular, cattle raids and cattle trade are intimately linked to gun trafficking. Cattle traders buy guns and barter them for cattle as well as sell them through the Kraal network. In Kotido, tribes in Sudan such as the Didinga, Buya and Toposa directly trade in guns and ammunitions, most of which they obtain from SPLA. Businessmen and cattle traders from districts neighbouring Karamoja are also involved in arms trade.

In Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia and Kenya tribes bordering Uganda have access to light weapons and play a leading role in gun trafficking into the study area. The networks of these external suppliers of weapons are reinforced by the internal one of UPDF, LDUs and Vigilantes, kraal leaders, cattle traders and businessmen.

Several factors were identified as contributing to increased arms trafficking. Among these were:

Inadequate security surveillance and border controls as well as instability in the neighboring countries of Sudan, Somalia, Kenya and Ethiopia. Poverty and availability of ready markets for arms and ammunitions perpetuated by protracted insurgency, ethnic/inter-clan rivalry, cattle rustling and poaching. Huge profit margins from the sale of arms that empowers the racketeers economically and politically. The quest for customized automatic weapons and ammunitions of different range, velocity and capacity to meet their respective needs of the customers. UPDF and LDU deployment in operational areas for long periods of time with little to do and without adequate pay and logistics.

Small arms trafficking have impacted differentially on the communities in the study area. Overall, insecurity and poverty is rampant. There has been wanton destruction of lives, property and infrastructure. Development has stalled and social services delivery greatly constrained. Those most affected are the children, disabled, women and the elderly, who now live in internally displaced camps.

In Karamoja where gun trafficking is prevalent, it has mainly caused: Breakdown of law and order rendering government administrative and cultural structures ineffective. Those bearing arms have no respect or loyalty to government, religion, parents or any authority.

In other regions within the study area, gun trafficking has resulted in: De-stocking of these areas especially by the Karamojong warriors. Reduction in agricultural production due to decreased acreage and lack of animal traction, sometimes leading to chronic food stuff shortages.

Agricultural and commercial activities in Adjumani and Moyo have significantly shrunk due to gun trafficking. Subsistence farmers face the danger of famine because they can no longer open up large farmland due to insecurity arising from small arms. Similarly, insecurity caused by armed robberies by thugs, Uganda National Rescue Front (UNRF) II, renegade UPDF soldiers and SPLA rebels involved in arms trafficking discourage entrepreneurship.

In Acholi region, insurgency from guns trafficking has caused many people to flee from their rural areas to urban centres. Trading centres have been converted into Internally Displaced People’s Camps accommodating 100,000 families relying solely on relief aid. Rural agricultural production, which is the main stay of economic activities, has virtually grounded to a halt.

Similarly in the Karamoja region, gun trafficking has greatly constrained food production. Within the region, cattle ownership changes hands very fast. One moment one is a proud owner of a large herd of cattle and the next moment, one is destitute following ethnic armed cattle raiding.

Armed incursions by the Pian pastoralist has displaced Sabiny from the plains who have now encroached on the gazetted forests in Kapkwata, causing conflict between the government of Uganda and the Sabiny. 6

In Teso, livestock keeping and cultivation have been interrupted. More and more people are taking to the crop production as livestock rearing has proved to be risky and unprofitable due to the frequent armed raids and arms trafficking. 80,000 Iteso in Katakwi live in IDP camps.

Relative peace prevails in Lango areas not bordering the Acholi region. Here the agricultural activities are booming. Lira district has in fact become the breadbasket of the North.

The government of Uganda has made several attempts to contain gun trade within and outside its borders. The measures however, had little impact in reducing the flow of guns and ammunitions particularly into Karamoja where the culture of owning the gun is deep rooted. Measures taken by government and their outcome have varied from region to region.

In the West Nile region the government tried to eliminate guns & ammunition trafficking by interlia:

Granting of Amnesty to surrendering West Nile Bank Front rebels and giving them resettlement packets. Arresting and court martialling UPDF soldiers involved in gun trafficking. These measures were initially effective because of the cooperation between the people and security organs. However, it has become ineffective lately because rogue UPDF soldiers involved in small arms trafficking deal ruthless with informers.

Attempts to curb gun trafficking in the Acholi Region involved among others The enacting of the Amnesty Act 2000. The modalities of implementing it have not been finalised. Holding talks between the Sudan government and the Uganda government as well as LRA to resolve the rebellions in their midst. Low level diplomatic missions are to be re-established in both capitals. Bombing open gun markets along the Kitgum–Sudan border. The gun market in “Awendo Oywiyo” was demolished by helicopter gunships in 2000. However the market is reported to be operating currently 10km inside Sudan.

In conclusion, guns and ammunitions enter Uganda from the immediate neighborhood: Kenya, Sudan, Ethiopia and Somalia. Illegal gun traffickers, import them through gun traders with connection with the former eastern bloc countries, as indicated by the high prevalence of AK47 assault rifles in Karamoja. The Israel UZI rifles are particularly evident in the Kotido, Moroto and Nakapiripirit districts. UPE County however, shows a preference for G4 rifles a standard issue of the Kenyan Army and police. This gives credence to the British connection in the light arms business in Uganda. When the respondents could not identify the guns they assigned them the title “SMG”. Indeed all types of sub-machine guns are available at the selling points.

The involvement of men and officers of the UPDF is a contentious issue among the powers to be, but is adequately indicated by respondents throughout the study area. The Karamojong insist that they get their guns and ammunitions from the UPDF. The extent of involvement needs to be established. Wars torn areas are perpetual sources of internal supply of guns and ammunitions for the Karamojong pastoralists.

Respondents are aware that local disarmament, policing borders and bilateral agreements can not resolve the gun trafficking tragedy. The solution lies in a concerted effort by governments, 7

NGOs and all stakeholders to advocate for effective ban on small arms trades & the resolution of the armed conflict in the Horn of Africa. This they realize, is a long-term strategy, which is achievable through the determined efforts of all stakeholders, including the guns and ammunition manufactures in the North. The end-user certificate for the export of arms is flouted document. It is used to abet and promote arms trafficking. There is connivance between the God-fathers of illegal gun trade and the end-user certificate holders to import and disperse weapons into the region. The conspiracy of silence between these stakeholders makes it difficult to identify and isolate the God-fathers in the business. The end-user certificate owners are the perpetuators of illegal arms trade and trafficking in the region. The smugglers hide behind the end-user certificate holders, where all tracking of weapons movement apparently now end. The current certifying system needs to be reviewed so as to address and seal loopholes in the illicit arms trade. This requires the involvement and co-operation of all stakeholders particularly: NGO, government and manufacturers.

There are unregistered guns in the districts bordering Karamoja: Kapchorwa, Sironko, Kumi, Katakwi and Lango. These, however, do not fuel intra tribal clashes unlike in Karamoja. There is an urgent need, therefore to mobilise and sensitize and effect attitude change among the Karamojong about the gun as well as establishing modalities for a participatory, peaceful and sustainable disarmament of the Karamojong.

1.1. BACKGROUND

Gun trafficking started in this region of Uganda during the colonial period way back in the 1950s. Guns were first smuggled from Abyssinia (Ethiopia) by some Karamojong cattle thieves. Around this time, small arms also filtered into Karamoja through Kenya due to incursions by armed Turkana and Somali secessionist of northern frontier districts of Kenya. The Mau Mau armed struggle for independence also abetted the smuggling of light weapons into Uganda. The then colonial governments attempted to curb this early influx of guns, but only succeeded in minimizing the inflow. 8

Post independence armed struggles to liberate Southern Sudan from the Khartoum government by Anyanya I introduced another dimension to gun trafficking between Uganda and Sudan. The small arms trafficking intensified between Sudan and Uganda with tacit knowledge and support of the post independence governments of Uganda. The current conflict between SPLA and the Khartoum as well as the Uganda government and Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) has optimised gun trafficking into Uganda.

The fall of successive post independence governments in Uganda also opened room for easy acquisition of guns by mainly the Karamojong warriors. The Karamojong looted abandoned arms and ammunitions from Moroto barracks after the fall of Idi Amin. They have constantly bought guns from fleeing soldiers after the fall of successive regimes. The proliferation of arms and ammunitions in this region of Uganda is due to gun trafficking and armed clashes within the region.

None of the combatants in this region manufactures arms hence the international dimension of gun trafficking. The collapse of the former Soviet bloc countries is believed to be the sources of increased supply of cheap arms that are fuelling existing local feuds and conflicts in the great horn of Africa.

Open gun-markets now exist at several designated border points with impunity. Trade in guns has become profitable business. Gun trafficking has intensified internal strife, escalated cattle raids and caused massive displacement of people internally hence perpetuating underdevelopment of north and northeastern parts of Uganda. The insecurity, the human rights abuse together with atrocities arising from illegal gun trafficking has raised the concerns of the affected people and the international community. There is a growing outcry by national governments, NGOs, and donors for regional co-operation in the horn of Africa to contain and eliminate small arms business that has been going on unabated.

1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES, COVERAGE AND METHODOLOGY

The objectives of the research were to:

♦ Determine the impact of illegal gun trade and trafficking on communities and local economies in the region. ♦ Ascertain attempts made to curb gun trafficking in the north and northeastern Uganda.

The study covered the regions of Karamoja, Teso, Acholi, Lango and West Nile with special attention to the districts of Moroto, Kotido, Nakapiripirit, Katakwi, Soroti, Kumi, Lira, Kitgum, Gulu, Pader, Adjumani, Moyo, Yumbe and Kapchorwa (See maps attached). Profiles for the districts covered are provided in appendices 1 and 2.

Two research assistants were recruited and trained in research methods employed before they were sent to the field. The research took approximately one month. A total of about 300 semi- structured interviews were held with community leaders, opinion leaders, kraal leaders and young warriors (Karachunas) in the districts of study. Semi-structured interviews were supplemented by informal group discussions. Over 100 questionnaires were administered to district political and civil service leaders, Intelligence, civil servants, police and army personnel (See appendix 3). Literature reviews on small arms in the region were also undertaken. The information gathered from all these was processed and analysed.

The following were constraints faced during the study: Several respondents were reluctant to provide information because of suspicion and the sensitivity of issues pertaining to the study. Some were outright scared of the consequences of revealing sensitive information altogether. Some district security personnel declined to provide information on small arms trafficking in their areas for fear of losing their position. The security situation particularly in the Acholi and Karamoja regions was fluid thus making communication expensive and difficult. 10

2.0. RESEARCH FINDINGS

2.1 MARKETS

Market areas for gun sales and trafficking were identified in most of the areas of study. In some of the markets, the buying and selling of firearms and ammunitions are done openly. In others they are covertly carried out through discrete contacts. Individual arrangements between willing buyers and sellers often take place where guns and ammunitions are sold under disguise.

Location of Markets

There are defunct gun markets in the districts of Yumbe, Moyo and Adjumani along the Sudan–Uganda border. These were located mainly in the hills of West Nile bordering Sudan. Gulu is a major internal source of guns and ammunitions according to the lower ranks of the security organs and civilian respondents in the district. It is said that the arms and the ammunitions come from the UPDF armoury (based in Gulu Town) with the connivance of well-placed security officers who provide protection for the racketeers. Some of these guns are those captured from LRA during clashes and ambushes. Most of the guns end up in the Karamoja region. In Kitgum district; mobile and designated gun markets are located in Lokung, Agoro/Aguru, Lututuru/Lugururu and Akilok.

Along the Kotido-Sudan border, markets exist in Lobalangit, Kapedo, Kathile and Karenga/Napore in Dodoth County. There are also markets in Kacheri and Bar Tanga in Jie and Labwor counties respectively. In Moroto and Nakapiripirit districts guns markets have flourished in Namalu, Matany, Nabilatuk, Amudat and Loroo. Guns and ammunition filter into Karamoja and Kapchorwa through markets in the counties of Dodoth, Matheniko, Katikekile and Pokot.. Market points keep on changing locations depending on the convenience between the agreed seller and buyer. In Moroto district for instance, trading points are mainly in isolated areas like bushes and riverbanks.

There are no open gun markets in Kapchorwa district. But clandestine gun trade is known to occur mostly at night through contacts. Active arms trade takes place in Sironko, supplying arms to Southern Karamoja from Kenya and Teso. Some arms were said to come through the Uganda-Rwanda border to Sironko and Moroto town.

In Teso, there are defunct gun markets at Ngarium/Araka in Katakwi. But guns are believed to be abundant among the former rebels who do not use them because of security vigilance. Currently Teso is known to be a conduit for guns to Bugisu, Tororo and Busoga. Lira has no open gun and ammunition markets. However discrete gun and ammunition sales occur in Lira Town, Corner Adwari and Atanga Agwata. Lira district is described as a condiut for gun traffickers from Gulu, Adjumani, Masindi and Arua. (Refer to Table1 below for the location of gun markets).

Market Operations 11

Designated markets along the Kitgum – Sudan border is said to operate monthly while those along the Kotido-Sudan border as well as those in Amudat and Loroo in Nakapiripririt district operate daily. Guns and ammunitions are known to change hands at Bar Tanga market in Labwor County during the twice-weekly cattle market. The quantities of guns traded in respective markets vary considerably. It was difficult to establish the quantities in many markets because of the peculiar nature of the business.

All sorts of small arms are available in these markets but the most popular weapon are the Soviet made AK47 and the Chinese modified Kalsnikov Assault Riffle (AK89) followed by the British Zenith Semi-Automatic Riffle (SAR). The provenances of the types of weapons identified in communities in the study area are the former Soviet Bloc countries, China, North Korea, United Kingdom and Israel. Major sources of supply of these weapons are Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, UPDF, LDUs and Vigilantes (See Table1).

A new AK47 costs US$70-$100 (i.e. UShs.100, 000/= to 150,000/=) at entry points; and US$270-$340 (i.e. UShs.400, 000/= to 500,000/=)2 in the interior. Bullet prices range from ten to seventy cents (i.e. 100/= to 1,000/=). Prices fluctuate reaching a peak between June and October when the Karamojong warriors intensify internal conflicts and cattle raids. The Karamojong also sometimes batter guns for cows and bullets for local gin. The price of a new AK47 for instance has plummeted from a record high of 30 cows to only 3 cows, an indication of the abundance of guns in the market. According to security sources in Kotido, prices of bullets are now on the rise because the UPDF have sealed most accessible import routes from Sudan.

2 This is estimated at the conversion rate of 1US$ to Ushs. 1,500/=. 12

Table 1: Small Arms: Markets, Types, Sources, Origin and Quantity

District(s)/Markets Small Arms Quantity Sold Type Muzzle Source Provenance ADJUMANI/MOYO AK47 7.62mm Sudan, UNLA, WNBF Soviet Bloc, China, (Nyeri, Orudri, Otuze, Ilo, North Korea NIL Ililingwa, Ugalo)¸ G3 Sudan, UNLA, WNBF United Kingdom SLR Sudan, UNLA, WNBF United Kingdom GULU AK47 7.62mm UPDF, UNLA, LRA Soviet Bloc, China, (Gulu Town) North Korea UNKNOWN SAR 7.62mm UPDF, LRA United Kingdom SLR UPDF, UNLA, LRA United Kingdom KITGUM AK47 7.62mm UPDF, UNLA, LDUs, Soviet Bloc, China, (Akilok, Agoro, Lokung, SPLA North Korea UNKNOWN Lututuru) SAR 7.62mm UPDF, LRA United Kingdom SLR UPDF, UNLA, LDUs, United Kingdom SPLA KOTIDO AK47 7.62mm Sudan, Ethiopia, Soviet Bloc, China, (Lobalangit, Kapedo, UPDF, LDUs North Korea Kathile, Karenga, G3 UNLA, Kenya United Kingdom 36-76 per wk. Kacheri, Bar Tanga) SLR UNLA, Kenya United Kingdom SAR 7.62mm Sudan, UPDF, Kenya United Kingdom UZI Ethiopia, UNLA Israel Star 7.62mm Sudan, Somali, Soviet Bloc, USA Pistol Ethiopia MOROTO/NAKAPIRIP AK47 7.62mm Sudan, Ethiopia, Soviet Bloc, China, IRIT UPDF, LDUs North Korea (Namalu, Matany, G3 UNLA, Kenya United Kingdom 26-60 per wk. Nabilatuk, Amudat, SLR UNLA, Kenya United Kingdom Loroo) SAR 7.62mm Sudan, UPDF, Kenya United Kingdom UZI Ethiopia, UNLA Israel Star 7.62mm Sudan, Somali, Soviet Bloc, USA Pistol Ethiopia G3 Kenya United Kingdom KATAKWI/KUMI/SOR AK47 7.62mm UNLA, UPA, Soviet Bloc, China, OTI Karamoja North Korea (Ngarium/Araka)¸ G3 UNLA, UPA, United Kingdom UNKNOWN Karamoja SLR UNLA, UPA, United Kingdom Karamoja SAR 7.62mm UPA, UPDF, United Kingdom Karamoja LIRA AK47 7.62mm UNLA, UPDF, Soviet Bloc, China, (Lira Town , Corner Kitgum, Gulu, North Korea UNKNOWN Adwari, Atanga-Agwata) Masindi SMGh 7.62mm UNLA, UPDF, Unidentified Kitgum, Gulu, Masindi KAPCHORWA AK47 7.62mm SPLA, UPDF, LDUs, Soviet Bloc, China, 12 per wk. (Unspecified Markets) Karamoja, Kenya North Korea G4 Kenya, Karamoja United Kingdom ¸Refers to defunct markets.

h Unidentified Sub-machine gun. Map1 below provides details of the location of markets and buying belts in the study area. The most active belts are: • The Sudan-Kotido-Kitgum border where the Southern Sudanese tribes (i.e. Didinga, Bunya, Toposa, etc) as well as Kitgum based gun traffickers sell guns mainly to Karamojong warriors. They source guns mainly from SPLA and Kony rebels. • The Moroto-Kenya-Kapchowra-Sironko areas where the Turkanas, Somalis and West Pokot of Kenya are the main external sources of guns and ammunitions. • The Gulu-Kitgum-Lira zone where the guns end up in Karamoja from traffickers who source them locally from the UPDF, LDUs and ex-soldiers.

Karamoja, the destination of most guns and ammunitions, has key sites where trade in arms takes place. These are:

• Areas of Nawanata and Nakaba as well as the caves of Mt. Moroto in Matheniko County of Moroto district. • Matany-Lotome area in Bokora County of Moroto district. • Areas along River Nabilatuk in Pian County of Nakapiripirit district. • Loroo-Amudat area in Pokot County of Nakapiripirit district. • Mountainous areas running from Nakapiripirit to Namalu in Chekwii County of Nakapiripirit district. • Nyangiya-Kapedo-Kathile area of Dodoth County in Kotido district. • Kacheri in Jie County of Kotido district. • Bar Tanga in Labwor County of Kotido district.

Map 1 showing Gun Market Routes 14

2.2 ROUTES AND MODES OF ARMS TRAFFICKING

Map2 below indicates the routes gun traffickers are generally known to follow in their transactions. Specific roads/paths on these routes change depending on the security situation. Though apparently monitored by security personnel, routes in Karamoja have remained unchecked compared to other routes in the study area.

In Adjumani district, the main gun route from Sudan pass through Dzaipi to Adjumani Town where the guns find their way to Gulu, Lira and eventually to Karamoja. Other guns to Adjumani come through Morobo in Yumbe district via Obongi in Moyo district.

Guns sourced from outside Gulu Town come from Sudan and Adjumani through Atiak where they are either channeled to Kitgum or Lira and eventually into Karamoja. From Sudan, guns and ammunitions enter Kitgum district through Lokung, Lututuru and Agoro where they find their way to Karamoja through Orom, Akilok and Agago. Some of guns and ammunitions pass through Lira (Otuke County) to Karamoja.

Kenya is the main external source of guns for the Sabiny of Kapchorwa and the Pokot of Uganda (Nakapiripirit district). Arms come via Kanyao to Kangolai in Kenya and enters Kapchorwa through Suam. Also from Kanyao and Kangolai light weapons enter Pokot County through Karita. Some of the guns from Kapchorwa end up in Pokot County in Karamoja while others find their way to Bugisu.

Routes in Lira and the Teso region are mainly for transit for gun traffickers. Guns originating from the study area pass through them to either Karamoja or other areas in Uganda.

The Karamojong source their guns from Sudan, Kenya and security institutions within the government of Uganda (i.e. UPDF, LDUs, Vigilantes, etc.) The collapse of successive regimes in the Country was the basis of arms proliferation in Karamoja. Guns from Sudan enter Kotido district through Nyangia, Kapedo Kathile and Kacheri where they eventually find their way to southern Karamoja (Moroto & Nakapiripirit districts) by the traffickers. From Kenya, guns get to Karamoja through Matheniko, Tepeth and Pokot of Uganda. The renegade security personnel also take advantage of the laxity of guns and ammunitions control in the Karamoja to traffick in arms.

In most of the study area, guns are stripped, concealed in sacks of produce or bundles of miraa (qhat) and carried as luggage in public transport systems. Warriors in Karamoja carry the weapons to collection centres from where they are either carried on the head or transported by bicycles, donkeys or on bodies of motor vehicles. Dealers in Kumi district carefully tie the guns on the chassis of vehicles and transport them to Jinja and Iganga districts. 15

Map 2 showing Gun Market Belts 16

2.2 SOURCES OF SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITIONS

The sources of guns in the study area are varied and have international dimensions. Guns identified by the study originate mainly from the former Soviet bloc countries, China, North Chorea, United Kingdom, Israel and United States of America (See Table1 for details). Small arms from these states pass through a number of countries in the Horn of Africa: Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia, Eritrea, and Kenya. The study reveals that the Karamoja region is the major market for these arms. Internally the gun and ammunition dealers source their merchandise from the local representatives of the SPLA, renegade members of the officer corps and men of the UPDF and local defense units (LDUs). In Karamoja the other source of guns and ammunitions are inter-ethnic raids. The excerpts below are some of the intricacies of internal sources of guns and ammunitions in the study area:

Gulu UPDF Officer held over terrorism The New Vision Article, Friday,April27,2001. By Dennis Ojwee and Justine Moro.

Lt. Sam Kidega, a Uganda People’s Defence Force (UPDF) detach commander, was recently arrested with four others in an operation to track down thugs in the district by the UPDF Fourth Division.

Capt. Khelil Magara, the UPDF army spokesman in the division, confirmed the arrests. He said the four were terrorising residents in Gulu’s Koro sub-county. Kidega was the commanding Officer at Koch Ongako military detach in Omoro Gulu 17

According to respondents in Kapchorwa, UPDF helicopter on 12th April 2000 dropped 3 boxes of live ammunition in a place called Sundei at the time being raided by the Karamojong. The ammunitions intended to reinforce the Karamojong in this encounter instead got into the hands of the Sabiny. This rather outlandish incident is believed to have been organised by highly placed criminal elements in the UPDF from 3rd division.

In Gulu, one sergeant Opio was arrested mid March 2001 with seven (7) SMGs. He had inexplicably put up four (4) new permanent commercial buildings and had an account balance of Uganda Shillings 20 million suspected to be out of gun trafficking within a year. During the same period, two SMGs and forty rounds of ammunition were recovered from other soldiers.

Low ranked UPDF soldiers had this to say: “When we investigate and report the presence of guns in the hands of gun traffickers, our high ranked UPDF officers rebuke us and demand that we produce evidence. To conceal evidence, the report is made after the traffickers have ferried the guns away, and thereafter we are ordered to effect the arrest of the culprits with exhibits, an action which makes it impossible to apprehend them”. 2.3 DEALERS AND BUYERS OF SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITIONS

Gun trafficking involves arms transfer between dealers and buyers at any one stage. The importer sources it outside Uganda and sells through middlemen and eventually reaches the end user. According to the respondents in the area of study, the major dealers in small arms and ammunition trade are the Karamojong businessmen, rogue elements of the UPDF, LDUs, vigilantee and/or SPLA. The dealers use local collaborators as contact persons to access end users. In Karamoja region in particular, cattle raids and cattle trade are intimately linked to gun trafficking. Cattle traders buy guns and barter them for cattle as well as sell them through the Kraal network. 18

The Karamojong warriors are the main buyers of guns and ammunitions. In Kotido, tribes in Sudan such as the Didinga, Buya and Toposa directly trade in guns and ammunitions, most of which they obtain from SPLA. Businessmen and cattle traders from districts neighbouring Karamoja are also involved in arms trade.

Guns in the study area are bought for several reasons. The bulk of unregistered guns in the hands of Iteso, Sabiny, Langi and Acholi is to defend themselves from external aggressors particularly the Karimojong, and to make money. However unscrupulous members of these communities also sell arms to the Karamojong and also use them to stage robberies.

The Karamojong in particular buy light arms to: • Increase livestock wealth to consummate their cultural lifestyles such as high bride prices, status in owning many cows in society, power associated with having the gun. ♦ Strengthen their community’s defense and protect their animals against counter raids by their ethnic rivals in the absence of effective government security. ♦ Revenge and avenge previous raids and misdeeds by archrivals. ♦ Obstruct/forestall ethnic rivals, police and army search for criminals/culprits involved in any raid. ♦ Stage armed robberies in homes and roads as away of acquiring wealth by criminal elements in society.

The research generally revealed that people engage in selling guns because it is lucrative business. Though the risks are high, the profit margins realised by the people involved are considered attractive. Businessmen, warriors, officers and men of the UPDF, LDUs, vigilantees, sell guns to meet their immediate family, economic, social and cultural needs. Sometimes the warriors sell off excess guns in their possession during famine in order to acquire food. The Sudanese sell arms and ammunitions to buy food and animals from Uganda.

Several factors were identified as contributing to increased arms trafficking. Among these were: ♦ Inadequate security surveillance and border controls as well as instability in the neighboring countries of Sudan, Somalia, Kenya and Ethiopia. ♦ Poverty and availability of ready markets for arms and ammunitions perpetuated by protracted insurgency, Ethnic/inter-clan rivalry, cattle rustling and poaching. ♦ Huge profit margins from the sale of arms that empowers the racketeers economically and politically. ♦ The quest for customized automatic weapons and ammunitions of different range, velocity and capacity to meet their respective purposes. ♦ UPDF and LDU deployment in operational areas for long periods of time with little to do and without adequate pay and logistics.

2.4 NETWORKS AND OTHER METHODS OF ARMS ACQUISITION

The dealers acquire firearms and ammunitions through different networks depending on the alliances and rivalry among various groups involved. Contact persons link the various players in the business: the dealers, transporters and end users. The players in the business know the dealers in each network. Guns and ammunitions are either bought cash or battered for animals and essential commodities. 19

Diagram1 shows the current network of guns and ammunitions in the study area. The immediate external supply originate from Sudan (through SPLA, LRA, and Sudan government), Ethiopia, Somalia and Kenya. Tribes from these countries that have access to light weapons and border Uganda play a leading role in gun trafficking into the study area. The networks of these external supplies of weapons are reinforced by the internal supply from UPDF, LDUs and Vigilantees who are deployed in the study area.

Karamoja is the major recipient of these guns and ammunitions. It has a locally recognised distribution network through ethnic groups, kraal leaders and cattle traders/businessmen. Guns and ammunitions are never sold to archenemies or potential cattle raiders. Gun trafficking is intimately linked to kraal leaders, cattle traders/businessmen, cattle rustling, cattle markets and market days within and outside Karamoja. The Acholi, Lango, Teso, Bugisu and Kapchorwa are transitory zones used by racketeers to ferry guns and ammunitions into Karamoja.

Other than the distribution network, the people in the area of study acquired small arms in various ways. When Amin was overthrown in 1979, the Matheniko warriors broke into the armoury in Moroto barracks and looted arms that they could lay hands on. Most Karamojong pastoralists have bought guns from fleeing soldiers during the fall of successive regimes. Guns also get acquired by the Karamojong during successful clashes with UPDF, LDUs and LRA among others. The Teso rebellion (1986-1990) left lots of arms in the hands of civilians where unspecified number are believed to be still buried. In Adjumani, the West Nile Bank Front insurgency saw an influx of small arms in the West Nile region where caches are reported in the hills bordering Sudan. The Acholis are said to have obtained arms from UNLA and SPLA deserters.

2.5 EFFECTS OF GUN TRAFFICKING ON COMMUNITIES

In Karamoja where gun trafficking is prevalent, it has mainly caused: • Breakdown of law and order rendering government administrative and cultural structures ineffective. Those bearing arms have no respect or loyalty to government, religion, parents or any authority. • Increase in inter-ethnic armed raids and conflicts. Incidences of robberies, looting, road thuggery, killings, arson and destruction of property have escalated. As a result many youthful warriors (Karachunas) are losing their lives, leaving many widows, orphans and the elderly without means of support. • Displacements and destabilisation of communities leading to perennial famine, malnutrition and stunted growth. • Environmental depletion of ecosystem through indiscriminate killing of wildlife and poaching.

In other regions within the study area, gun trafficking has resulted in: • De-stocking of these areas especially by the Karamojong warriors. • Reduction in agricultural production due to decreased acreage and lack of animal traction. • Creation of internally displaced camps. During the study there were 20, 37 and 20 internally displaced camps in Kitgum, Gulu and Katakwi districts respectively. The internees were dependent mostly on relief aid. Camps have been having high prevalence of communicable diseases. • High incidence of human rights abuse of all sorts by the combatants. • Animosity against the perpetrators of gun trafficking and erosion of confidence in government in containing gun trafficking.

2.6 EFFORTS TO CURB GUN TRAFFICKING

In West Nile, especially Adjumani and Moyo districts, government has put in place several policies to curb trade and trafficking including: • Sensitizing the local population and administration to be vigilant about arms trade and gun trafficking. The local communities were to report the presence of guns and gun traffickers to their defense secretaries and police. • Registering strangers and visitors with the local authorities for security checks. • Conducting joint operation of UPDF and police to check for guns and ammunitions. • Granting of Amnesty to surrendering West Nile Bank Front rebels and giving them resettlement packets • Arresting and court martialling UPDF soldiers involved in gun trafficking. 22

These measures were initially effective because of the cooperation between the people and security organs. However, it has become ineffective lately because rogue UPDF soldiers involved in small arms trafficking have become ruthless on informers.

Attempts to curb gun trafficking in the Acholi area have included: ♦ The enacting of the Amnesty Act 2000. The modalities of implementing it have not been finalised. ♦ Holding talks between the Sudan government and the Uganda government as well as LRA to resolve the rebellions in their midst. Low level diplomatic missions are to be re- established in both capitals. ♦ Bombing open gun markets along the Kitgum–Sudan border. The gun market in “Awendo Oywiyo” was demolished by helicopter gunships in 2000. However the market is reported to be operating 10km inside Sudan. ♦ Stepping up security vigilance to apprehend and prosecute the perpetuators of the trade. It was reported that civilians, men and officers of the UPDF have been arrested and charged in courts of adjudicature. ♦ Buying back light weapons from civilians and surrendering rebels. Offers of Shs. 200,000 were made for heavy-duty landmine, Shs. 100,000 for a SMG and Shs.20,000 for an anti- personnel grenade or mine. This effort flopped because the implementers retained the money for themselves.

Meanwhile the security vigilance in Acholi have faced two major drawbacks namely: • “Illegal Possessions of Firearms Act” is said to be lenient on offenders. Renegade officer corps of the UPDF operate and protect gun-trafficking rackets.

The Karamoja pastoralists have fought Uganda government proxy war with the Iteso, Langi and LRA among others. Hence they have been encouraged to keep and acquire small arms and ammunitions. Because of public outcry at the atrocities committed by the Karamojong against its neighbours, government has mounted a disarmament programme in Karamoja. There is massive deployment of soldiers in the area with no tangible evidence of disarmament going on.

The failure to curb gun trafficking in the Karamoja region is largely attributed to: ♦ Lack of commitment at various levels and organs of government (i.e. politicians, security personnel and the majority of civil society in Karamoja among others) because of their vested interests. ♦ Apparent lack of capacity of government to disarm the Karamojong. ♦ Lack of involvement of all stakeholders: Karamojong, Sudanese, Somalis and Kenyans in ensuring a “feasible, peaceful, participatory and sustainable” disarmament in the region. The excerpt below helps to explain the point.

Information from New Vision Thursday May 3 2001: The Pokot in Kenya will not surrender illegal firearms to the government unless their neighbours, the Karimojong in Uganda, are disarmed. They cited this as a precondition for the Pokot to surrender their highly sophisticated weapons. It was noted at Kapenguria that it would be disastrous for the Pokot to surrender their guns while the Karimojong were using theirs as ‘local’ walking sticks. It was proposed that a barrier like the Berlin Wall be erected from Katikomor to Nauyapong to separate the Karamojong and the Pokot “before our people can return their arms”. ……………That the guns owned by the Karimojong in Uganda and other communities in the war-torn neighbouring countries should be retrieved so as to return peace to the region. ………The local leaders said that to return the guns would be to invite trouble from Uganda’s Karimojong cattle rustlers and that the directives to remove their guns would be followed by increased cattle rustling and banditry. 23

One Security Officer in Kitgum noted, “The disarming of the Karamojong will not solve the problem. We can remove the guns but as long as the problem in Southern Sudan and the horn of Africa still exist, the Karamojong will always still get guns. Currently, the biggest source of firearms is Southern Sudan. We can police the borders with Southern Sudan but there is no government with Southern Sudan. The gun market is so mobile that it is difficult to keep pace with the racketeers’ track. It is not a market with physical points. It is ideological market. It can change from place to place depending on the situation and pressure put by the security personnel. All these transactions take place in Southern Sudan. As long as there is still the SPLA conflict, accessibility to guns will be easy. Arms trafficking are a corporate challenge, which has a national and international dimension. It can not be solved by one nation. The source of the arms should be the point of intervention if we are to eliminate arms trade and trafficking. Arresting the Karamojong is just treating the symptom.

Having suppressed the insurgency in Teso and Lira, government has been relatively successful in pacifying these areas. When the people of Kapchorwa and Teso are adequately assured of protection against Karamojong incursions they would see no need for arms trafficking.

2.7 IMPACT OF GUN TRAFFICKING ON LOCAL ECONOMIES

Agricultural and commercial activities in Adjumani and Moyo have significantly shrunk due to gun trafficking. Subsistence framers face the danger of famine because they can no longer open up large farmland due to insecurity arising from small arms. Similarly, insecurity caused by armed robberies from thugs, renegade UPDF soldiers and SPLA rebels involved in arms trafficking discourage entrepreneurship.

In Acholi region, insurgency from guns trafficking has caused many people to flee from their rural areas to urban centres.. Trading centres have been converted into Internally Displaced People’s Camps accommodating 100,000 families relying solely on relief aid. Rural agricultural production, which is the main stay of economic activities, has virtually grounded to a halt. Cattle rustlers constantly interfere with production schedules as people are displaced and confined within limited use of land. In many cases, the pastoralists deliberately uproot crops and graze their livestock on food crops, further aggravating the food security situation. During armed attacks by the various ethnic groups, granaries are burnt and food reserves are destroyed leaving the population without food and seeds for subsequent planting. The population thereafter experiences frequent famine.

Similarly in the Karamoja region, gun trafficking has greatly constrained food production. Within the region, cattle ownership changes hands very fast. One moment one is a proud 24 owner of a large herd of cattle and the next moment, one is destitute following ethnic armed cattle raiding.

In Teso, livestock keeping and cultivation have been interrupted. More and more people are taking on the crop production as livestock rearing has proved to be risky and unprofitable due to the frequent armed raids and arms trafficking. Oxen that used to plough large acres of land for the crops were raided hence, people have limited themselves to the production of food crops. This has a poverty and food security dimension.

Relative peace prevails in Lango areas not bordering the Acholi region. Here the agricultural activities are booming. Lira district has in fact become the breadbasket of the North to the extent that it also supplies Rwanda with raw and dry cassava. Incursions by the Karamojong and the depletion of their livestock have turned the Langi into entrepreneurs and many are now in real estate and commerce. 25

3.0 CONCLUSION

Guns and ammunitions entering Uganda come from the immediate neighborhood: Kenya, Sudan, Ethiopia and Somalia. Illegal gun traffickers, export them from these countries with connection with the former eastern bloc countries, as indicated by the high prevalence of AK47 assault rifles in Karamoja. The Israel UZI rifles are particularly evident in the Kotido, Moroto and Nakapiripirit districts. UPE County however, shows a preference for G4 rifle a standard issue of the Kenyan Army. This gives credence to the British connection in the light arms business in Uganda. When the respondents could not identify the guns they assigned them the title SMG. Indeed all types of sub-machine guns are available at the selling points. It is only a matter of choice and its intended use that determines a transaction. The involvement of members and officers of the UPDF is a contentious issue among the powers to be, but is adequately indicated by respondents throughout the study area. The Karamojong insist that they get their guns and ammunitions from the UPDF. The extent of involvement needs to be established. Wars torn areas are perpetual sources of internal supply of guns and ammunitions for the Karamojong pastoralists.

Respondents are aware that local disarmament, policing borders and bilateral agreements can not resolve gun trafficking. The solution lies in a concerted effort by governments, NGOs and all stakeholders to advocate for effecting a ban on small arms trades, the resolution of the armed conflict in the Horn of Africa. This they realize is a long-term strategy, which is achievable through the determined efforts of all stakeholders, including the guns and ammunition manufactures in the North. There are unregistered guns in the districts bordering Karamoja: Kapchorwa, Sironko, Kumi, Katakwi and Lango. These however, do not fuel intra tribal clashes unlike in Karamoja.

Curbing gun trafficking in the Greater Horn of Africa has therefore implications both at international and local levels. The solution therefore is to address the issue of guns and ammunitions trade right from the manufacturer to the end user. This can only be achieved through determined efforts of all stakeholders including governments involved, Non- Governmental Organisations, donors and relevant United Nations bodies.

At community level, guns and ammunition trade can be minimised and stopped through advocacy programmes. This should involve: Mobilisation and sensitisation of all categories of communities (youth, women, elders, Kraal leaders) against evils of the use of guns and gun trafficking. Capacity building for peace making and conflict resolutions management. Poverty eradication programmes as alternative means against arms trade. Specific projects targeting those involved in gun trafficking be put in place. Sustainable development programmes in the study area especially in Karamoja where gun trafficking is pervasive. 26

APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1 DISTRICT PROFILE: GENERAL INFORMATION D E M O G R A P H Y ADMINISTRATION District Total Pop Male Female Density Area (Sq.Km) Counties Sub-Counties3 Adjumani 110,000 84,012 88,729 37 2,940 1 5 Apac 554,826 266,317 288,510 86 6,488 4 21 Gulu 441,100 219,000 222,100 38 11,735 4 22 Katakwi 211,018 104,186 106,161 48 4,430 3 14 Kitgum 483,600 236,000 247,000 30 16,136 4 26 Kotido 240,000 114,500 125,500 18 13,208 3 19 Kumi 333,700 160,700 173,000 117 2,861 3 16 Lira 619,600 308,700 310,900 85 7,251 5 28 Moroto 259,000 123,400 135,600 18 14,352 5 21 Moyo 108,208 53,022 55,186 53 2,059 2 8 Soroti 430,000 206,040 223,960 76 5,630 5 31 UGANDA 22,000,000 91 241,038 ……. …….

A G R I C U L T U R E L I V E S T O C K District Cash Crops No. Cattle No. Goats No. Sheep Adjumani Cotton, Simsim, Tobacco 23,552 21,277 6,947 Apac Tobacco, Cotton, Sugarcane, Coffee, Rice 83,054 160,132 30,465 Gulu Rice, Cotton, Tobacco, Sugarcane, Soyabeans 4,700 27,000 2,500 Katakwi Rice, Cotton, Sunflower 40,424 85,893 14,971 Kitgum Cotton, Sugarcane, Sunflower 4,263 30,125 6,700 Kotido Livestock, Cotton 420,000 150,000 200,000 Kumi Cotton, Sunflower 53,169 45,054 7,021 Lira Cotton, Sugarcane, Coffee 41,000 174,865 29,643 Moroto Livestock 450,000 340,000 360,000 Moyo Cotton, Coffee 15,000 30,000 4,000 Soroti Cotton 52,000 64,000 27,000 Sources: District Planning Offices and District Heads of Departments.

3 These figures exclude Town Council Municipalities. 27

DISTRICT PROFILE: GENERAL INFORMATION INDUSTRIES District Types Adjumani Oil milling, Cotton ginning, Grain milling, Carpentry, Bakery, Blacksmithing, Brickmaking, Rice hullers Apac Grain milling, Brickmaking, Cotton ginning, Metal works, Carpentry, Bakery, Bee keeping Gulu Rice &Oil milling, Grain milling, Cotton ginning, Garments, Furniture works, Brickmaking, Bread making Katakwi Flour milling, woodworks Kitgum Grain milling, Cotton ginning, garment manufacture, Brickmaking, Furniture works Kotido Grain milling, Brickmaking, Furniture works Kumi Oil milling, Cotton ginning, Furniture making Lira Oil milling, Cotton ginning, Grain milling, Furniture, Crafts, Brickmaking Moroto Grain milling, Bee keeping, carpentry, Brickmaking Moyo Cotton ginning, Grain milling, Brickmaking, Limemaking, Furniture making Soroti Bread making, Furniture, Oil milling, Cotton ginning, Grain milling, Carpentry, Metal works

HEALTH SERVICES EDUCATION District Hospital Name No. Health Primary Sch. Secondary Technical T .T . C. Units Sch. Sch. Adjumani Adjumani 35 72 11 0 0 Apac Apac, Aber 34 260 27 3 2 Gulu Gulu, Lacor, Anaka 33 Katakwi None 19 154 7 3 0 Kitgum Kitgum, Kalongo, St. 265 12 3 2 Joseph's Kotido Abim, Kaabong 23 77 3 0 1 Kumi Kumi, Atutur, Ngora 21 160 19 1 3 Lira Lira, Amai 44 290 36 15 3 Moroto Moroto, Matany 26 69 3 0 1 Moyo Moyo 13 61 9 1 1 Soroti Soroti, Lwala 55 214 26 3 2 Sources: NURP District Planning Offices and NURP District Heads of Department 28

APPENDIX 2 Districts Profile: Major Indicators

INDICATORS ADJUMANI KITGUM KOTIDO GULU KATAKWI UGANDA GENERAL Illiteracy rate (% of pop age 15+) 49.2 57 78 51 53 38.2 Life expectancy at birth (years) 41 41 42.2 41 46 40.5 Fertility rate (births per woman) 7 6.9 7.9 6.9 6.4 6.9

EDUCATION Gross enroll. ratio, prim (% schl age pop) 104.8 64 24 62.6 85 91 Gross enroll. Ratio, sec (% schl age pop) 17 10 1 10 8 13 Pupil-teacher ratio, primary 58 65.0 54.0 43 55 88.6 Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary 20 20.0 21.0 25 21 19.2 Drop out rates % (prim. & sec. schl) 74 76.0 88.0 75 83 40.0 University admission (local sec,schl), 14180 20,000.0 1998 PLE National ranking, 1998 (for 44 41 16 34 31 38 …. districts)

HEALTH Infant mortality rate (per thous. Live 127 165 145 172 116 97 births) Under 5 mortality rate (per thous. Live 240 279 246 290 192 203 births) Maternal mortal. Rate (per 100,000 live 700 750 650 700 506 births) Population per physician (Doctor) 21,781 60,450 26,033 14,232 18,600 Population per nurse 3,288 5,207 2,451 7,000 Population per hospital bed 380 1,200 490 Pop. 0.5Km radius to health unit (% of 75 20 10 pop) Latrine coverage (% of pop) 29 20 6.3 40 15 47.6

WATER AND SANITATION Access to safe water (% of population) 39 37 57 53 31 26.4 Number of boreholes 657 296 364 260 Number of protected springs 130 2 413 76 Number of dug wells 24 70 117 34 Sources: District Planning Offices and District Heads of Departments. 29

APPENDIX 2 Districts Profile: Major Indicators

INDICATORS MOYO SOROTI KUMI LIRA MOROTO UGANDA GENERAL Illiteracy rate (% of pop age 15+) 53.9 53 58 50.1 79 38.2 Life expectancy at birth (years) 42 46 44.5 44 41 40.5 Fertility rate (births per woman) 6.8 6.5 6.4 6.6 6.8 6.9

EDUCATION Gross enroll. ratio, prim (% schl age pop) 116 97 97.7 58 28 91 Gross enroll. ratio, sec (% schl age pop) 19.0 9 18 11 2 13 Pupil-teacher ratio, primary 49 54 62.5 72 32 88.6 Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary 21 23 21 19 18 19.2 Drop out rates % (prim. & sec. Schl) 75 65 69 48 86 40.0 University admission (local sec,schl), 1998 2 25 8 20 1 20,000.0

HEALTH Infant mortality rate (per thous. Live births) 143 116 120 127 148 97 Under 5 mortality rate (per thous. live births) 241 192 200 214 248 203 Maternal mortal. rate (per 100,000 live births) 490 500 700 500 650 506 Population per physician (Doctor) 21,642 19,000 47,380 60,000 19,000 18,600 Population per nurse 1,504 2245 5,000 7,000 Population per hospital bed 68 1,500 Pop. 0.5Km radius to health unit (% of pop) 34.2 40.1 Latrine coverage (% of pop) 55 33 16.5 22 6 47.6

WATER AND SANITATION Access to safe water (% of population) 61 58 26 42 56.2 26.4 Number of boreholes 211 431 298 384 239 Number of protected springs 36 177 99 633 Number of dug wells 10 25 158 Sources: District Planning Offices and District Heads of Departments