BULL. BOT. SURV. VOI. 9, Nos. 1-4 : pp. 114-l33, 1867

THE GRASSES OF

Phcipol Emcflmcfltus, Gordon Coliege, Rawalpindi

INTRODUCTION found growing at .19oooft. or a little hzgher. [See In preparing a Check List of the grasses of Kash- 'The altitudinal limits 08 Vascular Plants'' by Grady mir the first problem was. to decide what area to L. Webster in Ecology 42(3), July 1961. p. 587-901. cover. The western boundarv of Kashmir is &s- Not only is thrre tremendous variation in altitude puted and the present Cease ire Line may nor be but there is grenc variation in rainfall. In Ladak permanent. At the present time controls there may be as little as four inches of rain in a much of the mcyc rugged mountainous parts of the year while at the average is 27 and at old Kashmir State toward the west. Gilgit, Baltis- or Pahlgam about 40. The main Hima- tan, Astor, the Deosai Plains, the lower portions layan range crosses Kashmir and its southern of the Kishenga~lgaand valleys and slopes are well watered by the monsoon in July and much of Poonch, Kotli and Mirpur are no longer August so that they are well forested except where ruled from Srinagar. As all botanical writers be- the forests have been cut down by man or restricted fore 1947 cited their specimens with the old boun- by over grazing. Behind the great range there is daries in view J feel that it would be a source of no monsoon anit the only sizeable trees are culti- confusion to onlit from this list those areas no vated in the villages where irrigation is possible. longer controlled from Srinagar. Because of the great variation in altitude and Unfortunately many early collectors did not lo- rainfall there arc many different climates and habi- cate their collecting sites with any precision. Many tats so that except for field weeds no Poonch or of Thomson's labels merely state "W. Tib." which Jumu plants can be expected in Ladak or Baltistan. usually means either Ladak or . His loca- Few plants from Astor grow in Ladak and few Astor lities can, however, often be worked out from his plants grow in Jumu. Because of these facts it is itinerary in his look on his journey of 1847-8 while not good enough to say that a certain plant has serving on the Tibetan Boundary Commission. In been found in Kashmir. In this paper I have used Hooker's Flor? of British India he often states the term Kashmil- in two senses, the political unit merely "Kashmir to Kumaorr" or "Kashmir to of the British days and Kashmir Province which Sikkim." may be roughly described as the watershed of the It is unfortunate that the early collectors were Jhelum al~oveUri, including the main valley not more precise. Jacquemont, the first to visit and the southern slopes of the Himalayan range many places in Kashmir is an exception for he and the northern slopes of the . gives exact localities but his French way of spelling In the text, therefore, J only use the word in this sometimes makes it hard to decide what he meant. sense when giving distribution. Kishtwar, the Falconer's labels also present a great deal of diffi- region on the Chenab, north of Jumu and Badarwah culty for most of them are in or an almost which are both areas in Eastern Kashmir I have illegible script which is in most cases still un- left with Kashmir Province when citing specimens. deciphered. If Kashmir had little variation in There is not much difference in the plants of this climate the absen'ce of more accurate labels would general area. Most of the population, most of the not be so important but few areas of equal size can arable land and much of the forest wealth of the be more varied with lakes and deserts, forests and country is founlll it1 Kashmir Province. meadows with some plants growing at an altitude of 1000 ft and others at ~goooft. BOTANICAL REGIONS OF KASHMIR Except for the famous Vale of Kashmir the whole Kashmir as a whole, from east to west can be region is mountainous and. alfitwles range from divided into three regions. The &st begins at the about, rooo ft. in Mirpur and Jumu to 28000 ft. in edge of the Punjab Plains and extends to the top of the &rakorumS A number of species have been the Pir Panjal Range with a number of peaks rising Ig67J STEWART: THE GRASSES OF KASHMIR I IS to 15ooo' or a little higher. This region, as might lands froin Kashmir drops down to Skardo on the be expected, begins with a sub-tropical foothill zone Indus at about 7800'. gradually merging into a temperate zone from Geographically the region enst of Chitral and about 5000 ft. Above this is a sub-alpipe and then north of Astor is called the Gilgit Agency. The an alpine zone above the tree line. chief town is Gilgit and deeper in the Karakorum The second region is the Kashmir Province al- are two s~nallsemi independent state5 wlth their ready mentioned. It lies between the Pir Panjal cwil rulers. Thcse are Hunza and Nagar. In this Range and the inain Himalayan 'Range. The famous allnost inaccessiblc region there are more moun- Vale lies between these two ranges with the valley tains higher than 25,000 ft. than there are in the floor at about 5200 ft. Flowing into the Jhelum Mt. Everest region. The next region with a still Valley from the north at Dome1 is the Kishen- inore 'Tibetan climate and flora is Ballistan. In his ganga river. With a 'similar climate its flora is Guide Dr. Nrve says "Baltistan bounds 1,adak on similar to that toward the east except that the the west and extends for 150 miles on either side number of species decreases gradually from east to of the Indus." The scattered villages are on the west as the rainfall gradually decreases. With main Indus or on the river, thetLower Shy~k lakes, canals and waterways the main valley is the or the Shigar rivers." only part of the country with many water plants. Next we come to Ladak. It is a large tract of The third region is very different. Much of it is country, including on the Upper , desert and there is little forest. It is911 drained by Rupshu, Zenskar and Suru. Suru is really only a the Indus and its tributaries. A little monsoon part of on the Upper east of moisture penetrates into Astor 'by the Kamri and Dras. Dr. Neve claims that the Ladak-Rupshu area Burzil Passes from the Upper Kishenganga Valley contains the loftiest inhabited districts in the world. and some moisture gets through to Gilgit by the "No part is below 8000' and a large portion of Indus Valley so that there are some forests in1 Astor, the population live at elevations of from 12 to and in several valleys of the Gilgit Agency. A 15~0ft." The capital of Ladak is which is on number of Punjab xerophytes have followed the the old trade route from Kashmir to Yarkanil in Indus and are found in Gilgit, Skardo, Shigar and Central Asia. Part of Ladak was annexed by China as far as Leh, Ladak in a few cases. Most of tKis only a year or two ago. third zone, however, is treeless and the flora is scanty. THE AUTHOR'S EXPLORATIONS IN KASHMIR The plants of this third region can again be di- I first visited Kashmir, Ladak proper and Suru in vided into three main types. First we have the I g I 2 returning to Srinagar after reentering Kashmir plants of the oases. These are the cultivated plants by the Yarungshan Pass, and the Wardwan Valley. and the weeds in the fields and the plants along the In 1913 we returxed to Kashmir, travelled to Leh, irrigation ditches and streams. Secondly we have crossed Rupshu and went to Simla via Lahul and the desert plaliis, those which are able to survive Kulu. In. 1917 with my wife, I. D. Stewart, who on a very scanty rainfall. Thirdly we have the was also a botanist I entered Kashmir from Pangi, high 'level plants which live on the water from melt- Chamba State, travelled down the Chenab Valley ing snow for although there is very little rain a great to the town of Kishtwar and then entered Kashrnir deal of .snow falls on the high mountains and there proper by the Sinthan Pass. From 1919 on I spent are many glaciers in the Karckorum Mts., the most of my sulllnler vacations collecting in Kashmir, great range to the north of the Indus in the camping in such places as Pal~lgam, , western part of the state. Tragbol, Gulmarg, Fras Nag and Khillanmqrg One of the most interesting regions behind the and making day trips in all directions. main range is called the Deosai Plains, which lie be- Twice I made long trips. One was to Astor and tween Astor on the west and Dras (Purig) to the the Rupal Nullall at the foot of Nangd Parbat. We east. This area is all above the tree line, is cov- ascended the Burzil Nullah crossed the Deosai ered with snow most of the year and is uninhabited. going eastward, crossed the Marpo Lta. and descend- It is much lie Arctic tundra and travellers cross- ed to Dras, returning to Kashmir by the . ing in the summer are plagued by m~iadsof mos- Once we asce~lded the Upper gishenganga rive quitoes. The road which crosses these bleak up from Guraf, crossed the Butzil Pass, the L~w 1r6 BULLETIN OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA [Vol. g and the Great Ueosai, descended to Skardo, crossed cases I have failed to find the authority for a record. the Indus, ascended the Shigar river, crossed the Some grasses have been collected hundreds of times Thalle La, descended to the Shyok, ascended the and I have not tslren the space to detail localities. In Suru River to the Kashmir Ladak Road, returning cases where there ib plenty of material I have noted to Kashmir by the Zoji. Once we ascended the the various areas from which I have seen specimens Kishenganga River from Dome1 to Gurais () citing a few specimens. I have gone into more detail and returned to the by the Rajdani when only a few specimens or a single specimen has Pass. been found. I would appreciate hearing from any I did not visit Gilgit, Hunza and Nagar until who may know of species I have omitted or who 1954. I began visiting Poonch about 1952 with note errors of fact. Prof, E. Nasir of Gordon College and M. Rashid The last word on Kashmir grasses will not be said Khan, D.F.O. and his collector Jan Mohammad. for a long time but a great step forward was made Once we went n little further east and collected in when Dr. Bor published his revision of VoI. 7 of the Kotli and Mirpur. Most of the early colIectors en- Flora of British India. He did not have the space tered Kashmir by the Poonch route but nothing has to give much detailed information about distribu- yet been published on the Poonch flora. tion. It is hoped that this paper will partially My main collection of about 30,000 numbers is at remedy this omission. I owe more to the help of Gordon Collegc, Many specimens brought to the Dr. Bor than to any one else. He has over the yea,rs college by Prof. E. Nasir, Prof. M. A. Siddiqi and named thousands of specimens for me and answered A, R Beg were entered in my number series so a very large njmber of questions. I am very grate- that when the number on a Gordon College label ful. The first person to encourage me to publish reads E. Nasir 26,589, let us say, it does not mcan anything on grasses was the Late Mrs. Agnes that Prof. Nasir collected that many specimens. Chase of the Smithsonian in Washington DC, In later years these men have maintained their own I owe also a debt of gratitude to the authorities at numbered series. On many of my trips I was ac- Kew who have welcomed me so often and to Dr, companied by my wife, Prof. Nasir, A. R. Beg or by Sultan Ahmad of the Government College, Lahore, students of the college. For many years my second Prof. Nasir and the staff at Gordon College and set went to the N. Y. Botanical Garden where I the students who used to lie to go on collecting spent my furloughs but of late years the second set trips. has gone to Kew. Smaller sets are at Washington, Michigan and other herbaria. A NOTE ON THE SPELLING OF PLACE NAMES Since retiring from my work in Rawalpindi in There is no official way to spell Kashmir place 1960 I have been working in the Herbarium of the names. Travellers in their reports have tried to Univ. of Michigan and I have spent five summers at write down names as they heard them but German, Kew- with short periods at the British Museum and French and English botanists have been in- at Edinburgh. In these herbaria there are hundreds fluenced by thcir different national traditions. Dr. of thousands of specimens from Kashmir and adja- Neve spells the name of a place in Astor as Chor- cent areas and I have been studying the distribution bat., while the Schlagintweits spelled it Tschor- of Kashmir and West Pakistan plants while making bat. A mountain visible from the Kashmir Valley a catalogue of all the plants of the region on a grant is called Wastarwan by Neve while Jacquemont, a from the U, S. National Science Foundation. Frenchman, called it Vestervonne. Some coliec- The basis for the citations in this Check List of tors are not consistent and use more than one Kashmir grasses is my own collecting and that of spelling on their labels. There has also been various colleagues and students. Secondly it is based a gradual evolution in the way names have been on checking thr~ughmany thousands of specimens spelled. The Deosai region was first called Deotsu. stored in various herbaria especially in Kew. Thirdly The Astor of today was at first called Hassora it is based on citations I have found in the literature, which is not the same as Hazara which is just Thie has no doubt introduced some errors and dup- west of Kashmir. In most cases the variant spel- lications because of misidentifications and differing lings need not cause confusion. The chief excep- conceptions of taxa. I have tried to give the autho- tion is the difficulty of recognizing any modern rity for citations which may be doubtful. In a few equivalent for quite 8 few of Jacquemont's local& 19~71 STEWART: THE GRASSES OF KASHMI~ "2 ties. His "Radjourie ad Thonna" is Rajaori to Falconer, Huglz Falc. Thana Mandi in Neve, his Sounamergue is Sona- Gammie, George A. Gammie rnarg. Until recently the British were the arbiters Giles, Dr. G. "M.J. Giles in deciding how Kashmir place names should be Hartmann, Dr. Hans H. H.. spelled but now some of the Kashmiris are begin- Henderson, Dr. George Hend. ning to make changes. For example Gurais is now Hunter-Weston, Capt. A. G. 'CT'est. often spelled Gurez. In the following list are a Znayat Khan Khan (Collected number of place names with more than one spel- for Duthie) ling. This list is far from complete but I think that Jacqz~emont,Victor Jacq. it is long enough to show what kind of differences Keshavanand Kesh. to expect. I have in the text usually used the Koelz, Dr. Walter N. Kz, spelling of the collector's ticket even though I Lambert, W. J. Lamb. prefer another speIling. Levinge, Henry Corbyn Lev. (Collected Aliabad = Alibad ; Askole = Ashkolcy ; Basohli for Clarke) = Basaoli; Bhadarwah =Budrawah = Badrawah Ludlow, Frank & Sherriff, George L. 6. S. = Badriwah ; Chorbat = Tschorbat ; Deosai = Mc Vean, Dr. Donald N. Mc. V, Deotsu ; Dal Lakc =Dhal Lake :Dras area is called Meebold, Alfred Karl Mbd. Purig by Koelz ; Gudhai= Godai (not the same as Nasir, Prof. Eugene E. N. Gorai) ; =I-Iimis ; Jumu =,Jummu= Jummoo Osmaston, B. R. Osm. = ; = Kargfl ; Khel =. Kel ; Polunin, 0. 0. Pol. Ladak =. Lad&h ; Lidder = Lider = Lidar ; Lid- Rich, Col. H. H. Rich derwat = Lidarwat ; Nala = nullah = nulla (a Schlagintweit Bros., Herman, Schlag. small valley) ; Naoshera = Naushera = Nowshera ; Adolf and Robert Naubug = Nowhoog ; Nailtar Niltar ; Poshiana Schmid, Dr. Ferdinand F. Schmid = Poosiana = Pusiana; Rajdani =' Rajdhani = Scott-Russell, R. RSR Rajdhbgan Pass; Rajaori = Radjaori =' Radjo- Stewart, Dr. ), Lirrdsay JLs urie ; Rokshin = Rukshin ; Rungdam = ; Stewart, Halgh Rundles RRS: Satpura =I Satpara; Skardo = Skardu ; Shyok = Stewart, R. R. & Mrs. I. D. RR & IDS Shayok ; Spitok = ; Taulipir = Tolipir ; Tile1 Stewart =Tilail ; Tragbal = Tragbol ; Wastarwan = Vester- Stoliczka, Ferdinand Stol. vonne ; Wular = Woolar ; Zanskar = Zaskar. Thornson, Thomas T. T. Visser-Hooft Mr. 6 Mrs. J. Visser Suggested abbreviations for the names of the IVebster, Dr. (I'rady L. & E. Nasir W. & N. 1 leading collectors whose specimen& have cited. Winterbottom, James Edward Winter, When I have seen only a few specimens I am using Younghusband, Sir Francis Young. the full last name. ,As this list was made after pre- paring the text these abbreviations do not always Most of the collections of the collectors men- appear but I intend to use them as I continue my tioned above are to be found at Kew. Some are both work on the distribution of Kashmir plants. at Kew and at the British Museum of Natural Ahmad, Dr. Sultan S, A. or S. Ahmad History and others are at Edinburgh as well. My Aitchison, Dr. J.E.T. Aitch. own first collection is at Gordon College, Rawal- A lcock, Capt. Al/red William Alcock pindi and second at the New York Botanical Garden Beg, Dr. Abdur Rahmun Beg though in recent years my second collection went Bosshard, W. Boss, to Kew. The longest suites of the collections of Chaudhri, Dr. I. I, I.Z.Ch. Koelz are in che U.S.A. at Michigan, New York Clarke, C. B. CE. and Washington DC. As this is only a check list, Conway, Sir U'nr, Martin Con. to economise space. I have usually failed to men- Coventry, B.O. Cov. tion the Herbariilm or Herbaria in which a speci- de Filippi, Dr. Fili~~po de F. men may be found unless I felt that in special Lhurnmmd, Imnes Ramay Drum. cases it might be useful as when a Type is in Duthie, John Firmingn Pu, Rawalpindi or a rare specimen is in Michigan. I 18 BULLETIN OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA [vbl. 9

ENUMERATION OF KASHMIR GRASSES A. intermedium (Host) P. Beanv. Acrachne racemom (Heyne) Ohwi. Tangola, Purig (Kz. 6078); Above Bragnag, Jhelum Vy. Rd.; Muz., Poonc'h, Jumu-Kashmir Ladak (Kz. 2797); Zanskar: Padam (Kz. 2996), Rd., Kishtwar (RRS 3052, CZ. 31435) plains to c. Kangrah (Kz. 5574, Bardum (Kz.5574). 5000: A. jacquemontii Hk. f. Aegilops tawchii Coss. Nubra (T T.) ; Ladak: Tsakzhun Tso (Kc. Samba1 Nullah (Gammie), nr. Srinagar (Du. 2414s) ; Hispar Glacier, Karak. (RSR 1386) ; 10845): Tsomoriri, Rupsha (Stol.). Agropyron canaliculatum Nevski. A. macrolepis Droh. Gilgit (F. Schmid) ; Deosai (Cl; 28927a); Hunza Above Doyen, Astor (Du. I 2657) ; Gilgit :Naltar (H.H.) ; Balti.: Marpu Nullah (Du.), Braldo & Lakes (RRS 26607), Sunji & Yasin Vys. (M. Zahur) ; Biafo Glaciers [IY. H.), Dras Vy., (Du.), Kargia, Karakorum :Hispar & Sokha Glaciers (RSR 1387, Zanskar (Kz.5530) ; Aliabad, Poonch ; Kamri Pass. 16'59)' (Uu.) etc. A. mutabile Drob. A. caninum (L.) Y. Beauv. Hispar Glacier,*Karak (RSR 1200). Tilail (Cl. 30679) ; Kishen. Vy. (RRS 17739 etc.) A. x nothum Meld. (2 A. Dentatum' x A. maccol%pim) abbve Gulmarg (RRS 10403), Pahlgam (RRS 5592), Hispar GI. (RSR 1387). 6- I I 000'. A, repene (L.) P. Beauv. A. cognatum Hack. var. cognatum Shigar, Balti. (Griff. 722) ; Cilgit [Giles teste Astor (RRS, Du.) ; Gilgit : Nagar-Hopar Glacier (FBI)] ; Balti. : .Braldo Vy. & Biafo Glacier (H.,HJ); (RRS) ; 'Naltar Lakes (RRS) ; Holshal near Nagar Ladak (FBI) ; Kashmir (Cl. 30080, 30490). (F. Schmid) ; Karakorum (RRS, 1328, r 339). A. russellii Meld A. cognatum var. shingoenaie Meld. Hispar & Biafo Glaciers, Karak. Mts. (RSR 1388, Ladak (T T.) ; Astor (RRS 217g1a); Balti.: '553 etc.1 Shingo Vy. (Du. I 1895, Type). A, schrenkianum (F. & M.) Drob. .4. deutatum I3k. f. var. dentahan Old Camp sites, Pamirs (Alcock) ; Biafo GI., Gilgit (F.S.: Du.) ; Deosai (RR & IDS) ; Balti.: Karak. M~s.'(RsR m); ~angaran~'~ase,W. Tib. Karakorum (Cl. 30186A ; RSS) ; Dras (Gammie) (T. T.I. Kashmir : upper Kisheng. River ; Minimarg, Bur- A, sehogaanicnm Nevski. zil Pass etc. (RRS). Ascent Deosai (i.e. Deorsu) (Winter. 879) ; Sunji A. dentdam var. elatum Hk. f. ex Meld. Vy., Gilgit (Zahur) ; Biafo GI. Balti. (Nakao, RSR Dras (T. T.) ; Minimarg, Upper Kishen vy. (RRS 1094) ; . W. Tib. (T. T.), & IDS 19212). A. semicostatnm Nees A. dentatum var. ktwlunbicum Meld. Yasin, Gilgit (Ogino) ; Kashmir : Pahlgam (RRS Kashmir (W. Munro). 5751) ; Sonamarg (RRS 6520), below Gulmarg (F A. dentatum var. scabmu Nevski. 10655); Hajip~r-I'oonch (RRS 13988), Titwal & Naltar Vy., Gilgit (Du. 12423). Keran, herKishen. Vy. (RRS 17415, 17556) ; A. tergaaease Drob. [Elytrigia fergmensis @rob.) Jhelum Vy. (JLS); Ramoo (CI. 29048 A). Nevski]. A. x spurium Meld. Sokha Glacier, Karak. Mts. (RSR 1627). Along Biaho Lungmk, Karakorum (Nakao) ; Hin- du Kush: Panji Bar (Ogino 488), Ghizr, Gilgit A. stewartii Meld. Balti. : Shyok Watershed, Khusomik (RRS 20704); (Osno 283). See Kitamura PI, W. Pak. & Afghan. Blaghar, Shyok Vy. (RRS 20844A). 13.1964. A. stdatum Nees ex Steud. A. bbdayanllm (Nevski) Meld. Astor near lama (RRS 22882) ; Gilgit field bor- Marpo L;a, Balti. (Du. 11825) ; Sukh Nullah, Dras ders (RRS 26610), Kashmir :Bandipur (CI. 29199), Vy. . (Du. I I 68 I) ; Alibad, Poonch (Cl. 29014 A), Road to Nil Nag (RRS 23028) ; Ushkra Forest 5300' Upper Lidder Vy. : Har Nag [RlW 9436), Sonsal (Mc. V.). Nullah (Du. 13357) etc. A. datum var. vdidum Meld. 11, x ~~ Meld. Astor: Dudhai Vy. (Du. 121(36), Rama-Gurik~t fshkuman Gilgit (F. Schmid 2430). (RRS 22948) ; Naltar Vy,, Gilgit (RRS 26609) ; Kash* 19671 STEWART: THE GRASSES OF KASHMIR '9 mir : Common, Pir Panjal (jLS, Jacq.) ; Tilail (Cl. All~teropsis chieina (L.) Stapf 30735) ; Srinagar (C1. 29 I I 6C) ; Pahlgam (C1. 3 I I I g), Kashmir : Rajaori (Jacq. 13741, Serai ad Nau- -Gulmarg, Nil Nag, Badwan-Chorwan shera, Bhirnbar Mts. (lacl 1382). etc. (RRS). Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. Agrostis canina L. Astor, north slope (RRS 22037 c) ; Very common, Astor, Gilgit, Balti., Dras, Ladak, Deosai in shallow water (RRS 19963) ; Satpura La, Zanskar, Kashmir: Burzil Pass, Tilel, Sonamarg, Balti. (RRS 20179); Kashmir : Common. Pahlgam, Pahlgam, Kishen Vy. Minimarg etc. 4-1 1500'. Tangmarg, GUIIL~,Yamhar, Banihal, Zoji, 6-14000'. A. gigantea Roth A. amadinaceus Poir. Balti.: Skardo (CI. 29942 A), Braldo Vy. (H. H.), Common. Nagar, Gilgit (Biscoe) ; Marpo La, Hushe Vy., (W. & N. 6276) ; Poonch-Poosiana Balti. (RRS 223ogA) ; Deotsu i,e. Jleosai (Winter. (Lev.), Mundi (C1. 28216) ; Kashmir : Sumbal Nullah 228) ; Purig (Kc. 6012) ; Bok, Zanskar (Kz. 2968); (Gammie), Kishtwar (Schlag.), Tangmarg (RRS Alibad, Poonch (C1. 2goroA) ; Kamri, Burzil, Gad- 10543), Pir Panjal (Lev.) at I 1500'. sar, Pahlgam, Gulmarg, I 0-1 6500'. A, munroana Aitch. & Hemsl. A. geniculatus L. Common, 6-13ooo', Kamri, Burzil, Kishen. Vy., Water Foxtail, Kashmir-Bhutan, 3-7000' (FBI): Sonamarg, Gulmarg, Tragbol etc. 6-13000'. A. himalaicus Wk. f. A. nervosa Nees (A, clurkei Hk. f.). Common. North slope Burzil, Astor (RRS Common, 6-10500'. Gilgit :Jutial Nullah (RRS 2 rggs), Marpo La, Balti. top (RRS 22269) ; Deosai 26614), Naltar Vy. (RRS 26612) ; Tangola, Purig (Da.); , Zanskar (Kz.5843) ; $uru :Rusi ~a (Kz. 6045) ; Kashmir :Pahlgam (RliS 5702), Sona- (RRS) ; Kashmir : Kolahoi, Apharwat, Pahlgam, marg (RRS 6367. 7369) ; Khillnnmarg (RRS 10406) Sonamarg, Zoji La, Tilel etc. on all high alpine A. pal& Huds. meadows, I 0-1 6~oo'. Gilgit : Darkot-Yasin, pingal-Dahimal (Honda) ; A. myosuroides Huds. Skardu Airport (Nakao). [NO; in Bor. Possibly A. Poonch City (RRS 12028). Kashmir, 3000' (FBI). gigantea of this list]. A. nepalensis Trin. ex Steud. A. pilolaula Trin. var. pilosula Poonch (RRS I 72g3)?. Kashmir-Garhwal (But$ Deosai (RRS 22260a) ; Kash.mir: Pir Pvljal (CZ. A. prateasis L. 27436), above Pahlgam (RRS 21722a), above Trag: Reported from the Zoji La, Kashlnir by Hender- bol (Du.12632), Basaoli (Cl. 31530A) 7-13000'. son. Possibly a misidentification. A. pilooala var. ciliata (Trin.) Bor Andropogon tristis Nees ex Hack. Moist place6 Pir Panjal Range, (I~cP97, Type): Badarwah, Kashmir, 8500' (Ct. 3x477 A), sine Ti. A. pilosub var. royleana (Trill.) Bor. (Falc.). Deosai (RRS 22707a) ; Astor (?u. 12218); Eash- Apluda mutica L. (incl. A. aristata 'L.). mir :Pahlgam , (CI. 3 I 070, RRS 2 1 7 12 b) ; Gulmarg Abundant aloilg the foothills from I-W,(rarely (Lev. CC I 33). Snngam Vy. (Du.13363). Khillanmarg to 8000') Poonch eastward. Jhelum Vy., Jurnu ecc. (m 10626). Aristida adecensionir L. var. adweasdonirr A. semiverticillata (Forsk.) C. Christ. Gilgit (Du. I 2484) ; Hunza (RRS 26,662) ; Balti. : See Polypogo~t Skardu Airport (Nakao) also (CZ. 29,977a) ; Blaghar- A. stolonifera L. Kuru (RRS 20~82);Kashmir foothills, 1. V. Bond Gilgit DL: Baltit (F. S. 1t318), Nagar (m (RRS 9605), Poonch, Kotli (RRS) 0-8m'. 266.17) ; Balti. : Skardo, Shigar (Cl. 3048 1); Drag, A. adscensionis var. podla (Dcne.) Coss. Poonch (S. N. 6. R. 23858). Gilgit (Dzc. 12485); Skardu (Schlag. 677). Thie A. subaridata Aitch. & Hemsl. taxon has been much confused with A. depres6u Kashmir : Srinagar- (Gammii, GI. zgo~g), Shali- which Bor now considers to be confined to South mar (RRS 1061s), Vestervonne i.e. Westerwan India. The glumes are distinctly unequal in this (Jacq. 772). Taobat, Kishen. Vy. (RRS 17876 a), variety. Nowgunge (Cl. 29 I 88) 5-2000'. A. cyanantha Nees ex Steud. Afra cergophylla L, Gilgit Dt. : Chalt-Namal (Nakao), Chalt (RRS Rare. Kashmir (VicarY, JLS) ; W. Tib. (St@ 26660) ; Kashmir : J. V. Road and Jumu-Kashmir liczka). Rd., Lower Usheng. River; Kishtwar (C2. 31426 A, t20 BULtETIN OF THE B01

C) ; Naoshera \9r Bimbar (Jacq.), Batot Pass (RRS A. sativa x sterilis Bor 12515). Common to ~OOO',rarely to 8000'. (RRS 25799), [Kotli det. Bor, with a?] Aristida fdculata Trin. var. funiculata Bambusa bambos (L.)Voss [B. arundinacea (Retz.) Domel-Bataki, Muz. Dt. Kashmir. teste? Willd.]. A. mutabilis Trin. & Rupr. Commonly planted in the plains and wild in Gilgit teste S. Altmad. Billawar and Jumu. A, paradim Edgew. Bothriochloa glabra (Roxb.) A. Camus Skardo (Clarke 30038). Another xerophytic spe- Garhi, Jhelum Vy. (RRS 10105) ; Above Chalt, cies from the plains found in the Indus watershed. Nagar, Gilgit Agency, (RRS 26635) ; Bagh-Raikot, A. plamosa L. Poonch (RRS 23S21). Gilgit (RRS 26665) ; Skardo (RRS 20875). B. intermedia (R. Br.) A. Camus var. intennedia Arthraxon Iancifoliw (Trin.) Hochst. Has been reported from the Jhelum Vy. Rd at Nomal-Chalt, Gilgit Dt. (RRS 5704.4) ; Skardo (W. Garhi (RRS IOIOS) and Poonch and is to be expect* & N. 6576) ; Poonch, common: Taulipir, Noorgala,. ed in Jumu. Trarkhel, Nawal Nadi (8. N. 6. R.) ; Jumu-Kashmir B. intermedia var. puoctats (Roxb.) Keng. Rd. (RRS 10686), 2-8000'. Nawal Nadi, Poonch ; Garhi, Jhelum Vy. Rd. A. prionodes (Steud.) Dandy (RRS 10105) ; Lower Kishen. Vy. (RRS 17404). Bagh-Raikot, Poonch (RRS 23804a), Chenari, B. ischaemum (L.) Keng. Jhelum Vy. Rd, (RRS 12450) ; Lower Kisheng. Vy. : Common from the plains to I 1000' in Ladak, Titwal (RRS 17378), Keran (RRS 176go)i Kashmir B. pertusa (L.) A. Camus Kangan-Gund (KRS 6940). (RRS Dhanni to 'I'itwal, Lower Kisenganga Vy. c 10672). Usually 2-7000'. 3000' (RB 17407). Amdinaria fnlcata Nees Brachiaria distach.va (L.) Stapf Nirgal, a dwarf bamboo is wild from Poonch and Bimbur Mts., Eastern Kashmir (Jacq. I 448). Kotli eastward. 4-8ooo', Ahbad Pass (RIPS).. B. erncilormis (J. E. ~m.)Griseb. Amdinella nep&nsia Trin. Srinagar (Gammie), Naubug (CZ. 3122 I), Bandi- Nawal Nadi, Poonch (RIZS); Nakial, Mirpur ; pur (RRS 22519a). Nasi~nBagh (RRS 19414). gashmir : Jhell~mVy. Rd., 2-3000' (Clarke), Jumu- B. ramma (L.) Stapf Gshmir Rd. (RRS 12514), Radjaori (Jacq. 1340)~ Jhelum Vy. 13d. (Trotter 139 G) ; Poonch ; Ram* 2-6000'. ban ; Jumu-Kashmir Rd. (RRS 10733), Rajaori aacq. Anmdo donax L. '365). The sarkaflda is widely planted, usually Below B. reptang (L.) Gard. & C. E. Hubb. 500o' but it has teen reported from 9000' in Ladak To be expected in Jumu. at Spitug (Kz.). Brnchypodium didachyon (L.) P. Beauv. Avena barbata Pott ex Link Kohala to Bagh in Poonch (RRS 23710). Ladak (Schlagintweit cited by Grisebach). B. pinnatum (L.) P. Beauv. A. fstaa L. var. fat- Gulmarg (RRS 8732, pet Swallen), Kashrnir, at This wild oat and two varieties are common 6000' (Clarke). See FBI 7: 365. throughout in grain fields up to .c. gooo'. A trtua var. glabrPEa Peterm. B. sylvaticwn (Huds.) P. Beat~v. Astor (RRS 22880), Khusomik, Balti. (RRS 20705)~ Corn,mon on outer hills from 35~7000'~Gilgit W. Tib. (T. T.), Poonch ; Nakial, Mirpur Dt. (RRS 26637), hlinipin to Chalt in Nagar (RRS A. btue var. pifm Syme 26636) Jhelum Vy. Rd., Lower Kishen. Vy., Shupi- Balti.: Shigar (C1. 30494), Skardo (C1. 29972) ; as- yan, Pahlgam, Nil Nag, Rembiana, Rasaoli, Trar* cent Kamri Rss, Kashrnir (RRS 22633). [Many khel, Poonch etc. This taxon is very variable and collectors do not mention varieties]. Dr. Bor does :lot think that var. paeudo-di-on A. lodovielam Dur. Hk. f. from Alibad ; "Vestervonne" (Jacq.) and the Kotli, Kashmir (S. N. & R. 257gga). Pir Panjal should be recognized. A* diva L. Briza media L. Astor (Du.), Ivlow~Skardo(Du.), Marsho, Ladak Chillam, Astor (RRS 18982), Deosai Pass (RRS (I&. 6372) ; Bagll, Pobnch (RRS 23712). Qats, 22155), Chatpani Nullah, Balti. (Du. 13885) ; Kash- STEWART : 1'EIE GRASSES OF GASH&BW 121 1 967 I inir : Burzil Chotcki, Bhagtaur, Sonainarg, Gulmarg B. scoparius L. (all RRS), Ves~crvonne(Jacq. 740). Gilgit testc S. Ahmud; Jheluln Vy., Pirni, 5- Bromus arvensis L. 6000' (Du. 108~~). Ladak (Schltrq. I 340, I &), Shud~al(Kz. 2446 A) ; U. stellostachyus Boiss. ISyn. H. nlrrizroi Hoiss. ; I?. Kargia, Zanskar (Kz. 5479 k) ; Hanlc, Rupshu (Kz. ~~zerlt?isvar. ~.onfirzis (Nees ex Stcud.) Stapfj. 2320). Kurram Vy. (Aitch.) ; Astor ;, Idohan Gali Tilel B. commutatus Sclirader. (RRS I 8550) ; Baltoro Glacier, 3500 m (Nbkao). Askolc, Central Karakoruln (Ogiilo tcstc Kita- B. tectorum L. mu r a). Comlnon weed in grain fields and waste places B. gedrosianus Penzes. especially in iili~er valleys. Astor, Gilgit, Balti., Zanskar Vy. 29-6-1848 (T. T.), Nil Nag, Kashmir llras, Ladak, Zanskar. (RRS 22079) ; Culmarg (Du. I 2646). Calamagrostis decora Hk. f. B. gracillimus Bunge. Mushkin forest, Astor, 9-1 oooo' (Llzr. I 2660). Killa Panja, Gilgit (Giles I 17) ; I-Iushe Vy., Balti. C. emodensis Griseb. (W. ei N: 5962) ; Dras (Dlr. I 1,':) : Kargil, Ladak Hunza (Visscr) ; Astor: Rama, Gurikot (RRS), Rd. (T. T.) Ra~hogpa, Rupshu (RRS) ; Zanskar : Cudhai Vy. (Dir.), Kashmir: Zoji La, Baltal, Son- Seni (Kz. 5818), Tctha (Kz. 5598). amarg (RRS 22386), Pahlgam (RXS rjgr+), Rajdani B. inermis Lcyss. var. inennis. Pass, Badwail ; Zur Nar, Lidder Vy, ctc. lj-12000'. Shankergarh, Astor (RRS 18765) : Niltar Vy., Gil- C. emodensis var. Ixeviseta Hack. git (Dtr.) ; Balti. : Morungkol- (Kz. 97-57) : Braldo Has not been taken up by Bor. Doik rcfcrs Visd Vy. (H. H.) ; Eashil1ir: Minimarg-Burzil Chotvki ser's plant from I-Iunza to this var. (KRS 19773)~ ascent Lohall Cali in Tilcl (RRS C. epigejos (L.) Rot11 18550), Kel to Taobat, Kishen. Vy. (RRS 17872)~ Astor (RRS 22046) ; Niltar Vy., Gilgit (Du. 12412) Sonalnarg (RRS 22234) ; Kamri Pass (I-u. 13505) ~tc. Balti.: Ncar Katz~ra,Incius Vy., (Du 12070), W. 0i' 9 1 3000'. llras (Llu. 13852) ; Kashmir: Matayan (RRS 9983), B. inermis var. villosus Mcrt. C(i Kocll. Uurzil (RRS 22046), Minimarg (Du. 14068), Kishan. Gilgit (Giles), Bualtar Vy. (Nfrficlo);Balti. (DL~. Vy. (Drr. I 4 103)) 8-1 2000'. I 2505) ; Dras (RRS 7445). C. garhwalensis C. E. Hubb. & Bor B. japonicus Thunb. Astor : Chillam (KRS 18977, 18983), above Doian Cornmoll spring annual. Astor, Gilgit, Balti., NU- (Dzi.), Gudhai Vy. (Drr.) ; Thalle La, Balti. teste? ; bra, Ladak, Kashlnir. I'lains to c. loooo'. Dras (T. T.) ; Kashmir : Dras (T. T.) ; Lohan Gali, B. japonicus Thunb. var. relutinus (Nocca & Balbis) Tilel (RRS). Asch. & Gracb. C. munroana & pilosula Pahlgnm (RRS 5701)~Tragbol (RRS 4300"). Sec Agroslis B. lanceolatus Rot11 (Syn.. B. 11~ncro~lacIly~llcsf.) C. pseudophragrnites (Hall. f.) Koelcr. "TO he expected" Aor. Lance rcpartch this from A large grass -,;~hicbis very col~lnloilin the dry Spiti and I found a doubtf~llspecilncn in R~~pshu. inner valleys. Astor, Gilgit, Balti., Dras, Ladak, r B. mollis L. Lanskar, Rupshu, 6-15000'. Jhclum Vy. Rd. at 3000' (Cunirnie). Not rare in C. turkestanica Hack. [Syn. C. psezrdopltr~~gnvtes Murree and so inay bc expccted in Poonch. var. tataricu (Hk. f.) Borl. B. oxyodon Schrcnk. Deosai (H.H.) ; ~shkuman Vy., Gilgit (H.H.) ; Common in the inner Mts. ; Astor, Gilgit, Balti., Balti. (H. H.) ; Kangi, Ladak (Kz. 2826) ; Kargia. bas, Zanskar, Kashmir : Burzil Chowki (RRS Zanskar (Kz. j,5S5) ; Da-, Rupshu (Kz.2287), 19760), Chorwan (RRS 19668) Bzogla, Pir Panjal Zailskar I e 15000'. Range (Cl. 2999). Usually 8500- I 2000'. C. stoliczkai Hk, f. I). ramosus Huds. Chaprot, Gilgit (Tvinteu. 964) ; Balti. Pass above Gilgit testc? ; Tango La, l'ulig (Kz. 6044) ; Kotli* 13arsho (Winter. 8z5), Urdokas (Tnkumura), Pensi Poonch, Kashmir : Common, Tru1:11<;11,~urzil Chow- La, Zanskar (Stoliczkn). ki, Tilel, Pahlgam, Gulmarg, Vcstervonnc (Jacq.). C. tianshanica Rupr. Usually 7- I I 000'. Sec l>c)~~lr.yjnIlolc~formis, I I 70.1 C. I 6 Capillipedjum admile (Steud.) A. Camus. Coix lacryma-jobi L. Jhelum Vy. Rd. at 3000' (Lev.) ; Nawal Nadi, Tawi Valley, Jumu (Gammie ; Llrum. 21070). Poonch (RRS), Kashmir: (Jacq. 3ro), 3-5000'. Colpodium himdaicum (Hk. f.) Bor C. filicrrlme (Hk.f.) Stapf Tarshing in Astor (Troll), Deosai (Winter. 878) ; There seems to be an error here in Bor, p. r I I as La1 Pir (Kz.9522) ; Balti. : Hushe Vy. region (W. in the FBI 7 : 18I. Jacq. g r o is stated to come from & N. 6223), Biafo G1. & Skoro La (H.H.), Burji La Poonch b the Deccan, S. India not from Kashmir. (Cl. 29851), Kashmir : Sonamarg, Kolohoi, Harnag. C. psrviaorum (R. Br.) Stapf Upper Lidder Vy., Apharwat, Pir Panjal Range, Chalt in Nagar, Gilgit Agency (RRS 26638) ; (RRS 8855), alpine zone, I I-16ooo'. Kotli and Poonch (Rashid) ; Kashmir : Muz. (RRS C. nutanm Griseb. 17287 a), Chenari, Jhelum Vy. (RRS 12428), Wan- Astor, near Kalapani (RRS IZS~~),Deosai (RRS gat (RRS 18083) edges of rice fields ; Kishtwar (Cl. 19967), common at high alts. Blirzil Pass, Musjid 3 I 343). Usually .;-6ooo8. Vy., Baltal, Sonamarg, Gadsar, Pahlgam, Yamhar Catabrosa aquruica (L.) P. Beauv. var. aquatiw Pass etc. 1~14m'. Leh, Ladak (Kz. 2602) ; Tsokar, Rupshu (Kz. 6581, 6596, Mich.). C. thomsoni Hk. f. See Poa infirm C. aquatica var. angusta Stapf n. Leh, Ladak (Meebold); Lanak Pass, Rupshu C. sp. 0. Polunin 6120' from Gharesa Glacier, east of (T.T.) ; Padam Zanskar (Kz. 5760) at 12000'. Nagar at 15,580' seems to be new. C. shkhensis Stapf Along stream, Tsakzhun Tso, Ladak (Kz. 2414r) Crypsis schoenddes (L.) Lamk. at .I 7500'. Balti.: Skardo (T T and W. & N. 6579), Kunis Cencbnrs ciliarie L. (Fuller) ; , Kashmir, banks of Jhelum Rajorie, Kashmir VLS 858). A plains species. (Jacq. I 120). Chionachne koenigii (Spreng.) Thunh. Cymbopogon dis(Nees) Wats. Poonch (A. Rashid, Raw.); near Rajaorie, Jumu Jutial, Gilgit (RRS 26647), Nagar (RRS 26648), Province (Jacq. I 295). Poonch. Kashmir, common, Lower Kishen. Vy., Quo& CEOlicboatachya Lagasca Pahlgam, Srinagar, Banihal Pass, 4-8000'. Naoshera near Bimbar (Jacq. 1436). C. jwaroncnrm (Jones) Schult. C. virgata 5w. W. Tib. (FBI 7 :zo3) ; Astor & Nagar teste? ; Leh, Ladak at ~zooo'(T T.). Khalotse-,- Indus Vy. (T. T.), Nimo to Leb Chryaopogon echiaulatus (Steud. arm Nees) Watson (T.T.), Plains to 9000' in desert areas. Astor :Gurikot (Giles 56) ; Katzura, Balti. (Du. C. martinii (Roxb.) Wats. 12103); Pooncl (Cl. 287ggA) ; Kashmir: common, Kashmir : Lgwer Kishen. Vy. (RRS 17305) ; Jhe- Tangmarg, Nil Nag, Tile1 Vy., Pahlgam-Aru, Baltal, ium Vy. Rd. (Lev., C1. 27378) ; Kotli & Nawal Nadi, Vestervonne (Jacq. 720) etc., csually 6-10000'. Poonch ; Udhampur, Jumu-Kashmir Rd. vanaki C. fulm (Spreng.) Chiov. Ammal I 1034). MuzafEarabad to Dhanni, Kiuhen. Vy. c. 2500' C. olivieri (Boiss.) Bor (Syn. C. ~choenanthusauq. (RR & IDS' I 7353). non L.). C. 1mllu6i (L.) l'rin. Astor Vy. (Du. I 2301) ; Skardo '(lV. 6. N. 5865) ; Close to C. echinulatus and the specimens I pre- near Skardo (Du. 12045) ; Naltar Vy., Gilgit (Du. viously referred here seem all to be in that cover at 12335) ; Chalt-Nomal (Nakao) ; Baltit, Hunza (FA); Kew. Saspola, Ladak (Ke. 6270). Plains to gooo'. C, mdatw Trin. C. parked Stapf Domel, Jhelum Vy. Rd. (RRS tor lo), near Dhanni Takht i Suleiman, Srinagar, Kasl~mir(Finfold). Lower Kishen. Rd. (RRS 17322, r 7353) ; Poonch : C. x etracbegi (Hk, f.) Raizada & Jain Raiiot, Serimang, Kotli, Udhampur (RRS I 2520), Niltar Vy., Gilgit (Du. 12328), Nagar-Minipin Thanna to Rajaorie (Jacq. 1302). (RRS 26648), Juiial Nullah (RRS 26647) ; Poonch ; C1eWgas gatatmi (Stapf) Bor Kashmir : Pahlgam (RE3 9259). Jumu (Fatc.), near Himis, Ldak, c. 10000' (Ka.6383,' Mich.). Srinagar (Gollan). 19671 STEWART: THE GRASSES OF KASHMIR

Cynodon clactylokl (L.)Pers. D. kaebmeriana Bor This excellent fodder grass is common from the Astor Vy., above Doian (Du. 12454) TYPCI plains to 8000' and even to ~zom'. Mushkin Forest (021. 12660), 912000'. Dactylie glomerata L. D. scabrescenrs (Griseb.) Munro. Cockspur or O~chardGrass. One of the common- Gudhai Vy., Astor (Du. 12220) ; Deosai Pass grasses in the mts. and very variable. Chitral east- (RRS 22 I 69) ; Balti. : Hushe Vy. (U'. & N.), Shingo wards, 6-12000'. Vv., near Gulte~i(RRS 222qq), Leh, I,adak & E. Dactyloctaenium aegyptium (L.) R. Beauv. Kangi (Meebold), Kashmir : Pahlgam (RRS 5452, Kohala to Garhi, Jhelum Vy. Rd. ; Nawal Nadi, 7997), Sonamarg (RRS 9815, cited by Bor), Lidder Poonch ; Kotli ; Jumu-Kashmir Rd. (RRS I 3465) . Vy. (Du. 13349). Plains to c. 3000'. Danthonia cach~rnyriana Jaub. & Spach (D,milis Dichanthium annulsturn (Forsk.) Stapf Outer Kashmir footl~ills,Bagh ill Poonch (RRS Hk, f.) z37g2), MUZ.Dt. (RRS 17321); Tawi Vy. (Gammie). Naltar, Gilgit on rocks (Sh. Ala) ; Ulter Nullah, An excellent fodder. Hunza (RRS 26633) ; Braldo t9L Siafo Glaciers Digitaria ciliaria (Retz.) Koel. Descr. Grass. 27.1802 (H.H.) ; : Kashmir Matayan, Zbji La, Sonamarg, [Syn. D. adscmdens (H.B.K.)Henr.] Baltal, Burzil Pass, Ferozepur Nullah etc. 8-13000'. Teste Bor 1966. D. scbnei&ri Pilger var, glabrata Conert (Syn. D. jacquemwtii Bor) D. ciliaris ssp. marginata (Link) Bor Is based on my 24.401 from Mt. Tlam, Swat ; Musa Common. Jhelum Vy., Poonch, Kishtwar (CI. ka Musalla, Siran Range, Haz, ([nayat), Apharwat, 31400 A). Kashmir (RRS r 0474). D, ciliaria ssp. marginata var. criniformia Henr, D. mhneideri var, minor (Hk. f.) Conert (Syn. (RRIS 23074). D. jacquemontii Bor var.? ) D. ciliaris x cruciata Chenari. My Apharwat, 10474 seems also to be cited here Jhelum Vy.; Lun Bagla (S. Ahmad in 1955, SO it will be necessary to check again. (Dr. BOT p. Kew).I 479 refers the number here). D*mciata (Nees) A. Camus Dendrocalamns stricttm (Roxb.) Nees Balti. : Skardo (T.T.), Olding (RRS) ;I Kashrnir, Grows in the foothill zone from Rawalpindi Dt. common, rice fields (Jacq. 1054), Badarwar (CZ.), eastwards both wild and cult. to c. 3000'. Kishtwar (Schlug. 2gs3), Pahlgam (RRS 2 1546, Deschampsis campitom (L.) P. Beauv. 2 I 776), Lower Sind Vy. (RRS) ; Gilgit (RRS 26653, Deosai (Du. 14047, RRS 22151) ; Dras Vy., (Du. 2665419 49000'. 13710) ; Bal ti. : Rongdo (Winter. Sog), Marpo La top (RRS 22297) ; Ladak, Rupshu, Zanskar ; Kashmir: D. grand* (Trin.) Henr. Minimarg (RRS 19825, 22139)~Badwan (Rm22610), Lower Kishen. Vy., Muzaffarabad (RRS I 7320). Burzil Chowki (HRS 19749) etc. 10-17om'. D. isehaemum (Schreb.) Schreb. D. koeleridder Regel. Gilgit (RRS), Skardo (W, b N. 6576a), Shigar Pamirs (Alcock) ; Astor : Das Kirim to Sardar (RRS 20536, cited by Bor), W. Tib. (T.T.),Kash- kothi, Deosai (h.14047 & RRS 20040)~ Ba1ti.Z mir (ILS 850). Burji La (RRS 2oo14), Thalle La (RRS 20737). MarPo D. longiflora (Retz.) Pers. La (RRS 2d989), W. of Dras (Du. 13861), Burzil Pass Kashmir eastward (FBI). (Cl. 29706)~I 2-1 6000'. D. nodm Parl. Defanostachya blpinnata (L.) Stapf Mirpur (Iacq. 173, Kew). A xerophytic plains Gilgit Vy. (Du.) ; Mirpur (RRS). species. Deyewtia adinacea (L.) P. Beauv. Burzil Vy. (Du.) near Minimarg, Upper Kishan. D. sanguinalia (L.) Scop. ssp. aem@b~~~var. Vy., so-~xooo' (Di4. 14071);? (RRS 19071). Mtacem Iienr. D* bolctpwmia (J. & S.) Bor Ramghat Camping Ground, Astor (Du. 28-7-1892). Nubra (T. T.) ; Takalang La, 1,adak (Kz.64641, D. Btewartlsna Bor Grgia, Zanskar (Kz. 5503. 5518). Debring, Rup- Chunagund, 1,adak Rd. near Kargil, c. gooo' (RRS SIN: (Kz.6537, Mi&.), Rukchin (Lance). nto47. Type) ; Kawk (T.T. 2391848)* 124 BULLETIN OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA [VO]. 9

DlgJtarja dcta Roth ex Roem. & 'Schult. Ladak: Nurla (Kz. 6260)~Spitug (Kz.6319), Sapi Muz., Jhelum Vy. Rd., Trarkhrl. & Kotli (RRS) ; La, Suru (RRS) ; Kashmir Prov. Kangan, Sind Yy. Ramban, Jumu-Kashmir Rd., ascending to 7000' (Gammie), Tile1 (RE3 18500 a), Kunzlwan (Cl. (FBI). 29389) etc. 7-15000'. D, etrieta var. denudata (Link) Henr. E. dahuricus var. miccantbus Meld. Basaohli (Cl. 31575a). Shyok Vy. (T.T.), Bulhan, Karak. Mts. (Sh. Ali), 0. violascei~Link Yasin, Gilgit (M. Zahur). Gilgit (RRS 26652) Shigar (RRS 20536), Lower E. dasystachys Trin. Kishen, Vy., 'Titwal-Surkhala ; Kangan to Wangat, Distribution as in the last. 8-15000'. Common. Sind Vy. (RRS 18098). E. nutans Griseb. (E. sibiricus of Hk. f. non L.) hthiea bromoides Hack. Very common with the distribution of the first Bedori, Poonch (RRS), Sarsangar Pass, Deosai two cspecies. (Du.) ; Apharwat above Gulmarg (RRS 8847), Pir Elytrigia ferganenl (Drob.) Nevski Panjal Oacq. j37) '; Upper Lidder Vy. (Du. 13155, See Agropyron ferganense cstype, Kew), Upper Sind Vy. (CI. 31040A) ; Kisht- Enneapogon persicus Boiss. war (T.T.). Gilgit Agency : Baltit, Hunza (Schmid, 1917)' Echiioehloa coloaum (L.) Link Niltar Vy. (Du. 12316), ,Skardo (RRS, CI.), Shigar common in t!ie Iower hills to 4~00'. Jhelum Vy. (RRS 20580)~etc. Rd., Poonch, Lower Kishen. Vy., (RRS 8475) etc. Ert~~~stkciliruiensis (All.) Vig.-Lutati E, emsgdi (L.) P. Beduv. . [Syn. E. crusgalli var. Iumu (T. T.), Kishtwar (Cl. 31, qrzB), Plains to longisetum (Doell.) Neilr.] c. ~ooo', Common from the plains to c. ym'. E, gangetica (Roxb.) Steud. E. cru@li (L.) P. Beauv. var. breviseta (Doell.) To be expected. My 3640 from Kangan, Sind Neilr. Vy., Kashmir and a specimen from Padar may be Common with the same range as the other long here. variety (Dr. Bor informs me that the type speci- E. japonica (Thunb.) Trin. men is long awned). Nawal Nadi, Poonch (RRS), Basaoli (Cl. 25, E. Promtacea Link [Syn. E. crusgalli var. frumen- tacea (Link) W.'F. Wight]. 158B). Cult. in the plains, and up to c. 7000' in Poonch E. pilm (L.) P. Beauv. on. the Jumu-Kashmir Rd., Tangmarg. Rd., etc. Common. Astor (Du. 12307) ; Gilgit: (Giles 247, Eeeoilopus cotnlifer (Thunb.) A. Camus RRS 26684) ; Nubra (T.T.) ; Poonch (RRS), Rajaori- Jhelum Vy. (ILS 892); Naubug, 6000' (Cl. Kattanpir in Foonch (JLS), Lower Kishen. Vy. 3rzrgA) ; Kishtwar (Cl. 31338). Wet soil. (RRS 17238) etc, Plains to 5000'. Elm& cornprews (Forsk.) Aschers. & Schwein. E. powidea P. Beauv, Miur and probably in Jumu. A plains species. Common throughout from plains to 9000' i~ E. carocana (L.) Gaertn. Ladak. Kodra, ragi, African Millet, is cult, in the plains E. tenella (L.) P. Beauv. and sometimes to 8000'. Nawal Nadi and Nakial, Mirpur (RRS), Jumu (T, T.). A plains species Poonch; Kishtwar (RRS 4064), Jhelum Vy. Rd. ; E. doloides (Retz.) Nee&ex Steud. Chenab Vy.: ChatruSithan Pass at 8000' (RRS). Kashmir '(Du. Kew). E. fndica (L.) Gaertn. A common plant of the subtropical zone. Jhelum E; viscom (Retz.) Trin. Vy. Rd, and no doubt on the Jumu-Kashmir Rd. Jumu (RRS 10702). as well. Eremopoa @ea (Trin.) Roshev. yar. Wea E. ~018 Common at high altitudes on inner ranges Astor, See Acrachne Gilgit, Deosai, Ralti., Kashmir Province : Chorwan, Elym~wdahuricua Turcz. var. dab- Matayan, Zoji Pass, Burzil Pass, 8-145oo', Common on the in'ner ranges, Atom (RW & persiea var, songarire (Schrenk) Bor 22948a) ; Gilgit (RRS,F. 'Schmid, N~kao): Kara- Common, and dhaibution as in the pxedous &arum (T.T.) ; Nubra (T.T.); Skardo (Cl. zgg39B): taxon. 19671 STEWART: TliE GRASSES OF KASHMIR 125

Eremopogon foveolatus (Del.) Stapf I?. cumminsii Stapf Mirpur (RRS 25801). TO be expected in Jumu. Balti, Thalle La-Bagmaharal (Scltlng. 5914, A common plains and foothill species. A good Kew) ; Zanskar : Pcnsi La (Kz. 5905)~Shakkar (Kz. fodder plant. 5951, det Swallen, Herb. Mich.). Erianthus filifolius Nrcs ex Stcud. F. gigantea (L.) Vill. Gilgit: Naltar-Nomal (RRS 26609)~ Lower Ki- FIunza (RRS 26690) ; Kashmir: Gulmarg (IO~~O), shen. Vy. (RRS), Jhclum Vy. Rd. (RRS), Poonch, Sonamarg (Cl. 3c?S86B), Pahlgam (RRS 2162g'), Aru common : Uri-Aliabati, Dhuli, Trarkhcl Badriwah (R RS 2 I 648), 5-9500'. (T. T.) etc. 2-8003'. F. liashmiriana Stapf Dcosai (Dl/.1qo49, IVi~zter. 880), Ulter Nullah, E, griffitl~ii ('Munro) Hk. F. I-Iunza ; Skorq La Balti. (H. II.), Dras (021.I 1604) ; Very comlnon on arid slopes and banks. Gilgit: Gya, Ladak (Kc. 6427) ; Shakitnr, Zanskar (Kz. Nomal (RRS 26668). Jutial Nullah (RRS 2667j), 595 I, Mich.) ; l'oonch? Kashmir, 3- I qooo'. Common. Astor (RRS 2.829) : Rondu, Balti. (T. T.) ; 1)elow This is a variable taxon and I have omittcd vars. Mirpur, 1-8000'. debilis and ligulata of Stapf, both of which are k macratherus Pilger found in Kashmir. Indus Vy. ne:.i; Nanga Parbat (Troll), Mushkin, F. levingei Stapf Astor Dt. (I. I. CIi.), Gilgit (S. Allmad 25147, Nee- Kashmir .(Lei). 27394 in Clarke's number series, type of Dr. Bor) : Troll's type was destroyed in the Aug. 1875) is the only collection. War. F. lucida Stapf E. ravennae (L.) P. Beauv. Ladak: Himis (Kz. 2561 a), above Chortren Chen Gurikot, Astor (RRS 18893') ; Gilgit Agency: Gu- (Kz. 2659), Tog (K;. 2636) ; Pcnsi La, Zanskar (Kz. pis-Gakuch (Honda), Nap-Minipin (RRS 26670) ; 5924) ; Masjid Gali near Tilcl, Upper Kisheng. Vy. Skarclo (Falc.), Kashrnir: Gurais Vy. (Du.13992). (RRS I 8365), 3 I 7000'. Sonamarg (Du.I 36 I 3), Naubug (C1. 3 1250)~~-t3000'. F. modesta Steud. (F. rrstlzenicn Hk. f.) E. rufipilus (Steud.) Griseb. Poonch.: Dhuli (RRS 2~772)~Nakial (RRS Batot Pass, Jumu-Kashmir Rd. (RRS 12430) ? 25805); Pahlgam (Du. 13469, Type of F. astlzenzca, Above Nomal, Gilgit & Baltit, Hunza (F.Schmid) ; RRS 7957), Kunzlwan (Cl. 29468), Hirpoor (Cl, Kashmir : Dachigam (Siokoe), Sind Vy. (Incq. 28672), Nowgunge (Cl. 29183), 69000'. Considered 1060). harmful to grazing animals. Eulalia mollis (Griseh.) 0. Ktzc. F. myuros L. Kashmir-Sikki111 (FBI 7 : I I 1)1, Raj,aori, Eastern See Vulpia Kashmir (JLS teste ?), usually 5-8000'. F. nitidula Stapf E. trispicata (Schult.) Hen).. (~ollinicr nrgenten Nubra & Pugha. Rupshu (T. T.) ; I,adak-Rupshu Trin.) border (Kz. 6493). Kargiag, Zanskar (Kz. 5504, Bangran, near Poonch (A. Rashid, Herb. Raw.). 55 15, Mich.), I 35-1 7000'. Eulaliopsis binata (Retz.) C. E. Hubb. F..ovina L. sp. aggr. incl. I?. valesiaca Schleich. Bhabbar Grdss. Fairly commdn in Poonch, Very commoil and very variable, usually 10- Bagh, Kotli, Nakial (RRS), I-5mof. I~OOO',Gilgit, Balti., Ladak, Poonch and Kashmir Province. St. Yves has proposed a number of sub- Festuca alatavica (Hack.) Roshev. species which are mentioned in Ror p. 541 and Nanga Parbat, Astor Dt. (Troll), Central Kara- Markgraf-Danncnberg has recently described a new korum : Gense, Mango, Skoro La, 370*45 10 m var. hartmanni for some specimens from the Cen- (Hartmann), Karakorum. F. altaica Trin. F. polycolea Stapf Jutial Nullah, Gilgit (RRS 26688) : Balti.: Bal- Rupal Nullah, Astor (RRS 22851) ; Gumbar, Zo- tor0 G1. (Nakno), Satpura La (RRS 20180), Thalle ji La, Upper Sind Vy., Kashmir (Jacq. 1022). La (RRS 20739), Hushe Vy. (W. & N. 6246) Kar- E'. rubra L. var. rubra puchu Vy. (Du. I 1968) etc., Dras (Du. 13790),+1 1- Gilgit: NaItar Vy. (Du. 23g4), Karakorum Mts. I 6000'~ (Cl. 30335 A, p. P.), Badwan, Kisheng. Vy. (RRS.. 126 BULLETIN OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA [VOL 9

2 1602), Aliabad, Poonch, (Cl. 29002 A) ;Gurais (Cl. H. glaucum Steud. 39505 A). Bagh, Kashmir (RRS 2707 I det. Bor). Festuca mbra var. villosa Mert. 8t Koch. H. leporinum Link Even more common, Astor, Balti., Ladak, Rupshu, Kashmir : Srinagar (Me Donell), Samba1 Nullah Zanskar, Poonch, Kashmir Prov., g-16000'. (Gammie), below Srinagar (Drum. 14347), Rarnoo See Nardurus (C1. 28549) etc. 2-6000'. F. tenuiaora H. murinurn L. A weed of grain fields. Some specimens I had Glyceria tonglensis C. B. Clarke referred here have been referred by Dr. Bor to H. Kashmir : Tangmarg (RRS 1058g), Pahlgam (Du. leporinum and H. glaucum and I must see the Kew ,3092, Type ; 21649, 2 1 779), Fras Nag (RRS RRS materiaI again before citing specimens which should 23094)~Gulmarg (RRS 10497) 743000' remain in H. murinurn. Hackelochloa granularis (L.) 0. Ktze. H. turkestanicurn Nevski Lower Jhelum Vy. ; Kotli, Nakial in Mirpur and Common in alkaline spots. Gilgit (Honda, Ogi- Rajaori to Sara in Jumu (Jacq. 1373). no, Zahzrr, Schmid etc.) ; Shigar (RIG,CI. 30073 a) ; Helietotrichon prateme (L.) Pilger Ladak (T T., Kz.) ; Zanskar (Kz.) ; Salt Lake, Rup Common at high alts. in inner valleys, Astor, S~U(T T., Kz. 6602), 7-1~000'. Deosai, Gilgit, Balti., Zanskar, Poonch, Kashmir : H. vdgare L. Banihal Pass (RRS 121 12), Apharwat (RRS 8895), Barley is cultivated throughout from the plains Minimarg (RRS 19207) etc. to 14000' in Ladak and Hanle, Rupshu. Several H. virescens (Nees ex Steud.) Henr. types are used. Poosiana, Poonch (Lev.) ; Banihal (RRS 10722)~ lmperata cylidrica (L.) P. Beauv. Pahlgam (RRS 21678), Tragbal (RRS 4762, 4917) Cotton Grass is found everywhere from the plains above Gulmarg (RRS 8764, IO~SO),Rajdani Pass to c. 6000' in clamp or waterlogged soil. (m 19293) j- 1 2000'. lsacbne bimalaica Hk, f. Sudan, Poonch (A. Rashid) ; Thanna ad Rajaori Hemartbria compresm (L. f.) R. Br. (lacq. 1296). Muldara, Poonch (A. Rashid) ; Kashmir : Lower Ischaemum rugmrn Salisb. Kishen. Vy. (RIB 17303), (RRS 7496 a), Is to be expected in Jumu. (RRS 8097), Rajaori (JLS), rice fields and wet places :o c. 5500'. Iseilema pdatum (L.) Anders. Plains below Jumu (T T.). This specimen may Hdmpogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex R. & S. have come from the Punjab hut it probably grows Very common from plains to c. 6000'. A fine in Jumu and possibly in Poonch as well. fodder when immature but the mature awns are harmful to sheep. Koeleria argentea Griseb. Nubra & Leh, Ladak (Schkg. 951, Type) ; Ladak : Hierocbloe Jm R. Br. (T.T.), Gya (Kz. 6431)~Kishtwar (FBI). Very common on alpine meadows. Astor (Win- K. gracilis Pers. (Syn. K. cristata auct.) ter.), Alampi La, Deosai (Du.) ; Dras (Du.) ; Rimo- Common, Astor, Deosai, Gilgit. Balti., Ladak, chagma Nala, Balti. (Du.) ; Bedori, Poonch (RRS Zanskar, ~oonch,Kashmir, 5-14500'. See Shinners 23944) ; Amarnath (RRS 449 a), Burzil Pass, Yam- in Rhodora 58 : 94,1956 for a discussion of the har Pass, Sonamarg etc. 10-15000'. synonymy. Hordeurn aegicem Nees ex Royle Laguras ovatus L. Kashmir-Sikkim (F'BI) ; W. Tib. I 1,500' (T. T.). There is a specimen of this Mediterranean grass H. bogdanii Wilensky at Kew collectid by Dharm Pal Bhandari at Fab- Baltistan (Schlag. 5750). A hybrid with an Agro- gam. Is there an error here? pyron ? Leersia backellii Keng. H. brew- (Trin.) Kashmir : (T. T., Falc.), Shalimar (RRS 22426), Lad& : Gya (fi.6435) ; Zanskar : gar& (IO, Dal Lake (RRS 10612). Ditches and rice fidds. 5538), Seni (Kz. 5812). TOOclose to H. tlcrkestani- Leptocbloa paaim (Retz.) Ohwi. cum? Is to be expected in Poonch & Jumu. 1 9671 STEWART: THE GRASSES OF KASHMIR 197 bacopoa albida (Turcz.) Krecz. & Bobr. (Some- M. jacquemontii Dcne. times confused with Festuca lucida). Minipin Glacier, Nagar, Gilgit Agency (Nakao) ; Karakorum (Cl.), Nubra (T. T.), Gilgit, (Zahur) ; Marpo La, Balti. (RRS 22323), near Dras (R.$ Balti. : ~Satpura Nala (RRS 20340), Hushe region 22230), Shingo Vy. (Du.) ; , Ladak (Kz. 6405). (W.& N. 6062, 6150, 6197), Ladak (T. T., ~chlag. M. nutans L. 6536), I 3- I 5000'. Kishen. Vy. : Keran (RRS 17521),Kunzalwan (Du. L. olgae V. Kr. & Bobr. 15012) ; Pahlgilr~l (RRS 5328, 7981, Du. 25776a) ; Liligo along Ealtoro Gl., 3600 m, Central Karako- Hirpoor (Cl. 28668A), Ferozepur Nullah (RRS 14790)~ rum Mts. Is it really distinct from the last ? Gulmarg (021. I I 394). Usually 5-8000 ft. Lolim perenne L. M. onoei Franch. W. Tib. (Stoliczka), Nakial, Mirpur Dt., Kara- Kishtwar (Cl. 3i381 at 6000'). korum . (Cl. 30501 D) ; Nasim Bagh, Kashmir Vy. M. pemica Kunth (RRS 10619). Karsha, Zanskar at rzooo' (Kz. 5780 det. Bor). L. persictun Boiss. & Hoh. ex Boiss. Balti. : Thalle La (RRS)? & Satpura lake? The Karakorum, Gilgit (Nakao 1500 m) Srinagar, west Himalayan specimens seem too close to M. Kashmir (Du.r 0846). canescens and should be studied again. L. temulintm L. M. scaberrima (Nees) Hk. f. Nakial, Mirpur (RRS 25798) ; Rawalakot (RRS Above Dhuli, Poonch (RRS) ; Kishtwar (CI. 24897) ; is hat Bagh (RRS a30684. Common in 3I 38 I), 6-1oooo'. grain fields. M. secunda Regel. Rare. L. temulentum L. var. arvense Lilj. Cliff on Zoji Pass, c. 9500' (RRS 22372). Poonch City (RRS 12029). New for Kashmir. Micmstegium cillatum (Trin.) A. Camus Lophochloa cavanilld Rajaori ad Serai, East Kashmir Uacq. 1335). See Trisetarin M. nudurn (Trin.) A. Camus. L. clarkeana (Domin) Bor Domel, Jhelum Vy. (RNS IOI I I) c. 2500' ; (Lev. Naoshera, Kashmir, 1800' (C2. 28155), only collec- I 1037a) at ~OOO'. Serimang, Poonch (RRS); Rampur tion. (RRS 5 I 13), Jumu-Kashmir Rd. (RRS 10680), L. phleoides (Vill.) Reichenb. 4-8000'. Usually in shade. Jhelum Vy. 1.d. ; Poonch, Kotli ; Takht, Srinagar. Milimn ebmL. Kashmir (Stokoe, Trotter), Srinagar (~arnmie), Chillam, Astor Dt. *S 12017) ; Kamri Pass Bandipur (RRS). (RRS 18681). Tragbol (MS4764). Pahlgam (RRS L*pumila (Desf.) Bor 5326, 5809), above Gulmarg, (RRS IO~SI),Keran Kohala-Domel, Lower Jhelum Vy. Rd. ; Bandipur Nullah (RRS r 753 I), Burzil (RRS); Khillanmarg, (RRS 21514). This often has not been separated Fras Nag etc. Common in shade 6-10000'. from the previous species, Should be watched for. Miscanthus nepalen* (Trin.) Hack. Usually below 3ooo'. Serimang, Poonch (A. Rashid, Raw 21082 B) ; Basaoli, Kashmir (Cl. 31591A). Lygewn spartimn l,oetl. Mnmithea laevis (Retz.) Kunth 1s reported from Pahlgam, Kashmir by Bhandari. To be expected in Poonch and Jumu. Not a native. Is it an error or a casual introduction? Muehlenbergia duthiema Hack. welica c-s (Regel) Lavrenko. Raikot-Aliabad. Poonch (RRS 28236) Pechanna Rama, Astor Dt. (RRS 22926) ; Balti. : Hushe Vy. (i.e. Poosiana) ad Thounna (Iacq. 1280). (W.& N. 6044). Skardo (Schlag,, Ci. zg959), Braldo M. himslay- Hack. ex Hk. f. Vy. & Biafo GI. (H. H.) ; Zanskar : Karsha (Kz. Kashmir Vy. (Lev. at 55003, Rarnban, Jumu. 5780, Seni 5764), Matayan, Zoji Pass (Du. I I 726). Kashmir Rd, (RRS ~0676). To be expected in bohenackeri Boiss. Poonch. Shankergadh, Kamri Nala, ~ashmir (Iflayat M, hwlii Trin. 25755). Gilgit (Sidd, iic Beg) ; Balti. :Parkutta (RRS inaeqniglninia Boiss. zogoo), Tolti-Bagicha (RRS zog73), above Chalt in Anesarbar, Gilgit (F. Schmid). Nagar, Gi@t Agency ; Bhedi, Poonch (RRS 2406.5)~ t 28 BULLETIN OF THE BOTANICAI. SURVEY OF IXDIA [Vol. 9

Nil Nag (Dnr~n. 15048), Lidderwat (L~LI.13471)~ Iiiniskut, Ladak (Kz. 6231, Micl~.),Bok, Zanskar Jumu-Kashmir Rd. (RRT) etc. 4-9000'. (Kz. 5884, Mich.). Nardurus maritimus (I,.) Murl>cck. 0. munroi Stapf Near Srinagi~i-,Kashmir, 5-6000' (L)Ic. 1081I, iil~~ Very common, Astor, Gilgit, Balti., Nubra, Pinfold 6 Stokoc). Ladak, Zanskar. K'ashmir! Ranihid, Sonamarg, Neyraudia arundinacea (L.) I-Ienr. Tanginajg, Jhelum Vy. Rd., Takht, Kishtmar, Jhelum Vy. (C1. 31394 A), Garhi (RRS IOO~~),Pahlgam etc. 450~1oooo'. Jumu (T.T.), Kotli ; Kishtwar (Cl. 31324A), Basao- 0. pubiflora Hack. (Syn. 0. lateralis var. eflusa li (CI. 3 1646A), 1-5000'. Hk, f.) Oplismenus compositus (L.) P. Beauv. Jutial Nullat), Gilgit. (RRS 26696, Kew) seems to Kashmir to Upper Assaln (FBI 7 :66). helong here. 0. undulatifolius (Ard.) P. Beauv. Panicum antidotale Retz. Poonch : Tr:irkhel, Taulipir and Dhirkot (RRS), Bhimbar (Cl. 28122), Jumu (T.T.). Plains to c. Chenari, Jhelum Vy. Kd. (RRS 12431) eastward, 3000'. 3-8000'. P. attosanguineurn Hochst. Orinue thoroldii (Stapf) Bor Plains below jumu (T.T.). Tsaka, Ladak, 4700 m, dry sand (Kz. 2365). P. miliaceum L. Oryza saliva L. Clzceno, clleeizi is planted in the plains and up to Rice is cult. to c. 6000' wherever water is available. c. I looo' in Baltistan and Ladak. Gilgit (Winter. It is the most important crop in the Kashmir 980), Skardo (8Sclllag.), Karakorum (Tnknmzrra), valley. Ladak (T.T.) ctc. Oryzopsis aequiglumis nu. Paspalidium flavidum (Retz.) A Camus Pahlgam (Dti. 13~73),Skardo (T.T.), Kashmir Kotli (RRS), Tawi Vy. (Gammie). In marshy (T. T. ; Jacq. I lo./), 5-10000'. l>laces ~isuall~l~low 3000'. 0. brachyclada Pilger Nanga Parbat (Troll, type lost), Stock ("Stag"), Paspalurn distichurn L. Kotli (RRS) and no doubt in Jumu. Marshy Ladak (Kz. 7,612, Neotype of Bor), Lamayuru ; Ladak (Kz.2738), Yasin, Gilgit (Honda). places. 0. fasciculata Hack. P. scrobiculatum L. Kargeh Vy., Balti. (Du. 13936), Upper Astor Vy., To be expected as a hot weather crop in Jumu. Kamri Vy., Kashmir (Du. 12644, 12656, co types) ; Pennisetum divisrrm (Gmel.) Hcnr. Tilail (CI. 30707 A, B), Pensi La, Zanskar (Kz. This desert plant of the plains was found in Gil- 5915, Mich.). git by Duthir. 0. gacilis (Mez.) Pilger P. flaccidum Griscb. Nagar, Gilgit Agency (Nakno), Satpura La, Balti. Vcry commo:1. Astor, Gilgit, ~alt;.,Dras, Ladak, (Du. 1203I) ; Leh, Ladak (T.T., Neotype) ; Bok Zanskar, Rupshu, Poonck, Jhclum Vy. Rd., Jumu Zanskar (Kz. 5581). Hills etc. 4-14000'. 0. lateralis (Regel) Stapf P. lanatum Klotzscll. Most widespread of our species and often the Very common. Astor, Gilgi:, Balti., Dras, Ladak, commonest. Astor, Balti., Dras, Ladak, Zanskar, Zanskar, Rupshu, Kisheng. Vy., Ferozepur Nullah, Bedori, Poonch, (RRS z3g22), Pahlgam, Sonamarg Pahlgam, Sonamarg, Tilail etc. 5-1 1000'. etc. 5-15000'. P. orientale L. C. Rich. 0. microcarpa I'ilger [Syn. 0. cocrulascens (Desf.) Gilgit (Du. I 23 13, RRS 26658), Balti. : Kiris ( W.6. Hack. var. microcarpa (Pilger) Bor] N. 5893) ; Skardo (W. 6. N. 6563) ; Jhelum Vy. Rd., Troll's type from the Astor Vy. c. 2400 m was lost common in l'aonch (RRS), Takht, Srinagar etc. in the war. A specimen of mine from Swat is the 0-8000'. neotype. F. Schmid's no. 10 from Baltit, Hunza P. orientale vai-. tritlorum Stapf seems to be the same. Ramban, Jumu-Kashmir Rd. (RRS 10727) ; Garhi 0, molinoides (Boiss.) Hack. (RRS 10095) ; Jhelum Vy. Rd. (Lev. 37449) at 3000' Gyama Tong4zc. Purig (Kz. 6895 det. Bor) : (In Clarke's no. series). 19673 STEWART: THE GRASSES OF KASHMLR 129

P- P- typhoidw (Burm. f.) Stapf (RRS 1i267), Srinagar (RRS 10850). Lidder Vy. Bajra, the Bulrush or Pearl Millet is no doubt (RRS 21524) etc. 6-12000'. cult. in Julnu. Dr. Bor points out on p. 351 that P. annm L. the correct name for this plant may be P. ameri- Leh, Ladak (T.T.), Gya (Kz.6449), Yarungshan canum (L.) K. Schum. La, Suru (RRS), Poonch: Serimang-Taulipir (RRS PbPeelurus qwciosus (Hack.) C. E. Hubb, 25609), Poosiana (Cl. 274og), Dhuli (RRS ~4744)~ Gilgit: Naltar Vy. (Sh. Ali 300, Raw.) ; Mahtan- Shish Nag, Kashmir (Trotter I ~oG),0-1 3000'. tir Gah (F.Sclzmid), Kashmir, common, Pahlgam P. araratica Trautv. (RRS 5311, 8301)) Sonamarg (RRS 6766, 7311), Tit- Very common. Astor, Deosai, Gilgit, Balti., La- walaurkhala, Kishen. Vy, (RRS I 7461)) Hajipir dak, Zanskar, Poonch, Kashmir : Shish Nag, Burzil, Pass, Poonch (RRS I 3984), 55~11000'. Kolahoi etc, 5-15ooo'. PhalarirP anmdinacea L. P. bactriana Roshev. Kargeh Vy., W. of Dras (Du. 13933) ; Balti. : Shigar Vy. (H.H.), Hushe Vy. (W. 6.N. marshes (Drum. 1436G (CZ. 29146, 6095)~Zanskar & Ladak (T.T.). Falc.), Srinagar (Gammze). P. bulbosa L. (incl. var. vivipara Koel.) Po minor Retz. Shigar Vy. (H. H.) ; Zanskar : Bok, Pensi La, Poonch : Palandari (RRS I 2026), (RRS Rangdum etc. (Kz., Mich.) ; Kashmir : Cymmon, 12034). Kashmir to Nepal (FBI. 7 :221). Kamri (RRS 22636)) Matayan-Dras (Gammie), C~nmalpinluo L. Baogla, Pir Panjal Range (Cl. 29556), Takht (Winter. Very common from 10-16000' on every alpine 287), near Srinagar (Du. 10818), 5-14500'. meadow. P. calliopsis Litw. P. graecum Boiss. & Heldr. (Syn. P. himalaicurn Pamirs (Alcock), Sasser, Upper Shyok (T. T.), Mez., P. arenarium Hk. f. non L.) Ladak-Tibet border (T. T.), Tsokar Lake, Rupshu Jutial Nullah, Gilgit (RRS 26698) ; Ragh, I'~onch (Kz. 6612)) also Rupshu (Kz. 2246a, cited by Bor). (RRS 237 15)) Kotli (RRS 258 r o) ; Kishen. Vy. : Tit- P. fdconeri Hk. f. wal (RRS 17460)~Keran (RRS 17656)) Takht, Sri- Pahlgam, Kashmir (RRS 8789, cited by Bor). nagar (Winter.), Kishtwar (FBI). Usually 2-7000'. P. glabriflora Roshev. (P. zapjagajevi Ovcz?)

P. panicolstom ' ~uds. Ladak (T. T., cited by Bor). Kohala, Jhelum Vy. Rd. (RRS 27.549)) l30mel P. inha H. 13. K. (Syn. Catabrosa titomsoni Stapf) [M& 12037) ; Kotli, Bagh ; Srinagar (Du.), 2-6000'. Nubra (T. T.). Phragmites commusis Trin. 1 P. jaumuemb Bor Very common in shallow water, borders of Ascent Lanak Pass (T. T.), above Doyen, Astor streams etc. Gilgit, Astor, BaIti., Nubrai Ladak, (Du. 12460), Naltar Vy., Gilgit (RRS 26621, DU. Kashmir, 4-10000'. 12392) ; Hushe Vy., Balti. (W. & N.) vel aff. ; Leh, P. commonie var. stenopbylla Boiss. Ladak (T. T.), below Burzil Chowki, Kashmir (RRS This is the more xerophytic form with narrow '9837). leaves, pungent tips and rolled not flat leaves. l?ubra P. koelzii Bor (T T.) ; Leh, Ladak (Schlag.), W. Tibet (T.T.). Is Tsakzhun Tso, Ladak (Kz. 2385, Type, 2389); this more than an ecological form? Khyang Tso, Rupshu (Kz. 2274); Lahul (Bor), 15- Po Larks (Retz.) Trin. I 7000'. Thonria ad Radjourie (Jazq. 1286). Plains to C. 3000', swamps on Mirpur Rd. PoIahuIensis Bor Pea Irlpina L. Rimochogma Nullah, Balti. (Du. IZI~I),Nubra Very common. Astor, Gilgit, Deosai, Balti., Nub- (T T.), Bod , Ladak (Kz. 6478); Lagong, ra, Dras, Zanskar, Rupshu, Kashmir : Sonamarg, Zanskar (Kz. 5393); Rupshu: Pebring (Kz.6567), Kolahoi, Kamri Pass, Burzil Pass, Zoji La etc. Hanle River (T. T.) ; Kashmir : Bungas, Muz. (Ina- etc. I o-160oo'. pt22700), Shish Nag (Du. 13329). p* ~sW0IlaL. P. litwhowiaua Ovcz. Astor (RRS 22752), Balti.: Braldo (H.H.), Skardo Zanskar : Pensi La (Kz.5825) ; Kaiigra La,(Kz. (Ex. 9633), Gilgit : Naltar Vy. (RRS 266 I 8, 26623) ; 5498). (These have not,been seen by Dr. Bor and Bdori, Poonch (RRS 24019) ; Kashmir : Gulrnarg I am not certain). 130 BULLETIN OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA [VOL 9

Poa nemralf L. I 1599)~Pir Panjal (CI. z~~Io),Liderwat, Lidder Vy. Naltar Lakes, Gilgit (RRS 26626, 26705)~Biafo GI., (nu. 25778 b) ctc. 5-~zooo'. Balti. (H.H.), Poosiana, Poonch (C1. 28439) ; Kash- P. tibetica Munro ex Stapf mir : Kamri (Du. 12526), Minimarg (Du. 14067). Wandla to Kalatse, Ladak on Indus (T. T.),Tia- Fras Nag (RRS 23152 a), Rampur (RRS 12 I 53), mak, Takalang 1,a (Kz.6470), Shushal (Kz. 2446b) ; Aliabad (RRS 23870) etc. (~)~-I~ooo'. Leh (Kz. 2597a) ; Hanle, Rupshu (Kz. 2305 f, 2317), Pe nepabda Wall. ex Du. 9-17000'. Many specimens of Kz. in Mich. Poonch : Trarkhel (RRS 24goo), Taulipir, (RRS P. trivialis L. var. glabra Doell. a56 I a). Poonch : Serimang (RRS); Shalimar, Kashmir P. pagophila Bor (RRS ~3006)~Kishtwar (T.T.). Yamhar Pass (RRS 12506) ; Tragbol (RRS 9206) ; Pogonatherum paniceurn (Lamk.) Hack. Sonamarg (RRS 6821, 7376), Pahlgam (RRT 7856). Mirpur : Nakial (RHS z5800), Jhelum, Ramban, Harnag, Gulmarg, etc. 10-1 7000'. Jumu-Kashmir Rd., Indus Vy., below Nanga Par- P. paloshrss L. bat (Tr~ll),Basaoli (Cl. 31516). On damp banks or Fras Nag, Pir Panjal Range c. gooof by streamlet,. below springs, 1-6000'. (W 23152, Kewj. New to Kashmir. Polypogon fugax Nees Pe polycolea Stapf Skardo (T T.); Mundi, Poonch (Cl. 28254B), ~rdokas,Baltoro GI, Balti. (Takamura) ; Kash- Bagh-Raikot (RRS 238 I I a) ; Kashrnir : Kishen. Vy., mir : Masjid Vy. (Du. 13262), Lidder Vy. at IZOOO' Nasim Bagh (RRS 13478), Valley, 530~'(Gammie), (Du. 13128). Shalimar ($RS 23005), Pahlgam (RRS z176g), Kaj- P. pmtellds L. ei, Padnr (RRS 2945), I-8000'. Very common. Astor, Deosai, Gilgit, Balti., P. monspelieneis (L.) Desf. tadak, Zanskrtr (TIT.), Poonch : Rattanpir (Cl. Balti, : Parkut~ci-Tolti(RRS 20945)~Skardo (RRS a8378), Bdori (RRS 24872) Kashmir : GuImaig, 20356) ; Ladak: Leh (Schlag. 1721, Kz. 2598) ; Fras Nag, Srintgar etc. S-~&oo'. Bagh, Poonch (RRS 23755a) ; Gulmarg. Plains To P. dkkbeds Bor I looof. Ladak (T. T.). P. semiverticU1atus (Forsk.) Hylander' (Syn. Agros- P. minaica Steud. tis in FBI and Bor) Hushe Vy., Balti. (W. 6 N. 6095). Bagh to Raikot, Poonch (RRS a381 I), K. Valley, P. rCnp6a~Bor 5200' teste? ; Chittapani Vy., 7500' (Lev. 27437), Leh, Ladak (T. T., Schlag. 980); Kashmir : com- 2-7500', mon, Kamri, l3urzi1, Pahlgam, Khillanmarg, Raj- Puccinellia dCetaoe (L.) Parl. dani Pass, Sonamarg, 8-15000'. Pangong Lake, Ladak (Bosshard det. E. Schmid). P. rtsp0ena Bor var. micranthera (Stapf) Bor P. himaldca Tzvel. Kashmir (C1. 3 IOS~),Pahlgam (Cl. 31061 & 3 1057) Ladak : Tsomorari Peldo (Kz.22 16, Type) ; Tsak- at 1300~\',Tilail (Cl. 30667). zhun Tso (Kz. 2387), Tiamak, 17000' (Kz. 6467) ; Padam, Zanskar (Kz. 5760), Tsokar, Rupshu (6577, P, &dis M. Bieb. 6580). See Herb. Mich. for Kz. specimens. Gilgit, Astor, Deosai, Balti., Shyok Vy. (T T.), Dras, Ladak, Poonch, Rattanpir (CZ. 28~85)~Alibad P. gigantea (Grossh.) Grossh. (CZ. a8wzA), Kashmir: Pahlgam, Kamri Pass, Zoji Zuetta, Baluch (Norris 49) ; Lace 3508 as Pod. h,Pirni, Jhelum Vy. etc. 6-15000'. P. kashmirima 1301- P. &wartha Bor Kamri Vy., Kashmir, I 1-12000' (Du. 12543, Type) Bedori, Poonch (RRS a4871), Gulm.arg (RRS Sonamarg (RRS 6890) may belong here ; Tsokai, 86751, Pahlgam (RRS 21496) j Tragbol (CI. 29244 B), Rupshu (Kz. 6604, 5, 6) Mich. 6- I 1000'. P. minuta Bor ex P. Wend. P. mpiua Schrad. Mr. Tirich Mir, Chitral ; cf. Tsokar, Rupshu (Kz. Gigit: NaItar Lakes (RRS a6624), Deasai (RRS 6591) (det. Catabrosa sikkimensis by SwaIlen.) 1g$8, 20094) ; BaIti. : Skardo (W. & N. 5760) ; Bed- P. pmirica V. Krecz. ori, Poonch (RHS 23754, 24870) ; Kashmir: Bado- &vine below, Lanak Pass, Ladak-Tibet border war (ZT.), Gulrnarg (Du. 13032), Baltal (Du. ('r.1: 14-9-1847]. 19671 STEWART: THE CWSSES OF KASHMIR '3' Puccinellia sevangensis Gfossh. S. pallide-fusca (Schum.) Stap5 & C. E. Hubb. Shebo, Baluchistan (Wingate, Kew). Nakial in Mirpur (M. A. Siddiqi 27672, Kew, P. stapba R. li. S. Raw .). Salt Lake, Rupshu (T.T.), 15, 5~'; Parang River S. tomentosa (Roxb.) Kunth to Parang Pass, Ladak-Tibet border (T T.). Nakial in Mirpur (RRS), 64000'. P. tenuitlora (Griseb.) Scribn. 8: Merr. S. verticillata (L.) 2. Beauv. ; (Winter. Valley below Hanle, Rupshu (T.T., - I 7-9-1847). Dal Lake, Kashrnir teste? Khat, Balti. P. thomsonii (Stapf) R. R. S. 6/914, Kew). 'This last locality seems strange as this Ladak: Leh (~Meehold), Nima Mud (Kz. 232919 is a shade plant usually found in warm climates. Puga, Rupshu (T T & Kz. 2 I 76) at mineral spring ; S. viridis (L.) P. Beauv. E. Kangi La bet. Ladak & Zanskar (Meebold). Common everywhere except in Sind and it is Saccharurn bmgalenss Retz. found up to I ~ooo'in Ladak. , Gilgit teste? To be expected in Ju~u. Sorghum durra (Forsk.) Stapf. S. afficinarum L. Jowar, Chari, is widily cultivated in the plains Sugar Cane is no doubt cult. in Jumu. and lower hills. Jhelum Vy. Road. Se pntaneum. L. S. halepense (L.) Pers. Gregarious along streams and on islands through- Common as n weed in maize and sorghum fields out our area and ascending to Gilgit, Astor and ascending to c. 7000'. It may be poisonous to stock Balti. Plains to c. 6000'. Kans. in times of drought or frost. S. filifolium, ravennae & ruhpilum S. miliacem (Roxb.) Snowden. See Erianthus Gilgit (Winter. 976), Srinagar (Gammie), Kash- SchCwmw arabicus Nees mir Vy. spot (Cl.). Nomal, Gilgit (RRS 26697) ; Balti.: Skardo (Cl. S. nitidum (Vahl) Pers. 30006B), below Olding (RRS zoggg), Blaghar-Kuru Thonna ad Rajaori, Eastern Kashir (lacq* (m 20861); Nubra (T. T.) ; Rras (T. T.) ; Ladak: 1287); Poonch (A. Rashid, Raw.). Below 3000'. Rabi La (Kz.6167), Khalotse-Nurla (7'. T.) rgooo'. Spodiopogon dabius Hack. s- barbatas (L.) Thell. Kashmir to Garhwal, 6-8000' (FBI 7 :25%). Gilgit (Nakao). Was it the previous species ? Sporobolus coromandelianae (Retz.) Kunth There is none at Kew from this area. Is to be expected in Poonch and Jumu as it Schizachyrium impremum (Hack.) A. Camus in Hazara and Rawalpindi. Kishtwar, Kashmir (CZ. 31433). Type and only S. diander (Retz.) P. Beauv. collection. Thonna ad Radjaori (Jacq. 1316).Also to be ex- Sc1emcbloa dura (L.) P. Beauv. pected i~ Pmnch and ~trpur. Uri, Jhelum Vy. (RRS I~o~I),Avantipur (T. T.), 5. piliferus (Trin.) Kunth 1-5000'. Not common. Kashmir- to Nepal, 3-8aoo' (FBI 7 :as'). Scleropoa rigids (L,) Griseb. [Catupodium rigidurn 'Stipa basipiumosa Munro (L.) C. E. Hubb.] Nubra (T.T.) ; Tsakzhun Tso, Ladak (Kz*3386); Gilgit (I. I. Ch.), Kashmir (Cl. 31057). Debring, Rupshu (Kz. 6566) ; Tsokar (Kx. 66s3)r afghdcnm (Vav.) Roshev. Lanak Pass, Tibet border (T.T. 13-9-1847, f49.97n Nomal-Naltar, Gilgit (RRS 26701). Weed in grain TYpes), fields. S. breviflqrs Griseb. s*rereale L. Satpura Nala, Balti. (Du,), Ladak (Lance 310 & Leh, Ladak. Planted by Moravian missionaries. T.T z(r7-1848) ; Hindu Kush & Karak. Mts. (Nakao, I do not know why this cereal has not come into Takamura, Ogino etc:). use in Kashmir. S. capillah L. Maria gZauca (L.)P. Beauv. Chaprot, Gilgit (Winter. 96%) Shingo Vy., Balti. Common throughout to e. 8000'. (Duo 1 1904, I 1927), Dras .Vy. (Du.r3714), Kharby- S* Itdica (L.) P. Beauv. &as (RRS 21 127), bdak: (Kashyap, Lahore) ; Italian Millet or Foxtail is widely cultivated, es- Kashmir : Zoji La (Stoli.czkz), Sonamarg Pq.gk), pecially in the bills. It may be found up to IIW' Tilail (Cl. 30723) Bangla, Pir Panjal Range (Cl, in Baltistan and Lad& 29~60),91 1600'. I 3% BULLXTtN OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA Fo1*9

Stipa cttucaeica Schmalh. (Syn. 9. bella Drob.) (Giles 416) ; Ladak : Leh, Himis Shupka, Spituk ; Ladak (S. R. Kashyap, Lahore). Nvrla etc., Ahring, Zanskar (Kz. ~QOOI~),8-~aooo'. S. eoneinna Hk. f. S. splendem var. gracilia Bor Kashmir :Apharwat, above Gulmarg (RRS 8848, Karak. Mts. (CI. 30097) ; below Satpara La, Balti 10372)). ~hiilanrnar~,below Apharwat (RRS (W. 6. N. 6330). 14808a, 14812). S. szowitaiam Trin. ex Hohen. S. cmguines Trin. & Rupr, (Syn. S. koelzii RRS) Astor Exped. (Giles 417) ; Astor-Bunji (Schmid) ; Gya, Ladak (Kz. 6432) ; Spiti (rKz. 7141) in Balti.: Shingo Vy. (Du. I 1927), Ashkoley (Cl. Herb. Mich. 303 1 I A), Bralda~ (H.H.), Hushe (.Schlag. 5656) ; S. duthiei HK. f. Matayan-Dras (Gammie) 5- 1 0000'. Above Gulmarg, Kashmir, 12ooo' {HRS 8788, Tetrspogon villosus Desf. Raw., Calc.). Indus Vy. (Troll), Gilgit : Nomal, Baltit, Hunza S. himdaica Roshev. (Schnzid 1924) ; Balti.:Kiris (W. & N. 5898) ; Kuru- Upper Shingo Vy., Deosai (RRS 22201) ; descent Kiris Sr Kuru-Dnghoni ; Kolri and no doubt in Deotsu (i.e. Deosaz) (Winter. 890, 893) ; Balti.: jumu. Plains to c. 7000'. Chatpani Nullah (Du. 13857). Braldo, Biafo (H.H.). Tbemeda anathera (Nees) Hack. s.1. incl. vars. Tschorbat Pass (Schlag. 6067) ; Purig (Kz. 6046), Kashmir Province : Tangmarg (RRS 10545), Ram- Ladak (Schlag. 1337), Tankse (Kz. 2458), g-13000'. ban, Jumu-Kashmir Rd. (RRS I o740), Rajaori S. jacqnemontii J:~uh.(2 Spach. (Jacq. I 370)~Vestervonne ( Westerdun) Jacq, Sind Astor (Du. 12.59j, I 2617) ; Tog, Ladak (Kz.2638) ; Vy. (Cl. 39037A), Kajei Padar (RRS 2gqga) etc. Kashrnir: common, Tilail (Cl. 30733B), Badwan- 2-7000'. A fine fodder. Kamri (RRS & IDS 22616) ; Noonch ; Pahlgam Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) 0.Ktze. (9262). Tragbol (RRS 4338), Zoji (RRS 7527) etc. Kotli, east of Poonch, cliff, 2-3000' (RRS). Near 815000'. the western limit of its range. S. mongholico Turcz. Trsgos biflom Schult. Gya, Ladak (Kz. 6425, Mich.), vel aff. ; W. Kashmir: Jhelum Vy. Rd. (Lev. ~74.48)~~awi Vy. Tib. [probably Rupshu] salt gassy plain (T.T.), at (Gammie), Jumu-Kashmir Rd. (RRS 12499)~tenth 13m'~(Lance ~zI),Lahul (Bor), pxsooo'. mile. plains to c. 3000'. S, orientalis Trin, Trikeraia hookeri (Stapq Bor Pamirs (Atcock) ; Naltar, Gilgit (RRS 26692), Bal- Nubra (T T.) ; Rupshu :Kugzil, in sand (Kz. ti.:Satgura Nala (Du.), Ashkole~(Cl. 3031 IC), Bla- 2328k), Hanle (T T.), 914000'. ghar-Kuru, Shyok Vy. (RRS 20864) ; Ladak (Schlag., Tripogon Wiorn~isNees ex Steud. T.T.,Kz.) ; Salt Lake, Rupshu (RRS44aa) ; Kargiag, Taulipir, Poonch, dwarf annual (A. Rashid), Zanstar (Kz. 5529), 8-15000'. Jumu-Kashmir Rd. (RRS 10697), usually 4-8000'. 9. pqnrm G~iseb. T. parpurmenar DU.' (Spn. T. hookerianus Bor) Gnari Khorsum, Tib. (Schhg.), near Salt Lake, Kashmir Prov. :Ferozepur Nulla (RRS 14798)' Rupshu (T.T., Lance 322, T.T.), 15-17000'. Naranag (RRS I~I~I),Sind Vy. at 7000' (Lev. 27397 S. regeliaaa Hack. in Clarkes nos.), Pahlgam (RRS 21625), Poonch, Tsakzhun Tso, Ladak [as 5'. mongolica] (Kz. Miruur, 2-8000'. 2386) ; Apharwat, Kashmir (RRS I o454), I 3-140p0'. Trisetum aeneum (Hk. f.) RRS S. mylei (Nees) M&. (Syn. Stipl: orthorophium Astor Vy. above Rattu (RRS 18470), Deosai (Du.), Steud.) Tilel Dt. :Kun Patthar & Lahan Gali (RRS), Kamri Kashmir-Sikkim :233). (FBI 7 Pass (RRS 18694, 18700') Badwan (RRS 1gz54), S. db&a (L.) Lamk. Tajwas Nala above Sonamarg (Du. 13646), Tulairi Gilgit *gen9 (RRS 26693)' Dras (Hazder- above Phalgam (RRS 21829), Gulmarg (RRS son). Poonch (RRS) ; Kashmir : very common in 10635), common on alpine meadows, 8-13000'. meadows and forest openings and very harmful for grazing animals, (~soo), 7-10000'. T. clarkei (Hk. f.) RRS S, ;rrpIendens Trin. Astor Dt.: Rama (RRS zzgoa), above Rattu (RRS Nubra Vy. (T.T.) ; Balti. : Skardo (Cl. I@), 18739) ; Kmhmir Rov. :Fras Nag (Rm 23198). Shigar (Cl. 3oqg6A), Braldo Vy. (HN,),Huehe Vy. lhdrawur (Ct. 31514). Pahlgam (RRS 21516, 11717)' ( W.6 N. 6@), Baltoro GI. (Nakao) ; Gilgit Exped. Gulmarg (RRS 10602a) etc. 8-12ooo'+ 19671 STEWART: THE GRASSES OF KABHM~R i33

%Msetum @caturn (L.) Richt. Upper Yarkhun Vy., Chitral (F. Schmid 24), Very common at high altitudes, Deosai, Gilgit, Shingo Vy., Balti. (Du.222011. Balti., Ladak, Zanskar and throughout Kashmir S. m~saOhwi. Province, 3-6000 m. Minipin-Chalt, Nagar, Gilgit Agency (Nakao, Triticm aestivum L. Type); Hindu Kush, Nazbar Vy. (Honda) ; Yasin Wheat is cultivated throughout, from the plains (Ogino), Dawalgan (Ogino). No specimen has been to 12000' in the inner Mts. Several types are used. sent to Kew for comparison. Urochloa panicoides P. Beauv. var. panicoidee Common monsoon grass in the plains and up to c. 5000' ; Nawal Nadi in Poonch (RRS) ; Rajaorie, KASHMIR GENERA WITH THE MOST TAXA Jumu Province (1123). U. panicoides var. pubescem (Kunth) Bor Agropyron 35, Agrostis I I, Alopecurus 7, Aristida Similar to the above variety. Distribution : Jhelum 7, Botkriochloa 5, Bromus 15, Calamagrostis 8, Cym- Vy. Rd. (RRS 10078) at Garhi: bopogon 6, Digitaria 14, Eragrostis 8, Erianthus 5, Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash. Festuca 13, Hordeurn 8, Lolizrm 7, Melica 8, Ory- Domel, Jhelum Vy. Rd. at c. 2300'. This is a zopsis g, Pennisstum 6, Poa 29, Puccinellia 8, Setarid plains species growing in wet soil. 6 and Stipa 19. Vulpia myuros (L.) Gmel. Trarkhel, Poonch (RRS 24896); Titwal, Lower SUMMARY Kishen. Vy. (RRS 177~1),Rampur Jhelum Vv. (RRS Adding up the number of taxa listed here the 12 I 27) ; below Gurais (RRS 42g7), Sonamarg (RRS total comes to 396. As a number of varieties and a 13623)) Srinagar (Du. 10844), Kangan (RRS 9689)) a few hybrids are included in the total the number weed in grain ficlds, 39000'. of species is about 369. I presume however that a Zea mays L. number of species have been overlooked and it may Maize is one of the most valuable crops in our well be thai when the area is thoroughly knoG area and in some places the chief crop. Plains to that it will be sllawn to have about 4m species. The c. 8000'. number of genera is large, 12I, being known so far. In making my totals I was surprised to find that DUBIAE no less than sixty genera are represented by a single Elymas chinen* ('Trin.) Keng. species. The grasses found in Kashmir are a mixed Tankse, Shyok Vy., 4275 m (Hend. & Hume). lot. A few as Ear as known at present are 'endemic E. gigantens Vahl and some an cosmopolitan. There are tropical Symbol. Bot. 3 : to, 1794. Central Karak. Mts., grasses, temperate Himalayan grasses, alpine ape- Askole 3 I oo m (Nakao), Paiju, 3300 m (Nakao), cies, Mediterranean species, Central Adan and det. Ohwi. Tibetan;' Poa atbuata Trin. This taxon Is omitted in Bor's Grasses but Willi- ams of the B. h1. refers two specimens from the REFERENCES Baltoro Glacier, Central Karak~rumscollected by BOR N. L. Tha Grams qf Bma, Cvlon, Tndia ad P&tm. Desio to this taxon. fP. attenuata of the FBI seems Pergamon Prm, London, 1960. to be scattered among several species in Bor]. -AND A. MELDERIS. Graminsue in &"boIac Stipa basieplumssa var. long--aristats Munro in Hk.f. some6 :36-94, name 1965 changes (Don affecting nbt list graaaca Kubmir of Kashmir). plan. but= FBI 7 :299. ~TWNNHANS. Beitrage zw Kenntnis dm Flora den W. Tib. (T.T.) & Toche Phirche, Justice Douglas Karakorum. Bot. Jdub. 85(2) : 259-328, 1966. in Wash. DC. Teste N. L. Bor is much closer Kitamma s. pbbof west P~L~~u~md Afgmishna Kyoto S. purpurea than to S. basi-plumosa. Univrrsity. Rssirlls of ~pdiikn10 th Karakmm rmd Hindu 5. mmmana Bor Kwh, 1955, 1964. "Covers the Pamirs" (Alcock) and to be expected Q~w~T,R. R. The Flato of the Daosai Plains. J. Pak Fw. . - -- 11(3) : 225-295.1961. in Ladak. WSBBZSRGWY L. am EUOENBNMZR. The Vegetatian nnd S. rfchteriana Kar. & Kir. var. &hHausskn. a Flora of the HW~CValley tKarakarum Mw]. IM. Born. 15(3) : 201-239, 1965.