SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF URBAN AMENITIES IN SRINAGAR CITY DISSERTATION Submitted to the University of Kashmir in partial fulfillment of Degree of Master of Philosophy In Geography By Jahangeer Afzal Parry Under the Supervision of Dr. Mohd Sultan Bhat (Professor & Head) DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT, University of Kashmir (DST-FIST Sponsored, SAP Assisted Department) Faculty of Physical and Material Sciences University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar-190006 (NAAC accredited Grade ‘A’) Department of Geography & Regional Development (DST-FIST Sponsored & UGC-SAP Funded Department) Certificate Certified that the dissertation entitled “Spatial Analysis of Urban Amenities in Srinagar City” submitted by Mr. Jahangeer Afzal Parry, in partial fulfillment for the award of M. Phil. Degree in Geography & Regional Development, is based on original research work carried out by him under my supervision and guidance. This dissertation has not been submitted in part or in full, to any University/Institution for the award of any degree or diploma. The candidate has fulfilled all the statutory requirements for the submission of the dissertation. Prof. M. Sultan Bhat (Supervisor and Head) Acknowledgement At the outset, all thanks to Almighty Allah for his mercy and magnanimity. I have accumulated a large number of debts in preparing this work. While a brief acknowledgement here in no way writes them off, it is a small courtesy whose sentiments are sincere. I express my deep sense of gratitude to my revered and affable supervisor Dr. M. Sultan Bhat, professor & Head, Department of Geography, whose hard work, sincere efforts, expert guidance and encouraging attitude provided me intellectual stimulation and emotional support during the course of the work. It is due to his creative guidance, great inspiration and sound criticism the present work is brought forward. I am thankful to other faculty members of the Department for their academic support and cooperation. Thanks to all supporting staff of the department, who assisted me in all respects while making this dissertation, especially Mr. Nissar A. Kuchay (Cartographer), Ab. Kareem (Librarian) and Mr. Ali Mohammad (H. Assistant). I owe a deep sense of gratitude to my best friend Mr. Showkat Ahmad Ganaie (Ph.D Scholar) who supported me tooth and nail and acted like a rock whenever I felt any problem during the course of the work. I am also thankful to my colleagues and friends especially Zahoor A Nengroo, Parvaiz A Tali, Aadil Manzoor, Zahoor-ul-Hassan, Tariq Ahmad, Arif A Shah, Hakim Farooq, Sajad Ahmad, Jahangir A Bhat, M. Imran Malik, Sabar A Thaker and Mudasir Bashir whose valuable suggestions helped me in finalizing the dissertation. My sincere thanks are also to various officials at Srinagar Municipal Corporation and Town Planning Department for their help and cooperation. This venture would have not been possible but for love, sacrifice, patience and encouragement of my parents. No words are enough to express my thanks to them. I shall be falling in my duties if I do not place on record my sincere and grateful thanks to all those authors and writers from whose writings I have been benefited. Jahangeer Afzal Parry CONTENTS PARTICULERS Page No. Certificate Acknowledgement Contents i-ii List of Tables iii List of Figures iv-v Chapter I INTRODUCTION 1-11 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Significance of the Study 1.3 Study Area 1.4 Objectives 1.5 Hypotheses 1.6 Database and Methodology Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 12-20 Chapter 3 STUDY AREA 21-42 3.1 Srinagar City- Spatial Framework 3.1.1 Geology 3.1.2 Climate and Soils 3.1.3 Drainage 3.1.4 Road Network 3.2 Srinagar City in Time and Space 3.2.1 Historical Growth 3.2.2 Urban Growth 3.2.3 Population Growth 3.2.4 Spatial Growth 3.3 Socio-cultural Setup 3.4 Administrative Divisions Chapter 4 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF URBAN AMENITIES 43-56 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Distribution of Socio-economic Amenities 4.2.1 Classification of Urban Amenities 4.2.2 Functional Categories of Public Amenities 4.3 Spatial Distribution of Urban Amenities 4.3.1 Educational Institutions 4.3.2 Healthcare facilities 4.3.3 Financial Institutions 4.3.4 Public Parks 4.3.5 Fire Service Stations 4.3.6 Electric Sub-Stations 4.3.7 Ration Depots 4.3.8 Solid waste Collection Points i Chapter 5 SPATIAL LOCATIONAL ANALYSIS OF URBAN 57-90 AMENITIES 5.1Spatial Locational analysis 5.1.1 Spatial Concentration Pattern of Urban Amenities 5.1.1.1 Colleges 5.1.1.2 Higher Secondary Schools 5.1.1.3 Schools (1ST – 10th) 5.1.1.4 Healthcare Facilities 5.1.1.5 Financial Institutions 5.1.1.6 Public Parks 5.1.1.7 Fire Service Stations 5.1.1.8 Electric sub-stations 5.1.1.9 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (L.P.G.) Godowns 5.1.1.10 Ration Depots 5.1.1.11 Solid waste collection points Chapter 6 SPATIAL DISPARITY OF URBAN AMENITIES IN 91-98 SRINAGAR CITY 6.1 Spatial Disparity 6.1.1 Colleges 6.1.2 Higher Secondary Schools 6.1.3 Schools (1ST – 10th) 6.1.4 Healthcare Facilities 6.1.5 Financial Institutions 6.1.6 Public Parks 6.1.7 Electric Sub Stations 6.1.8 Fire Service Stations 6.1.9 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (L.P.G.) Godowns 6.1.10 Ration Depots 6.1.11 Solid Waste Collection Points Chapter 7 IDENTIFICATION OF GAPS IN THE PROVISION OF 99-107 AMENITIES 7.1 Identification of Gaps in the Provision of Amenities 7.2 Comparison of Population Threshold of Basic Amenities in Srinagar City with UDPFI Standards 7.3 Planning for Provision of Urban Amenities Chapter 8 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 108-112 8.1 Conclusion 8.2 Main Findings 8.3 Suggestions REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 113-121 ii List of Tables Table No. Title of the Tables Page No. 3.1 Geological Succession of Srinagar area 22 3.2 Srinagar City: Population Growth (1901-2011) 37 3.3 Srinagar City- Spatial Growth (1901-2011) 38 4.1 Hierarchical Classification of Urban Amenities 45 4.2 Distribution of Urban Amenities in Srinagar City 47 5.1 Location Quotient of Colleges 58 5.2 Location Quotient of Higher Secondary Schools 61 5.3 Location Quotient of Schools (1st-10th) 64 5.4 Location Quotient of Healthcare Facilities 67 5.5 Location Quotient of Financial institutions 70 5.6 Location Quotient of Parks 73 5.7 Location Quotient of Fire Service Stations 76 5.8 Location Quotient of Electric Sub-Stations 79 5.9 Location Quotient of L.P.G Godowns 82 5.10 Location Quotient of Ration Depots 85 5.11 Location Quotient of Solid waste collection points 88 6.1 Gini’s Coefficient 97 7.1 Weightage of each unit of different Amenities 99 7.2 Weighted Score of Amenities 99 7.3 Population thresholds of Amenities given by UDPFI 103 7.4 Existing Threshold of Urban Amenities in Srinagar City 103 7.5 Composite Index of Urban Amenities 105 iii List of Figures Fig. No. Title of the Figures Page No. 1.1 Study Area Map 6 1.2 Lorenz Curve and Gini’s Coefficient 10 1.3 Flow chart showing Methodological framework of the study 11 3.1 Altitude Zonation Map of Study area 22 3.2 Geology Map of Study area 24 3.3 Drainage Map of Study area 26 3.4 Road Map of Study area 28 3.5 Important Capital Sites of Kashmir Valley 29 3.6 Evolution of Srinagar City 33 3.7 Srinagar City: Spatio-temporal Growth 38 3.8 Ward map of Srinagar City 42 4.1 Functional Classification of Urban Amenities 46 4.2 Spatial Distribution of Educational Institutions 49 4.3 Spatial Distribution of Health Institutions 50 4.4 Spatial Distribution of Financial Institutions 51 4.5 Spatial Distribution of Public Parks 52 4.6 Spatial Distribution of Fire Service Stations 53 4.7 Spatial Distribution of Electric Sub-stations 54 4.8 Spatial Distribution of Ration Depots 55 4.9 Spatial Distribution of Solid waste collection points 56 5.1 Spatial Concentration Pattern of Colleges 60 5.2 Spatial Concentration Pattern of Higher Secondary Schools 63 5.3 Spatial Concentration Pattern of Schools (1st-10th) 66 5.4 Spatial Concentration Pattern of Health Institutions 69 5.5 Spatial Concentration Pattern of Financial Institutions 72 5.6 Spatial Concentration Pattern of Public Parks 75 5.7 Spatial Concentration Pattern of Fire Service Stations 78 5.8 Spatial Concentration Pattern of Electric Sub-stations 81 5.9 Spatial Concentration Pattern of L.P.G godowns 84 5.10 Spatial Concentration Pattern of Ration Depots 87 5.11 Spatial Concentration Pattern of Solid waste Collection points 90 iv 6.1 Spatial Disparity of Colleges 91 6.2 Spatial Disparity of Higher Secondary Schools 92 6.3 Spatial Disparity of Schools (1st-10th) 92 6.4 Spatial Disparity of Healthcare Facilities 93 6.5 Spatial Disparity of Financial Institutions 93 6.6 Spatial Disparity of Public Parks 94 6.7 Spatial Disparity of Electric Sub-stations 94 6.8 Spatial Disparity of Fire Service Stations 95 6.9 Spatial Disparity of L.P.G godowns 95 6.10 Spatial Disparity of Ration Depots 96 6.11 Spatial Disparity of Solid waste collection points 96 6.12 Gini’s Coefficient 97 7.1 Spatial Concentration Index of Amenities (2011) 101 7.2 Srinagar City: Buffer Map of Urban Amenities 102 7.3 Prioritization Map 107 v Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 INTRODUCTION Human life and development is based on the extent to which man can satisfy the basic needs such as food, clothing, shelter and water.