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THE DIGITAL FUTURE OF THE UNITED STATES HEARINGS BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND THE INTERNET OF THE COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND COMMERCE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED TENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION MARCH 1, 7, APRIL 19, 24, MAY 10, OCTOBER 2, 2007 Serial No. 110–10 ( Printed for the use of the Committee on Energy and Commerce energycommerce.house.gov VerDate 11-SEP-98 10:59 May 06, 2008 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 6011 Sfmt 6011 Q:\DOCS\110-10 SCOM1 PsN: SCOM1 THE DIGITAL FUTURE OF THE UNITED STATES HEARINGS BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND THE INTERNET OF THE COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND COMMERCE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED TENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION MARCH 1, 7, APRIL 19, 24, MAY 10, OCTOBER 2, 2007 Serial No. 110–10 ( Printed for the use of the Committee on Energy and Commerce energycommerce.house.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 39–604 PDF WASHINGTON : 2007 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate 11-SEP-98 10:59 May 06, 2008 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 Q:\DOCS\110-10 SCOM1 PsN: SCOM1 THE DIGITAL FUTURE OF THE UNITED STATES VerDate 11-SEP-98 10:59 May 06, 2008 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 6019 Sfmt 6019 Q:\DOCS\110-10 SCOM1 PsN: SCOM1 COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND COMMERCE JOHN D. DINGELL, Michigan, Chairman HENRY A. WAXMAN, California JOE BARTON, Texas EDWARD J. MARKEY, Massachusetts Ranking Member RICK BOUCHER, Virginia RALPH M. HALL, Texas EDOLPHUS TOWNS, New York J. DENNIS HASTERT, Illinois FRANK PALLONE, JR., New Jersey FRED UPTON, Michigan BART GORDON, Tennessee CLIFF STEARNS, Florida BOBBY L. RUSH, Illinois NATHAN DEAL, Georgia ANNA G. ESHOO, California ED WHITFIELD, Kentucky BART STUPAK, Michigan BARBARA CUBIN, Wyoming ELIOT L. ENGEL, New York JOHN SHIMKUS, Illinois ALBERT R. WYNN, Maryland HEATHER WILSON, New Mexico GENE GREEN, Texas JOHN B. SHADEGG, Arizona DIANA DEGETTE, Colorado CHARLES W. ‘‘CHIP’’ PICKERING, Vice Chairman Mississippi LOIS CAPPS, California VITO FOSSELLA, New York MIKE DOYLE, Pennsylvania STEVE BUYER, Indiana JANE HARMAN, California GEORGE RADANOVICH, California TOM ALLEN, Maine JOSEPH R. PITTS, Pennsylvania JAN SCHAKOWSKY, Illinois MARY BONO, California HILDA L. SOLIS, California GREG WALDEN, Oregon CHARLES A. GONZALEZ, Texas LEE TERRY, Nebraska JAY INSLEE, Washington MIKE FERGUSON, New Jersey TAMMY BALDWIN, Wisconsin MIKE ROGERS, Michigan MIKE ROSS, Arkansas SUE WILKINS MYRICK, North Carolina DARLENE HOOLEY, Oregon JOHN SULLIVAN, Oklahoma ANTHONY D. WEINER, New York TIM MURPHY, Pennsylvania JIM MATHESON, Utah MICHAEL C. BURGESS, Texas G.K. BUTTERFIELD, North Carolina MARSHA BLACKBURN, Tennessee CHARLIE MELANCON, Louisiana JOHN BARROW, Georgia BARON P. HILL, Indiana PROFESSIONAL STAFF DENNIS B. FITZGIBBONS, Chief of Staff GREGG A. ROTHSCHILD, Chief Counsel SHARON E. DAVIS, Chief Clerk BUD ALBRIGHT, Minority Staff Director (II) VerDate 11-SEP-98 10:59 May 06, 2008 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 8486 Sfmt 8486 Q:\DOCS\110-10 SCOM1 PsN: SCOM1 SUBCOMMITTEE ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND THE INTERNET EDWARD J. MARKEY, Massachusetts, Chairman MIKE DOYLE, Pennsylvania FRED UPTON, Michigan JANE HARMAN, California Ranking Minority Member CHARLES A. GONZALEZ, Texas J. DENNIS HASTERT, Illinois JAY INSLEE, Washington CLIFF STEARNS, Florida BARON P. HILL, Indiana NATHAN DEAL, Georgia RICK BOUCHER, Virginia BARBARA CUBIN, Wyoming EDOLPHUS TOWNS, New York JOHN SHIMKUS, Illinois FRANK PALLONE, JR., New Jersey HEATHER WILSON, New Mexico BART GORDON, Tennessee CHARLES W. ‘‘CHIP’’ PICKERING, BOBBY L. RUSH, Illinois Mississippi ANNA G. ESHOO, California VITO FOSELLA, New York BART STUPAK, Michigan GEORGE RADANOVICH, California ELIOT L. ENGEL, New York MARY BONO, California GENE GREEN, Texas GREG WALDEN, Oregon LOIS CAPPS, California LEE TERRY, Nebraska HILDA L. SOLIS, California MIKE FERGUSON, New Jersey JOHN D. DINGELL, Michigan (ex officio) JOE BARTON, Texas (ex officio) (III) VerDate 11-SEP-98 10:59 May 06, 2008 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 Q:\DOCS\110-10 SCOM1 PsN: SCOM1 VerDate 11-SEP-98 10:59 May 06, 2008 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00006 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 Q:\DOCS\110-10 SCOM1 PsN: SCOM1 C O N T E N T S MARCH 1, 2007—THE FUTURE OF THE WORLD WIDE WEB Page Barton, Hon. Joe, a Representative in Congress from the State of Texas, opening statement ................................................................................................ 4 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 4 Dingell, Hon. John D., a Representative in Congress from the State of Michi- gan, opening statement ....................................................................................... 5 Doyle, Hon. Mike, a Representative in Congress from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, opening statement ................................................................... 6 Eshoo, Hon. Anna G., a Representative in Congress from the State of Califor- nia, opening statement ........................................................................................ 3 Green, Hon. Gene, a Representative in Congress from the State of Texas, opening statement ................................................................................................ 8 Harman, Hon. Jane, a Representative in Congress from the State of Califor- nia, opening statement ........................................................................................ 7 Hill, Hon. Baron P., a Representative in Congress from the State of Indiana, opening statement ................................................................................................ 9 Markey, Hon. Edward J., a Representative in Congress from the Common- wealth of Massachusetts, opening statement .................................................... 1 Stearns, Hon. Cliff, a Representative in Congress from the State of Florida, opening statement ................................................................................................ 7 Towns, Hon. Edolphus, a Representative in Congress from the State of New York, prepared statement .................................................................................... 9 Upton, Hon. Fred, a Representative in Congress from the State of Michigan, opening statement ................................................................................................ 2 WITNESS Berners-Lee, Timothy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA ......................................................................................................................... 10 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 33 MARCH 7, 2007—THE FUTURE OF RADIO Barton, Hon. Joe, a Representative in Congress from the State of Texas, opening statement ................................................................................................ 48 Boucher, Hon. Rick, a Representative in Congress from the Commonwealth of Virginia, opening statement ............................................................................ 59 Deal, Hon. Nathan, a Representative in Congress from the State of Georgia, opening statement ................................................................................................ 58 Dingell, Hon. John D., a Representative in Congress from the State of Michi- gan, opening statement ....................................................................................... 46 Doyle, Hon. Mike, a Representative in Congress from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, opening statement ................................................................... 49 Engel, Hon. Eliot L., a Representative in Congress from the State of New York, opening statement ...................................................................................... 60 Eshoo, Hon. Anna G., a Representative in Congress from the State of Califor- nia, opening statement ........................................................................................ 52 Ferguson, Hon. Mike, a Representative in Congress from the State of New Jersey, opening statement ................................................................................... 57 Green, Hon. Gene, a Representative in Congress from the State of Texas, opening statement ................................................................................................ 53 Harman, Hon. Jane, a Representative in Congress from the State of Califor- nia, opening statement ........................................................................................ 50 (V) VerDate 11-SEP-98 10:59 May 06, 2008 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00007 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 Q:\DOCS\110-10 SCOM1 PsN: SCOM1 VI Page Markey, Hon. Edward J., a Representative in Congress from the Common- wealth of Massachusetts, opening statement .................................................... 43 Shimkus, Hon. John, a Representative in Congress from the State of Illinois, opening statement ................................................................................................ 50 Stearns, Hon. Cliff, a Representative in Congress from the State of Florida, opening statement ................................................................................................ 55 Stupak, Hon. Bart, a Representative in Congress from the State of Michigan, opening statement