Final Report Presentation of the Grant Cláudia Sousa Memorial Fund 2015

Final Report

Presentation of the Grant

Cláudia Sousa Memorial Fund

2015

Grant by: Prof. Tetsuro Matsuzawa Supervisor: Prof. Misato Hayashi Tutor: Renata Mendonça Recipient: Raquel Costa

Acknowledgements

I wish to express my gratitude to Prof. Tetsuro Matsuzawa, Prof. Misato Hayashi and Renata Mendonça for their guidance and patience; to my colleagues for their valuable help during my stay. I’m very thankful to Japan Society for the Promotion of Science for supporting this training. I’m also grateful to the PWS program, for allowing me to participate in the field courses and all people I had the pleasure and luck to work with in Japan.

Table of contents

1. Cláudia: the person and the primatologist ...... 1

2. Application process to the “Cláudia Sousa Memorial Fund” ...... 3

3. Primate Research Institute and Primatology in Japan ...... 4

4. Research and other activities in PRI ...... 6

a. PRI Seminars ...... 6

b. Research Project: The impact of the change of facilities on a group of

chimpanzees at the Primate Research Institute of Kyoto University ...... 7

c. Genome Course ...... 14

5. Zoological Parks in Aichi and Kyoto Prefectures ...... 16

a. Japan Monkey Centre ...... 16

b. Higashiyama Zoo and Botanical Gardens ...... 17

c. Kyoto City Zoo ...... 18

6. Travelling ...... 20

a. Kumamoto Sanctuary ...... 20

b. Primate and Wildlife Science (PWS) Courses ...... 21

c. Iriomote Islands Tour ...... 28

d. Uganda, the “Pearl of Africa”...... 31

7. Conference: SAGA 18 Kyoto ...... 37

8. Sites of reference ...... 38

9. References ...... 39

Figures’ Index

Figure 1. Cláudia Sousa (1975-2014)...... 1 Figure 2. Dr. Imanishi and his students. Itani Junichiro Archives ...... 4 Table 1. List of PRI’s seminars, which student’s can attend ...... 6 Figure 3. Comparison between enclosures of the behaviours which presented a significant change ...... 10 Table 2. Number of sessions per individual per enclosure ...... 10 Figure 4. Ai’s activity budget in the green cage ...... 11 Figure 5. Akira’s activity budget in the green cage ...... 11 Figure 6. Ayumo’s activity budget in the green cage...... 11 Figure 7. Chloe’s activity budget in the green cage ...... 11 Figure 8. Cleo’s activity budget in the green cage ...... 12 Figure 9. Mary’s activity budget in the green cage ...... 12 Figure 10. Pan’s activity budget in the green cage ...... 12 Figure 11. Pendesa’s activity budget in the green cage ...... 12 Figure 12. Space use in the green cage, frequency distributed by floors ...... 12 Figure 13. Preparation of samples ...... 14 Figure 14. Electrophoresis ...... 15 Figure 15. Assay procedure ...... 15 Figure 16. JMC entrance in 1957. From the left: Mr. Hirose Shin, Dr. Itani and three visitors. Itani Junichiro Archives ...... 16 Figure 17. First edition of Primates journal. Itani Junichiro Archives ...... 17 Figure 18. Chimpanzees playing at Hagashiyama Zoo ...... 17 Figure 19. Infant gorilla at Hagashiyama Zoo ...... 17 Figure 20. Bush dog enrichment at Hagashiyama Zoo ...... 18 Figure 21. Marmoset feeding at Hagashiyama Zoo ...... 18 Figure 22. Green frog at Hagashiyama Zoo...... 18 Figure 23. Gorillas’ family at Hagashiyama Zoo ...... 18 Figure 24, 25, 26. Early photos of Kyoto City Zoo (Kyoto City Zoo Website) ...... 18 Figure 27. White handed gibbons at Kyoto Zoo ...... 19 Figure 28. Elephants bathing at Kyoto Zoo ...... 19 Figure 29. Vijay, male bonobos at KS...... 20 iii

Figure 30. Louise, female bonobo at KS ...... 20 Figure 31. Enrichment structure at KS...... 20 Figure 32. Enrichment structure at KS...... 21 Figure 33. Researchers, students and keepers in KS ...... 21 Figure 34. Enrichment structure at KS ...... 21 Figure 35. Sunset at KS...... 21 Figure 36. Dinner at the Sasagamine Hütte ...... 22 Figure 37. Kyoto University Sasagamine Hütte (cabin) in Myoko-kogen, Nigata Prefecture...... 22 Figure 38. Small stream in Sasagamine ...... 22 Figure 39. A grasshopper found near Sasagamine Hütte ...... 23 Figure 40. Students in the second day of the field course ...... 23 Figure 41. Mountain view from the Sasagamine Hütte ...... 23 Figure 42. Mountain view from near the top of Mount Hiuchi ...... 23 Figure 43. Water drinking fountain in a small stream in Sasagamine ...... 23 Figure 44. Ancient monument in Sasagamine ...... 23 Figure 45. Mountain view in Sasagamine ...... 24 Figure 46. River stream view in Sasagamine ...... 24 Figure 47. Domestic cows grazing ...... 24 Figure 48. Japanese four-lined rat snake ...... 24 Figure 49. Changing of the season in Sasagamine ...... 24 Figure 50. A male Japanese macaque feeding of insects ...... 24 Figure 51. Mountain view from of the Mount Hiuchi’s summit ...... 25 Figure 52. Students in the summit of Mount Hiuchi...... 25 Figure 53. Lecture on bivouac uses and functioning ...... 25 Figure 54, 55. Lecture on rope work...... 25 Figure 56. Japanese macaques grooming in the road in Yakushima Island (Seibu Rindo)...... 26 Figure 57. Japanese macaque in Yakushima Island (Seibu Rindo) ...... 26 Figure 58. Japanese macaques grooming of Seibu Rindo, Yakushima Island ...... 27 Figure 59. An infant Yaku deer in Seibu Rindo, Yakushima Island ...... 27 Figure 60. Adult and infant Japanese macaques in the road of Seibu Rindo, Yakushima Island...... 27 iv

Figure 61. A group of Japanese macaques in the road of Seibu Rindo, Yakushima Island...... 27 Figure 62. A Yaku cedar in Shiratani Unsuiko Park, Yakushima ...... 27 Figure 63. Senpironotaki Waterfall view in Shiratani Unsuiko Park, Yakushima Island… ...... 27 Figure 64. Okonotaki Waterfall, Yakushima ...... 27 Figure 65. A small waterfall in the forest of Shiratani Unsuiko Park, Yakushima Island… ...... 28 Figure 66. A male Japanese macaque feeding in Seibu Rindo, Yakushima Island ...... 28

Figure 67. Flora in Iriomote-Ishigaki National Park ...... 29 Figure 68. Urauchi River Cruise ...... 29 Figure 69. Specimen of Iriomote Cat (taxidermy) in Iriomote Wildlife Conservation Center ...... 29 Figure 70. Mariyudō-no-taki: Waterfall on the Urauchi River, Iriomote ...... 29 Figure 71. Specimen of several species found in Iriomote Island (taxidermy) in Iriomote Wildlife Conservation Center ...... 29 Figure 72. Iriomote landscape...... 29 Figure 73. Mangrove, Iriomote ...... 30 Figure 74. Coral reef in Hoshizuna-no-hama, Iriomote ...... 30 Figure 75. Dinner at a local dinner ...... 30 Figure 76. Sunset harbor scene, Iriomote ...... 30 Figure 77. Lantana flower, Iriomote...... 30 Figure 78. Traditional house at Ishigaki Yaima Village, Ishigaki ...... 30 Figure 79. Infant squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis) at Ishigaki Yaima Village, Ishigaki ...... 31 Figure 80. Mangrove at Ishigaki Yaima Village, Ishigaki ...... 31 Figure 81. Life representation at Ishigaki Yaima Village, Ishigaki ...... 31 Figure 82. Life representation at Ishigaki Yaima Village, Ishigaki ...... 31 Figure 83. Infant chimpanzee at Ngamba Island ...... 32 Figure 84. Female chimpanzee at Ngamba Island ...... 32 Figure 85. Spur-Winged Lapwing at Ngamba Island ...... 33 Figure 86. Lake Victoria view at Ngamba Island ...... 33 v

Figure 87. Habiyanja silver-back, Bwindi ...... 34 Figure 88. Habiyanja black-back and infant, Bwindi ...... 34 Figure 89. Local children, Bwindi ...... 34 Figure 90. Infant in Habiyanja’s group, Bwindi ...... 34 Figure 91. Local children, Bwindi ...... 34 Figure 92. Mother and infant in Mubare’s group, Bwindi ...... 34 Figure 93. Male lion, Queen Elizabeth NP ...... 35 Figure 94. Ugandan buck, Queen Elizabeth NP ...... 35 Figure 95. Infant baboon, Queen Elizabeth NP ...... 35 Figure 96. Elephant Queen Elizabeth NP ...... 35 Figure 97. Group photo at Bwindi NP ...... 35 Figure 98. Infant hippo, Queen Elizabeth NP ...... 35 Figure 99. Male leopard at Uganda Wildlife Education Centre, Entebbe ...... 36 Figure 100. Male lion at Uganda Wildlife Education Centre, Entebbe ...... 36 Figure 101. Shoebill crane at Uganda Wildlife Education Centre, Entebbe ...... 36 Figure 102. Chimpanzees’ group at Uganda Wildlife Education Centre, Entebbe ...... 36 Figure 103. SAGA 18 advertising poster...... 37

1. Cláudia: the person and the primatologist

Even before the first class I attended lectured by Prof. Claudia Sousa in 2011, I was well aware of her work and her scientific reputation. Actually, both Professors Claudia and Susana Carvalho, were the reasons for my master application at University of Coimbra. During those academics years, Prof. Claudia an inspiring figure. She had an outstanding career, pioneering several topics in primate behaviour research. She was committed, as well as passionate about her work and she had a unique approach to primate conservation. Fig. 1. Cláudia Sousa (1975-2014) Her will to take risks took her to Japan (CRIA). where, in the very first years of her career, she developed brand new theories about the use of tokens as reward and as tools in captivity. She described tokens as “symbolic tools” (pp. 413) with exchangeability characteristic, aiming to infer cognitive skills and food preferences and preference for non food items, demonstrating that chimpanzees “can evaluate the costs and benefits of their actions, maximizing their choices” (pp 429) “and adjusting their behaviour accordingly” (pp. 434) (Sousa and Matsuzawa, 2006). This token system method allowed further analysis of social learning, in particular the social transmission of skills from mother to infant and the intrinsic motivation to copy (Sousa et al., 2003). But Prof. Claudia also studied tool use in wild chimpanzees of Bossou. She focused on the use of leaves to drink water, assembling important knowledge about laterality and social learning and, as a result, revalidating the idea of culture transmission across generations and communities in chimpanzees (Sousa, 2011; Sousa et al., 2009; Biro et al., 2006). She also wrote about the role of emotion and social cognition of emotion (Bard et al., 2004) and later in her career, she focused on human impact over wild chimpanzees populations, in particular in Guinea Bissau (e.g. Hockings and Sousa, 2012, 2013; Sousa et al., 2014; Sousa and Frazão-Moreira, 2010), developing conflict-mitigation

strategies in support of both wildlife and local people, integrating sustainable managing of protected areas and local socioeconomic development. For instance, some of her latest work, focused on chimpanzee nesting behaviour and ecology, an effort to underline deforestation as major concern to this species conservation. Her reputation was even reflected in the several scientific associations and societies she was part of (APP (president), CRIA (founding member), APA, SPE, IPS, APE, ISE). In the meantime, she took the time to lecture at the Nova University of Lisbon and at University of Coimbra. I meet her in the later, attended classes and I first told her about my wish of becoming a primatologist. She was committed to help Portuguese students pursuing international careers within the field. She knew of the limitations that existed in Portugal but she had hope that a joint education and training with the Kyoto University could help the Portuguese students to continue their studies and, perhaps, make a bridge between the two countries. However, in my case, I took some failed attempts to finally reach Japan. After some difficulties with my first Master thesis proposal, Prof. Claudia immediately helped me with a second research plan, with the same energy - no matter what personal problems she had, she didn’t let those problems influence her work and consequently I felt always secure and well guided. When I concluded my Master dissertation (in Portugal), Prof. Claudia continued to push me further – she suggested and guided me through the Monbukagakusho (MEXT) scholarship application for a PhD in Japan. Unfortunately, I didn’t get the scholarship and my dream had to be delayed once more. But Prof. Claudia did not give up on me and kept offering invaluable help. Sadly, our projects were interrupted. Too soon. This Fund in her memory, it is more than just to honour her career. This is the continuation of her work and efforts. She lives through her students who admired her and were inspired by her. And miss her very much.

2. Application process to the “Cláudia Sousa Memorial Fund”

This section aims to help the next students through the application process. This fund intends to encourage and inspire Portuguese students to engage in Primatology. It targets students and junior researchers in an early stage of their career, looking for the opportunity to carry out an internship in one of the most important Primate’s research laboratories in the world. One student, interested in pursuing a scientific career in Primatology, will be given the chance to engage in the Primate Research Institute’s activities (Inuyama, Japan) and at the same time, experience the Japanese culture. Portuguese graduate and under-graduate students may apply to this grant, with the permission from their course lead or supervisor. A grant will cover one round-trip, travel expenses in Japan, accommodation and a stipend. Students may chose to stay 1 and 3 months in Japan, and during the stay, are expected to participate in the ongoing research activities, attend seminars and visit key places for the study of primates in Japan. Applicant should submit in one single file (English) with:  applicant’s name, affiliation, career stage, two names of referees (with affiliation and e-mail) and proposed duration and schedule of the grant;  cover letter directed to the selection panel, describing Prof. Cláudia career and how her work have inspired the applicant,  updated CV.

For further information, please visit: http://langint.pri.kyoto- u.ac.jp/ai/en/claudia/

3. Primate Research Institute and Primatology in Japan

Primatology in Japan had an early start by the hand of Dr. Kinji Imanishi in the 1940s. Unlike other industrialized countries, Japan has a combination of two vital factors for the study of primates: an important part of its territory is evergreen and its natural fauna includes an endemic Fig. 2. Dr. Imanishi and his students (Itani Junichiro primate species, the Japanese monkey Archives). (Macaca fuscata). Research in Japanese monkeys started in 1948 by command of Kyoto University who is until today one of the most highly regard and dynamic institution for Primatological research (Huffman et al. 2013). In these very first years of development of Primatology in the country, a pioneering research team from Kyoto University, made their first outstanding discovery in Koshima Island, one that would change the way that humans see other primates and would be the centre of discussion until our days. This team was leaded by Dr. Imanishi, composed by Dr. Masao Kawai, Dr. Shunzo Kawamura, and Dr. Junichiro Itani (Huffman et al. 2013). Researchers were at that time provisioning the macaques for a closer observation of their behaviour when, in 1953, a young female started to wash the sand off the sweet potatoes given by the researchers and later, washing it with seawater for a saltier taste (Kawai, 1965). This amazing behaviour soon spread to the others group members and latter through generations, and being now performed by all individuals of the group. For the first time, the term ‘culture’ was associated with other species beside the human species. In fact, the debate over the phenomena of “pre-culture” (used by Kawai) or “sub-culture” (used by Kawamura and Imanishi) in macaques were the starting point for the subsequent international massive research on social learning and traditions in primates (Kawai, 1965). Back in Inuyama, due to the effort and dedication of Dr. Imanishi and colleagues, the Primate Research Institute of Kyoto University (KUPRI) was established in 1967. This institute is one of the most prominent centres for Primatological research in the world, covering several areas of the field, such as 4

biology, behaviour, cognitive and socio-ecological features of primates, aiming also to uncover the human mind and its evolution. This institute played a vital role for the development of comparative cognitive science. The main subject of this discipline is our closest living relative, the chimpanzee. With this purpose, Dr. Kiyoko Murofushi, Dr. Toshio Asano, Dr. Tetsuya Kojima and Dr. Tetsuro Matsuzawa founded in 1978 the Ai Project. For the first time researchers focus was not simply on teaching symbols to chimpanzees, but instead, they were trying to understand the actual learning process – “the perceptual and cognitive basis of language-like skills” (Matsuzawa, 2003: 5). In other words, understand how animals see the world. But overseas, Japanese researchers were also pioneers regarding wild habitat primate research. In the 1958, Dr. Imanishi and Dr. Itani went for the first time to equatorial Africa to conduct a pilot survey of gorillas, funded by Japan Monkey Centre Institute and Museum of Primatology (Itani Junichiro arquives web). Ever since, Japanese research teams have conducted long-term research in several points of Africa. In one of the first crusades, in 1960s, Dr. Toshisada Nishida succeeded in habituating chimpanzees to close human presence in Kasogue, Mahale Mountains (Tanzania). Later he came to report that different chimpanzee’ communities presented differences in tool- use such as ant fishing (Nishida, 1973). More recently, major findings on tool use behaviour were made in a habituated chimpanzee community in Bossou, where Dr. Yukimaru Sugiyama arrived for the first time in 1976 (Matsuzawa, 2003). In sum, several long term research sites in Africa territory are being run by Japanese teams such as Bossou, Mahale, Wamba, Kalinzu and Kahuzi. Comparing studies of both “indoor laboratory” and “outdoor laboratory” presents a unique and real opportunity to test preconceived theories and to understand the processes underlying behavioural processes. This may well be the best way to shed light on some current scientific questions and launch the discussion of several others. In that line, KUPRI has now two new centers aiming to break boundaries and bring together young and senior researchers for all over the world. Both CICASP (International Course in Primatology and Wildlife Research, 2009) and PWS (Leading Graduate Program in Primatology and Wildlife Science, 2013) aim to boost international collaboration and to grew a new generation of skilled experts in wildlife, conservation, welfare and education.

4. Research and other activities in PRI

a. Seminars in PRI

In PRI, students and interns have the opportunity to attend several seminars, both from senior researchers and students. Seminars aim to launch discussion and debate over the ongoing research being conducted in PRI. These events are also a great opportunity to students to have some feedback and comments on their research.

Seminars schedule is:

Table 1. List of PRI’s seminars, which student’s can attend. Section Day Cellular and Molecular Biology Monday Journal reading club Monday Ecology Tuesday (1-3 pm) Psychology Tuesday (5-6 pm) CICASP Wednesday

Some examples of seminars I’ve attended during my stay in PRI:

1. “Secondary sexual traits, sexual selection and parasites” by Lucie Rigaill; 2. “Underlying drivers of deforestation and forest transition” by Nobuo Imai; 3. “Pied-tamarin, common squirrel monkey and gold-faced saki: comparison of their diets and the potential as primary seed disperser” by Makiko Take; 4. “Evaluating stress in male Japanese macaques living under two different types of outdoor enclosures: vegetated vs. non-vegetated” by Josué Pastrano; 5. “Object and color categorization in chimpanzees: progress report” by Gabriela Melo; 6. “Preserving migratory species and their habitats in Mexico: opportunities and challenges of International cooperation” by Laura Martinez; 7. “Wildlife DNA forensics” by Dr. Rob Ogden;

8. “Endocrinology of pregnancy and fetal loss in nonhuman primates” by Rafaela Sayuri; 9. Presbyopia in old wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) by Heungjin Ryu; 10. “Who is doing what to whom? Japanese macaques detect coherent chaser and chased from an ambiguous display” By Takashi Atsumi; 11. “Eco-genomics in Primates” by Takashi Hayakawa; 12. “Mother-offspring interactions and immature behaviour in wild Borneo orangutans in Malaysian Borneo: implications for orangutan development” by Renata Mendonça; 13. “Enrichment and welfare of captive non-human primates” by John Sha.

b. Research Project: The impact of the change of facilities on a group of chimpanzees at the Primate Research Institute of Kyoto University

Introduction Captive environments impose limitations to the behavioural opportunities available to their inhabitants (Hosey, 2005). Adequate conditions demand complex environments which are related to the expression of natural behaviour repertoire (Mallapur, 2008). Although historically the amount of space provided has been emphasized, more recently the importance of the quality of space has been realized. In fact, understanding how animals integrate their surroundings and how they use the available space is critical to improve the existing captive management practices, enclosure design and ultimately, animal welfare (Estevez and Christman, 2006; Ross et al., 2011). However, few studies quantify captive animals’ space use (e.g. Jensvold et al., 2001 for chimpanzees, Ross et al. 2011 for chimpanzees and gorillas; Stoinski et al., 2001 for gorillas). In the case of the chimpanzee, this knowledge acquires even more significance as chimpanzees are characterized by a fusion-fission social system, meaning that opportunity to group division may play a role on social dynamic, health and welfare of individuals. This study aims to document the behaviour of 8 captive chimpanzees at Primate Research Institute to the new enclosure (Green cage) compared to the old facilities (Grey cages). We wish to assess the changes on the space occupation 7

and activities of the different individuals of the chimpanzee group. We are presenting the preliminary results of our ongoing research, focusing on the green cage.

Study site and methods The present study was conducted at Primate Research Institute. The captive group of resident chimpanzees at PRI include, at the moment, 9 females and 3 males, divided by two subgroups: Akira (8 individuals), Gon’s group (3 individuals) and one individual isolated for rehabilitation purposes. The old facilities include two Grey cages (an East Sunroom, W9.9m x D13.3m x H10.0m, and a West Sunroom, W9.8m x D13.3m x H10.0m), an Open-air enclosure and the new Green cage (W14.2m x D19.5m x H15.7m). Each group has daily access to one of the grey cages. Akira’s group may also occupy the green cage. However concerning the access to the open air enclosure, and because the two groups cannot share that space simultaneously, a schedule for accessing the open-air enclosure was designed as follows:  Akira’s group: Tuesday and Thursday,  Gon’s group: Monday, Wednesday and Friday. The behavioural data was collected 1 to 3 times per day by three researchers (Anne-Claire, Prof. Misato Hayashi and Raquel Costa) in the possession of a Certificate of Husbandry and Experiments on Primates. Baseline was collected for both groups by Anne-Claire during the summer of 2015. After the opening of the green cage (October, 8th, 2015), data was collected by Prof. Misato Hayashi and Raquel Costa focusing only on Akira’s group until December the 9th. Data was coded, with the support of a cam- corder, using instantaneous scan sampling every 15 seconds (10 minutes focal per session) of all animals visible to the researcher, based on a behavioural catalogue of 20 behaviours and the facilities mapping. The focus period to collect data was 12-13h because during this time chimpanzees were not occupied by the ongoing cognitive experiments.

Statistical analysis To verify or disconfirm significant differences between the two conditions and individuals’ behaviours throughout the experiment, the software SPSS version 20 was 8

used for the statistical analysis. We have calculated a general rate of recurrence per animal per behaviour. We looked for significant changes in each behaviour. As data is non-normally distributed, we used non-parametric methods of analysis. We first used a Kruskal-Wallis test (comparing multiple independent samples) when comparing data collected in the summer (before the green cage) and data collected during the fall (including the green cage) concerning only the lunch time period. The same method was applied to explore data collected during the fall, including the tree cages and including all daily sessions. Because fall data base was collected by the author of this report, we will focus on this last. The significant differences (P< 0,005) given by this test were then explored by Mann-Whitney U test (comparing two enclosures at the time) in order to verify enrichment influence over animals’ behaviour.

Preliminary results

A. Brief comparison between summer and fall observations during lunch time period

When comparing behavioural data from last summer to data collected in the fall focusing on lunch time period, statistical analysis revealed significant differences (p<0.05): “interaction” (p=0.006) increased in the green cage as well as “move” (p=0.036) and “non-visible” (p=0.000). Moreover, “lay” behaviour showed the tendency to decrease in the green cage (p=0.005).

B. Analysis within the Green Cage Condition: Fall 2015

When we compare the behaviours occurred in the green and the grey cages during the fall observation period and considering the three sessions per day (morning, lunch time and afternoon), data showed that “chase” (p=0,01), “coprophagy” (p=0,011), “interaction” (p=0,024), “lay” (p=0.014) and “stand” (p=0,035) had a significant change. “Chase” (mean=0,004; SD=0,007) and “coprophagy” (mean=0,002; SD=0,003) occurred only during the green cage period. “Interaction” (mean=0,005; SD=0,012), lay (mean=0,196; SD=0,153) and “stand” (mean=0,003; SD=0,005) were higher in the 9

green cage and lower in the grey cage.

Figure 3. Comparison between enclosures of the behaviours which presented a significant change.

C. Individual differences in Activity, Inactivity, Interaction and Abnormal behaviour

This section aims to document the individual changes in activity, inactivity, interaction and abnormal behaviour in the green cage. Individual differences in the grey cage and in the open air enclosure will not be presented as data collected per individual, since they are not enough to establish a fair comparison. For example, there is almost no data collected in the grey cage for Pendesa and very little data was collected for Pan in the open air enclosure - the following table shows the number of sessions per individual and per enclosure.

Table. 2. Number of sessions per individual per enclosure. Green cage Grey cage Open air enclosure Total Ai 47 + ½* 3 + ½* 16 67 Akira 49 + 2(½)* 2 + 2(½)* 13 66 Ayumo 37 + 2(½)* 2 + 2(½)* 11 52 Chloe 28 + ½* 4 + ½* 11 44 Cleo 27 + 3(½)* 4 + 3(½)* 14 48

Mary 15 + ½* 4 12 + ½* 32 Pan 26 6 2 34 Pendesa 45 1 8 54

*Individuals would transfer between enclosures and so, sessions collected between two enclosures are counted as ½.

Instead, individual differences in the activity budget will be presented focusing on the green cage enclosure. However, when interpreting our preliminary results, caution should be taken due to the difference in the number of sessions between individuals. “Inactivity” was the predominant behaviour in almost all individuals, with stronger effect in Ai and Akira. Ayumo was the individual presenting higher levels of abnormal behaviours, followed by Pendesa, while Mary, Pan and Ai were never observed doing such behaviours. “Interaction” levels were greater in Chloe, Cleo and Mary. Cleo was also the most active individual in the group and she was actually more active and interactive than inactive during her sessions in the green cage.

Fig. 4. Ai’s activity budget in the green cage. Fig. 5. Akira’s activity budget in the green cage.

Fig. 6. Ayumo’s activity budget in the green cage. Fig. 7. Chloe’s activity budget in the green cage.

Fig. 8. Cleo’s activity budget in the green cage. Fig. 9. Mary’s activity budget in the green cage.

Fig. 10. Pan’s activity budget in the green cage. Fig. 11. Pendesa’s activity budget in the green cage.

D. Space use preliminary analysis

Data collected about the environmental features used by the chimpanzees show that all floors were used, inclusive ground floor and the tunnel to access others enclosures. However, the 4th floor is widely preferred. Note that the tunnel entrance is located in the 4th floor.

Fig. 12. Space use in the green cage, frequency distributed by floors.

Discussion This study aims to identify the patterns of chimpanzee’ behaviour and space use in the new enclosure, designed to increase space availability and complexity, in an attempt to improve animal’s welfare in PRI. Our preliminary results show that the new facility did indeed have an effect on chimpanzees’ behaviour. When comparing Akira’s group behaviour in the grey cage during summer, to data collected in green cage in the fall - and focusing on lunch time period - statistical analysis revealed that moving behaviour increased in the green cage while “lay” behaviour decreased. These tendencies reveal that animals were more active in the green cage, maybe because they were more prone to explore the new facility. On the other hand, “interaction” also increased in the green cage which is an indicator of an increase in group social dynamic. When we compare the behaviours occurred in the green and in the grey cages during the fall observation period, and considering the three sessions per day – meaning that the both enclosures are available simultaneously -, data show an increase in “interaction” behaviour and “chasing” behaviour in the green cage, matching with the previous comparison between summer and fall. However, data also show an increase in “lay” and “stand” behaviour (inactivity) and the emergence of “coprophagy” (abnormal behaviour). Caution should be taken when comparing these results as our data is biased towards the green cage – when presented with the opportunity to choose between grey and green cage, animals would normally prefer to stay in the green cage, unless it was too cold or raining. Consequently, we have more data in the green cage as shown in table 2. Individual analysis in the green cage reveals that individuals have different activity budgets. Particularly, Ai and Akira who were very inactive, Ayumo and Pendesa who presented abnormal behaviours (such as hair pulling and regurgitation), and Cleo and Chloe who interacted greatly by grooming (with each other and by providing grooming towards others). The fact that Chloe and Cleo were more prone to interact with others may be related with the hormonal changes (uninterrupted estrus cycle) that both individuals were experiencing. However Pan, enduring the same hormonal changes, did not present the same increase in interaction, which may be related to her low ranking position. Space analysis shows that chimpanzees used all floors but preferred the highest floors, a similar result to that of Jensvold et al., 2001 study. This was an expected result 13

related to the chimpanzees’ natural motivation for climbing. On the other hand, the fact that the 4th floor was the preferred place to be, may also be related to: 1) being the same floor connecting to the grey cage (and so, it’s closer to return to another space in case of disturbance in the green cage) and 2) possibly presenting a better view of the outside (the rhesus monkeys enclosure or the human passages and accesses). Another study, of Ross and colleagues 2011, found that apes (chimpanzees and gorillas) used small fractions of the available space in the enclosures, which is also in agreement with our results. However, this outcome does not suggest that captive chimpanzees do not need larger enclosures. In contrast, the freedom to chose where to stay and with whom, granted by larger and more complex environments, may play an important role in individual welfare. In the present case, the difference between the number of sessions of each individual (and authors’ personal observation) relates to the division of Akira’s group into sub-groups – in each observation period, some individuals were present in the green cage and therefore observed while others were not. So, it’s clear that individuals chose to be in the green cage depending on: 1) their preferred spot in the green cage; 2) the individuals that are already inside the enclosure. In that sense, even not fully used, the new space availability seems to have contributed greatly to the performance of chimpanzee’s natural fission-fusion system. In fact, as mentioned before, our data show an increase of “interaction” in the green cage compared to the grey cage, which suggest a more peaceful social dynamic within the group. Further research may clarify the details of these grouping patterns, correlating as well with social rank and estrus cycle. More data should be collected in the grey cage and the open air enclosure to complete our data base.

c. Genome Course (October, 26-30th, 2015)

The main focus of this genome course was to identify gender of Sika deers via DNA analysis. More specifically, we had to compare our results from the molecular analysis to our field observations of the animal’s Raquel Costa Fig. 13. Preparation of samples.

gender. During this genome course, we first extracted DNA from the samples we collected in the field (Yakushima Field Course). Next we purified the sample and quantified its DNA, using the Qlamp Fast DNA Stool Mini Kit. However, our quantification showed a very low DNA concentration. Subsequently, we performed a PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) using primers SRY (to determine the Y autosome) and ZFXY (to determine X and Y autosomes) followed by an Electrophoresis. The results showed that DNA ws in fact a good tool to determine gender. Nevertheless, some points have to be considered in the future: DNA preservation is difficult and PCR is not stable. In order to address these problems, we should improve extraction methods and adapt the PCR conditions to the samples. Raquel Costa The second part of this course was Fig. 14. Electroforesis. sex identification by hormonal analysis. Our aim in this part of the course was to identify deer gender via hormonal analysis, by comparing concentration levels between sexes and also between breeding season (our sample) and non- breeding season (a previous sample Raquel Costa collected in August). In order to do that, Fig. 15. Assay procedure. we used a spectrometer to measure the concentrations of hormones in our samples. Results showed no difference between males and females in each season, but showed a significant difference of Estradiol-17B between seasons (with higher level during the non-breeding season). Our results may be explained by the high standard deviation, from the inefficient data collection method and for contamination in the lab. To summarize, we came to the conclusion that the three methods (direct observation in the field, DNA and hormonal analysis) are together an effective tool to determine the gender of deers. This knowledge is of the outmost importance for animal management’s policies, and in this particular case, for the development of an appropriate hunting policy, concerning the Yakushima panorama. I used this opportunity to learn basic methods in of DNA and hormonal analysis. Fig. 15. Electrophoresis. 15

5. Zoological Parks in Aichi and Kyoto Prefectures

a. Japan Monkey Centre (Inuyama)

Japan Monkey Centre (JMC) was established in October, 17th, 1956 by the same team of primatologists who “invented” Primatology in Japan. JMC has proved to be more than a zoo. Since the opening, JMC has been a popular centre for public education and awareness, promoting research, Fig. 16. JMC entrance in 1957. From the left: Mr. conservation and welfare. Hirose Shin, Dr. Itani and three visitors (Itani Junichiro Archives). Thousands have visited JMC, from a wide range of ages, including schools (from elementary to high schools) and academic researchers. As previously mentioned, JMC funded the first expedition to Africa in 1958, taking Dr. Imanishi to see wild gorillas. In addition, JMC funded in 1960 Dr. Itani expedition to Gombe and in 1971 the first Japanese expedition to Amazon by Dr. Izawa. JMC is home to more than 1000 primates of 66 different species, from lemurs to great apes. It is divided into several sectors, including a visitor centre, a Madagascar house (open air enclosure with brown lemurs, black lemurs, and ruffed lemurs), a South American House (Callitrichidae monkeys and nocturnal monkeys), an Asian House (e.g. rhesus macaques), a Wao Land (an open air enclosure in which the visitor can enter to observe closer the free-moving ring-tailed lemurs), an African Centre (with great apes and nocturnal monkeys), an African House (e.g. hamandryas baboons and colobus monkeys), a Castle of Baboons (Anubis baboons), a Monkey valley (Japanese macaques), a Monkey scramble (siamangs, spider monkeys and squirrel monkeys), a Gibbon’s House (agile gibbons, capped gibbons, white-handed gibbons, and muller's gibbons) and a Petting zoo for kids with small mammals and reptiles. It incorporates also a museum directed by Prof. Yamagiwa. The museum has a database (Captive Primate Collection, CAPriCo) of more than 6,300 specimens’ remains (skeletal, formalin-preserved brains, organs and parasites). The JMC museum published 16

“Primates” for the first time in 1957 – it’s the oldest scientific journal focused on Primatology written in English. This journal is currently published by Springer in collaboration with Primate Society of Japan. JMC became a “Public Interest Incorporated Foundation” in April

2014. Prof. Matsuzawa is the General Fig. 17. First edition of Primates journal (Itani Junichiro Archives). Director and Prof. Oike is the

President.

b. Higashiyama Zoo and Botanical Gardens (Nagoya)

Higashiyama Zoo and Botanical Gardens first opened to public in 1937 and survived the air raids of 1944. It is home for more than 500 species of animals and you can find more than 7000 plant species in their Botanical Gardens and Green House. The park includes an amusement park and the Higashiyama Sky tower. It was considered one of Japan’s largest zoos and the second most popular Zoo after Ueno Zoo (Japan visitor website) with more than 2 million visitors per year (Japan365days website).

Raquel Costa Raquel Costa Raquel Costa Fig. 18 . Chimpanzees playing at Hagashiyama Fig. 19. Infant gorilla at Hagashiyama Zoo. Zoo.

Raquel Costa Raquel Costa Raquel Costa Fig. 20. Bush dog enrichment at Hagashiyama Fig. 21. Marmoset feeding at Hagashiyama Zoo Zoo

Raquel Costa Raquel Costa Fig. 20. Fig. 22. Green frog at Hagashiyama Zoo. Fig. 23. Gorillas’ family at Hagashiyama Zoo.

c. Kyoto City Zoo

Fig. 24, 25, 26. Early photos of Kyoto City Zoo (Kyoto City Zoo Website).

Fig. 24, 25, 26. Early photos of Kyoto City Zoo (Kyoto City Zoo Website)

Kyoto City Zoo was the second zoo established in Japan. We were in April 1903, no special ceremony was held but many people attended its opening. At that time, the zoo sheltered 238 animals of 61 species. On February 1910, the Zoo succeded in breeding lions for the first time in Japan. By its 10th birthday, the zoo had doubled the number of species. In the following years there were more species, more animals and 18

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more space. But during the WWII, the number of species decreased to 72. The crisis in Japan during the war took its toll on the Zoo and its animals. Several animals died of malnutrition and from the cold. The most dangerous animals had to be killed under military’s commands as a precausion regarding air raids. Part of the zoo land was even occupied by the Japanese army from 1956 to 1950. After that crisis, the zoo recovered and at 1953, three trigres were born as well as one ostrich by artificial incubation, both events were the first of it’s kind in the country. In the following years, the zoo continued to be the first to succed in several species’ breeding programs and received te first “Koga Prize” in 1987. It has also began to held educative training and workshops for young students and built a library. By the time of its 100th aniversary, Kyoto City Zoo had its record of animals: 721 animals of 175 species. After that, the zoo continued to be award for breeding programs and in April 2008 concluded the agreement with Kyoto University for a joint cooperation.

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Fig. 27. White handed gibbons at Kyoto Zoo. Fig. 28. Elephants bathing at Kyoto Zoo.

6. Travelling

a. Kumamoto Sanctuary

In April, 2007, the first Chimpanzee Sanctuary in Japan was created under the name of Chimpanzee Sanctuary Uto. Its purpose was to rehabilitate almost 100 chimpanzees that had been subject to invasive biomedical research for several decades. The pharmaceutical company responsible for the animals, agreed to relinquish their work and yield the infrastructures and animals to Kyoto University. Later the sanctuary changed its name to Kumamoto Sanctuary (KS). KS aims to rehabilitate the same animals who participated in those same invasive experiments and several others (including 6 bonobos) coming from other captive settings in Japan, who also joined the safety of this sanctuary. Some animals have deceased and some others were sent to zoological parks around Japan. For the time being, KS is home to 57 chimpanzees and 6 bonobos. Its building structure resembles that of a puzzle, setting an environment allowing fission-fusion social dynamics. In addition, manipulative enrichment is given to the animals, aiming to improve their welfare. The large number of individuals, the proper captive settings (with individuals booths and empty large rooms for behavioural experiences) and the close interaction between human keepers and animals, provide researches the opportunity to conduct unique and pioneer behavioural research in KS. Currently, ongoing research in KS focuses on gazing, memory and social interactions.

Raquel Costa Raquel Costa Raquel Costa Fig. 30. Louise, female bonobo at KS. Fig. 29. Vijay, male bonobos at KS.

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Fig. 31. Enrichment Fig. 32. Enrichment Fig. 33. Researchers, students and keepers in KS.

structure at KS. structure at KS.

Raquel Costa Raquel Costa Fig. 34. Enrichment structure at KS. Fig. 35. Sunset at KS.

Fig. 35. ChimpanzeeRaquel Costa b. Primate and Wildlife Science (PWS) Courses cage used in past invasive experiments.

Sasagamine (October, 1-4 th, 2015)

The main focus of this training course was to learn survival techniques and

climb the Mount Hiuchi. In the firstRaquel dayCosta we learnt some basic characteristicsRaquel of Costa local Raquel Costa Raquel Costa vegetation (for example, distinguish some toxic plants) while collecting wild berries. Afterwards Prof. Sugiyama held a lecture on local fauna. He showed us video montages of wild foxes and badgers. Specifically, he showed us some individuals known to live and forage near the lodge. Although in the following days we tried to observe them, we missed that opportunity. On the other hand, we did observed wild Japanese macaques closely, in the second day while walking near the lodge. We also caught a Japanese four- lined rat snake, which we examined and photographed before release. But this encounter 21

also had me realize that we should always pay attention, not only to the floor, but also to the tree branches as some species of snakes (like that one) can climb and move around trees. Another great skill we learnt was how to read a map, a lecture given by Prof. Yamamoto in the second night – this is very important and helpful and I’ll apply this knowledge in my future field work. Prof. Yamamoto also gave us details about the hiking trail in Mount Hiuchi, precise instructions and advices. In the next day, we set to the Mount Hiuchi as scheduled, with a perfect weather. We started at around 1300 meters (from the lodge) at 6 am and reached the summit (2496 meters) at 1130 am. We included regular rest stops throughout the duration of the climb and we walked in an appropriate speed in order to maintain our strength and also to enjoy the beautiful view. In the summit we could see the other mountains, including Mount Fuji. We returned at the lodge at 1700 pm - exhausted but in high spirits and so, in that night, we had a bonfire near the lodge. In the last day, Professor Yamamoto gave us a lecture on rope work, exemplifying with several types of knots with different functions, which may be used in numerous situations. On the other hand, Professor Koshima lectured us in the uses and functions of bivouac, a very useful item for camping. Such equipment may actually be life-saving in case of emergency as it may keep us dry and warm in harsh conditions or it even may serve to carry an injured companion. Through this experience, I acquired some survival and climbing skills which will be of great help in my future field work. More than theoretical lecture, this course provided students the real applications of several techniques. It had also demonstrated the importance of team cooperation, adaptation and flexibility in the field. In the end, I was left with the desire to return to the “hűtte” and to explore more its surroundings.

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Fig. 36. Dinner at the Fig. 37. Kyoto University Sasagamine Hütte (cabin) Fig. 38. Small stream Sasagamine Hütte. in Myoko-kogen, Nigata Prefecture. in Sasagamine.

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Fig. 39. A grasshopper found near Sasagamine Fig. 40. Students in the second day of the field Hütte. course

Fig. 43. A grasshopper found near Sasagamine Hütte. Fig. 44. Students in the second day of the field course. Raquel Costa Raquel Costa Fig. 41. Mountain view from the Sasagamine Fig. 42. Mountain view from near the top of

Hütte. Mount Hiuchi.

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Fig. 43. Water drinking fountain in a small Fig. 44. Ancient monument in Sasagamine. stream in Sasagamine.

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Fig. 45. Mountain view in Sasagamine Fig. 46. River stream view in Sasagamine

Fig. 49. Mountain view in Sasagamine.Raquel Costa Fig. 50. River stream view in Sasagamine. Raquel Costa

Fig. 47. Domestic cows grazing. Fig. 48. Japanese four-lined rat snake.

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Fig.49. Changing of the season in Sasagamine. Fig. 50. A male Japanese macaque feeding of insects.

Raquel Costa Raquel Costa Fig. 51. Mountain view from of the Mount Fig. 52. Students in the summit of Mount Hiuchi. Hiuchi’s summit.

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Fig. 53. Lecture on bivouac uses and functioning. Fig. 54 and 55. Lecture on rope work.

Yakushima Field Course (October, 18-24th, 2015)

The main focus of this training course was to understand the relationship between body size, age and faecal pellet in Sika deers (Cervus nippon yakushimae) in Yakushima Island. Current populations of Sika deer are increasing continuously since 1950, leading to some researchers to believe that damage to the vegetation caused by bark stripping, grazing and browsing by these animals, will soon raise to a serious ecological problem in the island. In order to contribute to the control and management to this species, our research aimed to prove the correlation between pellet size, age and sex in Sika deer, using a non-invasive method of data collection. In fact, the last official census of the Sika deers in Yakushima dates from 2011 and currently pellet counting methods have became a vital tool for wildlife population census, granting additional knowledge of sex and age structure, growth, mortality and reproductive status of the 25

population. Our data collection consisted in tracking the deers (from 745am to 1500pm, day 19, 20 and 21) on the western shore of Yakushima Island, in Seibu Rindo, between road and low-land (secondary and primary forests). After encountering one deer (or a group), the researchers followed and wait for the animal to defecate. The faeces were then swabbed for DNA analysis and collected in marked plastic bags. A camera was used to record a video of the animal and a video of the researcher holding a measure, to latter estimate the animal’s high. In the lab, pellets from each sample were counted and measured (longer and shorter axis) as well as conducted the video analysis to calculate the deer’s body size. Concerning the statistical analysis, we found no correlation between the body size and the size of the pellet but we did find a significant relationship between adults and juveniles for both long and short axis, suggesting that pellet size is affected by age. However, our study faced some limitations: small sample size (biased to females), inaccurate method of the animals’ body size estimation, possible contamination. To overcome these limitations, we suggest that future research should use more age classes, should compare several sites and between low-land and high-land populations. In conclusion we suggest that the pellet method can indeed be used to census Sika deers populations. Our results were presented to Professors and other team in the day before leaving the site. Personally, I used this opportunity to observe wildlife (Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata), deers and their inter-specific interaction). I’ve learned how to integrate methods (observation data collection, physical data collection and their consequent analysis), analyzing and discussing results critically. Through this experience, I have developed the notion of team cooperation and how to overcome problems and obstacles related to research. Finally, this course granted me the basic information of some methods that I’ll use in the future.

Raquel Costa Raquel Costa Fig. 56. Japanese macaques grooming in the Fig. 57. Japanese macaque in Yakushima Island road in Yakushima Island (Seibu Rindo). (Seibu Rindo). 26

Raquel Costa Raquel Costa Fig. 58. Japanese macaques grooming of Seibu Fig. 59. An infant Yaku deer in Seibu Rindo, Rindo, Yakushima Island. Yakushima Island.

Raquel Costa Raquel Costa Fig. 60. Adult and infant Japanese macaques in Fig. 61. A group of japanese macaques in the the road of Seibu Rindo, Yakushima Island. road of Seibu Rindo, Yakushima Island.

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Fig. 66. A Yaku cedar Fig. 62. Okonotaki Fig. 63. Senpironotaki Waterfall view in Shiratani Fig. 64. Okonotaki in Shiratani Unsuiko Waterfall, Unsuiko Park, Yakushima Island. Waterfall, Park, Yakushima, Yakushima. Yakushima. photo by Raquel Costa.

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Fig. 65. A small waterfall in the forest of Fig. 66. A male Japanese macaque feeding in Seibu Shiratani Unsuiko Park, Yakushima Island. Rindo, Yakushima Island.

b. Iriomote Islands Tour

Iriomote is the second largest island in Okinawa and it’s famous for its biodiversity. The most celebrated endemic species is the Iriomote Cat, classified as Raquel Costa Raquel Costa Critically Endangered (IUCN), with a population estimated in 100 individuals. Another special feature of Iriomote is the mangroves. A mangrove is a self-sustaining system, with salt tolerant trees presenting a complex root system. It’s also home to many aquatic organisms, such as fish, crustaceous and molluscs. It plays an important ecological role and is vital for the protection of coast areas. We could observe several species of mangroves from very close distance by kayak at the same time we enjoyed the beautiful landscape. In Hoshizuna-no-hama paradise beach, we walked on “little stars”- calcium- carbonate foraminifera grinded from the coral reefs, which we had also the opportunity to visit by snorkelling. We also visited several waterfalls (Mariyodo-no-taki, Kampire- no-taki and Pinaisara-no-taki) and by night we walked surrounded by fireflies. Before returning to Inuyama, we were presented the chance to visit the Ishigaki Yaima Village, Japan Registered Cultural Heritage. In Yaima Village, we walked through a Japanese traditional village with relocated private houses and replicas of traditional fishermen and farmers’ homes. Yaima also included a Squirrel Monkey Garden and a mangrove forest, protected under the Ramsar Convention. This tour gave students the opportunity to survey and explore this subtropical island, with special note for Iriomote-Ishigaki National Park which comprises both mountain and mangrove forests. Personally, I used this opportunity to observe wildlife in a subtropical habitat. I was mostly impressed by the flying foxes, the crested serpent

eagle and the beauty of the coral reef. I left Iriomote with a serene and happy feeling and the desire to return and to explore the island further.

Raquel Costa Raquel Costa Fig. 67. Flora in Iriomote-Ishigaki National Fig. 68. Urauchi River Cruise. Park.

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Fig. 69. Specimen of Iriomote Cat (taxidermy) Fig. 70. Mariyudō-no-taki: Waterfall on the in Iriomote Wildlife Conservation Center. Urauchi River, Iriomote.

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Fig. 71. Specimen of several species found in Fig. 72. Iriomote landscape. Iriomote Island (taxidermy) in Iriomote Wildlife Conservation Center.

Raquel Costa Raquel Costa Fig. 73. Mangrove, Iriomote. Fig. 74. Coral reef in Hoshizuna-no-hama, Iriomote.

Raquel Costa Raquel Costa Fig. 75. Dinner at a local dinner. Fig. 76. Sunset harbor scene, Iriomote.

Raquel Costa Raquel Costa Fig. 77. Lantana flower, Iriomote Fig. 78. Traditional house at Ishigaki Yaima Village, Ishigaki.

Raquel Costa Raquel Costa Fig. 79. Infant squirrel monkey (Saimiri Fig. 80. Mangrove at Ishigaki Yaima Village, boliviensis) at Ishigaki Yaima Village, Ishigaki. Ishigaki.

Raquel Costa Raquel Costa Fig. 81. Life representation at Ishigaki Yaima Fig. 82. Life representation at Ishigaki Yaima Village, Ishigaki. Village, Ishigaki.

c. Uganda, the “Pearl of Africa”

Uganda is an east-central African country, known it’s natural treasures such as Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (NP), Rwenzori Mountains NP (both UNESCO World Heritage Sites), Kibale NP and Queen Elizabeth NP, between others. Impressed by its landscapes, wildlife and cultural traditions, Winston Churchill, during a diplomatic visit to the country in the beginning of the XX century, described Uganda as the “Pearl of Africa”. In fact, Uganda is ranked in the top ten countries in the world for biodiversity by the Convention of Biological Diversity. Uganda encloses a great variety of habitats, including tropical, mountain, savannahs and wetlands. My journey through Uganda started with the African Primatological Consortium (APC) conference in the Makarere University, Kampala. The theme of this conference was “Building African Primate Research and Conservation networks”. This meeting 31

brought together Japanese and African researchers in an attempt to coordinate a collaborative research plan that will integrate academic and conservation efforts as well as the support for young African primatologists. The second step in my journey was visiting the Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary. Located in Lake Victoria, Ngamba is home to 48 chimpanzees, rescued from illegal and tragic situations throughout the country. The animals find in Ngamba Island an ideal setting for rehabilitation – 100 acres of secondary forest habitat of which, 98 are reserved for chimpanzees, in a wonderful landscape which mimics perfectly their natural habitat. To help further their recovery, chimpanzees at Ngamba can count on the care, devotion and affection of the very enthusiastic care keepers. People like Dr. Titus Mukungu (sanctuary manager) Phillip Sekulya (assistant sanctuary manager in charge of administration), Innocent Ampeire (assistant sanctuary manager in charge of animals), Paul Nyenje, Amos Okello, Byron Ssemambo, Enos Sebina Kiwagalo, Joseph Masereka, Kyama Stanly, Betty Angucia (keepers), Erina Kansiime, Richard Kaahwa, Harriet Namuli (volunteers), Moses Bageya, Hategeka Stanly, Ronald Bataze, John Mutambo, Samuel Wenwa (Chefs), Grace Namatovu (house keeper), Simon Nuwagira (gardener), Ojok Borneface (maintainance), Silver Birungi James(education officer), Hanifa Chandiru (Volunteer in administration), Dr. Joshua Rukundo (Conservation Programs Director) and Lilly Arajova (Executive Director) to whom I wish to extend my deepest gratitude and respect. In addition to animal welfare, public awareness is also one mission of Chimpanzee Trust’s as local and foreigner communities play a vital role in the species’ conservation and their natural habitats. During my stay in Ngamba, I was told the chimpanzee’s backgrounds, I’ve learn the husbandry methods and more importantly, I was told the future steps and the needs to sustain the current work.

Fig. 83. Infant chimpanzee at Ngamba Island. Fig. 84. Female chimpanzee at Ngamba Island.

Fig. 85. Spur-Winged Lapwing at Ngamba Fig. 86. Lake Victoria view at Ngamba Island. Island.

Saying goodbye to Ngamba, I headed to Kampala, where I joined the team I’d travel with to Bwindi and Queen Elizabeth NPs. Bwindi, located in the south-western Uganda and border with Virunga National Park, is most celebrated for the approximately 350 mountain gorillas (half of the world’s population). Mountain gorilla (gorilla beringei beringei) is classified as Critically Endangered (IUCN), with a population estimated in 650 individuals. The park is owned by the Uganda Wildlife Authority and fully protected. In Bwindi, four groups are habituated to human presence: three for eco-tourism and one for research. During the two days I stayed in Bwindi, I visited Mubare’s group and Habinyanja’s group. Both groups have one or more infants, meaning that population is recovering. However poaching is still a threat and rangers continue to patrol the park. Neighbouring the park, population density is very high and very poor. A well planed eco-tourism (with strict rules to protect both animals and people) is therefore a vital source of income to local communities. In fact, near the Buhoma entrance gate, several stores, lodges and markets are placed to sustain tourism as the gorilla tracking is the park’s main source of revenue. A good example of how tourism may help local populations is the Bwindi Community Hospital (the best Hospital within 70 kms).

Fig. 87. Habiyanja silver-back, Bwindi. Fig. 88. Habiyanja black-back and infant, Bwindi.

Fig. 89. Local children, Bwindi. Fig. 90. Infant in Habiyanja’s group, Bwindi.

Fig. 91. Local children, Bwindi. Fig. 92. Mother and infant in Mubare’s group, Bwindi.

Next adventure was Queen Elizabeth Park. We had the opportunity to do a Safari and a boat cruise. I was mostly impressed by the diversity of mammals and birds. We waited 2 hours but we managed to observe and photograph a male lion and 3 females, which is a rare event. In the end of the day, we visited a salt mine and learnt more about the local community life in that area.

Fig. 93. Male lion, Queen Elizabeth NP. Fig. 94. Ugandan buck, Queen Elizabeth NP.

Fig. 95. Infant baboon, Queen Elizabeth NP. Fig. 96. Elephant Queen Elizabeth NP.

Fig. 97. Group photo at Bwindi NP. Fig. 98. Infant hippo, Queen Elizabeth NP.

At last, my final experience in Uganda was Uganda Wildlife Education Centre in Entebbe. In here, I watch some animals I was hoping to see in Queen Elizabeth NP, such as the leopard and the shoebill crane.

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Fig. 99. Male leopard at Uganda Wildlife Fig. 100. Male lion at Uganda Wildlife Education Centre, Entebbe. Education Centre, Entebbe.

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Fig. 101. Shoebill crane at Uganda Wildlife Fig. 102. Chimpanzees’ group at Uganda Education Centre, Entebbe. Wildlife Education Centre, Entebbe.

This experience was both a dream and a preparation for my future research project. I left Uganda with the certainty that I will return. It was the perfect motivation and inspiration to the beginning of my own research.

7. Conference

SAGA 18 Kyoto

SAGA is the acronym for Support for African/Asian Great Apes, established in 1998, with the main objective to gather researchers, keepers, conservationists and general public all over Japan, to discuss ongoing studies, conservation and welfare of captive apes. SAGA three principles are: support of species conservation in-situ, improvement of captives individual’s welfare and reduction of invasive research on great apes. Last SAGA meeting was held in Kyoto Zoo in November, 14-15th, 2015. Students were given the opportunity to learn from wildlife experts talks (i.e. Prof. Matsuzawa and Prof. Yamagiwa (Kyoto University) and Dr. Ross (Lincon Zoo)) and to present their own work in a poster presentation open to general public. This year, 55 posters were presented in SAGA 18. Next meeting, th SAGA 19, will be held on November, 19-20 , Fig. 103. SAGA 18 advertising poster 2016.

8. Sites of reference:

http://www.pri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ http://langint.pri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ http://www.wildlife-science.org/ http://www.cicasp.pri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ http://primate-society.com/ http://www.wrc.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ http://www.shigen.nig.ac.jp/gain/ http://www.greencorridor.info/ http://www.springer.com/life+sciences/animal+sciences/journal/10329 www.japanmonkeycentre.org http://www.j-monkey.jp/caprico/index_e.php http://www.higashiyama.city.nagoya.jp/ http://www5.city.kyoto.jp/ http://www.wrc.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kumasan/indexE.html http://www.saga-jp.org/

9. References

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