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torelliana (=Corymbia torelliana) (Cadaga, Cadagi tree, Answer Score Torell's eucalyptus) -- FLORIDA 1.01 Is the species highly domesticated? n 0 1.02 Has the species become naturalised where grown? 1.03 Does the species have weedy races? 2.01 Species suited to FL climates (USDA hardiness zones; 0-low, 1-intermediate, 2- 2 high) 2.02 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) 2 2.03 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y 1 2.04 Native or naturalized in regions with an average of 11-60 inches of annual y 1 precipitation 2.05 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural y range? 3.01 Naturalized beyond native range y 2 3.02 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y 2 3.03 Weed of agriculture n 0 3.04 Environmental weed y 4 3.05 Congeneric weed y 2 4.01 Produces spines, thorns or burrs n 0 4.02 Allelopathic ? 4.03 Parasitic n 0 4.04 Unpalatable to grazing animals ? 4.05 Toxic to animals n 0 4.06 Host for recognised pests and pathogens ? 4.07 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans n 0 4.08 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems ? 4.09 Is a shade tolerant at some stage of its life cycle ? 4.10 Grows on infertile soils (oligotrophic, limerock, or excessively draining soils). y 1 North & Central Zones: infertile soils; South Zone: shallow limerock or Histisols. 4.11 Climbing or smothering growth habit n 0 4.12 Forms dense thickets n 0 5.01 Aquatic n 0 5.02 Grass n 0 5.03 Nitrogen fixing woody plant n 0 5.04 Geophyte n 0 6.01 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat 6.02 Produces viable seed y 1 6.03 Hybridizes naturally y 1 6.04 Self-compatible or apomictic ? 6.05 Requires specialist pollinators n 0 6.06 Reproduction by vegetative propagation 6.07 Minimum generative time (years)

Completed: July 2012 7.01 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally ( growing in heavily trafficked areas) 7.02 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y 1 7.03 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant ? 7.04 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal n -1 7.05 Propagules water dispersed ? 7.06 Propagules bird dispersed n -1 7.07 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y 1 7.08 Propagules dispersed by other animals (internally) n -1 8.01 Prolific seed production y 1 8.02 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) n -1 8.03 Well controlled by herbicides ? 8.04 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation or cultivation n -1 8.05 Effective natural enemies present in U.S. Total Score 13 Implemented Pacific Second Screening No Risk Assessment Results Reject

Completed: July 2012 Reference Source data

1.01 Nahrung, H.F. et al. 2010. Susceptibility of Corymbia Cultivated, but no evidence of selection for reduced species and hybrids to arthropod herbivory in Australian weediness. 1. Primarily developed for disease resistance subtropical hardwood plantations. Southern Forests , and amenability to clonal propagation and have also proven 72(3/4): 147-152. to have good growth rates and site plasticity.

1.02 Skip to 2.01 1.03 Skip to 2.01 2.01 1. PERAL NAPPFAST Global Plant Hardiness No computer analysis was performed. 1. Global plant (http://www.nappfast.org/Plant_hardiness/NAPPFAST%20 hardiness zones 9-11; equivalent to USDA Hardiness zones Global%20zones/10- 8b-11b (north, central, south zones of Florida). 2. year%20climate/PLANT_HARDINESS_10YR%20lgnd.tif) & Distributional range: Native to northeastern coastal Arbor Day http://www.arborday.org/media/zones.cfm. 2. Queensland Australia. 3. Predominantly along coast of USDA/ARS-GRIN [Online Database]. National Germplasm northeast Queensland, Australia and also near the border of Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland (http://www.ars- New South Wales. 4. Cultivated and naturalised in grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?15948 [Accessed: 25 southeast Queensland. 5. Native range - Australia July 2011]). 3. Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria (Queensland). E. torelliana is restricted to rainforest Inc. (CHAH). Australia's Virtual Herbarium . CSIRO. 27 July margins or wet sclerophyll forests on deep, relatively rich 2011. Web. 4. Queensland Herbarium. Key to of soils in a narrow high-rainfall belt from 50 to 80 km wide Greater Brisbane . Queensland: Queensland Government, between the coastal plains and the top of adjacent ranges Environmental Protection Agency. August 2001. Print. 5. in northeast Queensland. It occurs from Cooktown south to CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global west of Ingham. 6.a. Native habitat: Australia, Tasmania. Module . Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 6.a-b. 6.b. Hardy range: 10A to 11. "Eucalyptus torelliana ." horticopia.com . Horticopia, 2011. Web. 25 July 2011.

2.02 No computer analysis was performed. Native range is well known; refer to 2.01 source data. 2.03 1. Köppen-Geiger climate map (http://www.hydrol-earth- 1. Native distribution along the northeast coast of syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf). 2. Queensland appears to be in at least 3 climatic groups. 2. Ecocrop. Copyright 1993-2007. Food and Agriculture Climate zone: tropical wet & dry (Aw). Organization of the United Nations. Web. 6 February 2012. http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/home.

2.04 1. CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global 1.Mean annual rainfall is about 2000 mm (79") with a Module . Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 2. Ecocrop . distinct summer maximum during which the average Copyright 1993-2007. Food and Agriculture Organization of monthly rainfall is about 400 mm (16"). 2. Optimal annual the United Nations. Web. 6 February 2012. rainfall: 1200 - 2000 mm (47.2 - 78.7 in); Absolute annual http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/home. rainfall: 900 - 2500 mm (35.4 - 98.4 in).

Completed: July 2012 2.05 1. CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global 1. E. torelliana has been cultivated or trialed mainly in low Module . Wallingford, UK: CAB International. latitude tropical countries to include the following countries. The countries listed are taken from the Australian Tree Seed Centre (CSIRO, FFP) seed database and literature: Nigeria, Cameron, Sierra Leone, Benin, Guinea, Ethiopia, Sudan, Madagascar, Comoros, Malawi, Zambia, Congo Democratic republic (Zaire), South Africa, India, Pakistan, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, China, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, Laos, Brunei, Malaysia, Fiji, Brazil, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, St Lucia, St Vincent and Grenadines and Mexico.'

3.01 1. Rejmánek, M. & D.M. Richardson. 2011. Eucalypts (203- 1. Naturalized in China and Florida. 209). In D. Simberloff & M. Rejmánek, eds. Encyclopedia of Biological Invasions . Berkeley: University of California Press. 3.02 1. Wunderlin, R. P., and B. F. Hansen. 2008. Atlas of Florida 1. Observed: 22 February 2008 in Lee County, Florida; Vascular Plants (http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu/).[S. M. Habitat: roadside. Landry and K. N. Campbell (application development), Florida Center for Community Design and Research.] Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa.

3.03 No evidence. 3.04 1. Wunderlin, R. P., and B. F. Hansen. 2008. Atlas of Florida 1. Observed: 14 June 2001 in Palm Beach County, Florida; Vascular Plants (http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu/).[S. M. Habitat: Trees and seedlings in a designated preserve used Landry and K. N. Campbell (application development), for pasture; plants coming from a development Florida Center for Community Design and Research.] (Frenchman's Creek) to the north where this species is used Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, in landscaping. Tampa.

3.05 1. Holm, L. et al. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds . 1. The following eucalypts are considered principal weeds in John Wiley and Sons, New York. 1979. Australia (principal weed in this context is ranked according to the importance of the weed and is usually referring to about the five most troublesome species for the crop): E. cambageana, E. ferruginea, E. gracilis, E. marginata, E. miniata, E. pilularis, E. populnea, E. tetradonta .

4.01 1. US Forest Service, Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk No evidence of such morphological features. (PIER). Online resource at http://www.hear.org/pier/ accessed [25 July 2011]. 2. Queensland Herbarium. Key to Eucalypts of Greater Brisbane . Queensland: Queensland Government, Environmental Protection Agency. August 2001. Print.

Completed: July 2012 4.02 1. Reissmann, S. 2002. Allelopathic affects of Eucalyptus 1. The marked, yet insignificant difference in growth and Corymbia species on germination and growth of between the lettuce seedlings subject to treatment with Lactuca sativa . 25 August 2011. extracts of different genera, and the fairly great similarity http://www.reissmann.info/bibliotheke/biologio/SHR-- between lettuce seedlings treated with extracts of the 2002-10-10--Allelopathy+Eucalypts+Lettuce--Rep--en- same genera, suggests, that Corymbia or, more precisely, 03.pdf. 2. Rejmánek, M. & D.M. Richardson. 2011. Corymbia leaves might inhibit growth, particularly root Eucalypts (203-209). In D. Simberloff & M. Rejmánek, eds. growth, in lettuce. In summary the results indicate, that Encyclopedia of Biological Invasions . Berkeley: University of leachates of fresh leaves of Corymbia clarksoniana (Grey California Press. Bloodwood), Corymbia torreliana (Cadaghi), Eucalyptus grandis (Rose Gum) and Eucalyptus platyphylla (Poplar Gum) probably do not exert any allelopathic effect on lettuce (Lactuca sativa ). However, our experiment gave some hints that Corymbia leaf leachates may, in contrast to Eucalyptus leaf leachates, inhibit growth in Lactuca sativa . 2. Concerns expressed about suppression of ground vegetation due to possible allelopathic effects. Allelopathic effects are widely reported and these reports are largely based on laboratory bioassays. If not chemical inhibition then at least accumulation of dead material of the floor of plantations hinders regeneration of native species.

4.03 No evidence. 4.04 1. "Eucalyptus torelliana Fact Sheet." dendro.cnre.vt.edu . 1. Leaf is described as leathery. VTREE ID, Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, n. d. Web. 26 July 2011. 4.05 No evidence. 4.06 1. Keane, P.J., G.A. Kile, & F.D. Podger. Diseases and No evidence that these pests are economically important. Pathogens of Eucalypts . Collingwood, Victoria, Australia: 1. Potential host for the fungus Dothiorella eucalypti . CSIRO, 2000. Web. 2. US Forest Service, Pacific Island Slightly susceptibel to Cylindrocladiella parva, C. curvatum, Ecosystems at Risk (PIER). Online resource at C. floridatum, C. ilicicola, C. quinqueseptatum, C. http://www.hear.org/pier/ accessed [25 July 2011] scoparium . 2. Insect pests: Amblyseius victoriensis, Ceresa alta, Eulepida mashona, Monolepta australis [1]; Fungus diseases: Corticium salmonicolor, Cryphonectria gyrosa, Cylindrocladium ovatum, Pseudophaeolus baudonii ; Undetermined pests: Valsa eucalypti

4.07 No evidence.

Completed: July 2012 4.08 1. Rejmánek, M. & D.M. Richardson. 2011. Eucalypts (203- 1. Accumulated litter in dense eucalypt stands are 209). In D. Simberloff & M. Rejmánek, eds. Encyclopedia of extremely flammable. 2. Eucalypts often are the major Biological Invasions . Berkeley: University of California source of fuel for fires, but not always. Press. 2. Gill, A.M. Eucalypts and fires: interdependent or independent? In: Eucalypt ecology: individuals to ecosystems . Ed. J.E. Williams & J. Woinarski. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

4.09 1.a-b. CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium 1.a. It is one of the few eucalypts that can survive in closed Global Module . Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 2. rainforest conditions being tolerant of shade, competition Rejmánek, M. & D.M. Richardson. 2011. Eucalypts (203- and high rainfall year round. 1.b. The species is reported to 209). In D. Simberloff & M. Rejmánek, eds. Encyclopedia of be intolerant of shade and competition (Keating and Bolza, Biological Invasions . Berkeley: University of California 1982). 2. Shade-tolerant sub-canopy species are not Press. known. 4.10 1. Boland, D.J. et al. Forest Trees of Australia. 5th ed. 1. Sandy loams derived from granite and metamorphic Collingswood, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO, 2006. Print. rocks, drainage is good, yet soil moisture retention is high.

4.11 1. USDA/ARS-GRIN [Online Database]. National Germplasm 1. Family: . 2. Medium-sized tree, 20-30 m tall. Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland (http://www.ars- grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?15948 [Accessed: 25 July 2011]). 2. Boland, D.J. et al. Forest Trees of Australia. 5th ed. Collingswood, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO, 2006. Print.

4.12 1. Boland, D.J. et al. Forest Trees of Australia. 5th ed. No evidence. 1. Medium-sized tree, 20-30 m tall, generally Collingswood, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO, 2006. Print. of good form with a straight bole to two-thirds of total height. 5.01 1. Boland, D.J. et al. Forest Trees of Australia. 5th ed. 1. Found in tall open forests on margins of closed tropical Collingswood, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO, 2006. Print. rainforests. 5.02 1. USDA/ARS-GRIN [Online Database]. National Germplasm 1. Family: Myrtaceae . Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland (http://www.ars- grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?15948 [Accessed: 25 July 2011]).

5.03 1. USDA/ARS-GRIN [Online Database]. National Germplasm 1. Family: Myrtaceae . Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland (http://www.ars- grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?15948 [Accessed: 25 July 2011]).

5.04 1. USDA/ARS-GRIN [Online Database]. National Germplasm 1. Family: Myrtaceae ; Tree, woody plant. Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland (http://www.ars- grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?15948 [Accessed: 25 July 2011]).

6.01

Completed: July 2012 6.02 1. Pyper, W. "Princes of bees." ECOS April-June 2001: 18- 1. Wallace and Trueman looked at the viability and 20. Web. 2. Rejmánek, M. & D.M. Richardson. 2011. germinability of seeds collected from the resin around hive Eucalypts (203-209). In D. Simberloff & M. Rejmánek, eds. entrances and underneath the hives and found that 94% of Encyclopedia of Biological Invasions . Berkeley: University of the seeds were viable. 2. Eucalypt breeding system is of California Press. mixed mating with preferential outcrossing.

6.03 1. Smith, H.J., M. Henson, & S. Boyton. "Systematic studies 1. There is potential for gene flow from C. torelliana to in the eucalypts: 7. A revision of the bloodwoods, genus native spotted gum forests, as C. torelliana has been Corymbia (Myrtaceae)." Australasian Forest Genetics observed to form natural hybrids with other Corymbia spp. Conference Breeding for Wood Quality, 11-14 April 2007, (Hill & Johnson 1995; Forests NSW, unpublished). 2.a. E. Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. Australasian Forestry torelliana has shown promise as a hybrid parent in Research Working Group 1 (Genetics) . N.p., 2007. Web. 2.a- combination with E. citriodora and possibly E. variegata e. CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global since there are indications of increased growth Module . Wallingford, UK: CAB International. performance and immunity to shoot blight caused by Sporothrix pitereka in Queensland. 2.b. In its natural habitat, E. torelliana does not have the opportunity to hybridize with any member of the section Ochraria (Hill and Johnson, 1995) and no natural hybrids were recorded by Griffin et al., (1988). 2.c. Wardell-Johnson et al., (1997) refer to natural hybrids between E. tessellaris x E. torelliana in the North Kennedy Pastoral District of north Queensland. 2.d. Lamb (1967) cited in Barrett and Mullin (1968) report that a natural hybrid between E. citriodora x E. torelliana from the Jos Plateau in Nigeria was much more vigorous than either parent. 2.e. Kapoor and Sharma (1984) reported on the presence of spontaneous hybrids between E. citriodora and E. torelliana in India.

6.04 1. CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global 1. The mating system of E. torelliana is likely to be Module . Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 2. Eucalypts predominantly outcrossing (Eldridge et al., 1993). 2. (203-209). In D. Simberloff & M. Rejmánek, eds. Eucalypt breeding system is of mixed mating with Encyclopedia of Biological Invasions . Berkeley: University of preferential outcrossing. California Press. 6.05 1. CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global 1. Pollination in eucalypts is normally by insects, or rarely Module . Wallingford, UK: CAB International. by wind, and like other species of eucalypts, the mating system of E. torelliana is likely to be predominantly outcrossing (Eldridge et al., 1993). 6.06 6.07 1. "Eucalyptus torelliana ." horticopia.com . Horticopia, 1. Growth rate: fast 2011. Web. 25 July 2011. 7.01

Completed: July 2012 7.02 1.a-e. CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium 1.a. One of the most important attributes of E. torelliana is Global Module . Wallingford, UK: CAB International. its potential as a windbreak. Grout and Stephen (1995) reported that the species was suitable as a windbreak for citrus orchards. 1.b. It is well suited as a fast growing shade tree and can provide commercial timber being a multiple use species. 1.c. It is widely cultivated in Australia as an amenity plant in warm localities outside its natural distribution. 1.d. E. torelliana can be a useful cover species providing the shade and shelter necessary to establish rainforest gardens as it grows and withstands full sun and wind even when small (Sankowsky, 1983). 1.e. Wood Products: roundwood,posts, piles, building poles, sawn or hewn building timbers, for heavy construction, for light construction, flooring, engineering structures, bridges, railway sleepers, woodware, industrial and domestic woodware, tool handles, sports equipment, vehicle bodies, wood-based materials,particleboard, fibreboard, hardboard, pulp, short-fibre pulp, charcoal.

7.03 1. CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global 1. It is possible that it could latch on to crops (i.e., maize) Module . Wallingford, UK: CAB International. due do sticky resin that it produces (e.g.Couto et al. (1994) reported on the establishment of E. torelliana inter cropped with maize in Belo Oriente, Minas Gerais, Brazil).

7.04 1. Boland, D.J. et al. Forest Trees of Australia . 5th ed. No adaptions for wind dispersal (i.e., lacks wings). 1. Seeds Collingswood, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO, 2006. Print. 2. elliptical, non-winged, red-brown, hilum ventral. 2. Seed Potts, B. 1990. The response of eucalypt populations to a dispersal in most eucalypt species is mainly by wind and changing environment. Tasforests, December: 179-193. 3. gravity. 3. Wind is probably the only important agent of Cremer, K.W. 1977. Distance of seed dispersal in Eucalypts seed dispersal in the eucalypts, except possibly in species estimated from seed weights. Australian Forest Research, growing on river margins or flood plains where water could 7(4): 225-228. 4. Rejmánek, M. & D.M. Richardson. 2011. also transport the seed. 4. Relatively limited seed dispersal; Eucalypts (203-209). In: D. Simberloff & M. Rejmánek, eds. planted eucalypts are very small and have no adaptions for Encyclopedia of Biological Invasions. Berkeley: University of dispersal (wings or fleshy). The passive release of seeds is California Press. undoubtedly aided by wind; however all rigorous studies of eucalypt seed dispersal and seedling spatial distribution show that in general seeds are dispersed over quite short distances that are in agreement with measurement of terminal descent velocity.

Completed: July 2012 7.05 1. Rejmánek, M. & D.M. Richardson. 2011. Eucalypts (203- 1. Eucalypts should not be planted near rivers/streams. 209). In D. Simberloff & M. Rejmánek, eds. Encyclopedia of Temporarily flooded or eroded river/stream banks are Biological Invasions . Berkeley: University of California suitable habitat for spontaneous establishment of Press. seedlings. Additionally, their seeds can be dispersed for long distances by running water.

7.06 1. Southern, S.G. et al. 2004. Review of gene movement by 1. Dispersal in animal droppings does not occur, although bats and birds and its potential significance for eucalypt many birds eat eucalypt seed, because the seed does not plantation forestry. Australian Forestry , 67(1): 44-53. survive passage through the alimentary canal of mammals and birds (Joseph 1986).

7.07 1. Pyper, W. "Princes of bees." ECOS April-June 2001: 18- 1. Cadagi tree (Eucalyptus torelliana ) seeds usually litter 20. Web. the entrance of Trigona carbonaria (a stingless bee) hives, as the bees acquire the seeds while foraging for resin in the gumnuts. 2. When T. carbonaria entered Cadagi gumnuts to collect resin they ofter emerged carrying resin in their 'corbicule' (pollen baskets) with one or two seeds attached. Before returning to the hive, workers attempt to dislodge the seeds by grooming, scraping the seeds onto nearby leaves or gumnuts. At other times they would attempt to remove the seeds at the hive entrance or carry the seeds directly into the hive. It is known that most of the seeds taken into the hives were removed, as Wallace & Trueman (1995) observed "workers fly away from the hive entrance carrying seeds in their mandibles and forelegs. They were often discarded within 10 metres of the hive, and we suspect they can disperse the seed up to two kilometers away from the parent tree."

7.08 1. Southern, S.G. et al. 2004. Review of gene movement by 1. Dispersal in animal droppings does not occur, although bats and birds and its potential significance for eucalypt many birds eat eucalypt seed, because the seed does not plantation forestry. Australian Forestry , 67(1): 44-53. survive passage through the alimentary canal of mammals and birds (Joseph 1986).

8.01 1.a-b. CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium 1.a. The species can be a precocious seeder and capsules Global Module . Wallingford, UK: CAB International. mature in January-March. 1.b. Weediness could become a problem given that the species can produce copious quantities of seed and it is adaptable to a wide range of sites as found in Queensland.

8.02 1. Rejmánek, M. & D.M. Richardson. 2011. Eucalypts (203- 1. Eucalypt seeds do not have dormancy and seed storage 209). In D. Simberloff & M. Rejmánek, eds. Encyclopedia of in the soil lasts less than a year. Biological Invasions . Berkeley: University of California Press.

Completed: July 2012 8.03 1. Rejmánek, M. & D.M. Richardson. 2011. Eucalypts (203- 1. Triclopyr or glyphosate applied to freshly cut stumps can 209). In D. Simberloff & M. Rejmánek, eds. Encyclopedia of greatly reduce resprouting. Biological Invasions . Berkeley: University of California Press. 8.04 1. CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global 1. E. torelliana has a limited natural distribution and the Module . Wallingford, UK: CAB International. influence of fires and land clearing has further reduced its distribution. 8.05

Completed: July 2012