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Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul Faculdade De Ciências Econômicas Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS ECONÔMICAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ESTUDOS ESTRATÉGICOS INTERNACIONAIS GHENT UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE CRISTINE KOEHLER ZANELLA THE BRAZILIAN FOREIGN POLICY ON ECONOMIC SANCTIONS IMPOSED BY THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL DURING THE COLD WAR AND THE 1990s A POLÍTICA EXTERNA BRASILEIRA PARA SANÇÕES ECONÔMICAS IMPOSTAS PELO CONSELHO DE SEGURANÇA DAS NAÇÕES UNIDAS DURANTE A GUERRA FRIA E A DÉCADA DE 1990 Porto Alegre 2015 CRISTINE KOEHLER ZANELLA THE BRAZILIAN FOREIGN POLICY ON ECONOMIC SANCTIONS IMPOSED BY THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL DURING THE COLD WAR AND THE 1990s A POLÍTICA EXTERNA BRASILEIRA PARA SANÇÕES ECONÔMICAS IMPOSTAS PELO CONSELHO DE SEGURANÇA DAS NAÇÕES UNIDAS DURANTE A GUERRA FRIA E A DÉCADA DE 1990 Thesis submitted to the Doctoral Program in International Strategic Studies, of the Faculty of Economics of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, as a partial requirement for obtaining a PhD degree in International Strategic Studies. Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD in Political Science, Department of Political Science, of Ghent University. Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Eduardo Ernesto Filippi (UFRGS) and Prof. Dr. Dries Lesage (UGent) Porto Alegre 2015 CRISTINE KOEHLER ZANELLA THE BRAZILIAN FOREIGN POLICY ON ECONOMIC SANCTIONS IMPOSED BY THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL DURING THE COLD WAR AND THE 1990s A POLÍTICA EXTERNA BRASILEIRA PARA SANÇÕES ECONÔMICAS IMPOSTAS PELO CONSELHO DE SEGURANÇA DAS NAÇÕES UNIDAS DURANTE A GUERRA FRIA E A DÉCADA DE 1990 Thesis submitted to the Doctoral Program in International Strategic Studies, of the Faculty of Economics of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, as a partial requirement for obtaining a PhD degree in International Strategic Studies. Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD in Political Science, Department of Political Science, of Ghent University. Approved in Porto Alegre on August 25, 2015. EXAMINATION BOARD ________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Eduardo Ernesto Filippi - Supervisor UFRGS ________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Dries Lesage - Supervisor UGent ________________________________________ Prof. Dr. André Reis da Silva UFRGS ________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Mattias Vermeiren UGent ________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Sílvia Regina Ferabolli UniRitter ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank The Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) and the Doctoral Program on International Strategic Studies (PPGEEI) for the opportunity to attend a Doctoral program that supported my research interests within a Brazilian renowned public institution; and the Ghent University (UGent) and the Ghent Institute for International Studies (GIIS) for welcoming me into their research groups and for the excellent facilities and other academic resources that greatly helped me to finish this dissertation. The BABEL Project, which receives financial support from the European Commission through the Erasmus Mundus Programme, for funding my mobility scholarship that ultimately resulted in the Cooperation Agreement for the Joint Supervision and Certification of a Doctorate between both UFRGS and UGent; and the Centro Universitário Ritter dos Reis (UniRitter) for providing a partial research support during the initial months of this doctoral research. The UFRGS International Relations Office (RELINTER) and the UGent Department of Educational Affairs, for kindly supporting me throughout all institutional procedures that made possible to sign the Cooperation Agreement aforementioned. The Brazilian Ministry of External Relations and its Department of Documentation and Communication (CDC) for assisting me in my quest for information in the diplomatic archives. Counselor Pedro Frederico de Figueiredo Garcia and the CDC staff were particularly kind in creating a hospitable environment during the several weeks I spent in the research of the archives. My supervisors Eduardo Ernesto Filippi (UFRGS), for his permanent motivation and kind support to this project since its very first moment, and Dries Lesage (UGent), for his provocative questions and inspiring academic guidance. I particularly thank Professor Lesage for his availability to fly all the way to Porto Alegre to my examination. The examination board professors, André Reis da Silva, Mattias Vermeiren and Silvia Ferabolli, for finding some time in their hectic activities to analyze and discuss my dissertation. My special acknowledgment to Prof. Vermeiren for coming to Porto Alegre for my examination. The Ambassador Igor Kipman for his gentle answers to my several doubts on diplomatic terms and procedures. The professors Rik Coolsaet and Fábio Morosini for their clear suggestions during the dissertation writing in the PhD Seminars that had place both at Gent and at Porto Alegre. The revisors in English, Maurice Sheehan and Ivo Yonamine, for their patience with my many errors and their diligent work. Naturally, I am the only responsible for the remaining mistakes. My colleagues from GIIS who welcomed me at Ghent, especially Peter Debaere, Mattias Vermeiren, Jennifer Kesteleyn, and Sacha Dierckx. My friends and colleagues who shared with me the anguish and the excitement of being a PhD researcher, especially Edson Neves Jr., Fernanda Barasuol, Joséli Fiorin Gomes, Luiza Peruffo, Marc Deitos and Thales Pereira. My family. José Zanella and Maria Helena Koehler Zanella, for making our home a book-friendly place since my childhood; Rafaela Koehler Zanella, Denis Valente and our already beloved Isabella, for reminding me on the sweet and crazy taste of being family; Matheus Koehler Zanella, for having shared with me the curiosity about the mysteries of the universe since we were children; and finally, the two people to whom I will never know how to really say how thankful I am: Maria Carolina Beraldo, for being my safe haven in all dimensions of this life; and Inaê Oliveira, for stimulating me to fly high and for reminding me that this is the way life is worthy. ABSTRACT This dissertation is based on two premises: first, the participation in the Security Council (UNSC) is important for a long-term strategy underlying the Brazilian foreign policy; second, economic sanctions are an important issue for the agenda of the aforementioned body. Therefore, this dissertation was written with the intention to answer this main research question: Which factors explain Brazil’s behavior toward the economic sanctions imposed by UNSC? The research focuses on the period from 1945 until 2000. Brazilian diplomatic documents disclosed were the main source to access the Brazilian behavior toward economic sanctions and the causal relations described. The most general outcome observed was that Brazil generally played a passive role on proposing, discussing, criticizing or shaping the economic sanctions regimes imposed by the UNSC during the second half of the 20th century. This observation is complemented by the analysis of the explanatory factors, which contributed to assess the meanders and contours of Brazil’s diplomatic behavior concerning the matter and to understand the most important motivations that lied behind Brazil’s actions. I investigated six explanatory factors that could help to understand the Brazilian behavior toward economic sanctions imposed by the UNSC until the late 1990s: concerns on unilateral tendencies, the strategic importance of the target to Brazil, the existence of economic interests menaced by the imposition of the sanctions, humanitarian concerns, importance of particular actors to Brazil’s foreign policy in an enlarged scenario, and values. This dissertation analyzed also the following sub-question: Does Brazil’s behavior confirm the usual foreign policy goals ascribed to middle powers when dealing with global issues? To address this question I investigated the Brazilian participation in the Security Council concerning economic sanctions regarding three other factors that represent the most usual permanent foreign policy goals pursued by middle powers when dealing with global issues, namely: multilateralism promotion, consensus building and prestige increase. Keywords: Brazilian foreign policy. Economic sanctions. United Nations Security Council. RESUMO Esta pesquisa é baseada em duas premissas: primeira, que a participação no Conselho de Segurança (CSNU) é importante na estratégia de longo prazo da Política Externa Brasileira; segunda, que as sanções econômicas são um item importante da agenda do mencionado órgão. A partir disso, a presente tese foi escrita com a intenção de responder a seguinte questão principal: quais fatores explicam o comportamento brasileiro em relação às sanções econômicas impostas pelo CSNU? A pesquisa foca no período que vai de 1945 a 2000. Documentos diplomáticos desclassificados constituíram a principal fonte para a identificação do comportamento brasileiro e para o estabelecimento das relações causais descritas. O principal resultado observado foi que o Brasil geralmente desempenhou um papel passivo na proposição, discussão, crítica e definição dos regimes de sanções econômicas impostos pelo CSNU durante a segunda metade do século 20. Essa observação é complementada pela análise de fatores explicativos, que contribuem para acessar os meandros e contornos do comportamento diplomático brasileiro no tema e para entender as mais importantes motivações que residem por trás das ações brasileiras. Seis fatores explicativos que poderiam auxiliar
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