Re-Thinking Europe's Security Priorities

RE-THINKING EUROPE’S SECURITY PRIORITIES

7 NNovemberovember 22011011

RREPORTEPORT EENN - FRFR

Co-organised by: From Information to Intelligence

Negotiating a contract, • Defence and security forming a partnership, developing international business, • Information technology launching a new product, taking over a competitor… these activities all involve risks. • Telecommunications But they also present tremendous opportunities if the specific risks • Energy and the environment of each situation are properlyPub assessed beforehand. • Healthcare & pharmaceuticals Information is a vital part of this assessment. • Transport Whether an organization needs to be forewarned of upcoming • Banking & Insurance technology disruptions, defend its assets from hostile intentions or promote • Agrifood sector its competitive edge on world markets, • Materials its success always depends on its ability to gather, secure and process strategic information and put it to the best use.

This is the service that CEIS, the European Company for Strategic Intelligence, has been offering its clients in both the public and private sectors since 1997. With a clear agenda: to find imaginative, concrete, operational solutions to guarantee success.

Olivier Darrason Chairman CEIS • Compagnie Européenne d’Intelligence Stratégique 280, boulevard Saint-Germain • 75007 Paris • France Tel.: (+33) 1 45 55 00 20 • Fax: (+33) 1 45 55 00 60 Email: [email protected] • Web site: www.ceis-strat.com SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 3

RRE-THINKINGE-THINKING EEUROPE’SUROPE’S SECURITYSECURITY PRIORITIESPRIORITIES

REEPORTPORT 4 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

Giles Merritt Olivier Darrason

Foreword

Over 40 speakers and 340 participants gathered Ministers Gérard Longuet and Thomas de to exchange their views at the fourth “Security & Maizière for their contributions to this report. Defence Day” in Brussels on 7 November 2011, organised by the Security & Defence Agenda We also extend our thanks to this year’s co- (SDA) and CEIS under the patronage of Poland’s organisers, the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, and EU Presidency. to our partners who contributed to the organisation and success of this event: the Madariaga We were particularly struck in this year’s discus- Foundation, the Virtuoso project, financed within sions by the importance of trust among member the 7th European Framework Programme for states and EU institutions. Amid economic and security research, and the EUROCYBEX project, geostrategic turmoil, speakers identified a real financed by the ISEC programme of the Euro- need to build trust in order to move forward and pean Commission’s DG Home Affairs. meet both political and operational objectives. We hope that Cyprus’ EU Presidency in 2012 We would like to thank the speakers for their will lend its patronage to what has become Brus- contributions, in particular Polish Secretary of sels’ flagship security and defence event. We would State for Foreign Affairs Jan Borkowski and Euro- like to invite you to join us for the next SecDef pean Commissioner for Internal Market and Ser- conference, to ensure that we continue to analyse vices Michel Barnier. We also extend our warm- and debate Europe’s key security challenges. est thanks to the French and German Defence

Giles Merritt Olivier Darrason

SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 5

Contents

Foreword ...... 4

Op-Ed by Gérard Longuet, French Minister of Defence ...... 6

Op-Ed by Thomas de Maizière, German Minister of Defence ...... 7

Programme...... 9

Securing Europe’s neighbourhood...... 14

The Role of the Weimar Triangle...... 18

Improving Europe’s situation awareness...... 23

Strengthening Europe’s crisis management...... 27

Reinforcing the EU drive on defence and security technologies...... 31

Time for Europeans to bite the bullet on pooling and sharing...... 35

Europe’s efforts to develop its cyber-defences...... 39

The challenges for European maritime security...... 43

Speakers...... 96

List of participants...... 113

Version Française...... 50

The views expressed in this report are personal opinions of the speakers and not necessarily those of the organisations they represent, nor of the Security & Defence Agenda, CEIS or KAS, their members or partners.

Reproduction in whole or in part is permitted, providing that full attribution is made to the co-organisers and to the source(s) in question, and provided that any such reproduction, whether in full or in part, is not sold unless incorporated in other works Français

Publisher: Geert Cami Text: Madariaga – College of Europe Foundation Photos: Philippe Molitor Design: Europolitics Print: Identic 6 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

OP-ED “The responsibilities of European defence”

2011 has marked a veritable absent. We draw three lessons from this: first that turning point in the perception NATO is of course indispensable, in particular for of security and defence for all its coordination means made available to the Alliance European countries. Around member states. Second lesson: as the US did not make us, the world is hesitating this crisis a major priority for their forces, nothing between two models. On the would have been possible without certain European one hand, old patterns, heavy countries making their own strategic capabilities avail- Gérard Longuet, and rigid, weaken one after the able to the Alliance. Hence the third lesson: this situa- French Minister other, with the Arab Spring tion could very probably happen again. And here lies of Defence showing that they can give way the emergency. The will of a handful must be replaced to unexpected developments. by that of the entire European Union. On the other hand, a radically new international framework is seeing the light of day in which global powers France expects a lot from initiatives that are begin- are seeking the conditions of a new equilibrium. The ning to move the red lines of European defence in hope shared by all, in Europe and the world, is of spite of a difficult context. The Lancaster House treaty course that this new balance becomes a peaceful reality. for example, which unites France to its British ally and We must however face reality: we are all threatened by is based on a common political vision and comparable increasingly violent and systemic economic turbulence, military capabilities, is an integral part of this European and while we know this will be profoundly destabilis- defence ambition and this cooperation is not closed ing, we struggle to grasp their cultural and social conse- exclusive. quences. In terms of security, we must thus prepare for uncertain times, in which solidarity amongst Europe- I am conscious of the need to reflect on an enlarged ans will be the only remedy to the temptation of «each common action and as such I welcome the proposal to his own» which will be our demise. expressed in the framework of the Weimar Triangle which unites Poland, Germany, and France. This is why one of my major preoccupations today is that of capabilities. Let us admit it: in spite of past In a world that is not necessarily more danger- and current exercises, a long-standing temptation in ous but more unstable and thus more unpredictable, Europe has been to mistake pooling and capability the duty to defend regains its meaning and commits abstention. But only reality can be shared, not declara- us to act collectively. I welcome the 2011 edition of tions of intention. Be it in terms of know-how, capa- the SecDef conference, of which I know the quality, bilities or equipment, Europe cannot rely on a virtual and hope all the participants, experts and political roadmap. European credibility, be it within NATO or decision-makers brought together in Brussels had the EU, is at stake. While the Harmattan operation in useful discussions aimed at finding concrete solu- Lybia was a success, the European Union was long tions which Europe needs. SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 7

OP-ED “Towards stronger European defence and security” European nations and the within the European context and exploiting the United States are currently options for establishing specialisations in capabili- confronted with a twofold ties and in the division of labour through pooling challenge. On the one hand, and sharing would enhance the potential of Euro- we are faced with growing pean armed forces. This may need time and will security challenges. On the require patience. In the end however, it will kill two other, significant budget birds with one stone.

Thomas de Maizière, pressures demand fiscal German Minister of austerity, including cuts in Defence defence spending. This aus- Second: Avoiding duplication, utilising terity will have consequences synergies for national armed forces, as well as for international cooperation. Germany and In order for our combined efforts to bear fruit, many European partners are currently realigning not only is bi- or trilateral cooperation required, but the structures of their armed forces. Whilst highly also cooperation within NATO, within the EU and necessary, these national reforms of armed forces amongst organisations. It is absolutely necessary are not enough. Preserving overall defence capa- for NATO and the EU to interact on a comple- bilities in Europe requires a combined effort. mentary rather than on a competitive basis – particularly in the development of common capabili- If nothing else, the worldwide economic and ties. It is of second rank whether we achieve more financial crisis shows us that in a world of mutual cooperation under the European Ghent-Initiative interdependence, national solo efforts are not or NATO’s Smart Defence Initiative. sustainable – neither financially, nor strategically. Already, some nations are unable to maintain a Third: Getting started, catalysing complete spectrum. Hence, we need a balanced commitment European capability spectrum if we want to Germany will take the lead for establishing a pool strengthen Europe’s political clout and to uphold of maritime patrol aircraft and intends to provide burden-sharing within the transatlantic alliance. a multinational headquarters for the operational control of NATO and EU operations. Together First: Enhancing cooperation and with interested partners, we will press ahead with integration these projects in order to present first results at the Against this backdrop, increased cooperation NATO Summit in Chicago next May. Furthermore, and integration in security and defence matters we support the common procurement and main- is the only viable option for European states to tenance of capability platforms, in particular, the embrace. Coordinating the restructuring efforts Alliance Ground Surveillance (AGS) system. 8 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

Fourth: Calling for pragmatism and realism Fifth: Shaping the way ahead step by step Whereas the European project has been a suc- With regard to pooling and sharing, Germany cess story, the record of the (relatively) incipient strongly supports a member-state driven pro- domain of Common Security and Defence Policy cess. Individual bi- or trilateral projects currently (CSDP) is rather mixed. It is an open secret that show the most promise of providing satisfactory implementation in this area has often failed to live results. We have already seen benefits in the areas up to declarations of commitment. The limitations of logistics and training. I am optimistic that these of multilateral cooperation, such as differing stra- initiatives can be gradually expanded to include tegic cultures and constitutional matters, have to be operational capabilities. In the long run, we need taken into account. All of this calls for pragmatism a permanent mechanism through which countries and, above all, realism. The move towards greater will continually assess what capabilities they want European force integration is a process – and it has to share or pool. Ultimately though, these con- only just begun. There are two key conditions for siderations need to become an integral part of its advancement: reliability and trust. States which national force planning and the NATO Defence leave tasks to partners need to be able to count Planning Process. on them to deliver in times of crisis. If we lack trust in our partner’s reliability, any initiative will Nevertheless, security challenges will not wait be doomed to failure. for Europe to come to terms with its internal problems. Today, we need the ability to uphold capable national forces, the will to move towards more integrated armed forces and the courage to live up to our international responsibilities. Our combined efforts will pave the way for stronger European defence and security. SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 9 Programme PLENARY SESSION Securing Europe’s neighbourhood 09:30-11:00 Europe’s security thinking is due to undergo an important overhaul once the EU’s new diplomatic arm - the European External Action Service (EEAS) – formulates coherent responses to fast- moving security challenges. How can these responses be reconciled with member states’ national political cultures and perceived interests? Issues ranging from missile defence to energy and military industrial cooperation to border security continue to divide member states and therefore EU relations with its neighbours. The idea of a pan-European security space including Russia has yet to find consensus in Europe, so what realistically should the EU’s security objectives be and what political, economic and military instruments should it develop to further these?

Introductory remarks Stefan Gehrold, Director of Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, Brussels Office Keynote speaker Jan Borkowski, Secretary of State at the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs Speakers Francis Delon, Secretary General, French General Secretariat for Defence and National Security (SGDN) Ivan Soltanovskiy, Director of European Cooperation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Russia Pierre Vimont, Executive Secretary General, European External Action Service (EEAS) Moderated by Jaap de Hoop Scheffer, SDA co-president and former NATO Secretary General, and Giles Merritt, Director, Security & Defence Agenda (SDA)

PARALLEL SESSIONS I 11:30-13:00

The role of the Weimar Triangle The renewed Franco-British defence cooperation agreement was meant to give new impetus to EU’s Common Foreign and security policy (CFSP). Have disagreements over military intervention in Libya highlighted weaknesses at the core of this policy? Can the renewed cooperation between France, Poland, and Germany promised by the so-called Weimar Triangle’s summit in February 2011 give new impetus to the goal of a shared foreign policy? How might the Weimar Triangle harness political consensus in Europe to speed up decision-making and the planning and conduct of foreign operations? Is the EU now making progress in setting up its own command and control structures and has the time come for a single military authority? What role should the rotating EU presidency exercise in foreign affairs? Speakers Jean-Louis Falconi, French Political and Security Committee (PSC) Ambassador to the EU Col. Rainer Meyer zum Felde, Vice-President, Federal College for Security Studies, Germany Beata Pęksa-Krawiec, Polish Political and Security Committee (PSC) Ambassador to the EU Lt. Gen. Ton Van Osch, Director General of the European Union Military Staff (EUMS) Karl von Wogau, Secretary General, Kangaroo Group Moderated by Pierre Defraigne, Executive Director, Madariaga – College of Europe Foundation 10 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

Improving Europe’s situation awareness France’s 2008 Defence White Paper emphasised that “in a world characterised by uncertainty and instability, knowledge represents our first line of defence.” Yet European leaders appear to have varying levels of reliable intelligence. Do national security providers liaise with each other, and do the entities that make up the embryo EU information service have the means to analyse fast-moving crises and plan responses? Can Europe enhance cooperation in the area of open-source intelligence, and would a central European open-source authority be useful? Speakers Pascal Legai, Deputy Director, EU Satellite Centre (EUSC) Ange Mancini, Intelligence Coordinator, Office of the President, France Félix Sanz Roldàn, Director, Spanish National Intelligence Centre (CNI) Frederik Schumann, Management Team, Virtuoso Project Moderated by Axel Dyèvre, Director of the European Office, CEIS

Strengthening Europe’s crisis management Crisis management in humanitarian emergencies is one of the EU’s strengths, but rising demand for closer civ-mil cooperation means there is still room for improvement. What best practices are being drawn from operations in the Horn of Africa, and how can the tools now widely available throughout the EU be better coordinated? Can coordinated strategic planning between European development projects and crisis management teams improve the EU’s security and peacekeeping efforts? What are the prospects for mutually beneficial co-operation in crisis management between the EU and other international actors such as NATO? Speakers Franziska Katharina Brantner, Member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, European Parliament Florika Fink-Hooijer, Head of Cabinet of EU Commissioner for International Cooperation & Humanitarian Aid Kristalina Georgieva Agostino Miozzo, Managing Director for Crisis Response and Operational Coordination, European External Action Service (EEAS) Col. Thomas Toussaint, Commander of the Joint “Civ-mil action” taskforce, French Armed Forces Moderated by Giles Merritt, Director, Security & Defence Agenda (SDA) SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 11

PLENARY SESSION Reinforcing the EU drive on defence and security technologies 14:00-15:30 Europe's military shortcomings have made headlines around the world because the Libya crisis has coincided with recession-driven defence cuts across Europe. But what of Europe's defence industries now that the EU’s defence package heralds the end to national exception from single market rules? Could it be that heightened concerns over Europe's security responsibilities will put cross-border partnerships, pooling and a drive against duplication much higher on the political agenda? Should the EU combine its long-standing aim of a single market in defence equipment with that of a single security market? Would such a move improve security of supply in the EU and help strengthen Europe's military outreach with advanced surveillance and weapons technologies? Keynote speaker Michel Barnier, European Commissioner for Internal Market and Services Speakers Claude-France Arnould, Chief Executive, European Defence Agency (EDA) Daniel Calleja-Crespo, Deputy Director General and Special Envoy for SMEs, Directorate- General for Enterprise, European Commission Christian Ehler, Member of the Subcommittee on Security and Defence, European Parliament IGA Pierre Schanne, Secretary General for Armament Systems Architecture, French Délégation Générale de l’Armement (DGA) Moderated by Jaap de Hoop Scheffer, SDA co-president and former NATO Secretary General, and Olivier Darrason, Chairman, CEIS

PARALLEL SESSIONS II 16:00-17:30

Time for Europeans to bite the bullet on pooling and sharing

European forces face increasingly severe equipment shortages in key capability areas, ranging from tactical troop transport to civil protection. To what extent could greater pooling and sharing reinforce Europe’s military outreach? Is it time for European countries to accept “mutualisation” of key types of equipment and personnel, and how far will NATO membership affect certain member states’ choices? Are civilians better than their military counterparts at sharing capabilities?

Speakers Hilmar Linnenkamp, Adviser on International Security, Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP) François Lureau, Member of the EDA Wisemen group and former National Armaments Director, France Jonathan Mullin, Capabilities Director, European Defence Agency (EDA) Claus Haugaard Sørensen, Director General for Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection (ECHO), European Commission

Moderated by Jean Rannou, Director of Security & Defence, CEIS 12 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

Europe’s efforts to develop its cyber-defences

The European Commission and EEAS suffered a major cyber-attack on the eve of the March 24, 2011 summit, just months after an attack on France’s finance ministry. Cyber-security has for some time been at the top of the agenda for public and private sectors, yet the EU still has not developed a coherent response. What are the implications of this leadership vacuum for critical infrastructure protection? What can greater public-private partnerships do to provide solutions?

Speakers Axel Dyèvre, Director, CEIS European Office and Eurocyber Project Coordinator Michael Hange, President of the German Federal Office for Information Security (BSI) Col. Marek Pszczolka, Director, Military Communication and Information Security Agency, Ministry of the National Defence, Poland Steve Purser, Head of the Technical Department, European Network and Information Security Agency (ENISA)

Moderated by Olivier Zajec, Deputy Director, Strategic Studies & Solutions Department, CEIS

The challenges for European maritime security Operation Atalanta and the Libyan situation both demonstrate that the EU is increasingly dealing with the maritime dimension and global challenges such as organized crime, piracy, drug and human trafficking, illegal immigration or the disruption of trade routes and energy supplies. Can the EU harness the wide range of tools and agencies at its disposal, such as EMSA, FRONTEX and its member states’ national navies, to specifically tackle these maritime challenges? What legal or technical hurdles still prevent the EU from defending its interests and strategic supplies at sea? Could a European Coastguard coordinate the many national and international actors at sea? What EU capabilities exist in maritime surveillance, and is there room for cooperation with NATO in this field? Speakers Adm. Anne-François de Saint Salvy, Préfet Maritime de l’Atlantique, France Beate Gminder, Head of Unit for Maritime Policy, Directorate-General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, European Commission Brig. Gen. Ilkka Laitinen, Executive Director, European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders (FRONTEX) Rear Adm. Stanislaw Zarychta, Commander of the Polish Maritime Operations Centre Moderated by Giles Merritt, Director, Security & Defence Agenda (SDA) SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 13

Ivan Soltanovskiy

Francis Delon Giles Merritt & Pierre Vimont Opening the conference, Stefan Gehrold, Director of the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung’s Brussels office, stated that security and defence policy is a key element of the Euro- pean integration process. “Recent events in the southern neighbourhood have shown the world will not wait for Europe to sort out its Securing Europe’s own problems”. neighbourhood Jaap de Hoop Scheffer, co-president of the Security and Defence Agenda and former NATO Secretary General, began by pleading with Europe’s leaders to “save the euro but to not lose Europe in the process”. Citing Euro- pean splits over approaches to the ongoing crisis in the Middle East and declining defence budgets in Europe, and acknowledging the importance of public support for Europe’s actions, de Hoop Scheffer stated that “now is the time for more Europe”. 14 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

EU cannot play its role in the world”. Delon noted that the EU’s southern neighbourhood raises questions such as immigration and natural resource security, whereas the eastern neighbourhood poses challenges such as potential ballistic missile attacks from the Middle-East.

On the issue of ballistic missiles, Delon remarked how Europe had to work closely Stefan Gehrold with Russia and how the two players had to partner on anti- missile defence. “Russia is no Speaking about the Polish presidency’s longer an enemy”, he continued, “and we ambitions to see Europe develop and opera- must work together for our collective secu- tionalise more coherent and capable security rity because of political and geographical and defence instruments, Jan Borkowski, realities”. Delon concluded by remarking Secretary of State at the Polish Ministry of that “even when there is more interest for Foreign Affairs, stressed economic matters at pres- the need for Europe to “The world will not wait for ent, we should still build speak with one voice on Europe to sort out its own up European security and security issues if it is to problems” defence”. continue to set a posi- - Stefan Gehrold - tive example in its eastern Taking a Russian per- and southern neighbour- spective, Ivan Soltanovs- hoods. kiy, Director of European Cooperation at the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Francis Delon, French Secretary General said that dialogue at all levels between for Defence and National Security, stated Europe and Russia is needed more than that with the frozen conflicts in its east- ever if challenges such as terrorism, nuclear ern neighbourhood and the transitions in proliferation and humanitarian crises are the South it is “incomprehensible that the to be tackled. “We have a historic oppor- SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 15

tunity”, claimed Soltanovskiy, “to secure asked whether Libya could serve as a cata- our common neighbourhood, but we need a lyst for Europe to drop its “hub and spoke legally binding arrangement and political will approach” towards its southern neighbour- from partners to achieve regional security”. hood in favour of a more ambitious security He warned against replicating the Libyan framework in the region. action by a NATO-led coalition elsewhere, stressing the strong need to safeguard the Delon responded by agreeing that such primary role of the UN Security Council in an ambitious approach would be useful, but conflict management and to enforce the rule of law in international relations, based on the principles of non-use of force and non-interfer- ence in internal affairs of sovereign states.

Pierre Vimont, Executive Secre- tary General of the EEAS, wanted to dispel the current wave of pes- simism by reminding the audience of Europe’s considerable assets. “It is true that Europe was divided over Libya”, remarked Vimont, “but the European Security Strategy and the Jaap de Hoop Scheffer Lisbon treaty offer us the right strategic direction on many pressing issues”. Turn- qualified this by stating that it may be too ing to issues such as globalisation, decreasing early for an ambitious European approach to defence budgets and the southern neigh- the region given that events are still unfold- bourhood, Vimont explained that “Europe ing. Having said this, Delon remarked how needs a clearer understanding of its strategic no-one in Europe foresaw the “Arab spring” vision” and more continuity, coherence and and suggested that crisis early warning form complementarity where its actions are con- a more important part of Europe’s strategy. cerned. Agreeing that the southern neighbour- Challenging the speakers with a question hood will have to look at ways for closer eco- on the “Arab Spring”, Giles Merritt, Direc- nomic and political cooperation in the future, tor of the Security and Defence Agenda, Vimont made clear that this is a period where 16 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

the EU needs to listen to the new leaders in the dispute and welcomed the constructive the transition countries. “Security reform, for role of the Arab League in the region. example, is needed in the region” remarked Vimont, “so if Europe is asked to assist with Joao Mira Gomes, Portuguese Ambassador security sector reform we should be ready”. to NATO, asked panellists what more could be done to promote EU-NATO coopera- Laurens Jan Brinkhorst, Trustee of tion in spite of all the well-known stumbling Friends of Europe started the audience blocks and Europe’s defence budget pres- debate by focusing on sures. Vimont acknowl- the EU’s divisions over edged the complications “Europe needs a clearer the Israel-Palestinian in the relationship and understanding of its question. Vimont stated notioned how there may be strategic vision” that despite the long- another twist in relations - Pierre Vimont - standing divergences following Libya. Taking between member states up this point, Delon stated over the issue “Europe must move ahead that Libya has shown France’s commitment with proposals for possible solutions”. to NATO but it also means that the conti- “Europe is all about dialogue”, he contin- nent cannot “renounce European defence”. ued, “so we have an added value in help- ing to narrow the gap between Israel and Referring to the recently agreed Franco- the Palestinians”. Soltanovskiy stressed the British defence treaties, Sandy Johnston from primacy of international law in dealing with the British Ministry of Defence pointed out that political leadership from heads of government is of paramount importance in providing the stimulus needed in defence cooperation. Delon agreed with this argument but stated that new security threats such as cyber sabotage and espionage should also provide further impetus, as should Europe’s decreasing defence budgets. Vimont followed on from these points by stating that “we are running out of time”, and with the US looking to the Pacific and new powers emerging “Europe has to integrate” fur- Jan Borkowski ther on security and defence. SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 17

Pierre Defraigne, Executive Director of the Madariaga – College of Europe Foun- dation, started by asking the panellists what new approaches the Weimar Triangle could develop to promote Europe’s consistency in defence and whether the absence of the United Kingdom in the Tri- angle set-up was a positive or The role of the Weimar negative factor. Triangle “The Weimar Triangle was established with the goal of strengthening European integration on a range of issues”, stated the Polish Represen- tative to the Political and Security Committee of the EU, Beata Pęksa-Krawiec. “This goal has been boosted by Poland’s EU membership”, she added. The Ambassador then outlined how it is not surprising that France, Germany and Poland want to cooperate given 18 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

Pierre Defraigne & Lieutenant General Ton Van Osch

the need to revitalise European defence, to trigger the appetite of all 27 Member States manage defence budgets and to build on the for European defence”, continued Falconi, trans-Atlantic partnership. “so that they take up more of a role and share the responsibility of European defence”. “The Triangle is about building up a few more bricks in the integration process” “There is no doubt that initiatives such as notioned Pęksa-Krawiec, in a way that pro- the Weimar Triangle are good for the EU- motes a comprehensive approach by bringing 27”, explained Falconi, because it allows par- together the EU’s development, humanitar- ticipating member states to address in partic- ian, economic and diplomatic tools. “This is ular capacity and operational shortfalls. This one reason why the Polish presidency of the is one of the lessons learnt from Libya. We EU has placed European defence high on its also need to address the improvement of the agenda”, concluded Pęksa-Krawiec. planning capacity and conduct of its operations by the EU. Jean-Louis Falconi, French Representa- tive to the Political and Security Committee Colonel Rainer Meyer zum Felde, Vice- of the EU, recalled that France has always President of the German Federal College been supportive and has taken the initiative for Security Studies, then stated that with the on Common Security and Defence Policy rapid change in the global balance of power, through the Saint Malo agreement, the 2008 the shift in US priorities towards the Pacific EU Council presidency and now in the and the rise of the BRICS no single European Weimar initiative. “What is needed now is to state can be a great power individually. He SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 19

Beata Peksa-Krawiec Jean-LouisJamie Shea Falconi

then went onto remark how the current sov- minded in their strategic thinking in that both ereign debt crisis could be a driver for secu- the transatlantic Alliance with North America rity and defence considerations, especially and the European Union are essential, and if the eurozone-17 initi- France and Germany act ate fiscal and economic in most policy domains “The Triangle is about harmonisation. “There ¬except security and building up a few more bricks would have to be a spill- defence as the engine of in the integration process” over effect into defence the EU and its core, the - Beata Peksa-Krawiec- and security during such a Eurozone”, concluded process” remarked Meyer Meyer zum Felde, before zum Felde. reiterating the need for more European integration in security and defence. Stating that his preferred core for defence would be built around France, Germany “Given that Europe needs to improve its and the United Kingdom, Meyer zum Felde defence capabilities”, remarked Lieutenant acknowledged that this would be unrealistic General Ton Van Osch, Director General for the foreseeable future, meaning that the of the European Union Military Staff, “ini- Weimar Triangle offers a positive alternative. tiatives such as the Weimar Triangle are to “The Weimar Triangle are direct neighbours: be welcomed because they facilitate coop- in a nutshell they reflect a broad variety of eration between member states”. That said, Europe’s security perspectives from the continued Van Osch, more needs to be done Baltic sea to the Mediterranean, they are like- in meeting budgetary pressures by further 20 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

improving pooling and sharing, by addressing in many countries there is a lack of economic the issue of burden sharing and by exploring and social stability, and Europe can play avenues for common funding. a strong role here because of the range of its capabilities”. That said, von Wogau then Van Osch said that “he is positive about stated that the experiences of Libya show the EU’s comprehensive approach” of bring- that the EU has to seriously reflect upon on ing together civilian and military capabilities. its responses to crises.

For von Wogau the Weimar Tri- angle could be important in developing further the EU’s battlegroups and in addressing the lack of a coherent operational command structure for European security and defence operations. However, he struck a caution- ary tone by remarking that initiatives such as the Weimar Triangle run the risk of excluding smaller member states. “France and Germany do not Colonel Rainer Meyer zum Felde always understand each other on defence”, concluded von Wogau, “so Drawing on the experiences of Libya, Van it is important to work with more member Osch remarked that while Europe had been states and some smaller member states like criticised for being divided over its response, Luxembourg or Belgium to foster their in fact the EU’s cooperation with NATO had mutual understanding”. led to the evacuation of approximately 4,400 European citizens from the North African During the discussion between the panel- country. “Initiatives such as the Weimar Tri- lists Meyer zum Felde stated that the Weimar angle”, he concluded, “should be seen as Triangle should remain open to other positive, especially if they boost Europe’s member states to encourage complemen- crisis response in such situations”. tarity. Falconi pointed out that the Weimar Triangle is open to new members, as shown Karl von Wogau, Secretary General of the by the cooperation with Italy and Spain. Van Kangaroo Group, began by stressing the need Osch recalled that permanent structured for a broad approach to security and defence. cooperation was not designed to exclude “This is important”, he continued, “because smaller member states but to encourage SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 21

cooperation between willing countries. Rear Admiral Jacques Rosiers, President of the Euro-Atlantic Association of Bel- Starting the debate from the floor was gium, then bluntly asked if smaller member Paul Flaherty, former Brit- states had to “give up” ish Deputy Permanent “Sovereignty means nothing sovereignty in favour Representative to NATO, without the necessary means of the larger states for who provoked the panel- and capabilities behind it” European defence to lists by asking how the EU - Rear Admiral Jacques Rosiers - really work. von Wogau can develop military capa- took up this challenging bilities that would be rel- question by saying that evant for operations such “if Europe is to remain as Libya. “In planning for the 2013 Weimar sovereign in today’s world, then it will need to Triangle Battlegroup formation”, responded share sovereignty more”. Falconi supported Beata Pęksa-Krawiec, “we are looking at the this by stating that “sovereignty means noth- capabilities that would be needed for crisis ing without the necessary means and capa- response”. Many of the other panellists bilities behind it”. responded by stating that the political will- ingness to act in situations such as Libya is Responding to a question from German just as important as the capabilities one has. MEP Michael Gahler on shared costs for operations under the Athena mechanism, Falconi stated that a political decision would be needed to overcome the traditional debate regarding financial questions and we are not yet there. Pęksa-Krawiec confirmed that the Polish presidency is presently working on Athena through the Council, but she remarked that the aim is not just to share costs but to also spend more efficiently. Placing this question in the broader context of defence budget cuts, Van Osch concluded by saying that a political solution to Athena is required. Karl von Wogau 22 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

Axel Dyèvre, Director of the Compag- nie Européenne d’Intelligence Stratégique (CEIS) European office, started by under- lining the importance of intelligence and remarked how “the purpose of intelligence is to enlighten political decisions”. Dyèvre also distinguished between Improving Europe’s espionage and information analysis, and reminded the audience situation awareness that intelligence is as much about information analysis as it is intelligence information gathering, from secret or open sources.

Recalling that the Lisbon treaty allows for further progress on intelligence sharing, General Félix Sanz Roldàn, Director of the Spanish National Intelligence Centre, stated that “interaction between intelligence services across the EU is essential.” He added SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 23

that Europe is in provide, but at the the initial stages national level we of intelligence have to assist the sharing and has Joint EU Situation made progress, Centre with the but there is a long real-time process- way to go in coor- ing of crisis intel- dinating national ligence”. systems and building trust between Ange Man- them. “One way cini, Intelligence of doing this” Coordinator at recommended the Office of the General Félix Sanz Roldàn Sanz Roldàn “is French President, perhaps to have began by bring- EU-wide training courses for intelligence ing together the concepts of intelligence as professionals”. espionage and analysis with the remark that the French National Intelligence Coordina- The General concluded by saying that tor makes no such distinction. “While the national intelligence services have to be job of Intelligence Coordinator is relatively more flexible at a European level, but that young”, explained Mancini, “the aim is to the EU needs to give a clearer picture of work in an integrated manner by bringing what it expects from the intelligence com- together the information gathering and munities. “It would be very useful”, stated analysis processes”. He added that this is Sanz Roldàn, “if the EU gave us more feed- achieved in France by extensive training of back on the utility of the intelligence we intelligence professionals.

Commenting on intelligence at the European level, Mancini struck a cautious note by stating that national authorities should ultimately have control over their intelligence work. “There Ange Mancini is of course merit in 24 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

sors and has no direct access to them, the permanent challenge is to acquire imagery in due time, mainly commercial imagery, in particular in the case of emergencies. “That is why for an effective intelligence process, open sources turn out to be essential, but these

Pascal Legai sources also need to be available, consolidated coordinating efforts and putting in place and validated to become a more efficient working practice between useful and reliable data”, he added. the member states”, continued Mancini. He then qualified this by pointing out that “Large quantities of open source mate- that Lisbon treaty gives rial” he explained, “not little room for a commu- “Usually, intelligence is, by only means that we need nity approach to intelli- nature, a very sensitive field to ensure quality control gence sharing, and leaves that stays at a national level” across the whole intelli- the responsibility with gence supply chain, but - Pascal Legai - the member states albeit that we require highly in an intergovernmental trained analysts and manner. more interaction between national intelligence services”. In this regard, Legai con- Speaking on behalf of the EU Satellite tinued, a “Central European open source Centre (EUSC), its Deputy Director Pascal authority” could be a very interesting solu- Legai remarked how the task of the Centre tion. Lastly, beyond the need for equipment, is to build and to share intelligence between analysis capacity is needed. That means 27 Member States. “Usually, intelligence is, developing analysts’ skills and having appro- by nature, a very sensitive field that stays at priate tools to help them with their work. a national level”, he continued, and at the “It is an essential axis of effort to turn best exchanged in a bilateral framework in a information into relevant intelligence”, he win-win partnership. Legai then stated that concluded. as the EUSC does not own satellite sen- SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 25

Frederik Schumann, of the Virtuoso Proj- the ultimate competency for intelligence ect management team, stated that a major rests with the member states. Confirming problem for the intelligence community is that the EU is trying to create a network that there is often too much information between EUSC and national military/civil- and it is difficult to have ian training academies trustworthy sources. The in the field of imagery “The EU is not in the aim of the three-year Vir- analysis, Legai added that position today to share tuoso Project is to enable common training will everything with everyone” end-users in the intelli- lead to more exchange of - Félix Sanz Roldàn - gence field to cope with material and instructors open source materials. which is positive, training “End users usually have very specific needs”, being a less sensitive approach in the intelli- he concluded, “and therefore the project aims gence domain to develop a common culture to tailor solutions to meet these needs”. and methods between 27 Member States. An audience member then asked about the Kicking off the debate, Dyèvre asked degree to which member states fear sharing panellists if they thought an EU intelligence information with each other. Sanz Roldàn training academy would help lower the sen- replied that “the EU is not in the position sitivity of national services. Ange Mancini today to share everything with everyone”, remarked that there is no real need for a but it is making progress on a case-by-case supranational intelligence academy because basis in sharing intelligence. What is needed, he added, are procedures at the European level that will keep information safe.

A final question reflected on whether NATO or the EU is the better organisation in which to share intelligence. Sanz Roldàn explained how NATO has been around for fifty years and has been indispensable for intelligence sharing, even though it has to continue to adapt and refine its intelligence sharing model, stating that NATO is “by far a better place to share information than today’s EU”. Legai qualified this comment by commenting on the positive experience wit- nessed during the Libya crisis, with the EU able Frederik Schumann and willing to share intelligence with NATO. 26 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

Giles Merritt, Director of the SDA, started by remarking how in the past it was very difficult to get NGOs to work with the military, but that resis- tance has steadily decreased over time with more cooperation between military and humanitarian communities. Explaining how Europe is clearly the model for developing institutions in conflict areas, Merritt then asked whether the experiences Strengthening in Afghanistan have undermined Europe’s claim Europe’s crisis to be able to build credible governance structures. management Speaking from a military perspective on civil- military cooperation, Colonel Thomas Toussaint, Commander of the Joint “Civ-mil action” taskforce of the French Armed Forces, noted that the EU mainly manage counter-insurgency and stabilisation conflicts. “It has to manage such armed conflicts”, he continued, “not by military means alone”. A comprehensive approach using civilian tools is also required if Europe is to stop civilian populations in operation theatres from joining SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 27

insurgencies or from engaging in de-stabilising rely on economic and political sanctioning in its and criminal activities. response to crises but must focus much more on early warning and crisis prevention”, she added. Toussaint stated that in highly insecure envi- ronments only the military is able to respond. “A force commander has contact with local populations, NGOs and IGOs and uses experts to identify appropriate projects”, he added. Tous- saint explained that “such projects must have local visibility, involve local authorities, be coher-

ent with NGO programmes, be sustainable and Giles Merritt not create a situation of dependence.” “If the EU wants to strengthen its crisis management response”, he concluded, “it must reinforce its “The EU has not taken the opportunity civil-military capabilities and improve coordina- afforded by the Lisbon treaty to merge all its crisis tion between member states”. management capacities”, continued Brantner. Stating that there is a lack of civilian planning in German MEP Franziska Katharina Brantner the EEAS, the MEP noted that “the EU is not challenged the audience to think about what is quite there yet in terms of coordination and meant by “crisis”. She highlighted the cyclical coherence.” She asked whether civilian action nature of conflicts, with post-conflict states regu- under the CSDP is always the best response larly falling back into violence, and reminded the when alternatives are available through the community method. “Keeping CSDP alive at all costs by undertaking missions is not the only option”, concluded Brantner.

Florika Fink-Hooijer, Head of Cabinet of the EU Commissioner for International Cooperation, Humanitarian Aid and Crisis response, began by Colonel Thomas Toussaint pointing to the increased relevance of the EU’s humanitarian assistance in a changing world with audience that “the great challenge for the EEAS a higher intensity and complexity of conflicts. Yet, is to break this cycle of conflict”. “To do this”, sanctions and humanitarian relief cannot be sus- Brantner continued, “Europe needs a holistic tained as the EU’s default response to conflicts. crisis management approach backed by effective She emphasised the principled approach of the institutions, tools and funding”. “It cannot just EU’s humanitarian assistance which in times of 28 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

Florika Fink-Hooijer

fiscal scarcity faces attempts of politicisation. Franziska Katharina Brantner Agreeing with Brantner’s comment on the need for an integrated EU approach in crisis manage- Agostino Miozzo, Managing Director for Crisis ment, Fink-Hooijer pointed out that budget con- Response and Operational Coordination at the straints provide yet more reason for the EU to EEAS, began an enthusiastic defence of the EU’s use its numerous instruments in an intelligent and crisis management capabilities, and took excep- complementary manner bringing together eco- tion to Brantner’s pessimistic views even though nomic, development and security tools. he recognised that “the EU is far from perfect in its crisis response”. “The EU gave a strong Taking Libya as an example, Fink-Hooijer response to the Haiti crisis even if we did not explained how cooperation between the Commis- get the media coverage”, he continued. Miozzo sion and civilian and military added that the fact that actors can work effectively. Libyans saw the EU flag “The EU cannot just rely “The EU was involved in the flying above buildings was on economic and political repatriation of third country a positive sign that Europe sanctioning in its response to nationals, the evacuation of was there to help. crises but must focus much EU citizens and the provision more on early warning and of humanitarian assistance Miozzo then moved crisis prevention” to the civilian population”, on to the work still to - Franziska Katharina Brantner- stated Fink-Hooijer. “We be done by outlining now have to concentrate on the difficulties of get- the difficult humanitarian and ting diplomats and civil security situation in the Horn”, she concluded, protection services to operate in real time “which cannot be left as a task for humanitarian together. “We clearly need a more coordi- and development assistance alone”. nated response”, he stated, “but I remain positive that the more the national services work SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 29

made crises, the Bertelsmann Stiftung’s Stefani Weiss stated that crisis management is usually political. Fink-Hooijer responded by drawing a line between the EU’s humanitarian work and its foreign policy. “The EU’s humanitarian assistance is not a political tool”, she proclaimed. Brantner supported this by stating that the goal of humanitarian aid is to stop human suffering regardless of Agostino Miozzo who the person is.

together the more efficient and coherent the One participant put it to panellists that EU will become”. Concluding, Miozzo said “NATO conducts military operations while the that a clear political strategy is needed in each EU is reduced to cleaning up the mess after- crisis situation, and that political support wards”, before asking how the EU can become an from the member states effective civil-military actor. and moral support from “We clearly need a more This triggered an interesting the public is critical. coordinated response” debate between Miozzo and - Agostino Miozzo- Brantner, with the MEP In the debate that fol- saying that the EU does not lowed, Giles Merritt asked know how to do state-build- the panellists if more money and personnel are ing properly because it fails to bring all of its tools required for crisis management operations. Both together and Miozzo arguing that when one sees Brantner and Toussaint responded immediately what is going on in the field the EU can be con- by saying that money and personnel were needed sidered a credible actor in crisis management. The because of the range of tasks. Toussaint did how- one area of common ground between the two ever acknowledge that more money would be came when they agreed that the EU had to devote unrealistic at present. Merritt followed this up by more resources to conflict prevention. asking whether the EU is ready to deal with a truly serious humanitarian crisis. Miozzo responded by arguing that Libya was an example of a serious crisis, but other panellists agreed with Merritt that the EU would be unprepared in some crisis sce- narios.

Qualifying the meaning of the word “crisis” by making a distinction between natural and man- Stefani Weiss 30 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

Olivier Darrason, Chairman of Compagnie Européenne d’Intelligence Stratégique (CEIS), opened the afternoon plenary session by reminding the audience that Europe is in the middle of a financial crisis, with lower defence spending and less investment in research and development as a con- sequence. “The key will be to Reinforcing the EU drive reconcile decreasing budgets with the technical challenges on defence and security and risks Europe faces”, he remarked. technologies As part of his keynote speech, Michel Barnier, European Commissioner for Internal Market and Services, remarked that “with the financial and social crisis this is a crucial time, but defence also remains a critical area of policy for Europe”. “There is the emergence of populist movements and leaders are being tested by citizens and the markets”, continued Barnier, “but there remain international diffi- SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 31

culties such as the environment, terrorism and poverty which Europe must face”.

“Libya has shown that military instruments are still significant in protecting core values”, the Com- missioner continued, “and the member states working with a strong and balanced transatlantic alliance need to work together on defence”. “Even though each member state is free to define its own defence Olivier Darrason policy”, he remarked, “the Lisbon treaty offers us the chance to forge a European geostrategic culture sion services and work closely with the European as a way of safeguarding our security”. Defence Agency and industry. “Keeping a Euro- pean industrial base is important”, he added, “both Barnier continued by referring to the important as a means to ensuring Europe’s defence industry role played by the intra-EU transfers and defence is globally competitive and to ensure our strategic and security procurement autonomy”. directives in opening up “Libya has shown that national defence markets military instruments Claude-France Arnould, to new competition. But are still significant in Chief Executive of the Euro- equally useful, he added, is protecting core values” pean Defence Agency, started the establishment of a new - Michel Barnier - with the caution that “given task force on defence which the budgetary constraints will crosscut the Commis- Europe will have to do better on defence with fewer resources.” “The idea that more pooling and sharing is needed in times of hardship is not yet a natural reflex”, she remarked, “and the EDA believes the way to overcome this paradox is to enhance trust and confidence between member states.” Through this process, she added, the EDA is able to help avoid duplication and to identify future programmes that reduce Europe’s technological dependence on third-parties.

Michel Barnier With the shortcomings that emerged out 32 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

global defence market will also decrease”.

He then remarked that decreasing defence budgets “means that more needs to be spent on research to encourage innovation in the civilian security industry, and the European Parliament is negotiating with industry and the Commission to this end”. Ehler then stated that the European Parliament is raising the budget for security research and innova- Claude-France Arnould tion to €1.4 billion from an initial amount of €30 million, and he highlighted how approximately €2.2 of Libya, and the fact that the US wants Europe billion will be spent on civil security research in the to rise to the occasion when future under the Horizon responding to crises, contin- 2020 programme. “Europe will have to do ued Arnould, the necessity of better on defence with fewer closer cooperation on secu- Reiterating the European resources” rity and defence in Europe Commission’s commit- - Claude-France Arnould - is clear. “We will not be able ment to a strong Common to act morally or politically Foreign and Security Policy, without a credible Europe”, proclaimed Arnould. Daniel Calleja-Crespo, Deputy Director Gen- The European Foreign Affairs Council meeting eral and Special Envoy for SMEs at DG Enter- on 30 November 2011, and the NATO “Chicago prise, stated that the “Commission, through the Summit” in May 2012 will be crucial if we are to recently transposed Directives on Procurement move ahead with meeting the many challenges and Transfers of Defence-related products, Europe faces on defence. wants to secure Europe’s industrial base to enhance competitiveness and to assist in increas- German MEP Christian Ehler started with ing cross-border cooperation on defence”. “The the comment that “ten years from now either Commission is working hard to enhance security there will be a real Europeanisation of defence research and to find synergies for cooperation markets or there will never be”. Ehler equally stated that in 10 years there will be no European army, even though it is likely that a permanent European civil-military structure will be established. He pointed-out that owing to the fact that defence budgets and R&D spending on defence will decrease to meet the challenges of debt and social welfare costs, “Europe’s share of the Christian Ehler SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 33

on defence”, he added, “but we also need strong armaments. “We need to invest more in times political will from the member states in order to of crisis”, he continued, “and Europe needs to succeed”. avoid duplication, specialise in areas with the most added-value and ensure directives are trans- A sign of the Commission’s commitment to posed in all member states, as well as analyse the reinforcing Europe’s defence and security tech- impact these directives have on the market”. nologies, Calleja-Crespo continued, can be seen in “Ten years from now Continuing, Schanne our funding of security either there will be a real suggested that research research at the EU-level. Europeanisation of defence and development be “We are working with the markets or there will never be” geared towards tech- EDA, through the European nologies where Europe - Christian Ehler - Framework Co-operation to faces a dependency find European added-value risk, and he added that in areas such as CBRN (chemical, biological, it would be good to launch ambitious proj- radiological and nuclear) weapons and we want ects to help streamline the defence industry to build on this good co-operation”. and encourage greater pooling and sharing. “While numerous civilian-military synergies Pierre Schanne, Secretary General for Force are expected”, he concluded, “we need simi- Systems Architecture at the French Direction lar mechanisms in the defence and security Générale de l’Armement, began by stating that domains to coordinate long term capability technological investment, the streamlining of requirements, equipment projects and tech- industry and the harmonisation of European nology roadmaps. In both areas Europe regulation are three essential pillars in maintain- should keep up research efforts despite ing long term security of supply for Europe’s budget cuts”.

IGA Pierre Schanne Daniel Calleja-Crespo 34 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

General Jean Rannou, CEIS Director of Secu- rity and Defence, started by commenting that while the idea of pooling and sharing is not new, defence budget cuts have raised the necessity to do better collectively in Europe. Rannou asked panellists how it was possible to create a climate favourable to cooperation and how the issue of sovereignty can be tackled.

Brigadier Jon Mullin, EDA Capabilities Direc- Time for Europeans tor, began by outlining the positive experiences of the to bite the bullet on agency in encouraging col- pooling and sharing laboration on projects such as helicopter training. “The 2009 Swedish presidency of the EU and the 2010 Ghent meeting of defence ministers”, he continued, “have added even more impetus to pool and share”. “Europe is biting the bullet”, added Mullin, “but we need to be clear about what we are biting on”. Pooling and sharing should be about delivering capabilities which meet shortfalls and save money, stated Mullin. SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 35

that in the short term cooperation on smaller projects such as developing medical corps within the battlegroups could convince member states of the necessity to pool and share.

Moving on to the medium General Jean Rannou & Jon Mullin term, Linnenkamp suggested that Europe collectively develop light unmanned aerial vehicles He noted that “pooling and sharing is still for civilian missions. This type of project would not a natural reaction for many member states”, need to be steered by the EDA, and could also but now Europe needs to save money and include the European Commission, and only a spend what money it has much better. Mullin few member states would have the capacities added that a top-down push to build UAVs. In the is needed by the EU to long term, Linnenkamp “Europe is biting the bullet, encourage more cost savings. believes the EU should but we need to be clear about “There is no golden bullet on concentrate on develop- what we are biting on” pooling and sharing”, he con- ing common armoured - Jon Mullin - cluded, “only a step-by-step vehicles and reducing the approach that demonstrates number currently fielded the advantages of coopera- by the member states tion through completed projects”. “Pooling and separately. sharing is both necessary and inevitable, as frag- mentation is no longer affordable. Our challenge François Lureau, Member of the EDA Wise- is to do it as well as we can.” men group and former French National Arma- ments Director, boldly claimed that he does Outlining the findings of a recent study, “not care whether pooling and sharing occurs Hilmar Linnenkamp, International Security under a NATO or EU framework so long as it Advisor at the Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, occurs”. “Europe faces defence funding short- made a number of recommendations on how ages and capability gaps”, he added, “so it needs to improve pooling and sharing at EU level and to act quickly on pooling and sharing existing urged willing member states to engage in “avant- capabilities”. Lureau continued by explaining garde projects”. Working with the Weimar Trian- how the loss of sovereignty should be less of an gle initiative, for example, Linnenkamp advised issue now given that defence cuts are weakening 36 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

Europe’s capacity to act autonomously. for example in the case of the C-17 transport aircraft, does this not mean a big reduction in “There are however many hurdles that need autonomy of action? to be overcome”, stated Lureau, including industrial considerations, lower defence budgets and who will eventually use pooled assets. That said, Lureau concluded, agreements such as the Franco-British treaties are encouraging but the “step-by-step” approach should not be used as an excuse for not acting, as has been the case in the past. François Lureau’s presentation then centered on two existing examples of pooling and sharing: the European Air Transport Com- mand (EATC), which arose from an initiative by François Lureau Belgium, Germany, France and the Netherlands; and the Strategic Airlift Capability (SAC) for C- Starting with an overview of the EU’s deliv- 17 aircraft. These cases present the two extremes ery of humanitarian assistance, Claus Sørensen, of the way in which one can conceive of pooling Director General for Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection at the European Commission, painted a positive picture of member state cooperation. “Be it the crisis in Darfur or responding to flooding in Pakistan”, remarked Sørensen, “good cooperation can be observed in terms of the provision of planes and telecommunications equipment for operations”. “DG ECHO does not have a lot of money”, he added, “so we have to use what we have wisely, and we are largely successful”. Hilmar Linnenkamp Sørensen explained how partnership between and sharing. Given its strong integration and its national authorities is encouraged through trust- independence from states, the SAC is considered building measures and training programmes. by Lureau as the quintessential illustration of “We make sure that each crisis response service this principle, although it also gives the clearest has its voice heard so we can provide the right reflection of why states show reluctance. By no assistance”, he continued. Sørensen outlined longer having direct control of its capabilities, how it is easier to identify operational needs SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 37

and to mobilise resources through common Bill Giles, Director General Europe of BAE risk assessment plans and standardised train- Systems, asked whether it was possible for ing modules. “Where defence is concerned”, member states to outsource more of their activi- he concluded, “it may be worth trying to build trust between national defence authorities and personnel on smaller projects”.

Pointing out that the Franco-British defence treaties were relatively easy to agree because there were only two states in the process, Sandy Johnston from the British MoD started the round of questions by asking how pooling and sharing between a broader group of smaller states could be achieved. After Sørensen spoke Claus Sørensen of the necessity to ensure cooperation between all 27 EU member states, Lureau stated that a bilateral approach is worth pursuing if multilat- ties to industry rather than just acting through eral cooperation fails but such a process should public bodies. Lureau responded by stating that be coordinated through the EDA and NATO. the benefit of outsourcing would be that one would at least have one single support system. Clingendael’s Dick Zandee remarked that Mullin agreed that industry has an important a number of pooling and sharing initiatives role in driving down costs and pooling demand. remain uncoordinated, and asked what more can be done to structurally A final question drive collaboration. Mullin focused on the role of “Sovereignty is a concept agreed with Zandee that a the Lisbon treaty’s soli- larger states afford themselves” structural working method darity clause and the role - Hilmar Linnenkamp - would help, but he also raised smaller states could play the merits of taking a modu- if they were able to draw lar approach that would see the development of on the capabilities of the larger member states. smaller projects which could then be opened Linnenkamp remarked that this approach would up to more states when the time is right. Lin- raise the sovereignty question. “Sovereignty is nenkamp also spoke highly of a project-based a concept larger states afford themselves”, he approach but only so long as they are convincing wryly remarked, “and smaller states will prob- and deliver real results. ably retain their position of dependency on the bigger states”. 38 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

Olivier Zajec, Deputy Director of CEIS’ Strategic Studies and Solutions Depart- ment, opened the session by citing the large number of cyber threats that the EU faces, but he also drew attention to the difficulties of clearly defining these threats. “What cyber threats Europe’s efforts to does Europe face in reality”, develop its cyberdefences he asked, “and how do the EU’s cyber-security capabilities compare to those of the US?”

Referring to the type of cyber threats, Michael Hange, President of the German Federal Office for Information Security, agreed that they are numerous. He outlined SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 39

information and setting clear goals and priorities”. On link- ing up critical infrastructure Hange concluded that national administrations, industry and academia should link up to construct a network of excel- lence on cyber-security.

Colonel Marek Pszczolka, Olivier Zajec Director of the Military Com- munication and Information his approach to dealing with the threats by Security Agency at the Polish Ministry of insisting that “it is not worth developing a National Defence, outlined Poland’s legal concept for each attack, and operational initia- so what is needed is a “What is needed is a tives on cyber-defence. baseline security concept baseline security concept For example, the Polish that focuses on a broader that focuses on a broader Ministry of National bottom-up strategy.” bottom-up strategy” Defence has signed a Hange stated that the - Michael Hange - number of memoranda vast number of PC users of understanding with need to be mobilised so that early warning is NATO and the US Department of Defence automatically built into cyber-security mea- for information assurance and cyber net- sures.

Turning to Europe’s efforts Hange stressed the need to avoid duplication, but he also commented on the need to give national agencies clear objectives and roles. “We need a sustainable cyber-security system at the European level”, added Hange, “and this means link- ing up critical infrastructure, intensifying the exchange of Michael Hange 40 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

work defence, and the Ministry and Micro- soft are jointly developing a “Security Coop- eration Programme”. The Polish military, he continued, are also developing response capabilities which benefits from dedicated technical and coordination centres.

He went on to remark that a legal framework is needed to meet cyber-defence shortfalls in national systems, and suggested that NATO develop its strategic concept further on non-traditional security threats. Pszczolka also remarked how it is crucial for cooperation between all bodies responsible for cyber

defence in Europe and NATO, which would Colonel Marek Pszczolka see greater synergy of technical, legal and organisational actions on information shar- Purser lauded the EU’s initiative to set up ing and cyber defences. He ended by stress- a cyber crime centre, as he believes that an ing the importance of awareness-raising for EU-level threat forecast mechanism is des- the users of cyber networks. perately needed. “Initiatives such as this will surely help us align and reinforce national Steve Purser, Head of the Technical policies”, he continued, “the EU should Department at the European Network and break-down barriers between the legal, Information Security Agency (ENISA), military, public and academic communities stressed the importance of people’s behav- which are not used to communicating”. iour and preventive technologies. “We need Concluding, Purser stated that the EU’s ini- not only an efficient response mechanism tiatives must fit into a global approach to but also a good prevention strategy”, con- ensure a broader basis for cyber-security. tinued Purser, “but such a strategy has to bring European citizens onboard as technol- Axel Dyèvre, Director of CEIS’ European ogy can only go so far”. “Public awareness- Office, introduced the Eurocybex project, raising is thus a key element in Europe’s which aims to enhance cooperation proce- cyber-security response”, he added, “but so dures between member states’ cyber-security is ensuring that national authorities and the agencies. Dyèvre notioned how cooperation is EU share information and expertise”. essential before this trust-building is required and he explained how Eurocybex offers part- SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 41

regard to cyber security is not sufficient, and he added that industry and authorities often operate in silos with little information exchange or communication.

Continuing the debate on critical infrastructure it was asked if any country in the EU is truly prepared for a cyber attack and whether there is a contingency plan for such an eventuality. Purser responded by explaining that the levels of sophistication of the member states’ cyber-defence systems differ. “Europe has a long way Steve Purser to go to develop a strategy that recog- nises the disparities between the member ners the opportunity to learn and exchange states”, added Purser. on cyber-security best practices. Dyèvre then concluded by stressing the important role Zajec wondered if there were any retalia- which the project plays in building public- tion tools that could be developed in order private cooperation. to discourage attackers from striking in the first place. Pszczolka The first question came “Public awareness-raising responded first with the from Dan Solomon, Senior is thus a key element in comment that preven- Partner at Hawk ISM, who Europe’s cyber-security tion is better than retal- focused on the intercon- response” iation and insisted that nectedness of key infra- - Steve Purser - prevention would have structure in Europe and to rely on a coordinated the deterrence measures EU effort. Purser sug- Europe has at its disposal. Hange responded gested that because it is difficult to attribute by saying that the cooperation between vari- attacks, it would be equally hard to know ous critical infrastructure branches with who to retaliate against. 42 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

Beginning with the lessons learned from Libya, SDA Director Giles Merritt explained how there was a definite need for naval assets such as aircraft carriers even though member states such as the UK had cut their naval budgets. Merritt remarked how defence spending cuts will remain a contentious issue, and how this will give importance The challenges for to ideas such as the pooling and European maritime security sharing of naval assets.

Beate Gminder, Head of Unit for Mari- time Policy at the European Commission’s DG for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, began by recalling that “90% of the EU’s trade occurs on the seas and oceans, and Europe still faces threats to its coastlines and SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 43

Taking up the idea of changing mindsets, Brigadier General Ilkka Laitinen, Executive Director of Frontex, stated that “many in Europe are still used to operating in silos rather than thinking outside the box”. There are many technical and legal hur- Beate Gminder dles that hinder further cooperation. It is coop- ports”. Such a maritime security environ- eration that is the real ment demands that Europe cooperates fur- issue and this is what Frontex is geared to ther on coastal surveillance, she continued, achieving. A functional approach is needed but even if we see a number of efforts by where the different players have their own individuals in national coast guard functions roles but in a concerted manner. and services working together the European Commission does not want a harmonised Making some recommendations on how EU coastguard. to improve cooperation “Changing the mindsets of on maritime security “It is true that the EU partners and instilling trust at the European level, needs to make cost sav- can take years” Laitinen gave seven sug- ings and we need to act - Beate Gminder - gestions for the future: more efficiently while enhanced interagency also learning from each cooperation, the fight other”, continued Gminder. She then against crime, integration of maritime sur- stressed the importance of building trust veillance, taking advantage of existing struc- between national maritime authorities, and tures like European Patrols Network (EPN), notioned how joint training can help build the development of Coast Guard functions confidence. “While the Commission knows at the European level, improving the forum there is a need for increased cooperation for the European Heads of Coast Guards between the member states on the ground”, and streamlining the EU’s financial instru- she concluded, “changing the mindsets of ments. The Brigadier General then con- partners and instilling trust can take years”. cluded by explaining how in his experience 44 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

Saint Salvy, “is a solid legal framework that allows different naval and maritime assets to engage in a coherent manner.” Call- ing for more information sharing on maritime affairs between member states, the Admiral then drew attention to the benefits of sharing lessons learned and best practices. He concluded by stating that “any framework put in place Brigadier General Ilkka Laitinen must focus on improving joint training courses and exercises were a the possibility for national good method of boosting trust and coop- navies to participate in crisis response and it eration between member states. must also be sympathetic to Europe’s coordination with NATO”. Admiral Anne-François de Saint Salvy, French Maritime Prefect for the Atlantic, Rear Admiral Stanislaw Zarychta, Com- believes that Libya has indeed shown the mander of the Polish Maritime Operations continued importance of navies and this Centre, outlined the maritime security situa- raises many questions of Europe. “The EU tion in the Baltic region and cited the trans- needs to give more political guidance to the portation of dangerous cargo and the threat member states’ initia- of sea collisions as a tives in maritime affairs”, “Many in Europe are still major concern. “It is not the Admiral continued, used to operating in silos a question of if but when “because Europe still rather than thinking outside such crises will occur”, needs to go a long way the box” stated the Rear Admiral. on its maritime security.” - Brig Gen Ilkka Laitinen - Therefore, he continued, He then argued against a it is necessary for us to centralised EU maritime authority remark- build up a reliable picture of the security ing that this would not be the answer. environment and to devise an action plan to deal with the challenges. “Poland is commit- “What we need in Europe”, continued ted to improving its situational awareness”, SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 45

he added, “but this means that we have to further standardise our operating procedures and engage in collective information-pooling with European partners”.

Turning to the broader Euro- pean picture, Zarychta warned that defence spending should not lead to a duplication of pre-existing maritime assets. “Instead of duplicating efforts”, continued the Rear Admiral, “the EU needs to ensure interoperability between national surveillance systems”. He pointed out that different national maritime surveillance systems need to be able to read each other, as Admiral Anne-François de Saint Salvy this was a good way to improve national systems and to encourage coopera- strategy, Laitinen then added that “many of tion between member states. the rights issues cited by NGOs would never The first question have been discovered if from the floor focused “Any framework put it were not for Frontex’s on the issue of Fron- in place must focus on own work in uncovering tex’s ability to ensure improving the possibility them”. the fundamental rights for national navies to of migrants. Sensing the participate in crisis Merritt threw a pro- negative undertones of response” vocative idea into the the question, the Frontex ring by claiming that - Admiral Anne-François de Saint Salvy - Director reminded audi- Europe’s naval horizons ence members that it is had shrunk. He won- the member states which are responsible for dered to what extent Europe is planning border control with the Agency playing a for the right naval operations, and asked if facilitating role. After drawing participants’ the EU should be considering blue-water attention to Frontex’s fundamental rights fleets in order to project power globally. 46 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

Europe needs a maritime strategy with at least a twenty-year time horizon in order to properly engage in long- term planning. Laitinen responded by stating that more important than a time horizon is the necessity to progress in a piecemeal manner, but he agreed that Europe will need a Admiral Stanislaw Zarychta “joint vision of where “The EU’s trade policy is indivisible, so why we want the EU to go”. are Europe’s navies divided?” asked Mer- ritt. Saint Salvy stated that the EU should Lieutenant Colonel Martin Cauchi Inglott not project power but it should have a clear from the Maltese Permanent Representation set of ambitions so that it can rationalise to the EU then remarked how assets such as spending on maritime military aircraft could also assets. Zarychta reminded “It is not a question of if have a dual-use applica- the audience that a more but when such crises will tion for civilian missions. ambitious EU naval strat- occur” Laitinen confirmed that egy would need more - Rear Admiral Stanislaw Zarychta - this had been tried before cooperation between and agreed that this is an member states especially interesting avenue that in light of decreased military spending. should be looked into further for surface and airborne assets. Gminder agreed with Laitinen Captain Paolo Fantoni from the Italian and stated that this would also be a good way to Ministry of Defence then remarked how explore efficiency and potential cost savings. “The international work of the political foundations is valuable for our country, as it contributes significantly to gain insights into foreign countries and cultures and to complete and enrich the image which diplomats and trade delegations transport. In fact, the political foundations abroad have another access and mostly a more direct access to the local people than diplomatic missions ever could have. (...) The political foundations not only contribute to learning processes abroad; but they also make the people learn – learn about the values and principles, which our community in Germany is based upon, and learn about our beliefs for which we Germans stand.” Former Federal President HORST KÖHLER

The Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS) The KAS is related to the Christian Democratic movement and is guided by the same principles that inspired Adenauer's work.

The KAS offers civic education, conducts academic research and political consulting, grants scholarships to talented students, covers research on the history of Christian Democracy in Germany and Europe. KAS supports and encourages European unification, transatlantic relations, international understanding, and development- policy cooperation.

The international work is of outstanding importance for the KAS. With its international commitment the KAS promotes political, economic and social systems based on the model of liberal democracy and social market economy and strengthens Christian Democratic Policy on a global scale. The work in Europe and the USA focuses on deepening the transatlantic partnership and European Integration.

In the field of development cooperation the KAS is committed to fostering democracy, the rule of law and social market economy as well as to promoting human rights. Currently, the KAS hosts more than 200 projects in over 120 countries on four continents with 79 representations.

The Brussels’ Office has become a third “pillar” of the Stiftung. It was opened in 1978 and has since then been extended continuously. The Office’s work focuses in a European perspective on institutional developments of the EU, foreign and security policy, transatlantic relations, social and economic issues as well as interreligious dialogue. A special emphasis is also given to a Multinational Development Dialogue. The European Office also takes care of the bilateral relations with the BeNeLux-countries.

: +32-2-743.07.46 : +32-2-743.07.49 : http://www.eukas.eu @: [email protected]

50 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

Giles Merritt Olivier Darrason Avant-propos

Le SDA et CEIS ont organisé à Bruxelles le 7 Nous remercions tous les orateurs pour leurs novembre 2011 la quatrième édition de la conférence contributions, au premier rang desquels le Secrétaire annuelle «Security & Defence Day». d’Etat aux Affaires Étrangères, M. Jan Borkowski, ainsi que le commissaire européen au Marché intérieur Pour la quatrième année consécutive, la Présidence et services, M. Michel Barnier. Nous exprimons éga- du Conseil de l’UE en cours, la Pologne, a patronné et lement nos remerciements aux ministres de la défense soutenu notre initiative. Nous espérons bien sûr que français et allemand Gérard Longuet et Thomas de l’année prochaine qui verra donc le cinquième anni- Maizière pour leurs contributions à ce rapport. versaire de SecDef, la Présidence Chypriote parrainera également cette conférence, qui s’est imposée comme Nous tenons à remercier également notre coorga- le rendez-vous de haut niveau européen sur les ques- nisateur de cette année, la Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. tions de sécurité et de défense, à Bruxelles. Et puis nous tenons à remercier chaleureusement Plus de 40 intervenants ont échangés leurs points nos partenaires qui ont permis l’organisation de cet de vue et débattu avec les 340 participants. Et événement et contribué à sa réussite : la Fondation comme chaque année depuis 4 ans nous essayons de Madariaga; le projet Virtuoso, financé dans le cadre du retranscrire la richesse et l’intensité des débats dans FP7 Sécurité; et le projet EUROCYBEX, financé dans ce rapport. Cette année notamment, il est nous est la cadre du programme ISEC de la DG HOME. apparu frappant de constater à quel point la notion de Enfin, nous vous donnons bien sûr rendez-vous confiance (trust) entre les Etats Membres, mais égale- à l’automne prochain pour une nouvelle édition de « ment avec les Institutions Européennes a été au cœur Security & Defence Day » qui permettra de continuer des échanges. Dans un contexte économique et géos- à réfléchir et discuter ensemble des défis à relever pour tratégique troublé, les intervenants que ce soit dans les la sécurité de l’Europe et notamment la nécessaire domaines opérationnels ou les domaines politiques confiance que doivent avoir entre eux les partenaires semblent pointer du doigt un besoin réel de renforcer de cette aventure. cette confiance pour avancer de concert. Français Giles Merritt Olivier Darrason

SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 51

Table des matières

Avant-propos...... 50

Editorial par Gérard Longuet, Ministre Français de la Défense et des Anciens Combattants.....52

Editorial par Thomas de Maizière, Ministre Allemand de la Défense ...... 53

Programme...... 9

Sécuriser le voisinnage de l’Europe...... 56

Le rôle du Triangle de Weimar...... 61

Améliorer l’efficacité de l’Europe dans le domaine du renseignement...... 67

Renforcer la gestion européenne des crises...... 71

Renforcer l’impulsion européenne dans les technologies de la défense et de la sécurité...... 76

Mutualisation et partage des capacités : l’heure est venue pour les européens de franchir le pas...... 80

Les efforts de l’Europe pour développer sa cyberdéfense...... 85

Les défis de la sécurité maritime européenne...... 89

Intervenants ...... 96

Liste des participants...... 113

Les vues exprimées dans ce rapport par les intervenants sont des opinions personnelles et pas nécessairement celles des organisations qu’ils représentent, ni du Security & Defence Agenda, CEIS, KAS, leurs membres ou partenaires.

La reproduction en tout ou en partie est autorisée à condition de dûment renseigner les coorganisateurs et la (les) source(s) concernées, et à condition que toute reproduction, en tout ou en partie, ne soit pas vendue, sauf incorporée dans d’autres œuvres. Français

Editeur: Geert Cami Texte: Madariaga – College of Europe Foundation Photos: Philippe Molitor Mise en page: Europolitics Imprimerie: Identic 52 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

EDITORIAL « La défense européenne face à ses responsabilités » L’année 2011 a marqué un taire Harmattan, en Libye, a été un succès, l’Union véritable tournant de percep- européenne en est restée absente. Nous en tirons tion dans les domaines de la trois enseignements : d’abord celui d’une OTAN défense et de la sécurité, et ce bien entendu indispensable, en particulier du point pour tous les pays européens. de vue des moyens de coordination mis à disposition Autour de nous, le monde des Etats membres de l’Alliance. Deuxième enseigne- hésite, comme en équilibre ment : à partir du moment où les Etats-Unis n’avaient Gérard Longuet, entre deux modèles. D’un pas fait de cette crise une priorité majeure pour leurs Ministre Français de la Défense et des Anciens côté, des schémas anciens, forces, rien n’aurait été possible si certains pays euro- Combattants avec leurs pesanteurs et leur péens n’avaient pas mis à la disposition de l’Alliance inertie se fragilisent les uns leurs propres capacités de niveau stratégique. D’où le après les autres, et les récentes révolutions arabes nous troisième enseignement : cette situation pourrait fort ont montré qu’ils pouvaient laisser la place à des futurs bien se renouveler. Et c’est bien là l’urgence. Il faut inattendus. D’un autre coté, un cadre international qu’au volontarisme de quelques-uns se substitue la radicalement neuf voit le jour, dans lequel les puissan- volonté de l’Union européenne toute entière. ces mondiales s’emploient à trouver les conditions d’un La France attend beaucoup des initiatives qui nouvel équilibre. L’espoir que nous partageons tous, en tendent à faire bouger les lignes de la défense euro- Europe et dans le monde, est naturellement que cet péenne, malgré un contexte difficile. Le traité de Lan- équilibre nouveau se concrétise de manière pacifique. Il caster House, par exemple, qui unit la France à son nous faut cependant regarder les choses en face : nous allié britannique et s’appuie sur une vision politique sommes tous menacés par des turbulences économi- commune et des capacités militaires comparables, ques systémiques, de plus en plus violentes et, tout en s’inscrit totalement dans cette ambition de défense sachant qu’elles seront profondément déstabilisantes, européenne et cette coopération n’est pas refermée nous peinons à modéliser leurs conséquences sociales sur elle-même. et culturelles. En termes de sécurité, il nous faut donc nous préparer à des temps incertains, où la solidarité C’est donc conscient de cette nécessité de réflexion entre Européens sera le seul antidote à la tentation du « et surtout d’action commune élargie que je me réjouis chacun pour soi », qui serait notre perte. des nouvelles propositions exprimées dans le cadre du Triangle de Weimar, qui unit la Pologne, l’Allema- C’est pourquoi l’une de mes préoccupations actuel- gne et la France. les est celle des capacités. Reconnaissons-le : malgré les exercices passés et en cours de clarification, l’une Dans un monde non pas nécessairement plus dan- des tentations en Europe a longtemps été de confon- gereux mais plus instable et donc plus imprévisible, dre la mutualisation et l’abstention capacitaire. Or, on le devoir de défense reprend tout son sens et nous ne partage que le réel, et non les déclarations d’in- engage à agir collectivement. Je salue la tenue de l’édi- tention. Que ce soit en termes de savoir-faire, de tion 2011 des rencontres SECDEF, dont je connais compétences ou d’équipements, l’Europe ne peut se la qualité, et souhaite à tous les participants, experts Français contenter de feuilles de route virtuelles. La crédibilité comme responsables politiques réunis à Bruxelles, des européenne, qu’elle s’exprime au sein de l’OTAN ou ateliers fructueux, tendus vers les solutions concrètes de l’UE, est à présent engagée. Si l’opération mili- dont notre Europe a besoin. SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 53

EDITORIAL « Vers une Europe de sécurité et de défense plus forte » Les nations européennes spécialisations de capacités et une division du tra- et les Etats-Unis font actuel- vail à travers la mutualisation et le partage (poo- lement face à un double défi. ling and sharing) augmenteraient le potentiel des D’un côté nous sommes forces armées européennes. Cela prendra du temps confrontés à des menaces et demandera de la patience. Mais cela fera d’une grandissantes. De l’autre, pierre, deux coups. une pression budgétaire Dr. Thomas de Maizière, importante appelle à une Ministre allemand de la certaine austérité fiscale et défense Deuxièmement : Eviter la duplication, donc à des coupes dans les budgets de défense. Cette utiliser les synergies austérité aura des conséquences pour les forces Afin que ces efforts communs portent leurs armées nationales ainsi que pour la coopération fruits, non seulement une coopération bi ou trila- internationale. L’Allemagne et de nombreux par- térale est nécessaire, mais également une coopéra- tenaires européens réorganisent actuellement leurs tion au sein de l’OTAN, au sein de l’UE et entre forces armées. Bien que nécessaires, ces réformes les organisations. Il est absolument nécessaire que nationales ne suffisent pas. Le maintien des capa- l’OTAN et l’UE interagissent de manière complé- cités de défense en Europe demande un effort mentaire plutôt que compétitive – en particulier combiné. en ce qui concerne le développement de capacités communes. Il est secondaire de savoir si on atteint La crise économique et financière mondiale nous cette coopération dans le cadre de l’initiative euro- montre que dans un monde d’interdépendance, les péenne de Gand ou dans celui de la Smart Defence efforts unilatéraux ne sont pas durables – ni finan- de l’OTAN. cièrement ni stratégiquement. Déjà, certains pays ne sont plus capables de maintenir une gamme complète de capacités. Nous avons donc besoin Troisièmement : Se lancer, concrétiser les d’un éventail équilibré de capacités européennes si engagements nous voulons renforcer le poids politique de l’Eu- L’Allemagne prendra les devants dans l’établisse- rope et assurer le partage des tâches au sein de l’al- ment d’un groupement d’avions de patrouille mari- liance atlantique. time et a l’intention de fournir un quartier géné- ral multinational pour le contrôle des opérations OTAN et UE. Avec les partenaires intéressés, nous Premièrement : Renforcer la coopération et irons de l’avant avec ces projets afin de présen- l’intégration ter des premiers résultats au sommet de l’OTAN à Chicago en mai prochain. De plus, nous soute- Sur cette toile de fond, une coopération et une nons l’acquisition et la maintenance commune des intégration accrue dans les domaines de la sécu-

plateformes telles que le système Alliance Ground Français rité et de la défense est la seule option viable pour Surveillance (AGS). les états européens. La coordination européenne des efforts de restructuration, l’établissement de 54 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

Quatrièmement : Un appel au pragmatisme Cinquièmement : Déterminer la voie à suivre et au réalisme pas à pas Autant le projet européen est une réussite, autant En ce qui concerne la mutualisation et le par- le bilan de la Politique Européenne de Sécurité et tage, l’Allemagne soutient fortement un processus de Défense (PESD) est mitigé. Il est bien connu mené par les états. Les projets individuels bi ou tri- que l’application des politiques dans ce domaine latéraux semblent en ce moment les plus promet- s´est souvent limitée aux déclarations d’intention. teurs. Nous en avons déjà vu les bénéfices dans les Les limitations de la coopération multilatérale, domaines de la logistique et de l’entraînement. Je telles que les divergences de cultures stratégiques suis optimiste et pense que ces initiatives peuvent et les aspects constitutionnels, doivent être pris être élargies progressivement pour inclure les capa- en compte. Tout ceci appelle au pragmatisme et, cités opérationnelles. A long terme, nous aurons surtout, au réalisme. Le mouvement vers une plus besoin d’un mécanisme permanent permettant aux grande intégration des forces européennes est un pays d’évaluer de manière continue quelles capaci- processus – et il vient à peine de commencer. Il y a tés ils souhaitent mutualiser ou partager. A terme, deux conditions essentielles à son avancement : la ces considérations devront faire partie intégrale de fiabilité et la confiance. Les états qui laissent cer- la planification nationale et du processus de plani- taines tâches à leurs partenaires doivent pouvoir fication de l’OTAN. compter sur eux en temps de crise. Sans confiance en la fiabilité de nos partenaires, toute initiative est Néanmoins, les défis sécuritaires n’attendront vouée à l’échec. pas que l’Europe règle ses problèmes internes. Nous devons aujourd’hui pouvoir maintenir des forces nationales capables, vouloir avancer vers des forces armées plus intégrées, et avoir le courage d’honorer nos responsabilités internationales. Nos efforts communs ouvriront la voie à une sécurité et une défense européenne plus fortes. Français Ȃ ǦǦ ǡ ǯǤ Ǧ ǡ Ǥ ǤǤ

ǀĞŶƵĞĚĞůĂ:ŽǇĞƵƐĞŶƚƌĠĞ͕ϭϰͬϮ ŝŶĨŽΛŵĂĚĂƌŝĂŐĂ͘ŽƌŐ dĞů͘нϯϮ͘Ϯ͘ϮϬϵ͘ϲϮ͘ϭϬ ͲϭϬϰϬƌƵƐƐĞůƐ &Ăǆ͘нϯϮ͘Ϯ͘ϮϬϵ͘ϲϮ͘ϭϭ 56 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

Ivan Soltanovskiy

Francis Delon Giles Merritt & Pierre Vimont En ouverture de la conférence, Stefan Gehrold, directeur du bureau bruxellois de la Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung a rappelé que la politique de défense et de sécurité était un élément clé du processus d’intégration euro- péenne. « Les évènements récents survenus dans notre voisinage du Sud ont montré que le monde n’attendra pas que l’Eu- Sécuriser le voisinage rope règle ses problèmes », a-t-il de l’Europe ajouté.

Jaap de Hoop Scheffer, coprésident du Security and Defence Agenda et ancien secré- taire général de l’OTAN, a commencé par conjurer les décideurs européens de « sauver l’euro, mais de ne pas perdre l’Europe dans le processus ». Soulignant les approches divergentes des pays de l’UE face à la crise

Français au Moyen-Orient et face à la réduction des budgets de défense en Europe, il a également SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 57

Francis Delon, secrétaire général pour la Défense et la Sécurité nationale (France), a déclaré qu’avec que compte tenu des conflits gelés dans son voisinage à l’Est et de la transition actuelle au Sud, il est « incom- préhensible que l’UE ne joue pas son rôle dans le monde ». Delon a noté que le voisinage du Sud de l’Europe posait essentiellement la question de l’immigration et de la sécurité des approvisionne- ments en ressources naturelles, Stefan Gehrold tandis que le voisinage de l’Est présentait d’autres défis, tels que reconnu l’importance d’un soutien public de potentielles attaques de mis- aux actions de l’Europe. Selon M. de Hoop siles balistiques venant du Moyen-Orient. Scheffer, « il est temps maintenant d’avoir plus d’ambition pour l’Europe ». Concernant les missiles balistiques, M. Delon a fait remarquer à l’auditoire que Se référant aux ambi- l’Europe devait travailler tions de la présidence plus étroitement avec la «Le monde n’attendra polonaise de voir l’UE Russie, notamment sur pas que l’Europe règle développer et opération- la question de la défense ses problèmes » naliser des instruments anti-missile. « La Russie - Stefan Gehrold - de défense et de sécurité n’est plus un ennemi », plus cohérents et effi- a-t-il continué, « et nous caces, Jan Borkowski, devons travailler ensem- secrétaire d’Etat au ministère polonais ble pour notre sécurité collective compte des Affaires étrangères, a mis en exergue tenu des réalités politiques et géographi- la nécessité pour l’Europe de parler d’une ques ». Il a conclu en signalant que « même seule voix sur les questions de sécurité si elle si l’attention est actuellement focalisée sur veut continuer à servir d’exemple positif les affaires économiques, nous devrions tout

pour ses voisins de l’Est et du Sud. de même construire la défense et la sécurité Français européennes ». 58 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

de pessimisme en rappelant à l’auditoire les Partant d’une perspective russe, Ivan avantages considérables dont dispose l’Eu- Soltanovskiy, directeur de la Coopération rope. « Il est vrai que l’Europe a été divisée européenne au ministère russe des Affaires sur la Libye », a remarqué M. Vimont, « mais étrangères, a souligné qu’un dialogue à tous les niveaux entre la Russie et l’Europe était plus que jamais nécessaire. Surtout si l’on souhaite s’attaquer à des défis tels que le terrorisme, la prolifération nucléaire ou les crises humanitaires. « Nous avons une opportu- nité historique de sécuriser notre voisinage commun, mais pour ce faire nous avons besoin d’une part d’un accord juridiquement contraignant et, d’autre part, d’une certaine volonté politique de la part des partenaires pour accé- der à la sécurité régionale », a t-il déclaré. Il a mis en garde contre toute répétition d’une situation à la libyenne avec une coalition Jaap de Hoop Scheffer dirigée par l’OTAN. M. Soltano- vskiy a ainsi pu insister sur la nécessité de la stratégie européenne de sécurité et le sauvegarder le rôle premier du Conseil de Traité de Lisbonne nous offrent la direction Sécurité des Nations Unies dans la gestion stratégique adéquate à prendre sur plusieurs des conflits et dans l’imposition de l’état de problèmes pressants ». Sur les questions droit dans les relations internationales dont de la globalisation, de la diminution des les fondements sont les principes de non- budgets de défense et du voisinage sud de usage de la force et de non-ingérence dans l’UE, il a expliqué que « l’Europe a besoin les affaires internes des Etats souverains. de mieux cerner ses ambitions stratégiques » et de plus de continuité, de cohérence et Pierre Vimont, secrétaire général exécutif de complémentarité là où ses actions sont

Français du Service européen pour l’action extérieure concernées. (SEAE), a voulu dissiper la vague actuelle SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 59

Désirant mettre au défi les orateurs avec toujours en cours. Ceci étant dit, il a fait une question sur le « Printemps arabe », remarquer que personne en Europe n’avait Giles Merritt, directeur du Security and vu venir le « Printemps arabe » et a sug- Defence Agenda (SDA), a demandé si la géré mécanisme d’alerte précoce des crises Libye pouvait jouer le rôle de catalyseur occupe une plus grande place dans la straté- pour que l’Europe abandonne son approche gie européenne. « hub and spoke » vis-à-vis de son voisinage méditerranéen en faveur d’un cadre sécu- M. Vimont, qui a convenu que l’Europe ritaire nettement plus ambitieux pour l’en- devra envisager de nouveaux moyens de semble de la région. créer une coopération économique et politique plus étroite avec son voisinage méditer- M. Delon a répondu qu’il était d’accord ranéen, a toutefois précisé qu’il s’agit actuel- sur le fait qu’une telle approche ambitieuse lement d’une période où l’UE doit avant tout serait utile, mais a tempéré cette idée en écouter les nouveaux décideurs des gouver- affirmant qu’il était sans doute trop tôt nements de transition. « Une réforme de la pour une telle approche européenne dans la sécurité est, par exemple, grandement néces- région étant donné que les évènements sont saire dans la région », a-t-il remarqué, « Au cas où l’Europe est appelée par ces pays à les aider dans cette réforme, nous devrions donc être prêts ».

Laurens Jan Brinkhorst de Friends of Europe a initié le débat en se focalisant sur les divisions européennes autour de la question israélo-palesti- nienne. M. Vimont a affirmé qu’en dépit des divergences de longue date entre les Etats membres sur la question, « l’Europe doit aller de l’avant avec des propositions pour des solutions possibles ». Il a ajouté

que « l’Europe, c’est avant tout Français Jan Borkowski un dialogue, et nous avons 60 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

donc une valeur ajoutée pour aider à réduire Se référant au récent traité franco-bri- le fossé qui sépare Israël de la Palestine ». M. tannique de défense, Sandy Johnston du Soltanovskiy a insisté sur la primauté du droit ministère britannique de la Défense (MoD) international dans la gestion du conflit et a a souligné qu’un leadership politique fort de accueilli positivement le rôle constructif de la la part des chefs de gouvernement se révé- Ligue arabe dans la région. lait d’une importance cruciale pour fournir le stimulus nécessaire à une Joao Mira Gomes, coopération en matière « l’Europe a besoin d’une ambassadeur portugais de défense. M. Delon a meilleure compréhension de auprès de l’OTAN, a convenu du bien-fondé de sa vision stratégique » demandé aux orateurs ce l’argument mais a précisé - Pierre Vimont - qui pouvait être entrepris que les nouvelles menaces en plus pour promouvoir sécuritaires, telles que le la coopération entre l’UE sabotage et l’espionnage et l’OTAN en dépit des pierres d’achop- informatiques devraient aussi offrir une nou- pement bien connues et des pressions sur velle impulsion, tout comme la diminution le budget de la défense européenne. M. actuelle des budgets européens de défense. Vimont a reconnu qu’il existait des difficul- M. Vimont a ajouté que « le temps imparti tés dans la relation mais a observé que les est en train de s’épuiser », et avec les Etats- relations entre ces deux acteurs pourraient Unis qui se tournent vers le Pacifique et vers prendre une autre tournure suite à l’expé- les nouveaux pouvoirs émergents, « l’Europe rience libyenne. En réaction à ce propos, M. doit accélérer l’intégration de son secteur de Delon a affirmé que la situation en Libye la sécurité et de la défense ». avait démontré l’engagement de la France envers l’OTAN, mais que cela signifiait éga- lement que l’Europe ne pouvait pas « abandonner la défense européenne ». Français SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 61

Pierre Defraigne, directeur exécutif de la Fondation Madariaga – Collège d’Europe, a ouvert la session en demandant aux orateurs quelles étaient les nouvelles approches que le Triangle de Weimar pouvait développer pour promouvoir la cohérence de l’Europe dans le domaine de la défense et si l’absence de la Grande-Bretagne dans le Triangle représentait en Le rôle du Triangle de soi un facteur positif ou Weimar négatif. « Le Triangle de Weimar a été établi avec pour but de renforcer l’in- tégration européenne sur un certain nombre de questions » a déclaré en premier lieu la représentante polonaise du Comité Politique

et de Sécurité (COPS) de l’UE, Beata Pęksa- Français Krawiec. Elle a ajouté que « ce but a été sti- 62 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

Pierre Defraigne & Lieutenant General Ton Van Osch

mulé par l’accession de la Pologne à l’UE ». France avait toujours apporté son soutien La représentante a ensuite souligné à quel à la défense européenne. La France a pris point il était peu surprenant que la France, des initiatives dans la Politique de Sécurité l’Allemagne et la Pologne veuillent coopé- et de Défense Commune, notamment à tra- rer étant donné la nécessité de revitaliser la vers l’accord de Saint-Malo, sa présidence défense européenne, de gérer les budgets du Conseil de l’UE en 2008 et plus récem- de défense et de tirer partie du partenariat ment avec l’initiative de Weimar. M. Falconi transatlantique. a ajouté qu’il « fallait à présent aiguiser l’appétit de l’ensemble des vingt-sept Etats « Le Triangle de Weimar consiste à ajouter membres pour la défense européenne afin des pierres à l’édifice de l’intégration euro- qu’ils endossent un rôle plus important et péenne » a observé Mme Pęksa-Krawiec, de partagent les responsabilités de la défense manière à promouvoir une approche globale européenne ». rassemblant les outils européens humanitaires, économiques, diplomatiques et de l’aide « Il n’y a aucun doute qu’une initiative telle au développement. « Ceci est une des rai- que le Triangle de Weimar soit bénéfique à sons pour lesquelles la présidence polonaise l’UE-27 », a expliqué M. Falconi, puisqu’elle de l’UE a placé la défense européenne en permet aux Etats membres participants de haut de son agenda », a-t-elle conclu. répondre à des insuffisances opérationnel- les et capacitaires. Il s’agit d’une des leçons

Français Jean-Louis Falconi, représentant fran- apprises en Libye. Il faut également que les çais auprès du COPS, a rappelé que la Européens prennent des mesures concer- SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 63

Beata Peksa-Krawiec Jean-LouisJamie Shea Falconi

nant les capacités de planification et la rité durant un tel processus », a remarqué le conduite des opérations par l’UE. Col. Meyer zum Felde.

Le Colonel Rainer Le Col. Meyer zum Meyer zum Felde, vice- Felde a fait part de sa « Le Triangle de Weimar président du Collège préférence pour une ajoute des pierres à l’édifice fédéral allemand pour défense commune de l’intégration européenne » les études sécuritaires, a construite autour d’un - Beata Pęksa-Krawiec - indiqué qu’avec le chan- noyau dur constitué par gement rapide de l’équili- la France, l’Allemagne bre des forces mondiales, et le Royaume-Uni. Il la modification des priorités des Etats-Unis a cependant reconnu que cette perspec- vis-à-vis du Pacifique et l’émergence des tive était irréaliste dans un futur proche et BRICS, aucun Etat européen ne peut plus par conséquent que le Triangle de Weimar être un grand Etat individuellement. Il a offrait une alternative intéressante. « Les ensuite ajouté que la crise actuelle de la dette membres du Triangle de Weimar sont des souveraine pourrait agir comme un moteur voisins directs. Ils sont représentatifs de la d’amélioration pour les questions de sécu- variété des perspectives sécuritaires qui pré- rité et de défense, spécialement si les 17 de valent en Europe, de la mer Baltique jusqu’à la zone euro initient une harmonisation fis- la Méditerranée. Ils ont une pensée stratégi-

cale et économique. « Il devrait y avoir un que similaire en ceci que, tant l’Alliance tran- Français effet de spill-over vers la défense et la sécu- satlantique avec l’Amérique du Nord qu’une 64 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

défense européenne leur semblent essentiel- partage des ressources, s’occuper de la ques- les. Enfin, la France et l’Allemagne agissent tion du partage du fardeau et explorer des dans la plupart des domaines politiques, à pistes pour des financements communs. l’exception de la sécurité et de la défense, comme le moteur de l’UE et de son noyau, Le Lt. Gen. Van Osch a ensuite expliqué qu’« il était favorable à l’approche globale de l’UE » de rassemblement des capacités militaires et civiles. Exploitant l’expérience libyenne, il a remarqué que bien que l’Europe ait été critiquée pour sa division sur la réponse à apporter, en réalité, la coopération de l’UE avec l’OTAN a mené à l’évacuation d’approxi- mativement 4400 citoyens européens hors de Libye. Colonel Rainer Meyer zum Felde Il a conclu que des « initiatives telles que le Triangle la zone euro », a-t-il conclu, avant de réitérer de Weimar doivent être vues positivement, l’idée qu’une plus grande intégration de la particulièrement si elles stimulent la réponse sécurité et de la défense est nécessaire. européenne à de telles situations ».

« Etant donné que l’Europe a besoin Karl von Wogau, Secrétaire général du d’améliorer ses capacités défensives, les groupe Kangaroo, a commencé par mettre initiatives telles que le Triangle de Weimar l’accent sur le besoin d’une approche glo- doivent être favorablement accueillies puis- bale de la sécurité et de la défense. Selon lui, qu’elles facilitent la coopération entre les « ceci est important car dans de nombreux Etats membres », a remarqué le Lieutenant pays en voie de développement, il existe un Général Ton van Osch, directeur général de manque de stabilité économique et sociale, l’Etat-major de l’Union européenne. Néan- et l’Europe peut jouer un rôle fort grâce à moins, il a ajouté qu’il était nécessaire d’en- l’éventail de ses capacités ». Cela étant, il a

Français treprendre plus pour faire face aux pressions ensuite déclaré que les expériences en Libye budgétaires : améliorer la mutualisation et le montrent que l’UE a sérieusement besoin de SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 65

mutuelle » a-t-il conclu.

Durant la discussion avec les orateurs, le Col. Meyer zum Felde a déclaré que le Trian- gle de Weimar devrait rester ouvert aux autres Etats membres afin d’encourager la complé- mentarité. M. Falconi a ensuite souligné que le Triangle de Weimar est ouvert à d’autres mem- Karl von Wogau bres, ce qu’a démontré la coopération entre- réfléchir à sa capacité et à sa façon de répon- prise avec l’Italie et l’Espagne. Le Lieute- dre aux crises. nant Général Van Osch a enfin rappelé que cette coopération permanente structurée n’a Pour M. von Wogau, le Triangle de pas été conçue pour exclure les petits Etats Weimar pourrait se révéler important dans membres, mais au contraire pour encoura- le développement approfondi des groupe- ger la coopération entre des pays disposés ments de combat et dans la réponse à adres- à s’y engager. ser à l’absence de structures de commande- ment opérationnelles cohérentes pour les Paul Flaherty, Représentant permanent opérations européennes de sécurité et de adjoint de la Grande-Bretagne auprès de défense. Toutefois, il s’est montré quelque l’OTAN, a ouvert la discussion en provo- peu réticent, car des initiatives comme celle- quant les orateurs avec une question sur ci courent le risque d’exclure les plus petits la façon dont l’UE pourrait développer Etats membres. Or, comme « la France et des capacités militaires qui pourraient être l’Allemagne ne se comprennent pas toujours pertinentes lors d’opérations telles que sur les questions de défense, il est important celles menées en Libye. Mme. Beata Pęksa- de travailler avec plus d’Etats membres et Krawiec a répondu qu’en « planifiant la notamment des Etats membres plus petits formation pour 2013 des groupements de

tels que le Luxembourg ou la Belgique pour combat du Triangle de Weimar, nous exa- Français favoriser une meilleure compréhension minons les capacités qui seraient nécessaires 66 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

pour répondre aux crises ». La majorité des M. Falconi, répondant à une question du autres orateurs a répondu en indiquant que parlementaire européen Michael Gahler sur la volonté politique d’agir dans des situa- les coûts partagés d’opérations fonction- tions telles que celle connue en Libye, est nant sous le mécanisme Athena, a affirmé tout aussi important que le fait d’avoir la qu’une décision politique serait néces- capacité de s’y engager. saire pour dépasser le traditionnel débat sur les questions financières. Il a cepen- Sans détour, le Contre-amiral Jacques dant reconnu que l’Europe en était encore Rosiers, président de l’Association euro- loin. Mme Pęksa-Krawiec a confirmé que atlantique de Belgique, la présidence polonaise a ensuite demandé si les travaillait actuellement « La souveraineté n’a aucune petits Etats membres sur Athena par l’intermé- valeur si elle n’est pas devaient abandonner diaire du Conseil, mais soutenue par les moyens et les leur souveraineté en elle a fait remarquer que capacités nécessaires. » faveur des plus grands le but n’était pas juste de - Contre-amiral Jacques Rosiers - pour que la défense euro- partager les coûts mais péenne fonctionne réel- aussi de dépenser plus lement. M. Von Wogau efficacement. Replaçant a pris en charge cette question difficile en cette question dans le contexte plus large répondant que « si l’Europe veut conserver des coupures dans les budgets de défense, sa souveraineté dans le monde actuel, alors le Lieutenant Général Van Osch a conclu elle devra apprendre à la partager plus ». M. qu’une solution politique pour Athena était Falconi a soutenu cette idée en ajoutant que requise. « la souveraineté implique des moyens et des capacités sans lesquels elle n’est rien ». Français SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 67

Axel Dyèvre, directeur du bureau européen de la Compagnie Européenne d’Intelligence Stratégique (CEIS), a commencé par souligner l’importance du renseignement et a remarqué combien « le but du renseignement était d’éclairer les décideurs politiques ». M. Dyèvre a également tenu à distinguer l’espionnage de l’analyse du Améliorer l’efficacité renseignement. Il a rappelé à l’auditoire que la valeur du renseignement réside de l’Europe dans davantage dans l’analyse que dans la le domaine du simple collecte d’informations secrètes ou non. renseignement Après avoir rappelé que le Traité de Lisbonne permet des progrès dans le domaine du partage de renseignements, le Général Félix Sanz Roldán, directeur du Centre espagnol de renseignement national, a affirmé que

« l’interaction entre les services de renseignements à Français travers l’UE est essentielle ». Il a ajouté que l’Europe 68 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

en est encore au stade fournissons, mais au initial du partage de niveau national, nous renseignements et devons également a fait des progrès, il offrir notre assistance reste néanmoins un au Centre de situation long chemin à par- de l’UE (SITCEN) courir pour coordon- avec le traitement du ner efficacement les renseignement en systèmes nationaux temps réel et lors des et pour instaurer la crises ». confiance entre les partenaires. « Une Ange Mancini, manière de rendre Coordinateur natio- General Félix Sanz Roldàn cela possible », a-t-il nal du renseigne- recommandé, « est ment pour le Bureau peut-être d’avoir des formations communes pour du président français, a débuté sa présentation en les professionnels du renseignement ». mettant en parallèle les concepts de renseignement entendus comme d’une part l’espionnage et, d’autre Le Général a conclu en disant que les services part, l’analyse d’informations. Il a fait remarquer que nationaux de renseignement doivent être plus flexi- le Coordinateur national du renseignement fran- bles au niveau européen, mais également que l’UE çais n’opérait pas une telle distinction. « Bien que doit nécessairement offrir pour cela une image plus le métier de coordinateur du renseignement soit claire de ce qu’elle attend de la part de la commu- encore relativement jeune, l’objectif est de travailler nauté du renseignement. Il a indiqué qu’il « serait de manière intégrée en rassemblant d’une part la très utile que l’UE offre plus de retour d’infor- collecte d’informations et les processus d’analyse mation sur l’utilité des renseignements que nous d’autre part », a-t-il expliqué. Il a ajouté que pour ce faire, en France, il existe une formation approfondie des professionnels du renseignement.

Concernant le renseignement à l’échelle euro- péenne, M. Mancini a fait preuve de prudence en affirmant que les autorités nationales devaient en dernier recours avoir le contrôle sur le travail de leurs services de renseignements. Il a ajouté « qu’il

Français y a bien sûr un certain mérite à vouloir coordonner Ange Mancini nos efforts et à chercher à mettre en place une pra- SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 69

tique de travail plus efficace entre les Etats mem- du renseignement, mais qu’il faut également des bres ». Il a ensuite nuancé ce propos en soulignant analystes hautement entraînés et plus d’interactions que le Traité de Lisbonne offre peu de marge de entre les services de renseignement nationaux ». manœuvre pour une approche communautaire du A cet égard, M. Legai a ajouté qu’une « autorité partage de renseignements, et laisse la responsabi- lité aux Etats membres, quoique de manière inter- gouvernementale.

S’exprimant au nom du EU Satellite Centre (EUSC), son Directeur adjoint M. Pascal Legai a noté que la tâche du Centre est précisément de construire et de partager le renseignement entre les vingt-sept Etats membres. « Généralement, le renseignement est, par nature, un secteur très sensible qui reste entre les mains des Etats membres », a-t-il continué, et qui est au mieux échangé au sein du cadre bilatéral d’un partenariat gagnant-gagnant. Pascal Legai Il a ensuite déclaré qu’étant donné que l’EUSC ne possède pas de capteurs satellites et n’a pas d’accès centrale européenne pour les sources ouvertes » direct à ceux-ci, la difficulté permanente est d’ac- pourrait se révéler une solution intéressante. Enfin, quérir les images en temps utile, principalement au-delà d’un besoin en termes d’équipements, une l’imagerie commerciale, en particulier en cas d’ur- meilleure capacité d’analyse est requise. Ceci signifie gence. « C’est pourquoi pour avoir un processus qu’il faut développer les compétences des analystes efficace de renseignement, les sources ouvertes se et acquérir des outils appropriés pour les aider à révèlent essentielles, mais ces sources doivent aussi faire leur travail. Il a conclu qu’ « il s’agit d’une tâche être disponibles, consoli- essentielle pour transformer dées et validées pour deve- « Généralement, le de simples informations en du nir des données utiles et renseignement est, par nature, renseignement pertinent ». fiables », a-t-il ajouté. un secteur très sensible qui reste entre les mains des Etats Frederik Schumann, qui Il a également expliqué membres » fait partie de l’équipe du Projet que « de grandes quantités - Pascal Legai - Virtuoso (FP7 Sécurité), a de contenu provenant de expliqué que le problème sources ouvertes ne signifient pas seulement que principal pour la communauté du renseignement

nous devons assurer un contrôle sur la qualité à tra- est qu’il y a bien souvent trop d’informations et Français vers l’ensemble de la chaîne d’approvisionnement qu’il est difficile d’estimer leur fiabilité. Le but du 70 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

militaires ou civiles de formation dans le domaine de l’analyse d’images, M. Legai a ajouté que des formations communes amèneraient à plus d’échanges de matériels et d’instructeurs, ce qui serait positif, la formation étant un aspect moins sensible du domaine du renseignement dans le développement d’une culture et de méthodes communes aux vingt- sept Etats membres. Un participant a ensuite demandé dans quelles mesures les Etats membres avaient peur de partager des informations entre eux. Le Général Sanz Roldán a répondu que « l’UE n’a pas les moyens en l’état actuel des choses de partager tout avec tout le Frederik Schumann monde », mais elle fait toutefois des progrès au cas- par-cas dans le partage du renseignement. Selon Projet Virtuoso (dont les travaux s’étendent sur lui, ce qui est nécessaire ce sont des procédures trois ans) est de permettre aux utilisateurs finaux au niveau européen qui assureront la sécurité des dans le domaine du renseignement de gérer la informations échangées. masse d’information dispo- nible en sources ouvertes. Il Un participant s’est « L’UE n’a pas les moyens a conclu que « les utilisateurs attardé à la question de en l’état actuel des choses finaux ont généralement des savoir qui de l’OTAN ou de de partager tout avec tout le besoins très spécifiques, le l’UE était la meilleure orga- monde. » projet a donc pour finalité nisation pour partager les - Général Felix Sanz Roldán - de trouver des solutions qui renseignements. Le Géné- répondent à ces besoins ». ral Sanz Roldàn a rappelé que l’OTAN est en place depuis cinquante ans et Pour lancer le débat, M. Dyèvre a demandé aux a été indispensable pour l’échange d’informations orateurs s’ils pensaient qu’une académie européenne et de renseignements, même si elle doit continuer à de formation au renseignement aiderait à atténuer s’adapter et à affiner son modèle de partage de ren- les réticences des services nationaux. M. Ange seignement. Cela étant, il a poursuivi en affirmant Mancini a fait remarquer qu’il n’existe pas un réel que l’OTAN est « de loin un meilleur endroit pour besoin pour une académie supranationale du ren- partager l’information que l’UE d’aujourd’hui ». seignement puisque la compétence ultime du ren- M. Legai a nuancé ce propos en commentant sur

Français seignement relève des Etats membres. Après avoir l’expérience positive observée pendant la crise confirmé que l’UE est en train d’essayer de créer libyenne où l’UE s’est montré capable et disposée à un réseau entre l’EUSC et les académies nationales partager ses renseignements avec l’OTAN. SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 71

Giles Merritt, directeur du SDA, a com- mencé par faire remarquer combien il était difficile par le passé d’arriver à faire travailler les ONG avec les militaires. Toutefois, selon lui, cette résistance a diminué avec le temps, permettant une coopération accrue entre les militaires et la communauté humanitaire. Après avoir expliqué que l’Europe servait clairement de modèle pour le développement d’institutions dans des zones de Renforcer la gestion conflit, Merritt a ensuite demandé si les expériences en Afghanistan européenne des crises ont sapé la prétention de l’Europe de construire des structures de gouvernance crédibles.

Parlant depuis une perspective militaire à propos des coopérations civiles-militaires, le Colonel Thomas Toussaint, commandant du Groupement interarmées des « actions civilo- militaires », a noté que l’UE doit surtout

s’occuper de conflits anti-insurrectionnels et Français de stabilisation. « Il faut faire face à de tels 72 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

conflits armés pas uniquement avec des moyens militaires », a-t-il poursuivi. Une approche globale incluant des outils civils est aussi nécessaire si l’Europe veut empêcher les populations civiles de rejoindre les insurgés dans les théâtres d’opération ou

de s’engager dans des activités Giles Merritt criminelles et déstabilisantes. tion des crises, elle doit renforcer ses capaci- Le Colonel Toussaint a toutefois remarqué tés civilo-militaires et améliorer la coordina- que dans des environnements très dangereux, tion entre ses Etats membres ». seuls les militaires étaient capables d’apporter une réponse. Il a ajouté que « le commandant Le député européen allemande Franziska d’une force militaire a des contacts avec les Katharina Brantner, a mis l’auditoire au populations locales, les ONG et les organi- défi de pouvoir définir ce qu’on entend par sations internationales. Il utilise des experts « crise ». Elle a ensuite souligné la nature cyclique des conflits, de nombreux Etats en situation de post-conflit retombant régulièrement dans la violence et a rappelé à l’auditoire que « le grand défi pour le SEAE est de briser ce cycle de conflits ». Mme. Brantner a poursuivi en notant que « pour faire cela, l’Eu- rope a besoin d’une approche Colonel Thomas Toussaint holistique de la gestion des crises, appuyée par des institutions, des pour identifier les projets appropriés ». Il a instruments et des financements efficaces ». expliqué que « ces projets doivent bénéficier « Elle ne peut pas se reposer uniquement sur d’une visibilité locale, inclure les autorités des sanctions économiques et politiques dans locales, être cohérents avec les programmes sa réponse aux crises, et doit se concentrer des ONG, être durables et ne pas créer de davantage sur l’anticipation et la prévention

Français situations de dépendance ». Il a conclu en des crises », a-t-elle ajouté. affirmant que « si l’UE veut renforcer sa ges- SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 73

Mme Brantner a plus forte intensité poursuivi en signalant et plus comple- que « l’UE n’a pas saisi xes. Toutefois, les l’opportunité appor- sanctions et l’aide tée par le Traité de humanitaire ne Lisbonne de fusionner peuvent pas être toutes ses capacités de maintenues comme gestion des crises ». des réponses par Affirmant qu’il exis- défaut de l’UE. Elle tait un manque de a de plus mis l’ac- planification civile cent sur une appro- dans le SEAE, la par- che fondée sur les lementaire a noté que principes de l’aide « l’UE est encore loin Franziska Katharina Brantner humanitaire, qui d’avoir atteint un haut risque, en ces temps degré de coordination et de cohérence ». Elle de disette fiscale, de faire face à des tentatives a remis en question le fait que les actions de politisation. En accord avec le commen- civiles entreprises sous la PSDC soient la taire de Mme. Brantner sur le besoin d’une meilleure solution alors qu’il existe des alter- approche européenne intégrée de la gestion natives fonctionnant avec la méthode com- des crises, Mme. Fink-Hooijer a souligné que munautaire. Elle a conclu que « maintenir la les contraintes budgétaires actuelles fournis- PSDC en vie à tout prix saient d’autant plus de en entreprenant des mis- raisons à l’UE d’utiliser « L’UE ne peut pas se reposer sions, n’est pas la seule ses nombreux instru- uniquement sur des sanctions option ». ments de manière intelli- économiques et politiques gente et complémentaire dans sa réponse aux crises, Florika Fink-Hooijer, en rassemblant les ins- mais doit se focaliser sur un chef de cabinet du Com- truments économiques, système d’alerte précoce et sur missaire européen à la de développement et de la prévention de ces crises » Coopération internatio- sécurité. - Franziska Katharina Brantner - nale, à l’Aide humanitaire et à la Réponse aux crises Prenant la Libye a commencé par pointer comme exemple, du doigt la pertinence accrue de l’assistance Mme Fink-Hooijer a par la suite expliqué de

humanitaire de l’UE dans un monde en plein quelle manière la coopération entre la Com- Français changement qui voit naître des conflits de mission et les acteurs civils et militaires peut 74 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

reçu beaucoup de couverture médiatique ». Il a ajouté que pour les libyens, voir le drapeau européen flotter au-dessus des bâtiments constitue un signe positif que l’Europe est là pour les aider.

M. Miozzo s’est ensuite attardé sur le chemin qu’il res- Florika Fink-Hooijer tait à parcourir en exposant les difficultés qui existent pour faire fonctionner efficacement. Elle a indiqué que fonctionner ensemble et en temps réel les « l’UE y avait été impliquée dans le rapatrie- diplomates et les services de protection civile. ment de citoyens de pays tiers, l’évacuation Il a ainsi déclaré : « Il est clair que nous avons des citoyens européens et la fourniture d’as- besoin d’une réponse plus coordonnée, mais sistance humanitaire aux populations civiles ». je reste positif quant au fait que plus les ser- « Nous devons maintenant nous concentrer vices nationaux travailleront ensemble, plus sur la situation très difficile d’un point de vue l’UE deviendra efficace et cohérente ». Pour tant humanitaire que sécuritaire qui prévaut conclure, il a assuré qu’une stratégie politique dans la Corne de l’Afrique, qui ne peut pas claire est nécessaire dans chaque situation être laissée à la seule charge de l’assistance de crise, et qu’un soutien politique des Etats humanitaire et de l’aide au développement », membres et un soutien moral de la part de la a-t-elle conclu. société sont également essentiels.

Agostino Miozzo, directeur général pour Lors du débat qui a suivi, Giles Merritt a la réponse aux crises et pour la coordination demandé aux orateurs si plus de financement opérationnelle du SEAE, a débuté son allo- et de personnel étaient requis pour les opé- cution en défendant de manière enthousiaste rations de gestion des crises. Mme Brantner les capacités européennes de gestion des tout comme le Colonel Toussaint ont immé- crises et s’est élevé contre l’opinion pessi- diatement répondu que les deux étaient néces- miste de Mme. Brantner, même s’il a reconnu saires en raison de la large gamme de tâches que « l’UE est loin d’être parfaite dans sa qu’implique la gestion de crise. Le Colonel réponse aux crises ». Il a poursuivi en pré- Toussaint a toutefois reconnu qu’augmenter

Français cisant que « l’UE a offert une réponse forte le budget alloué était pour le moment irréa- à la crise en Haïti, même si nous n’avons pas liste. M. Merritt a poursuivi en demandant si SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 75

l’UE était prête à gérer des crises humanitaires vraiment sérieuses. M. Miozzo a répondu en arguant que la Libye avait été un exemple d’une crise très sérieuse, néan- moins d’autres orateurs se sont dits d’accord avec M. Merritt estimant que l’UE serait incorrec- tement préparée à faire Agostino Miozzo face à certains scénarios de crise. Un participant a émis l’idée que « l’OTAN conduit les opérations militaires tandis Considérant le sens du mot « crise » en fai- que l’UE en est réduite à nettoyer le gâchis sant la distinction entre des crises d’origine après coup », avant de demander comment naturelle et celles provoquées par l’homme, l’UE pouvait devenir un acteur civilo-mili- Stefani Weiss du Bertelsmann Stiftung a taire efficace. Cette intervention a suscité précisé que la gestion des crises était géné- un débat très intéressant entre M. Miozzo ralement d’ordre politi- et Mme Brantner, dans que. Mme Fink-Hooijer lequel le député a argué « Il est clair que nous avons a répondu en opérant une que l’UE ne savait pas besoin d’une réponse plus distinction entre le tra- faire de la reconstruction coordonnée » vail humanitaire de l’UE d’Etat car elle n’arrive - Agostino Miozzo - et sa politique étrangère. pas à rassembler tous ses « L’assistance humanitaire outils ensemble, tandis de l’UE n’est pas un outil politique », a-t-elle que M. Miozzo a avancé que si l’on se penche proclamé. Mme Brantner a soutenu cette der- sur ce qui se passe sur le terrain, l’UE peut nière idée en affirmant que le but de l’aide être considérée comme un acteur crédible humanitaire était de soulager les souffrances dans la gestion des crises. La nécessité de humaines indépendamment de la personne consacrer plus de moyens à la prévention de concernée. conflit est l’unique terrain sur lequel se sont entendus les deux orateurs. Français 76 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

Olivier Darrason, président de la Compagnie Européenne d’Intelligence Stratégique (CEIS), a ouvert la session plénière de l’après-midi en rappelant à l’auditoire que l’Europe est au milieu d’une crise financière, avec par conséquent des dépenses budgétaires décroissantes et moins d’investisse- ments dans la recherche et le développement. Il a fait remarquer que « la clé sera de réconcilier des budgets en diminution avec les défis techniques et les risques auxquels l’Europe doit faire face ».

Lors de son discours d’introduction, Michel Bar- nier, Commissaire européen Renforcer l’impulsion au Marché intérieur et aux Services, a signalé qu’ « avec européenne dans les la crise financière et sociale, l’Europe est dans un moment technologies de la crucial, toutefois la défense reste un domaine critique pour défense et de la sécurité la politique de l’Europe ». Il a ajouté qu’« alors qu’on assiste à l’émergence de mouvements populistes et que les décideurs sont testés par les citoyens et les marchés, les difficultés internationales

Français persistent telles que l’environnement, le terrorisme et la pauvreté auxquelles l’Union doit répondre ». SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 77

Michel Barnier Olivier Darrason

« La Libye a démontré que les outils militaires tout aussi utile. Il a conclu qu’il était « important sont encore pertinents pour protéger nos valeurs de maintenir une base industrielle européenne, fondamentales », a poursuivi le Commissaire, « et tant comme moyen d’assurer que l’industrie euro- les Etats membres qui jouissent d’une alliance tran- péenne de la défense est globalement compétitive satlantique forte et équilibrée que pour assurer notre auto- doivent travailler ensemble nomie stratégique ». « La Libye a démontré que les sur la défense ». Il a ensuite outils militaires sont encore fait remarquer que « bien Claude-France Arnould, pertinents pour protéger nos que chaque Etat membre chef exécutif de l’Agence valeurs fondamentales » soit libre de définir sa propre européenne de défense - Michel Barnier - politique de défense, le (AED), a commencé par Traité de Lisbonne nous avertir qu’ « étant donné les offre une chance de forger une culture géostraté- contraintes budgétaires, l’Europe devra faire mieux gique européenne comme moyen de sauvegarder dans le domaine de la défense avec moins de res- notre sécurité ». sources ». Elle a fait remarquer que « l’idée que plus de mutualisation et de partage est nécessaire M. Barnier a continué en se référant au rôle en temps d’épreuves n’est pas encore un réflexe important joué par les transferts intra-UE et les naturel et l’AED pense que la façon de dépasser ce directives sur les marchés publiques dans le domaine paradoxe est d’améliorer la confiance entre les Etats de la défense et de la sécurité pour ouvrir les mar- membres ». Elle a ajouté que c’est à travers ce pro- chés nationaux de la défense à la concurrence. cessus que l’AED est capable d’aider à empêcher la Mais il a ajouté que l’établissement d’un nouveau duplication et à identifier les programmes futurs qui groupe de travail sur la défense qui agira de manière réduiront la dépendance technologique de l’Europe transversale entre les services de la Commission et vis-à-vis des parties tierces.

travaillera étroitement avec l’Agence européenne Français de défense (AED) et l’industrie de la défense était Suite aux lacunes qui se sont fait jour durant l’ex- 78 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

de la dette et les coûts du système social, « la part de l’Europe dans le marché mondial de la défense va également diminuer ».

Il a ensuite signalé que des budgets de défense en déclin « signifient que plus doit être dépensé dans la recherche pour encourager l’innovation dans l’in- Claude-France Arnould dustrie de la sécurité civile : le Parlement européen périence libyenne, couplées au fait que les Etats-Unis négocie actuellement avec l’industrie et la Commis- souhaitent que l’Europe s’affirme seule lorsqu’elle sion dans ce but ». M. Ehler a de plus confirmé que répond aux crises, la nécessité d’une coopération le Parlement européen était en train d’augmenter plus étroite dans le domaine de la sécurité et de la le budget pour la recherche et l’innovation dans le défense en Europe est claire, domaine de la sécurité afin a poursuivi Mme Arnould. qu’il atteigne €1.4 milliards, « L’Europe devra faire mieux Elle a ainsi affirmé : « Nous alors que le montant initial dans le domaine de la défense ne serons pas capables d’agir était de €30 millions, et il a avec moins de ressources» moralement et politiquement souligné qu’approximative- - Claude-France Arnould - sans une Europe crédible ». ment €2.2 milliards seraient La réunion du Conseil euro- dépensés, dans le futur, pour péen des Affaires étrangères le 30 novembre 2011, la recherche dans le domaine de la sécurité civile ainsi que le « sommet de Chicago » de l’OTAN en sous le programme Horizon 2020. mai 2012 seront cruciaux si l’Europe espère aller de l’avant pour faire face aux nombreux défis qui Après avoir réitéré l’engagement de la Com- l’attendent dans le domaine de la défense. mission européenne en faveur d’une Politique étrangère et de sécurité commune, Daniel Cal- Le député européen allemand Christian Ehler a leja-Crespo, vice-directeur général et envoyé ouvert son allocution en déclarant que « dans dix spécial pour les PME à la DG Entreprises, a pré- ans, soit l’on observera une véritable communau- cisé que « la Commission, à travers la directive tarisation des marchés de défense européens, soit récemment transposée sur les marchés publics et celle-ci n’interviendra jamais ». M. Ehler a égale- les transferts des produits liés au domaine de la ment affirmé que, dans dix ans, il n’y aura pas d’ar- défense, cherche à sécuriser la base industrielle mée européenne, même s’il est probable qu’une de l’Europe pour en améliorer la compétitivité et structure permanente civilo-militaire aura été éta- pour soutenir l’accroissement de la coopération blie. Par ailleurs, il a également souligné qu’en raison transfrontière dans le domaine de la défense ».

Français du fait que les budgets de la défense et les dépenses Il a ajouté que « la Commission travaillait active- de R&D sur le sujet vont décroître pour trouver ment à améliorer la recherche dans le domaine une solution aux défis que représentent la charge de la sécurité et à trouver des synergies dans le SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 79

domaine de la défense, mais qu’elle a également besoin d’une volonté politique forte de la part des Etats membres afin de réussir ».

Un signe de l’engagement de la Commission pour renforcer la défense de l’Europe et les technologies de la sécurité, selon M. Calleja-Crespo, peut être trouvé dans le financement de la recherche dans le domaine de la sécurité au niveau européen : « nous travaillons avec l’AED au travers du cadre IGA Pierre Schanne européen de coopération pour trouver une valeur ajoutée européenne dans des domaines comme les impact sur le marché est correctement analysé ». armes CBRN (chimique, biologique, radiologique et nucléaire) et nous voulons construire à partir de Par la suite, M. Schanne a suggéré que la recher- cette coopération positive ». che et le développement devraient être axés sur les technologies où l’Europe fait face à un risque de Pierre Schanne, secrétaire général des architec- dépendance, et il a ajouté qu’il serait bon de lancer tes des systèmes de force à la des projets ambitieux pour Direction Générale de l’Ar- « Nous avons besoin de aider à la rationalisation de mement (DGA) française, a mécanismes similaires l’industrie de la défense et commencé par déclarer que dans les domaines de la pour encourager une plus l’investissement technologi- défense et de la sécurité pour grande mutualisation et un que, la rationalisation de l’in- coordonner les exigences meilleur partage des ressour- dustrie et l’harmonisation de de capacité à long terme, ces. « Alors que de nom- la régulation européenne sont les projets d’équipements breuses synergies dans le trois piliers essentiels pour et les feuilles de route domaine civilo-militaire sont maintenir, à long terme, une technologiques» attendues », a-t-il conclu, sécurité d’approvisionnement - IGA Pierre Schanne -- nous avons besoin de méca- de l’armement européen. Il a nismes similaires dans les poursuivi en expliquant qu’il domaines de la défense et « faut investir plus en temps de crise et que l’Eu- de la sécurité pour coordonner les exigences de rope doit éviter les duplications, se spécialiser dans capacité à long terme, les projets d’équipements et des secteurs avec une plus grande valeur ajoutée et les feuilles de route technologiques. Dans chaque s’assurer que les directives sont correctement trans- branche, l’Europe devrait poursuivre ses efforts de

posées dans tous les Etats membres, et que leur recherche en dépit des coupes budgétaires ». Français 80 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

Le Général Jean Rannou, directeur de la sécurité et de la défense chez CEIS, a ouvert la session en déclarant que bien que l’idée de la mutualisation et du partage des ressources ne soit pas nouvelle, les coupes dans le budget de la défense ont accru la nécessité de faire mieux collective- Mutualisation et ment en Europe. Il a ainsi demandé aux orateurs de partage des capacités : quelle manière il était possible de créer un climat l’heure est venue favorable à la coopération et comment la question de pour les européens de la souveraineté pouvait être franchir le pas abordée. Le Brigadier Jon Mullin, directeur « Capacités » de l’AED, a exposé en premier lieu quelques expériences positi-

Français ves de l’Agence, notamment dans l’encouragement à une collaboration sur des projets SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 81

down est nécessaire pour inciter l’UE à faire plus d’écono- mies. « Il n’existe pas de remède mira- cle pour parvenir à la mutualisation et au partage des ressources », a-t-il conclu, « seulement

Jean Rannou & Jon Mullin une approche pas- à-pas qui démontre tels que la formation commune au pilotage les avantages de la d’hélicoptères. D’après lui, « la présidence coordination à travers des projets achevés ». suédoise de l’UE en 2009 et la réunion des « La mutualisation et le partage sont tout à ministres de la défense à Gand en 2010 ont la fois nécessaires et inévitables, car la frag- offert une nouvelle impul- mentation n’est plus sion à la mutualisation et abordable. Notre défi est « L’Europe est en train de au partage ». « L’Europe de faire aussi bien que franchir le pas, mais nous est en train de franchir le possible ». devons être très clairs sur ce pas », a-t-il ajouté, « mais que nous voulons. » nous devons être très Se référant aux - Jon Mullin - clairs sur ce que nous vou- découvertes d’une lons » : la mutualisation et étude récente, Hilmar le partage doivent se com- Linnenkamp, conseiller prendre comme la fourniture de capacités à la Sécurité internationale pour le Stiftung qui comblent des manques et permettent Wissenschaft und Politik, a fait plusieurs d’épargner de l’argent, a ajouté Jon Mullin. recommandations sur la façon d’améliorer la mutualisation et le partage au niveau euro- Il a noté que « la mutualisation et le par- péen et a exhorté les Etats membres qui y tage des ressources ne sont pas encore des sont enclins à s’engager dans des « projets réactions naturelles pour plusieurs Etats d’avant-garde ». Au sein de l’initiative du membres », toutefois l’Europe doit doré- Triangle de Weimar par exemple, M. Lin- navant épargner son argent et dépenser nenkamp a conseillé qu’à court terme une

celui qu’elle a de manière plus efficace. Il coopération sur des petits projets, comme Français a ensuite ajouté qu’un encouragement top- le développement d’un corps médical au 82 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

sein des groupements de combat, devrait sous les auspices de l’OTAN ou dans le pouvoir convaincre les Etats membres de la cadre de l’UE, du moment qu’ils ont lieu ». nécessité de mutualiser et de partager leurs Il a ajouté que « l’Europe fait face à des ressources. pénuries dans les financements de la défense et à des lacunes en matière de capacité, elle Quant au moyen terme, il a suggéré que doit donc agir rapidement pour mutualiser l’Europe développe collectivement des et partager les capacités déjà existantes ». Il a poursuivi son intervention en expliquant comment la perte de la souveraineté devrait moins être un problème maintenant étant donné que les coupes bud- gétaires dans la défense sont en train d’affaiblir la capacité de l’Europe à agir de manière autonome ».

François Lureau « Il existe cependant de nombreux obstacles qui doivent véhicules aériens légers sans pilote pour des être dépassés » a-t-il prévenu, notamment missions civiles. Ce type de projet devrait les considérations industrielles, les réduc- être piloté par l’AED et pourrait également tions des budgets de défense et le choix inclure la Commission européenne. Seuls des bénéficiaires finaux des biens partagés. quelques Etats membres auraient la capa- Cela étant dit, M. Lureau a conclu que des cité de construire ce type de véhicule. A accords tels que les traités franco-britanni- long terme Hilmar Linnenkamp pense que ques sont encourageant, même si l’appro- l’UE devrait se concentrer sur le développe- che « pas-à-pas » ne devrait pas être utilisée ment de véhicules armés communs et sur la comme une excuse, comme cela a été le cas réduction du nombre actuellement déployé par le passé. Sa présentation s’est ensuite par les Etats membres séparément. centrée sur deux exemples de mutualisation et de partage : EATC (European Air Trans- François Lureau, membre du Groupe port Command), qui est né d’une initiative des sages de l’AED et ancien directeur de de la Belgique, de l’Allemagne, de la France l’Armement national français, a déclaré avec et des Pays-Bas ; SAC (the Strategic Airlift

Français audace qu’il se « préoccupait peu de savoir Capability) pour les avions C-17. Ces deux si la mutualisation et le partage avaient lieu cas présentent deux manières extrêmes de SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 83

concevoir la mutualisation et le partage. Au vu de la très grande intégration et indépen- dance du SAC vis-à-vis des Etats, le SAC est considéré par François Lureau comme l’illustration parfaite du prin- cipe de mutualisation, bien qu’il illustre aussi la raison Claus Sørensen pour laquelle les Etats sont réticents. Ne plus avoir le contrôle direct des capacités, par exemple, et des programmes de formation. C’est ainsi dans le cas des avions transporteurs C-17, que « nous nous assurons que la voix de cela ne signifie-t-il pas une forte réduction chaque service de réponse aux crises soit de l’autonomie d’action ? entendue afin que nous offrions l’assistance la plus appropriée ». Il a souligné à quel point En débutant par un aperçu de la four- il était plus facile d’identifier les besoins opé- niture d’assistance humanitaire par l’UE, rationnels et de mobiliser les ressources à Claus Sørensen, directeur général pour travers des plans communs d’évaluation des l’Aide humanitaire et la Protection civile de risques et des modules standardisés de for- la Commission européenne, a brossé un por- mation. Il a conclu que « lorsque la défense trait positif de la coopération entre les Etats est concernée, cela vaut la peine d’essayer membres. « Que ce soit la crise au Darfour de construire la confiance entre les autorités ou la réponse aux inondations au Pakistan, nationales de défense et entre le personnel une bonne coopération peut être observée sur des projets plus petits ». en termes de fournitures d’avions et d’équi- pements de télécommunication pour les En soulignant que le traité de défense opérations », a-t-il remarqué. Il a ajouté que franco-britannique a été relativement aisé « la DG ECHO n’a pas beaucoup d’argent, il à signer parce que seuls deux Etats étaient nous faut donc utiliser ce que nous avons de inclus, Sandy Johnston du Ministère bri- manière intelligente, et c’est pour le moment tannique de la défense a ouvert la séance une réussite ». des questions en demandant comment la mutualisation et le partage dans un groupe M. Sørensen a expliqué qu’un partenariat plus large d’Etats plus petits pouvaient être

entre les autorités nationales est encouragé à atteints. Après que M. Sørensen a évoqué la Français travers des mesures établissant la confiance nécessité d’assurer une coopération entre 84 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

propice. M. Linnenkmap a dit le plus grand bien d’une approche par projets, mais uniquement s’ils sont convaincants et produisent de vrais résultats. Bill Giles, directeur général Europe de BAE Systems, a demandé s’il était possible pour les Etats membres d’externaliser une partie Hilmar Linnenkamp de leurs activités vers l’industrie plutôt que de travailler à travers les les vingt-sept Etats membres, M. Lureau organismes publics. M. Lureau a répondu en a affirmé qu’une approche bilatérale valait affirmant que les bénéfices de l’externalisation la peine d’être poursuivie si la coopéra- seraient qu’au moins on aurait un seul système tion multilatérale échoue, cependant un tel de soutien. Le brigadier Mullin a convenu que processus devrait être coordonné à travers l’industrie a un rôle important à jouer pour l’AED et l’OTAN. diminuer les coûts et rassembler la demande.

Dick Zandee de Clingendael a fait remar- Une dernière question s’est focalisée sur le quer que certaines initiatives de mutuali- rôle de la clause de solidarité du Traité de Lis- sation et de partage restent non coordon- bonne et sur le rôle que les petits Etats pour- nées, il a donc demandé ce qui pouvait être raient jouer s’ils étaient capables de s’appuyer entrepris en plus pour sur les capacités des Etats pousser structurellement membres les plus grands. la coopération. Le Briga- La souveraineté est un M. Linnenkamp a signalé dier Jon Mullin s’est dit concept que seuls les grands que cette approche sou- d’accord avec M. Zan- Etats peuvent se permettre » lèverait inévitablement la dee pour dire qu’une - Hilmar Linnenkamp - question de la souverai- méthode structurelle de neté. « La souveraineté est travail aiderait, mais il un concept que seuls les a aussi soulevé les mérites d’une approche grands Etats peuvent s’offrir », a-t-il remarqué modulaire qui verrait le développement de de manière désabusée, « et les petits Etats vont projets plus petits et qui pourraient ensuite probablement devoir conserver leur position de être étendus à d’autres Etats au moment dépendance vis-à-vis des grands Etats ». Français SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 85

La session a été ouverte par Olivier Zajec, directeur adjoint du département d’études stratégiques et de solutions chez CEIS, qui a cité le très grand nombre des cyber-menaces que l’UE doit affronter et a aussi attiré l’attention de l’auditoire sur les diffi- cultés d’apporter une définition claire de ces menaces. « Quels sont les cyber-menaces auxquelles l’Eu- rope doit faire face », a-t-il demandé, « et comment la cyber-sécurité de l’UE s’en sort-elle par rapport à Les efforts de l’Europe celle des Etats-Unis ? ». Michael Hange, Président de pour développer sa l’Office fédéral allemand pour la Sécurité de l’information, a cyberdéfense reconnu qu’en effet ces menaces sont nombreuses. Il a briève- ment exposé son approche pour traiter de telles menaces en insistant sur un fait : « il n’est pas nécessaire de développer un concept

pour chaque attaque, ce qu’il faut, c’est développer Français un concept de référence qui se concentre sur une 86 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

pour construire un réseau d’excel- lence sur la cyber-sécurité.

Le Colonel Marek Pszczolka, directeur de l’Agence pour la communication militaire et la sécurité de l’information du Ministère polonais de la Défense nationale, a exposé brièvement les initiatives légales et opérationnelles de cyber-défense Olivier Zajec mises en place par la Pologne. Par exemple, le ministère de la Défense stratégie plus large de type bottom-up ». M. Hange nationale a signé une série de protocoles d’ac- a de plus affirmé que le très grand nombre d’uti- cord avec l’OTAN et le département américain lisateurs d’ordinateurs devait de la Défense (DoD) sur être mobilisé afin qu’une alerte « Ce qu’il faut, c’est les questions de garantie précoce soit automatiquement développer un concept de de l’information et sur la transposée dans des mesures référence qui se concentre sur défense du réseau infor- de cyber-sécurité. une stratégie plus large de matique. Le Ministère et type bottom-up » Microsoft Corporation Concernant les efforts que - Michael Hange - développent également l’Europe doit entreprendre, il a ensemble un « programme mis l’accent sur le besoin d’évi- de coopération sécuritaire ». ter la duplication, mais a aussi souligné la nécessité L’armée polonaise, a-t-il ajouté, est aussi en train de de définir des objectifs et des rôles clairs pour les agences nationales. Il a ajouté qu’il « fallait un système de cyber-sécu- rité durable au niveau européen, ce qui signifie qu’il faut interconnecter les infrastructures critiques, intensifier les échanges d’informations et définir des priorités et des objectifs clairs ». Par rapport à l’interconnexion des infrastructures, M. Hange a conclu que les

Français administrations nationales, l’industrie et le monde universitaire devraient se lier Michael Hange SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 87

développer des capa- rement embarquer les cités de réponse qui citoyens européens bénéficient de centres à bord car la techno- techniques et de coor- logie seule ne pourra dination qui leurs sont faire face à la menace dédiés. du cyber-crime », a-t-il continué. « La Il a ensuite observé sensibilisation du qu’un cadre légal est public est donc un requis pour combler élément clé pour la des insuffisances dans cyber-sécurité euro- la cyber-défense des péenne, tout comme systèmes nationaux l’est le fait que les et il a suggéré que autorités nationales et l’OTAN approfon- l’UE partagent leurs disse son concept Colonel Marek Pszczolka informations et leur stratégique sur les expertise ». menaces de sécurité non traditionnelles. Le Colonel Pszczolka a aussi M. Purser a applaudi l’initiative de l’UE de mettre fait remarquer à quel point il était crucial de coo- sur pied un centre de lutte contre le crime infor- pérer entre tous les organismes responsables pour matique, car il pense qu’un mécanisme qui puisse la cyber défense en Europe au sein de l’OTAN, prévoir les menaces à l’échelle européenne est ce qui permettrait une plus grande synergie des grandement nécessaire : « Des initiatives telles que actions techniques, légales et organisationnelles sur celle-là aideront très certainement à aligner et ren- le partage d’informations et les cyber-défenses. Il forcer les politiques nationales et l’UE devrait faire a terminé son intervention en mettant l’accent sur disparaître les barrières entre les communautés juri- l’importance de la sensibilisation des utilisateurs de dique, militaire, publique et académique qui ne sont réseaux informatiques. pas habituées à communiquer ». Pour conclure, il a affirmé que les initiatives de l’UE doivent s’inscrire Steven Purser, chef du département technique à dans une approche globale afin d’assurer une base l’Agence européenne de « cyber-sécurité » (ENISA), plus large pour la cyber-sécurité. a souligné l’importance du comportement des gens et des technologies préventives. « Nous n’avons Axel Dyèvre, directeur du bureau européen pas seulement besoin d’un mécanisme de réponse de CEIS, a présenté le projet Eurocybex, qui

efficace, mais aussi d’une bonne stratégie de pré- cherche à améliorer les procédures de coopéra- Français vention, toutefois une telle stratégie doit nécessai- tion entre les agences des Etats membres pour 88 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

la cyber-sécurité. M. Dyèvre a observé que la est insuffisante et il a ajouté que l’industrie et coopération est essentielle, mais qu’avant, il les autorités opèrent souvent de manière cloi- est nécessaire de créer de la confiance, or il a sonnée avec peu d’échanges d’informations expliqué comment Eurocybex offre aux parte- ou de communication.

Pour continuer le débat sur les infrastructures critiques, il a été demandé si un seul des pays de l’UE était réellement préparé pour une attaque infor- matique et s’il existait un plan d’urgence pour parer à une telle éventualité. M. Purser a répondu en expliquant que les niveaux de sophistication des systèmes nationaux de cyber- défense diffèrent grandement. Steve Purser Il a ajouté que « l’Europe a un long chemin à parcourir pour naires l’opportunité d’apprendre et d’échanger développer une stratégie qui reconnaisse ces dispa- de bonnes pratiques sur la cyber-sécurité. Il a rités entre les Etats membres ». ensuite conclu son intervention en accentuant l’importance du rôle que joue le projet dans la M. Zajec s’est interrogé s’il existait un quel- mise en place d’une coopé- conque outil de représailles ration public-privé. « La sensibilisation du qui pourrait être développé public est un élément pour décourager les pirates La première question clé pour la cyber-sécurité d’attaquer. Le Colonel Pszc- du public, de la part de européenne » zolka a répondu en premier Dan Solomon, senior par- en soutenant que la préven- - Steve Purser - tner chez Hawk ISM, s’est tion est plus efficace que les concentrée sur l’intercon- représailles et a insisté sur le nexion des infrastructures clés en Europe et fait que la prévention devrait reposer sur la coordi- sur les mesures dissuasives dont l’Europe dis- nation des efforts européens. M. Purser a suggéré pose. M. Hange a répondu que la coopération qu’étant donné qu’il était difficile d’attribuer les entre plusieurs branches des infrastructures attaques, il était aussi très compliqué de savoir à qui critiques en ce qui concerne la cyber-sécurité s’appliquent les représailles. SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 89

Dressant la liste des leçons qui pouvaient être retenues de la Libye, Giles Merritt, directeur du SDA, a souligné qu’il existait un besoin réel de moyens navals tels que des porte-avions, même si des Etats membres comme la Grande-Bretagne ont fait des coupes dans leur budget naval. Il a fait remarquer que les coupes dans les dépenses de la défense allaient rester une question contentieuse. Les idées de mutualisation et de partage des moyens navals acquerront une importance d’autant plus grande.

Les défis de la sécurité Beate Gmin- der, chef d’unité maritime européenne pour la politique maritime de la DG des Affaires maritimes et la pêche, a commencé par rappeler que « 90 % du commerce européen transite par les mers et océans et l’Europe continue à faire face à des menaces contre ses ports et ses côtes ». Un tel environnement de sécu- rité maritime demande que l’Europe coopère plus étroitement sur la surveillance des côtes, et même si des efforts de la part des garde-côtes

nationaux et de leurs services pour travailler Français ensemble ont été observés, la Commission 90 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

vrai problème c’est la coopération et il s’agit du but que Frontex s’est fixé d’atteindre. Une approche fonctionnelle, dans laquelle les différents acteurs conservent leurs propres rôles mais agissent de manière concertée, est nécessaire.

Concernant quelques recommandations sur la manière d’améliorer la coopération sur la sécurité Beate Gminder maritime au niveau européen, le Brigadier Géné- Européenne ne veut pas d’une garde-côte euro- ral Laitinen a fait sept suggestions pour le futur : péenne centralisée. une coopération inter-agences améliorée, la lutte contre le crime, l’intégration de la surveillance mari- « Il est vrai que l’UE a besoin de faire des écono- time, le fait de tirer profit des structures existantes mies et que nous devons agir plus efficacement tout comme le réseau européen de patrouilles côtières en apprenant les uns des (EPN), le développement de autres », a-t-elle continué. « Changer la mentalité de fonctions de gardes-côtes au Elle a ensuite insisté sur nos partenaires et mettre en niveau européen, l’améliora- l’importance d’améliorer la place une confiance durable tion du forum des chefs des confiance entre les autorités peut prendre des années » gardes-côtes européens et la maritimes nationales et a - Beate Gminder - rationalisation des instruments supposé combien cette for- financiers européens. Il a fina- mation commune pourrait lement conclu en expliquant aider à construire cette confiance mutuelle. « Même que selon sa propre expérience, les formations et si la Commission sait qu’il existe un besoin pour exercices communs étaient une excellente méthode une coopération accrue sur le terrain entre les Etats pour stimuler la confiance et la coopération entre membres, changer la mentalité de nos partenaires et les Etats membres. mettre en place une confiance durable peut prendre des années ». L’Amiral Anne-François de Saint Salvy, préfet maritime français pour l’Atlantique, croit qu’en Reprenant l’idée de changer les mentalités, le effet la Libye a montré l’importance continue de la Brigadier-Général Ilkka Laitinen, directeur exécutif force maritime, ce qui implique une série de ques- de Frontex, a affirmé que « beaucoup en Europe tions pour l’Europe. L’Amiral a ajouté que « l’UE sont encore habitués à fonctionner en vase clos, a besoin de donner plus d’orientation politique très peu osent sortir des sentiers battus ». Il existe aux initiatives des Etats membres dans les affaires

Français de nombreux obstacles techniques et légaux qui maritimes, car l’Europe a encore un long chemin empêchent une coopération plus approfondie. Le à parcourir pour atteindre sa sécurité maritime ». SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 91

Il a également considéré qu’une autorité maritime européenne centralisée n’était pas la meilleure solution.

Il a poursuivi en expliquant que « ce dont nous avons besoin en Europe est d’un cadre légal solide qui permette aux différents moyens navals et maritimes de s’engager de manière cohérente ». Il a ainsi appelé de ses vœux à un plus grand partage Amiral Anne-François de Saint Salvy d’informations sur les affaires maritimes entre les différents Etats membres et a attiré l’attention sur Pologne est en train d’améliorer la surveillance de les bénéfices engendrés par le partage des leçons la situation maritime, ce qui signifie toutefois que retenues et des meilleures pratiques. Il a clôturé nous devons standardiser nos procédures d’opéra- son intervention en affirmant que « n’importe quel tions et nous engager dans une mutualisation des cadre qui sera mis en place doit essayer d’améliorer informations avec nos partenaires européens ». la possibilité pour les marines nationales de participer à la S’attardant ensuite sur réponse aux crises et doit, de « Ce dont nous avons besoin le contexte européen plus plus, être favorable à la coor- en Europe est un cadre légal large, il a prévenu que les dination entre l’Europe et solide qui permette aux dépenses de la défense l’OTAN ». différents moyens navals et ne devraient pas aboutir maritimes de s’engager de à la duplication des actifs Le contre-amiral Stanislaw manière cohérente » maritimes préexistants. Zarychta, commandant du - Amiral Anne-François de Saint Salvy - « Au lieu d’une duplica- Centre polonais d’opérations tion des efforts », a conti- maritimes, a brièvement exposé quelle était la situa- nué le Contre-Amiral, « l’UE a besoin d’assurer tion de la sécurité maritime dans la région baltique et l’interopérabilité entre les systèmes nationaux de a mentionné le transport de cargaisons dangereuses surveillance ». Il a souligné que les différents sys- et le risque de collisions en mer comme représen- tèmes nationaux de surveillance maritime doivent tant l’inquiétude majeure pour la région. « La ques- être compatibles et inter-opérables car il s’agit d’un tion n’est pas de savoir si une telle crise arrivera, excellent moyen à la fois d’améliorer les systèmes mais quand celle-ci surviendra », a-t-il affirmé. Par nationaux et d’encourager la coopération entre les conséquent, il est indispensable, selon lui, de déve- Etats membres. lopper une vision fiable de la situation sécuritaire et

de concevoir un plan d’action pour faire face aux La première question de l’auditoire s’est focalisée Français différents défis. Le Contre-Amiral a ajouté que « la sur la capacité de Frontex à assurer les droits fonda- 92 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

affirmé que l’UE ne devait pas projeter son pouvoir, elle devrait cependant avoir un ensemble clair d’ambitions afin de rationaliser ses dépenses pour acquérir des actifs maritimes. Le Contre Amiral Zarychta a rappelé à l’auditoire qu’une stratégie navale européenne plus ambitieuse appellera à une coopération plus ambitieuse entre les Etats membres, particulièrement dans l’optique de dépenses militaires décroissantes. Amiral Stanislaw Zarychta

Le Capitaine Paolo Fantoni du ministère italien mentaux des immigrants. Entrevoyant le ton néga- de la Défense a ensuite fait remarquer que l’Europe tif sous-jacent de cette question, le Directeur de a besoin d’une stratégie maritime qui soit établie sur Frontex a rappelé aux membres de l’auditoire que un horizon d’au moins vingt ans afin de pouvoir ce sont les Etats membres qui sont responsables correctement planifier. Le Brigadier Général Laiti- du contrôle des frontières, Frontex ne jouant qu’un nen a répliqué qu’il était plus important de progres- rôle de facilitateur. Après avoir attiré l’attention des ser au coup par coup, plutôt que d’avoir un hori- participants sur la stratégie de Frontex concernant zon temporel, même si il a reconnu que l’Europe les droits fondamentaux, le Brigadier Général Laiti- aura besoin d’une « vision conjointe de la direction nen a ensuite ajouté que « de nombreux problèmes qu’elle veut prendre ». concernant ces droits cités par les ONG n’auraient pas été découverts sans précisément le travail que Le Lieutenant Colonel Martin Cauchi Inglott de Frontex effectue pour les la représentation permanente détecter ». « La question n’est pas de Malte auprès de l’UE a de savoir si une telle crise ensuite remarqué combien des M. Merritt a ensuite arrivera, mais quand celle-ci biens tels que les avions mili- lancé une idée provocante surviendra » taires pourraient aussi avoir en proclamant que les hori- - Contre-amiral Stanislaw Zarychta - un double usage pour des zons navals de l’Europe missions civiles. Le directeur avaient rétréci. Il a demandé si l’Europe était en de l’agence Frontex a confirmé que cela avait déjà train de planifier les bonnes opérations navales et si été tenté et a convenu qu’il s’agissait d’une idée inté- l’UE devait constituer une flotte de haute mer pour ressante qui devrait être explorée pour les moyens projeter son pouvoir globalement : « la politique de surface et aériens. Mme Gminder s’est dit d’ac- commerciale de l’UE est indivisible, donc pourquoi cord avec Ilkka Laitinen et a déclaré qu’il s’agirait

Français les forces maritimes de l’Europe ne le seraient-elles d’un bon moyen d’étudier une amélioration de l’ef- pas ? », a-t-il demandé. L’Amiral de Saint Salvy a ficacité et de réaliser des économies potentielles. Eurocybex est un exercice de cyber-crise européen qui s’est déroulé le 27 septembre 2011. Il a impliqué des joueurs de 4 Etats- Eurocybex is a European cyber crisis exercise which th Memb res e t a été sui v i par p lus de 30 took place the 27 of September 2011. It has observateurs issus des Etats Membres et des involved players from 4 Member States and has Institutions Européennes. been followed by more than 30 observers from Member States and EU Institutions. Eurocybex est coordonné par la société de conseil CEIS. Le projet est cofinancé par la DG The project, which is coordinated by CEIS, a HOME de la Commission Européenne dans le research and consultancy firm, is co-financed by the cadre du Programme CIPS, avec le support de DG HOME from the European Commission under l'ENISA. the CIPS programme and supported by ENISA.

Pleinement intégré au programme européen Fully integrated in the European programme for d'exercices de cyber-crises, Eurocybex s'appuie cyber exercises, Eurocybex builds upon the results sur les résultats de l'exercice Cyber Europe of Cyber Europe 2010. 2010. Its objectiv e is to test and improv e cooperation at Les objectifs du projet sont l'amélioration et le the European level in the event of a cyber crisis. test des procédures de coopération face au cyber-crises, au niveau européen

Coordonné par - Coordinated by

Partenaires - Partners

Avec le support de - Supported by Cofinancé par - Cofinanced by

Point of Contact: Axel Dyèvre – [email protected] CEIS – www.ceis.eu – Ǧ ǡǦ Ǧ ͹Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǧ Ǥ ̶ǦǦ̶ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ Ǧ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǧ Ǧ Ǧ ǡ Ǥ ǦǦ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǧ 9 Ǥ 9 ǡ Ǧ Ǥ 9 Ǧ Ǥ 9 Ǧ Ǧ Ǥ 9 Ǥ

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Speakers

Claude-France Arnould Michel Barnier

Claude-France Arnould has been Michel Barnier has been European theChiefExecutiveoftheEuro- Commissioner for Internal Market pean Defence since 17 January, and Services since February 2010, 2011. is the vice president of the Euro- pean People’s Party as well as the Previously, Arnould worked on political adviser of the French defence matters in other EU posi- UMP (Union pour un movement tions. She led the Crisis Manage- Populaire) since 2006. ment and Planning Directorate (CMPD) at the General Secretariat Barnier started his political career of the Council of the European in 1973 as a Regional Councillor Union between 2009 and 2010, and as Director for for the Savoie District in France. Five years later he Defence Issues 2001 to 2009 (in charge of operations, became the youngest elected Member of the French military capabilities, partnerships and chair of the EU National Assembly, for Savoie. He subsequently Satellite Centre Board). served this region for 17 consecutive years, both at the head of the local executive and at national level Earlier in her career (1998-2001), Arnould worked as as Member of the National Assembly and as Senator. Director of International and Strategic Affairs at the During this period he launched the candidacy and French National Defence General Secretariat /Prime served as co-chairman of the organizing committee Minister’s office (preparation of national "Council of of the 1992 Winter Olympic Games in Albertville. Defence", CIEMG / interagency process for weapons He served as Minister of Environment from 1993 to exports control, armaments and space issues). 1995, Minister of European Affairs from 1995 to 1997 and Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2004 to Arnould started her career at the French Ministry of 2005. Foreign Affairs, as Desk Officer at the North America Directorate (1981-1983). She became Desk Officer at In 1999 he joined the European Commission headed the Economic and Financial Affairs Directorate, (1983- by Romano Prodi as Commissioner in charge of Re- 1986), responsible for EC trade policy and external gional Policy and the Reform of European Institu- relations. After serving in the Private Office of the tions where he drafted the European Constitutional Minister for European Affairs (dealing with Commu- Treaty, and was notably in charge of the develop- nityissues)in1987,shebecameSecretary-Generalof ment of the constitutional framework for defence the French National School for Public Administration cooperation in Europe. (ENA) until 1989. In February 2006 he became Vice President of In 1989, she was appointed Deputy Director of Euro- Mérieux Alliance, a leading global actor in the field of pean Community Affairs, (in charge of external rela- biotechnology and diagnostics, where he was in tions, trade, budget, institutions, CAP and develop- charge of corporate international development. From ment). She was then posted in Germany, as First 2005 to his nomination to his present position, Counsellor of the French Embassy (1994-1998). Ar- Barnier was the special advisor to the President of nould has been "Ministre plénipotentiaire" (French the European Commission. In this capacity, he Ministry of Foreign Affairs) since June 2001. drafted a report for the European Union on the prospects of coordinated management of civil and She graduated from the Ecole normale supérieure, and humanitarian emergencies. Following Nicolas holds an agrégation in Classics and a degree in art and Sarkozy’s victory in the presidential election of June archaeology. Arnould graduated from the Ecole Na- 2007, Barnier was appointed Minister of Agriculture tionale d'Administration (ENA). and Fisheries. In 2009 he became member of the European Parliament and President of the French Arnould has been awarded the distinctions of Cheva- delegation of the EPP. lier de la Légion d'honneur, Officier de l'Ordre Na- tional du Mérite and Bundesverdienstkreuz Erster He holds a business degree from the Ecole Klasse. Supérieure de Commerce of Paris. SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 97

Jan Borkowski United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), she helped design a European action plan Jan Borkowski has been Secretary for the UN Security Resolution 1325, the first resolu- of State at the Ministry of Foreign tion ever passed by the Security Council that specifi- Affairs of the Republic of Poland cally addressed the impact of war on women, and since November 2007. women's contributions to conflict resolution and sustainable peace. He started his academic career as an Assistant Professor at the Insti- In 2007-08, Brantner co-authored a study for the Euro- tute of Technology in 1977 and at pean Council on Foreign Relations on EU Human the Agricultural and Pedagogical Rights Policies at the United Nations and she was a Academy in Siedlce until 1980. member of the Peace and Security Commission of the German Greens. In 1990, he was elected for 3 years as Deputy Gover- nor of the Siedlce Province and became member of the Polish Parliament from 1993 to 1997. During this pe- Daniel Calleja-Crespo riod he co-chaired the Poland-EU Joint Parliamentary Committee; chaired the European Integration Commit- Daniel Calleja is Deputy Director tee; took part in the EU – PHARE project for the Po- General of DG Enterprise and lish Government Foundation for Assistance Pro- Industry, in charge of internal gramme for Agriculture (FAPA) as a managing Direc- markets for goods, competitive- tor from January 1995 to May 1996 and was Underse- ness and innovation, SMEs and cretary of State at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs from entrepreneurship, international 1996 to 1997. negotiations and tourism. He is the Special Envoy for SMEs. From 1999 until now, he has lectured at the University of Commerce and Law and at the Centre for Europe in Calleja was Director for Air Trans- Warsaw. Prior to his current position, he also served as port at the European Commission Advisor to the Marshal of Mazowsze Region until from November 2004 to February 2011, in charge of 2003. the single European aviation market and its external dimension. He successfully negotiated, on behalf of the Borkowski graduated with a MA in Economics from EU, the EU-US Open Skies Agreement. He was the the Institute of Technology in 1977 and holds a Ph.D Chairman of the Air Safety and the Single Sky Com- in Agriculture Economics from Warsaw Agricultural mitteesandChairmanoftheBoardoftheSESAR University. Joint Undertaking.

Between 1999 and 2004, he was Head of Cabinet of Franziska Katherina Brantner the Vice-president of the European Commission, Mrs. Loyola de Palacio, responsible for Transport, Energy Dr. Franziska Brantner was elected and relations with the European Parliament. During to the European Parliament in this period, he participated actively in the elaboration 2009. She is spokeswoman for of the EU transport policy, notably in the launching of foreign affairs of the Greens/EFA the Transport White Book, the Single European Sky, group in the European Parliament the creation of the European Air Safety Agency and the Parliament's standing rap- (EASA) and the Galileo programme. porteur for the Instrument for Stability. Between 1995 and 1999, Calleja was the Head of Cabi- net for Commissioner Marcelino Oreja, responsible for She has also been her group's chief institutional affairs, and for the Amsterdam Treaty negotiator for the establishment of the European Ex- negotiations. In 1995, he was legal adviser in the Cabi- ternal Action Service, the EU's new foreign service. net of the President of the European Commission, She serves as Member and coordinator on the Com- responsible for Transport, Competition, State Aids and mittee on Foreign Affairs, and as substitute member on the control of the application of Community Law. the Subcommittee on Security and Defence, the Com- mittee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality and Between 1993 and 1994, he advised the Transport on the Committee on Budgets. Commissioner in the area of liberalisation of air transport, State aid cases concerning the restructuring of Before joining the European Parliament, Brantner airlines, the first directive on ground handling, the im- worked for the Bertelsmann Foundation consulting on plementation of the third air package and the CRS EU foreign policy issues. As a consultant for the regulation. 98 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

Between 1986 and 1993, he was Member of the Legal Jaap de Hoop Scheffer Service of the Commission and he represented the institution in numerous cases before the European Court of Justice. Jaap de Hoop Scheffer was Secre- tary General of the North Atlantic Calleja is the author of several publications. He has Treaty Organisation (NATO) from lectured in European Law in several universities and 2004 to 2009, and is Co-president institutes of various Member States. He has a degree in oftheSecurity&DefenceAgenda Law and in Business Administration from the Univer- (SDA) and lecturer at Leiden Uni- sity of Comillas, Madrid. versity.

Between 1976 and 1986, he was Oliver Darrason employed in the Foreign Service of the Netherlands. De Hoop Scheffer was elected to the Olivier Darrason is Chairman, House of Representatives of the States General for the CEO, and founder of CEIS, a Christian Democratic Alliance (CDA) in June 1986. He European private company for became the party’s spokesperson on foreign policy as strategic intelligence, based in well as asylum and refugee policy and European justice Paris, France since its foundation matters, in the House and served on the Permanent in 1997. Committees on Justice, European Affairs and Defence. From 1989 to 1994 he chaired the Permanent Commit- In 2007, Darrason was appointed tee on Development Cooperation. Chairman of the board for the Institute of Higher National De- From 1986 until 1994 de Hoop Scheffer was a member fence Studies (IHEDN) by the French Prime Minister. of the Parliamentary Assemblies of the Council of He is one of the 19 experts working on future French Europe and the Western European Union. In 1990, defence and security perspectives. during the Gulf crisis, he served as WEU Rapporteur on the consequences of the invasion of Kuwait and Darrason was a member of the French ministerial cabi- continuing operations in the Gulf region. net in charge of Culture and Communication from 1986 to 1988. Between 1994 and 1997, he was a member of the North Atlantic Assembly. He served as Deputy Leader Between 1990 and 1993, Darrason was appointed Man- of the CDA parliamentary party in the House of Rep- aging Director of SVP, a French private company pro- resentatives from December 1995 to March 1997, viding management advice to businesses and profes- when he was elected leader. In October 2001, he re- sionals requiring multidisciplinary service and custom- signed as leader of the parliamentary party and as the ized expertise. political leader of the CDA. From November 2001 to 15 May 2002, he chaired the House Permanent Com- Elected to the French National Assembly in 1993 until mittee on Foreign Affairs. In July 2002, he was ap- 1997, Darrason was a member of the Defence Com- pointed Minister of Foreign Affairs in the first Bal- mittee, speaker for the Air Force Budget and speaker kenende government. He was appointed to the same for the National Assembly select Committee for Mili- post in the second Balkenende government in May tary Service Reform. 2003. When the Netherlands held the Chairmanship of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Darrason holds a master’s degree in law and was a Europe (OSCE) in 2003, de Hoop Scheffer was the high-ranking civil servant, graduating from the Ecole Chairman-in-Office of that organisation. Nationale d’Administration (ENA) serving as a government representative in Guadeloupe in 1982 and in He was a Member and Deputy Chairman of the Atlan- Provence (Var) from 1983 to 1986. tic Commission, and served on the board of the Foun- dation on Interethnic Relations, a think-tank support- He holds the French decorations Officier des Arts et ing the work of the former OSCE High Commissioner des Lettres and Chevalier de l’Ordre du Mérite. on National Minorities, Max van der Stoel.

He also served on the board of the Leiden Institute of Higher Professional Education. He was a member of the Netherlands Federation of Christian Employers (NCW) committee for the Netherlands Management Cooperation Programme in Eastern Europe, chaired the Netherlands Council for Trade Promotion (NCH), SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 99

and served on the advisory board of Amsterdam Nyen- Pierre Defraigne rode Law School. Pierre Defraigne has served as Executive Director of the Vice Admiral Anne-François de Saint Salvy Madariaga – College of Europe Foundation since April 2008. Admiral Anne-François de Saint Salvy is the Naval Prefect for the From 1970 to 2005 he was an Atlantic in France, responsible economist and European civil for the protection of the mari- servant, and retired from the time environment and for securi- European Commission as Deputy ty and police action at sea. Director-General at DG Trade in March 2005 after having served as Head of Cabinet for Pascal Lamy, He began his navy career in 1976 European Commissioner for Trade (1999-2002). Previ- at the US Naval Academy in ously, he was Director for North–South Relations at Annapolis. As a low ranking DG External Relations (1985-1999), and Head of Cabi- officer he embarked on various net for Etienne Davignon, Vice-President of the Euro- navy units, served as Commanding Officer of the pean Commission (1977-1983). EDIC 9083 and served as general navy staff until 1993. From 1994 to 1996 he served as Deputy chief of staff He was a Visiting Fellow at Harvard University from for Operations at the Naval Task Force and went on to 1983-1984, and established the Brussels branch of the command the arming crew of aircraft-carriers Charles French Institute for International Relations (Eur-Ifri), de Gaulle and Foch. which he managed as Director from 2005 to 2008.

As a high ranking officer he served as a Representative Defraigne holds degrees in political science and eco- with the Commanding officer for the Mediterranean nomics from the University of Liège. He lectures at the maritime zone and in 2001 became a Navy Advisor in College of Europe (Bruges), SciencesPo Paris, the the military cabinet of the Prime Minister and Execu- European College of Parma, the Institute for European tivedeputychiefofstaffforNavyProgrammes.From Studies at the Catholic University of Louvain and the March 2004 he served as Deputy chief of staff for Free University of Brussels. Plans in the Navy General Staff and from 2006 he served as Executive director for the Delegation for strategic affairs in the Ministry of Defence focusing on inter- Francis Delon national defence relations. Francis Delon has been Secretary He is Commander in the Order of the Légion d’Hon- General for Defense and National neur (exceptionally named officer as former CO of Security (SGDN) since 2010. aircraft-carrier Foch in Kosovo), Valeur Militaire Cross with bar and Commander in the Order of Maritime Prior to his current position, he- Merit. was Secretary General for National Defence from 2004 to 2010. He has obtained four degrees during his naval career in engineering at the US naval academy; a degree from the Before joining SGDN, Delon school of anti-submarine warfare, a Degree from the served as President of Subsection Superior School of Naval Warfare and from the Supe- five of the Litigation division of the Council of State rior Joint Military Course, Certificate of Atomist and from 1997 to 2004. He was at the same time President Superior Certificate of Nuclear Security and a Degree of the Appeal Committee of the Organisation for Joint fromtheCentreofSuperiorMilitaryStudiesandfrom Armament Cooperation (OCCAR), and a member of the Institute of Superior Studies for National Defence. the Board of Directors of the French National Library. Prior to this, he was the Principal chief of staff of the Minister of National education, higher education and research, from 1995 to 1997. He previously served as Director for international affairs and cooperation at the Ministry of National education, from 1994 to 1995, and was its Senior civil servant for defence issues.

From 1988 to 1994, he held the position of First Coun- sellor and Legal adviser at the Permanent Mission of France to the United Nations in New York. Prior to that, he served as an official at the Ministry of Foreign 100 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

Affairs since 1986. From 1979 to 1986, he was a mem- civilian-military capabilities. ber of the Council of State in the Litigation division, and was at the same time representative to the Director He has served as a parliamentary member of the Euro- for legal affairs at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. pean Security Research Advisory Board and as parlia- Delon graduated from the ENA, France’s school of mentary observer of the European Security Research Public Management, in 1979. He is a member of the and Innovation Forum. Council of State (Conseil d’état, France’s supreme Court in public and administrative law). Jean-Louis Falconi He is an officer of the national order of the Legion d’Honneur and Commandeur des Palmes académiques Ambassador Jean-Louis Falconi (Academic decoration for services to education). has served as the French Repre- sentative to the Political and Se- curity Committee of the Euro- Axel Dyèvre pean Union since November 2009. Axel Dyèvre has been Director of CEIS’s European Office, the Brus- After completing military service sels-based subsidiary of European in the French navy, Falconi Company for Strategic Intelligence, served as the European Court of since 2006. He has managed and Justice Agent for the French government in charge of contributed to projects in the fields agricultural, fiscal, environmental, audiovisual and in- of intelligence, security and defence tellectual property policies. He was Delegate to the for the EU institutions and member legal commission of the 46th UN General Assembly. state ministries (reorganisation, ca- From 1991 to 1995, Falconi served in the Division for pabilities analysis, technical and operational studies, EU Law and International Economic Law in the threat analysis, etc) as well as for the private sector. French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From 1995 to 1997 he held a position in the Europe section in charge of He is a co-founder and board member of the European international affairs within the French Ministry of Open Source Intelligence (EUROSINT) Forum, a not- Economy and Finance, where he worked on the prepa- for-profit association dedicated to fostering European ration for the third stage of Economic and Monetary cooperation and use of open source intelligence aimed Union and the introduction of the euro. Falconi was at mitigating threats to peace and security. As a former Counsellor to the Director for Monetary Affairs in the senior partner with an intelligence software company, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Af- he spent ten years defining, managing and controlling fairs (DG ECFIN) of the European Commission and projects on behalf of public and private sector organi- worked on the introduction of the euro (1997-1999). sations. Prior to joining CEIS, he served as an officer From 1999 to 2002, he held positions at the Permanent in the French Army for seven years. Representation of France to the EU where he worked on regional policy, fisheries, EU overseas countries and territories and outermost regions, the 2000 French Christian Ehler presidency of the EU and as Counsellor in charge of relations with the European Parliament (2001-2002). From 2002 to 2009, Falconi held positions within the Dr. Christian Ehler has been a French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, first as Deputy Member of the European Parliament Director for EU external relations on issues such as the since 2004 and is a Member of the stabilisation and association process with the Western Bureau of the German CDU/CSU Balkans and the Barcelona Process (2002-2005); then Group in the European Parliament. as Head of the Common Foreign and Security Policy Directorate (2005-2007); and as Counsellor for Euro- He is a member of the Committee pean Affairs in the Cabinet of Minister of Foreign and on Industry, Research and Energy, European Affairs, Bernard Kouchner (2007-2009). the Subcommittee on Security and Defence (SEDE) and a substitute Falconi holds degrees in political science and econom- member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs (AFET). ics from the Ecole National d’Administration, the In- Since 2009 he is also Chairman of the Delegation for stitut d’études politiques de Paris and the Ecole relations with the Korean Peninsula (DKOR). supérieure des sciences économiques et commercials. He also lectures on politics and European studies at Ehler is the EP's rapporteur on the Security Research the Ecole National d’Administration and has lectured Programme (within the framework of FP7) and the on EU external relations law at the Law Faculty of rapporteur of the AFET/SEDE Initiative report on Nanterre University. Civilian-military cooperation and the development of SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 101

Florika Fink-Hooijer Stefan Gehrold

Dr. Florika Fink-Hooijer became Stefan Gehrold is Director of Kon- Head of Cabinet of Commissioner rad-Adenauer-Stiftung’s Brussels Kristalina Georgieva, EU Commis- Office. sioner for International Coopera- tion, Humanitarian Aid and Crisis Gehrold has served as the Konrad- Response in February 2010. Adenauer Head of Office in Dakar, Prague, Bratislava and Zagreb. Prior She was previously Head of Unit to that he was responsible for for Strategic Objective Security and accountancy and legal affairs at the Justice in the Secretariat General CFO Löwenbäcker GmbH in responsible for "Strategic Objective Lepzig. From 1996 to 1999 he worked as a lawyer at Security and External Responsibility" between 2006 and Berding & Partners. 2010. Born in 1965 in Germany, Gehrold holds a degree in Before joining the Secretariat General she was Head of law from Freiburg University and a PHD from Mün- Unit in DG External Relations responsible for Japan, ster University. He is a member of several groups, in- Korea, Australia, New Zealand. Between 2000 and 2006 cluding the Prague University of Economics Academic she set up the managerial and financial structures inside Advisory Board and Vechta University’s supervisory the Commission for CFSP and crisis management. Her board. He is fluent in German, English, French and team was responsible inside the Commission for CFSP- Croatian. project identification/management and the creation and implementation of the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (EU certification instrument for trade in rough Beate Gminder diamonds). She also acted as Relex Counsellor for the Commission and EC-spokesperson/negotiator for the Beate Gminder has been Head of Kimberley Process Certification Scheme. Unit for Maritime Policy in the Mediterranean and Black Sea at Between 1999 and 2000 she was a Member of Cabinet of the European Commission’s DG Frits Bolkestein, Commissioner for Internal Market and Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Financial Services. She was responsible for the free since March 2011. Her unit is in movement of goods and regulated professions, industrial charge of supervising political and intellectual property, e-commerce, data protection, and technical development of enlargement of the EU, development and humanitarian Common Information Sharing aid, justice and home affairs, health and consumer pro- Environement (CISE) for better tection, budget, financial control and fraud. maritime surveillance including pilot projects with 14 Member States; developing a From 1995 until 1999 she was a Member of Cabinet of maritime strategy for the Adriatic-Ionian Sea; imple- Dr. M. Wulf-Mathies, Commissioner for Regional Policy menting cooperation projects with North African and Cohesion. Fink-Hooijer was responsible for external Countries and coordinating maritime policy in the political relations with third countries, human rights, Mediterranean and Black Sea. CFSP, Common Commercial Policy, OECD, WTO, TACIS, PHARE, Agenda 2000 (enlargement, pre- She started her career at the Representation of Ger- accession instruments, ISPA) intergovernmental confer- many to the European Commission as a Press Officer ence, legal and institutional questions, justice and home in 1993. She then joined the Commission working at affairs, infringements, intellectual and commercial prop- the Information and Publication Unit in the Director- erty, e-commerce. ate General for Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs until 1999. Fink-Hooijer started her career in the Commission in 1990 as an Administrator in DG Market, then as an Ad- Gminder assumed the position of spokesperson for ministrator in the Secretariat General from 1992 until Health and Consumer Protection in the Press and 1995. She is a lawyer by training, specialised in Intellectual Communication Service of the EC before joining the Property Rights and Public International Law. cabinet of Vice President Margot Wallström for 2 years in 2004. In 2006, she served for 1 year as Assistant to Director General for Communication and was trans- ferred to DG Justice, Liberty, Security where she was first assigned as Head of Unit of HR and internal communication and Acting Head of Unit of IT and docu- ment management. 102 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

Michael Hange section. His main task was to determine the best ways to satisfy digital geographic data needs of the weapon Michael Hange has been the pre- systems (mission planning systems, aircrafts, cruise sident of the German Federal missiles, military personnel in operation) in close coop- Office for Information Security eration with the French military forces and main inter- (Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der national actors. He also dealt with the future of geo- Informationstechnik, BSI) since graphic data for defence needs. As the commanding October 2009. officer of French imagery intelligence Centre, the aspects of geolocalisation and the reference points for Since the beginning of his pro- orthorectification were essential. fessional career with the German Federal administration in 1977, Legai has a PhD in International Relations, a masters Hange has been active in the area degree in Imagery Processing and an Engineer Di- of IT security. One of his first research focuses was the ploma in geographic sciences. area of cryptology. With the foundation of the German Federal Office for Information Security (BSI) in 1991, Hange served as Head of the Consulting and Support Brig. Gen. Ilkka Laitinen department, which was established with the goal of improving the federal administration's IT security. The Brigadier General Ilkka Laitinen development of the IT-Grundschutz Manual to imple- has been a long-standing figure ment an effective IT security management for govern- within the border security de- ment, administration and the private economic sector partments of Finland, and has was a focus of this department. From 1994 to January contributed extensively to EU 2009, Hange served as Vice President of BSI, responsi- border control initiatives. He is ble mainly for matters of functional organization and currently the Executive Director coordination. In February 2009, he was named Deputy of the European Agency for the Director for IT at the Federal Ministry of the Interior. Management of Operational AmonghistasksweremattersofITsecurityaswellas Cooperation at the External international cooperation. Borders.

He is a member of the Advisory Board of the Euro- Obtaining a General Staff Officer’s Diploma in 1995, pean Network and Information Security Agency Laitinen’s national responsibilities included the leader- (ENISA) as well as of the steering committee for infor- ship of several regional border posts before becoming mation technology of the German Institute for Stan- Co-ordinator of the Frontier Guard Headquarters on dardization (DIN). Schengen and EU affairs in 1998. Between 2000 and 2002, he was Counsellor for Justice and Home Affairs He holds a MSc in mathematics. at the Permanent Representation of Finland to the European Union. His last national appointment was as Deputy Head of Division for the Frontier Guard HQ, Pascal Legai a post he occupied until 2005.

Pascal Legai is currently the Laitinen has sat on numerous EU border relations pan- European Satellite Centre’s Dep- els. These posts include Finnish Representative in the uty Director, an imagery analysis Nordic Schengen Steering Group between 1999 and centre, based near Madrid, Spain, 2003, the Strategic Committee on Immigration, Fron- providing Geospatial Intelligence tiers and Asylum from 1999 to 2002 and the Common and Imagery Intelligence prod- Unit of External Border Practitioners from 2002 to ucts. 2005. He was also an advisor to the Belgian EU Presi- dency on the "EU/Schengen Catalogue" project in He has been an Intelligence Offi- 2001. cer in the French Air Force since 1988. He acquired experience Other important roles include Co-chairman of the mainly in the fields of geography and imagery. He was Council Working Party Frontiers, co-managing the appointed as a geographer in the French Air Force joint Austrian, Belgian and Finnish project ”Police and Staff in Paris (1994-1999). He was also the Command- Border Security” and acting as Director of the EU Risk ing Officer of the French Imagery Intelligence Centre Analysis Centre from 2003 to 2005. He has also sat on from 2004 to 2006 and the French Air Force Base in the Finnish EU sub-committee on Immigration, Fron- Grenoble from 2008 to 2010. tiers and Asylum on two separate occasions.

From 1994 to 1999, he was in charge of the geography SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 103

Hilmar Linnenkamp tions among which programme director for the Tiger helicopter, jointly developed by France and Germany. Hilmar Linnenkamp has been Advisor at the Research divi- From 1983 to 1990, he held senior executive positions sion on International Security in the avionics and communications sectors. He joined at Stiftung Wissenschaft und Thomson TRT Defence as Executive Vice President Politik since September 2009. in 1990. He subsequently headed the Communications, Navigation, Identification division and the Defence He started his career as an and Control Systems division at Thomson CSF. Assistant Professor at the Uni- versity of Bonn from 1967 to In 1996 he was appointed Managing Director of 1969. He then joined the Plan- Thomson CSF Airsys and Chairman of Airsys ATM. ning Division and worked as a From October 1998, he was Chairman and CEO of Policy Planning Staff at the Thales Avionics (formerly Thomson CSF Sextant), and German Ministry of Defence until 1987. During that head of the Avionics Systems Business Group. time,healsopursueanacademiccareerasaResident Fellow at the Institute for East-West Security Studies in From January 2004, Lureau was Executive Vice Presi- New York in 1984 where he came back as a lecturer dent and Chief Operating Officer of Thales Group. He for Conflict Research and International Relations from had group wide responsibilities for fostering competi- 1988 to 1991. Soon after he became the Director of the tiveness. He was in charge of Defence Business Area Department of Social Sciences at the Federal Armed of Thales since July 2002. He previoulsy was CEO of Forces Command and General Staff College in Ham- the group’s Aerospace Business Area for two years. burg until 1999 and worked at the NATO Defence College from 1995 to 1996. Lureau, a commissioned French Air force pilot, headed the Equipment Group of GIFAS, the French aero- In 1999, he took part in the overhaul of the German space industry trade association. He was also a member Armed Forces as Director of the Secretariat of the of the Council of the European Association of Aero- Commission on the Future of the Bundeswehr. In space Industries (AECMA) and headed the Equipment 2000 he shortly joined the Policy Planning Staff of the Group, and contributed to the creation of the Advisory MoD before being assigned to the Directorate General Council for Aeronautics Research in Europe of Armaments and International Affairs until 2004. (ACARE). He was appointed member of the French Prior to his current position, he was nominated as commission for the White Paper on the National De- Deputy Chief Executive of the European Defence fence and Security Policy in August 2007. Agency (EDA) until 2007. An Ingénieur en Chef de l’Armement, he holds degrees Linnenkamp studied Economics, Sociology and Politi- from the Ecole Polytechnique and the Ecole Nationale cal Sciences at the Bonn University. He holds a MA in Supérieure de l’Aéronautique, as well as a master’s de- Economics and a Ph.D in Sociology. gree in economics and a Ph.D from Stanford Univer- sity in California. His current areas of focus are force planning, capability/development for European security and defence policy, armament cooperation, technology policy and Ange Mancini European industrial policy. Ange Mancini has been the Intel- ligence Coordinator at the Office François Lureau of the French President since 2011. François Lureau was chief executive of the Délégation Générale He started his career in the pour l’Armement (DGA) from French Police force as Deputy 2004 to 2008. Reporting directly to police officer in Paris (1966-69), the French Minister for Defence, Inspector of Police to the Na- he managed a 10 billions € annual tional Anti-Terrorist Division investment budget for research, (1969-72) and then to the Central Office for the Sup- development and acquisition. pression of Traffic in Persons (1972-73). He assumed He is presently the founder and the position of Commissioner of police at the national Chaiman of EuroFLConsult a School of Police until 1975, and shortly after became consulting firm specialized in the head of sector at the 2nd Territorial Brigade Paris from aerospace and defence sectors. 1975 to 1978 and head of section at the Crime Squad in He joined the DGA in 1968, holding different posi- Paris from 1978 to 1982. 104 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

He was then assigned Chief Commissioner of the Bri- Prior to that, Col. Meyer zum Felde was branch head gade Prevention of Banditry for a year before becom- for NATO Resources, Capabilities, NATO-PfP and ing the Director of Regional Police Service (SRPJ) of NATO/Russia Relations within the German Military Corsica (1983-85). Following this he took on the func- Delegation to the NATO Military Committee and the tion of Divisional Commissioner to the General Direc- EU, from 1998 to 2002. From 1996 to 1998, he also torate of the National Police and created the worked as section chief Current Operations (IFOR/ “Raid” (Research, assistance, intervention, deterrence). SFOR) of the political planning and advisory staff in After three years as Divisional Commissioner to the the Federal Ministry of Defence. Regional Police Service of Versailles from 1990 to 1993, he served as General Controller of the active services He lectured at the Geneva Center for Security Policy of the National Police (1993), Assistant Director of (GCSP) and the Armed Forces Command and Staff Criminal Affairs and Deputy Director of the central College and assignments in the German Air Force. Criminal Investigation (1993-96). He then served as Project Manager at urban Violence Branch of the Na- Col. Meyer zum Felde holds an M.A. in educational tional Police (1996-97), Chief of police international science from the German Armed Forces University in Technical Cooperation (SCTIP) (1997-1999) and finally Munich. as Inspector of active services of the National Police (1998). Giles Merritt In 1999 he became Deputy Chief of Police for Security in Corsica until 2002. He then became Chief of Police Giles Merritt is the Director of of the Guyana region and Guyana (2002-06), the Lan- theSecurity&DefenceAgenda des (2006-07), the Martinique region and Martinique (SDA), the only Brussels-based (2007-11). security and defence think-tank.

He graduated from the Inspectors School of the City With defence and security now of Paris, and from the National School of Police of critical issues in Brussels, the Saint-Cyr-aux-Mont-d'Or. He holds a Master in Law. SDA raises awareness by antici- pating the political agenda and He has been awarded the distinctions of Commander focusing attention on European of the Legion of Honor; the National Order of Merit and transatlantic security and defence policies and chal- and the Medal of Honour of the National Police. lenges. The SDA’s Co-Presidents are Jaap de Hoop Scheffer, former Secretary General of NATO, and Javier Solana, former EU High Representative for the Col. Rainer Meyer zum Felde Common Foreign and Security Policy.

Colonel Rainer Meyer zum A former Brussels Correspondent of the Financial Times Felde has been vice president of (FT), Giles Merritt is a journalist, author and broad- the German Federal College for caster who has specialised in the study and analysis of Security Studies since August public policy issues since 1978. He was named one of 2011. the 30 most influential “Eurostars” by the Financial Times, together with NATO Secretary General Anders Prior to this, he was director of Fogh Rasmussen, European Commission President the Security Policy and Strategy José Manuel Barroso and European Commissioner Department of the Armed Neelie Kroes. Forces Command and Staff College in Hamburg. Merritt is also head of the SDA’s sister think-tank Friends of Europe, whose debates and reports cover the From 2006 to 2009, he worked for the policy planning whole spectrum of non-defence topics, and Editor-in- staffoftheGermanFederalMinistryofDefenceas Chief of the policy journal Europe’s World.Published branch head for transatlantic security, NATO and stra- three times a year, Europe’s World istheonlypan- tegic issues. From 2003 to 2006, he served as branch European publication that offers policymakers and head for policy and strategic concepts and as team opinion-formers across Europe a platform for present- leader ‘Enhanced Civil-Military Cooperation’ at the ing ideas and forging consensus on key issues. It is NATO Supreme Allied Command Transformation published in partnership with a coalition of over 150 (SACT), after having served as deputy chairman of the think-tanks and universities worldwide, and has a read- ‘NATO Command Structure Functional Review Team’ ership of 120,000 senior decision-makers and opinion- at NATO Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers formers. Europe (SHAPE) from 2002 to 2003. Merritt joined the Financial Times in 1968. From 1972 he was successively FT correspondent in Paris, Dublin, SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 105

Belfast, and Brussels, until leaving the newspaper in tary capability (Sponsor, User and Provider), intersper- 1983. Since 1984 he has been a columnist for the Inter- sed with commanding operational units at squadron national Herald Tribune (IHT), and his articles on the and regimental level. editorial page of the IHT range widely across EU political and economic issues. Twice awarded a national level honour, he has significant operational experience ranging from serving in Northern Ireland (1979) in the infantry, the Falklands Agostino Miozzo War (1982) as a Parachute Engineer Troop Comman- der, and the Balkans (1999) as Commanding Officer 28 Dr Agostino Miozzo has been Engineer Regiment. Managing Director for Crisis Response and Operational Coor- He has also provided UK based direct support to ope- dination at the European Exter- rations in Rwanda, Afghanistan and Iraq in a range of nal Action Service since Decem- influential appointments. Prior to the European De- ber 2010. fence Agency, he was the Assistant Director for Force Protection in the UK MOD Directorate of Joint Capa- Prior to this position, he was bility. Director General of the Volun- tary Service and International He holds a Natural Sciences degree from Cambridge Relations Office of the Italian University and he is a Fellow of the Institution of Civil Civil Protection Department from 2002 until 2010. He Engineers. was responsible for emergency operations carried out abroad. He has coordinated many relief programs in Sri Lanka, following the 2004 Tsunami, in South Sudan, Col. Marek Pszczolka Iran-Bam, Indonesia, Algeria, Morocco, Ossetia- Beslan, Lebanon, and the United States-New Orleans. Col. Marek Pszczolka has been Director of Military Communica- He has had extensive experience in the international tion and Information Security and humanitarian fields. He worked with the Italian Agency at the Ministry of the Pol- Ministry of Foreign Affairs for almost 20 years, begin- ish National Defence since 2010. ning as a Volunteer Doctor in Zimbabwe and Ethiopia. He was Coordinator of emergency relief operations He started his military career in organized by the General Directorate Development 1981 as a specialist of Automated Cooperation from 1991 to 2001. During this period he Air Defence System in the Air was involved in emergency relief programmes through- Defence Forces and soon was out the world, particularly in the Balkans, Africa, the promoted as Project Manager of Automated and Infor- Middle East, America and Asia. mation Systems.

Miozzo has written and contributed to several scientific In 1990 he joined the General Staff of the Polish publications and gives lectures at many universities and Armed Forces first as a staff officer than as a senior research institutes in Italy and abroad. staff officer at the Information Systems Department. During that time, he was sent as a Military Observer to In 2008 he was awarded a Gold Merit Medal for his the UN Mission in Angola (UNAVEM III). contribution to the Public Health Service. In 1998, he was appointed as a Polish C3 Representa- tive to the Polish Military Representation to NATO Brig. Jonathan Mullin until 2003. He then briefly was appointed Chief of Joint Analysis, Brigadier Jon Mullin is currently Concepts, Requirements and Implementations Divi- Capabilities Director of the Eu- sion at the Information and Communications Technol- ropean Defence Agency. He was ogy Agency of the Ministry of National Defence in posted from the British Army to Warsaw. the European Defence Agency as a Temporary Agent in January From 2004 to 2006, he joined the General Staff of the 2008. Polish Armed Forces as Principal Chief Adviser of the Information Technology at the Command, Control and A career officer since 1975, and a Communications Directorate. He was then assisgned as Royal Engineer by origin, over Polish National Expert to the NATO C3 Agency in the past 21 years he has served in Brussels until 2009. the full range of staff posts focused on delivering mili- 106 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

Col. Pszczolka previously was Principal Director Ad- working group. He frequently publishes articles in the viser at the Information and Telecommunications De- specialised press and is the author of 'A Practical Guide partment of the Ministry of National Defence until to Managing Information Security' (Artech House, 2010. 2004).

He graduated from the Military University of Technol- He holds a BSc in Chemistry and a PhD in Chemical ogy in Warsaw and holds a Masters degree in IT. Physics.

Beata Pęksa -Krawiec Gen. Jean Rannou

Ambassador Beata Pęksa- General Jean Rannou is the Direc- Krawiec has served as Poland’s tor of Security and Defence at representative to the European CEIS. Union’s Political and Security Committee since 2008. He entered the French Air Force Academy in 1963. At the end of From 2007 to 2008 Pęksa- his studies and flight training, he Krawiec served as Head of the received his jet fighter pilot wings European Security and Defence at the Tour air base in 1966. He Policy Unit at the Polish Minis- was then posted to the Vosges try of Foreign Affairs. From 2/11 squadron in Bremgarten, Germany, before mov- 2002 to 2007, she was Deputy Permanent Representa- ing to Toul, where from 1971 to 1973 he was responsi- tive of Poland to the United Nations in New York. ble for training young pilots on the Supersabre F100D During her time with the Polish Ministry of Foreign and F100F. It was during this period that Rannou par- Affairs Pęksa-Krawiec served as Counsellor-Minister ticipated in the first air refueling exercises over Africa. andHeadoftheNATO/WesternEuropeanUnion In 1973, he returned to the Air Force Academy ‘Salon Division from 1996 to 1999 and as Deputy Director in de Provence’ as an officer, then moved to the Creil air the Department for Security Policy from 1999 to 2002. force base in 1975. Serving as second commander of Pęksa-Krawiec previously held a position in the Na- the fighter squadron Seine equipped with the Mirage tional Security Bureau at the Chancellery of the Presi- III, after one year he was promoted to commander, dent of the Polish Republic (1991-1996). before being appointed Chief of Operations for the 2nd Fighter Squadron of the French Air Force. Pęksa-Krawiec holds degrees in political science, Euro- pean studies and journalism from Warsaw University. In 1980, he took command of the 2nd Squadron in Dijon and two years later, entered the Superior School of Air Warfare in Paris. Rannou worked in the General Steven Purser Planning Office (BPG) of the Air Force Military Staff from 1983 to 1986, where he headed the General Plans Steven Purser is Head of the Division. Technical Department and is currently responsible for all ope- In 1986, he was briefly appointed commander of the rational activities of European air force base at Colmar-Meyenheim, before returning Network and Information Securi- to Paris as Director of the BPG where he oversaw ty Agency. studies, planning, organisation and infrastructure of the Air Force. Hestartedworkin1985inthe area of software development, In 1990, he was promoted to Brigadier General and subsequently progressing to pro- headed the Nuclear Forces Division of the French ject management and consultancy Military Staff. He directed the military cabinet of the roles. From 1993 to 2008, he occupied the role of In- Minister of Defence from 1991 to 1994, before being formation Security Manager for a number of compa- appointed Major General of the Army Military Staff. In nies in the financial sector. He joined ENISA in De- September 1995, he was promoted to General and was cember 2008 as Head of the Technical Department and appointed the same day Chief of the French Air Force. is currently responsible for all operational activities of He retired from this position on July 1, 2000. ENISA. Rannou is President of the Security Committee of Purser is co-founder of the 'Club de Securité des Systè- Thales Raytheon Systems’ Advisory Board, Member of mes Informatiques au Luxembourg' (CLUSSIL) and is the Franco British Council, Member of the Forum du currently the ENISA representative on the ISO SC 27 futur, and of the French National Academy of Air and SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 107

Space. He is a member of the administrative boards of the French Institute for Radioprotection and Nuclear He was nominated Deputy Director General for De- Safety (IRSN) and the Aéroclub de France. fence Policy (International Affairs) at the Ministry of Defence, following his promotion to the rank of Briga- He has published numerous articles on strategy and the dier General, on the 13 th March, 1998. evolution of military doctrine. On the 8 th June, 2001, he got the rank of Major Gen- eral, remaining at the same post. Felix Sanz Roldàn He was nominated Director General for Defence Pol- General Felix Sanz Roldan is the icy (International Affairs) at the Ministry of Defence, Director of the Spanish National following his promotion to the rank of Lieutenant Intelligence Centre (CNI). General, in May 2004 and was appointed Chief of the Defence Staff as well as promoted to the rank of Army He entered into the Military General the next month. Academy in September 1962, as part of the 21st Class. In July On 1 August 2008, he was appointed High Representa- 1966 graduated in the Artillery tive for the EU Spanish Presidency for European De- School, with the rank of First fence Policy, directly under the Prime Minister, with Lieutenant, as member of the the rank of Secretary of State. Between 2004 and 2008, 254th Artillery Class. he was a Member of the Council of State. Shortly after he became Secretary of State – Director of the Natio- As Lieutenant , following a one year assignment to El nal Intelligence Centre. AAIUN – then in the province of Spanish Sahara served as executive officer in a Multiple Rocket Launcher Battery and then in a HAWK ADA missile IGA Pierre Schanne Battery.

After promotion to Captain, in 1973, Sanz Roldan was Pierre Schanne has been working assigned to the 11th Field Artillery Regiment, where he for the French Délégation Gé- commanded a M107 self-propelled battery. Following nérale pour l’Armement’s Force his graduation at the General Staff College, he was systems architecture department assigned to the 12th Armoured Brigade, as assistant since2008,wherehesupervises operations staff officer, and then to the US-Spanish the definition of future defence Joint Combined Planning Staff. He returned to field systems with the armed forces. artillery positions and commanded the Headquarters Battery and the Services Battery of the 11th Self- After a one-year specialisation in Propelled Artillery Battalion. atomic and molecular physics, he joined a laboratory of the French Promoted to Major in 1983, he served for three years National centre for scientific research and obtained a as instructor in the Artillery Academy (Field Artillery Ph.D in physics in 1990. He then moved to Marburg Branch). In July 1986 was assigned as Assistant Military University, as a post-doctoral fellow in laser physics. Attaché to the Embassy of Spain in Washington DC. At the end of his tour in Washington, he was assigned He joined the Délégation générale pour l’armement to the Plans and Policy Division of the Army Staff, in (DGA) in 1991 as head of a research laboratory on Madrid, as staff officer, until his promotion to the rank laser sources. In 1995, he shifted to the management of of Lieutenant Colonel in October 1989. research and technology contracts related to electro- optical warfare. As Lieutenant Colonel he attended the NATO De- fence College and commanded the 12th Self Propelled In 1997, he became head of the Optronics department, Field Artillery Battalion (Armoured Division). Follow- responsible for DGA technical policy direction in this ing that command, he was assigned as the Deputy field. As such, he superviseed the technical support for Commander, Spanish Military Mission to SACEUR. In optronics equipment in armament programs. March 1994 was promoted to the rank of Colonel. He joined the Centre for defence analysis in 2001 as As Colonel he had a second tour in the Plans and Pol- technical director where he took part to discussions on icy Division, Army Staff, in this occasion as Branch future French battle labs. Chief (International Relations). In July 1997 he was assigned as Chief of the NATO/UEO Branch, Direc- In 2004 and 2005, he was auditor of the 41st national torate for Defence Policy.µ session of the Centre des hautes études de l’armement. 108 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

Assigned in February 2005 to the Research and tech- Soltanovskiy graduated from the Moscow State Insti- nology service, he was head of the Division for innova- tute of International Relations, University of the MFA tion support and research programme evaluation, and of Russia in 1977 and holds a Ph.D in History. deputy head of the Mission for scientific research and innovation. Claus Haugaard Sørensen In 2007 and 2008, he was auditor of the 57th session of the Centre des hautes études militaires and of the 60th Claus Haugaard Sørensen has session of the Institut des hautes études de défense been the Director-General for nationale. Humanitarian Aid & Civil Protec- tion in the European Commis- He graduated from Ecole Polytechnique, and joined sion since July 2011, responsible the Armament corps in 1986. for International Cooperation, Humanitarian Aid & Crisis Re- sponse. Frederik Schumann Sørensen started his career in Frederik Schumann is a member academia as a lecturer at Aarhus School of Architecture of the management team of the and the University of Copenhagen. He joined the Dan- VIRTUOSO project and project ish ministry of Affairs in 1977. From 1981-1984 he coordinator of the RECOBIA worked as First Secretary at the Danish Delegation to project. OECD,Paris,ChairmanoftheW.P.oftheTrade Committee, representative to the Economic and De- He studied in Munich, Edinburgh velopment Review Committee, UNCTAD V & VI. In and at the College of Europe in 1985 joined the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Bruges. After numerous intern- the department of International trade and finance. In ships, among them at the German 1988 he became a Counsellor at the Danish Permanent embassy in South Africa, the Ger- Representation to the EU before serving as a member man Parliament, Jerusalem and NATO HQ, he joined of Commissioner Henning Christophersen’s Cabinet CEIS in 2009. With a background as a professional seeing to International Economic Affairs and in 1995 soldier he is today an officer of the Army Reserve. At continued to serve as a Member of Commissioner CEIS, Schumann works predominantly on research Anita Gradin’s Cabinet in the Fight against fraud; or- projects in the framework of the Framework Pro- ganised crime, corruption, foreign relations and gramme 2007-2013 (FP7). enlargement.

In 1999 he became Head of Unit of International af- Ivan Soltanovskiy fairs in Nielson’s Cabinet and in 2003, Director of En- vironment, Directorate E – International Affairs. From Ivan Soltanovskiy is the Director 2004-2006 he was Head of Cabinet for Commissioner of European Cooperation at the Fischer Boel’s focusing on agriculture and rural devel- Minister for Foreign Affairs of opment, prior to taking up his position as Director the Russian Federation. General of Communication and his current position in the European Commission in 2011. He started his diplomatic career in 1977 and was appointed to several Consulates and Embassies Col. Thomas Toussaint of the USSR in Pakistan and In- dia (Karachi, Calcutta and Deli) Colonel Thomas Toussaint has until 1993. He then consecutively been Commander of the Joint assumed the positions of Counsellor of the Depart- “Civ-mil action” taskforce of the ment of disarmament and security in the Ministry of French Armed Forces since 2009. Foreign Affairs and Counsellor of the Permanent Mis- sion of Russia to the OSCE in Vienna. Back to Russia He started his career as Lieutenant in 2000, he was nominated Head of Unit and Deputy Platoon leader and then deputy Director of the Department of disarmament and secu- Captain of the 4th Nuclear Artil- rity until 2003. That same year, he became Deputy Per- lery Regiment from 1989 to 1993. manent representative of Russia to NATO before join- He was then promoted to Captain ing the Department of European cooperation at the of Regiment Staff Officer and Ministry as Deputy Director and soon Director in Battery Commander of the 93rd Mountain Artillery 2011. Regiment serving in Bosnia with the RRF and IFOR in SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 109

1995. toAfghanistan.InMarch2003hebecametheDeputy From 1996 to 1999 he served as Captain Selection Of- Chief of Defense Staff for International Planning and ficer and Chief of the Staff Platoon at the Selection Co-operation. In addition he became project manager Centre in Lyon. for the integration of the policy headquarters of the services in the MoD. In December 2004 he took over In 2002, he joined the Department of Legal Affairs of as Commander of the Royal Military Academy with the French Ministry of Defence and was mainly in responsibility for the integration of all officer education charge of bilateral military cooperation with the US, of the services within the newly-formed Netherlands EU HQ of EUROFOR and EUROMARFOR. In Higher Defence Academy, of which he became its first 2005 he was assigned to the Department of Legal Af- commander. fairs of the NATO-EU-FRA multinational HQ until 2009. In June 2007, van Osch was appointed as the Military Representative of The Netherlands to the EU Col. Toussaint holds a master of Constitutional and and NATO in Brussels. Administrative Law from the University of Paris II and graduated from the Joint Defence College in 2002. Pierre Vimont

Lt. Gen. Ton Van Osch Pierre Vimont is the Executive Secretary General of the Euro- Lieutnant-General Ton Van Osch pean External Action Service. has been the Director General of the EU Military Staff since May He started his career as a civil 2010. servant in the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1977 and was He joined the Royal Netherlands appointed Second and First Secre- Military Academy in 1974 and was tary at the Embassy of France in commissioned as an Artillery Offi- London. Back to the Ministry in 1981, he assumed the cer in 1978. After various appoint- position of Spokesman at the Information and Press ments, including battery command Office until 1985 and joined the Institute for East- and assignments within infantry West Security in New York for a year. In 1986, He and cavalry battalions, he attended Staff Course in served as Second Counselor to the Permanent Repre- 1986-87 and subsequently served as a long term plan- sentation of France to the European Communities in ner on the Army Staff. He then attended the US Army Brussels and in 1990 was appointed Chief of Staff of Command and General Staff College, followed by a the Minister Delegate for European affairs in Paris tour as a Lt. Col. and lecturer in strategy at the NL until 1993. He then became Director for Scientific and Defense College, during which time he also studied at Technical Cooperation at the Department for Cultural, Leiden University for a Masters degree in Public Ad- Scientific and Technical Relations; Deputy Director ministration. General for Cultural, Scientific and Technical Relations and soon became Director for European Cooperation Command of 41 Field Artillery Battalion in Germany, at the Department of European and Economic Affairs from 1993-95, was followed by a planning post with from 1997 to 1999. the Defence Staff and the appointment as Head of Operational Policy and Training on the Army Staff. In Before joining the EEAS, he was Permanent Represen- 1999, during the Kosovo conflict, Van Osch became tative of France to the European Union in Brussels Chief Ops (Land) at HQ SFOR and also acted as Chief from 1999 to 2002, Chief of Staff of the Minister of of the Combined Joint Operations Center during this Foreign affairs in Paris and Ambassador of France to period. Subsequently, he was appointed Head of Policy the United States of America in Washington D.C. from Development for the Directorate of Personnel and 2007-2010. Organization of the Royal Netherlands Army. Directly after 9/11 he was sent to US Central Command, Tampa, as an operational planner for the conflict in Afghanistan.

In June 2002 Van Osch was promoted to Brigadier- General and took over the post of Director of Opera- tions in the Dutch MoD. During this period, The Netherlands acted as lead nation in MND-SW in Bos- nia and lead nation for Task Force Fox in Macedonia and Van Osch deployed the German Netherlands HQ 110 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

Karl von Wogau Rear Adm. Stanisaw Zarychta

Karl von Wogau is Secretary Gen- Rear Admiral Stanisław Zarychta eral of the European Security Foun- has been Deputy Commander of dation, president of the European the Joint Forces Training Centre Security Conference in Berlin, foun- in Bydgoszcz, Poland since May der of the Kangaroo Group and 2008. founding member of the Freiburg Institute for Market Economy and He attended the Technical Col- Security. lege from 1973 till 1978 and star- He started his career as a Manager ted his naval education in the at Sandoz Ltd. in Basel from 1971- PolishNavalAcademyinGdy- 1984 and has been a partner in the nia. After graduating from the law firm Friedrich Graf von Westphalen & Partner in Naval Academy, he served as Navigator, Operational Freiburg since 1984. Officer and Executive Officer aboard several ships between 1983 and 1990. He was an active member of the European Parliament from 1979-2009. Among others, he was the author of In 1990 he assumed the position of Commanding Offi- the parliamentary report launching the Internal Market cer of the reconnaissance ship “Hydrograf”. In 1996 he Programme in 1984. He chaired the EP’s Committee carried out duties as Senior Staff Officer in the Recon- on Economic and Monetary Affairs and Industrial Pol- naissance and Electronic Warfare Department of the icy from 1994 to 1999. He was the spokesman for the Polish Navy Headquarters in Gdynia, and in 1997 European Parliament at the Extraordinary Plenary took command of the Reconnaissance Squadron of the Meeting of the European Parliament on 2 May 1998 3rd Flotilla. concerning the introduction of the Euro. And he was the chairman of the Subcommittee on Security and Throughout his service as commander, the squadron Defence, substitute Member of the Committee on For- ships have been the best navy ships in their class every eign Affairs; Member of the Delegation for relations year. In 2001 his squadron was awarded with the Ho- with NATO, Member of the Special Committee of the nour Emblem of the Polish Armed Forces. European Parliament regarding access to sensitive information on European Security and Defence issues From 2002 to 2004 Zarychta was Commander of the from 2004-2009. 6th Electronic Intelligence Centre in Gdynia. In July 2004 he became the Chief of the Reconnaissance and Electronic Warfare Division in the Polish Navy Head- Olivier Zajec quarters and 3 years later he became Deputy Chief of the Military Intelligence Directorate in the General Olivier Zajec has been Deputy StaffofthePolishArmedForces. Director of the Strategic Forecast- ing Department at the European Zarychta finished a staff course at the Royal Naval CompanyforStrategicIntelligence Academy in Greenwich (1992), a staff course at the (CEIS) since 2002. He is a special- Newport Naval Education and Training Centre (1995) ist in defence forecasting work and a special course for officers designated for NATO and strategic studies. positions at the Academy of National Defence (1998).

Before joining CEIS, he served as an Officer in the French Army. Zajec obtained a Master’s degree in History from Paris-IV Sorbonne in 1999 and a Mas- ter’s from Sciences-Po Paris (IEP) in 2004. He started his Ph.D. studies in 2009 at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE) in history of strategic doc- trines.

In 2008, he published his first book “Les secrets de la Géopolitique”.

SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 113

List of participants Paul Adamson Mohamed-Raja'l Barakat Editor in Chief Independent Economic Expert E! Sharp Anna Maria Barcikowska Col. Valeriy Afanasiev Senior Officer Industry & Market Counsellor, Military Affairs European Defence Agency (EDA) Mission of the Russian Federation to the EU Michel Barnier Martin Albani Commissioner for Internal Market and Services Head of office of Dr. Franziska Brantner, MEP European Commission European Parliament Col. Tadeusz Bartkiewicz Marie André Polish National Expert Project Manager Consultation, Command and Control Agency DCNS North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

Brig. Gen. Johan Andries Florian Bauernfeind Military Representative Project Assistant Permanent Representation of Belgium to the EU Security & Defence Agenda (SDA)

Geraldine Ansart Maj. Jordan Becker Project Development & Liaison Officer Instructor of International Relations International Organization for Migration (IOM) United States Military Academy, West Point

Claude-France Arnould Robert G. Bell Chief Executive Secretary of Defense Representative, Europe & Defence European Defence Agency (EDA) Advisor United States Mission to NATO Magali Auquier Assistant to the Executive Director Philippine Bentegeat Madariaga - College of Europe Foundation Chargée de mission sécurité européenne Secrétariat Général de la Défense et de la Sécurité Patrick Auroy Nationale (SGDSN) Assistant Secretary General for Defence Investment North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Nina Beyersdorff Assistant to Christian Ehler MEP Jacopo Avogadro European Parliament Brussels Office Finmeccanica S.p.A. Danilo Bilotta Attaché, Civil Protection Permanent Representation of Italy to the EU Eda Aygen Project Assistant Claudio Bisogniero Security & Defence Agenda (SDA) Deputy Secretary General North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Martin Banks Journalist Hubert Blaison The Parliament Magazine Chef de Cabinet de l'Ambassadeur de l'Industrie Ministry of the Economy, Finance and Industry France 114 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

Henrik Bliddal Lt. Col. Marcin Brzezinski Director Chief of Section Science and Technology Committee IT&T Department NATO Parliamentary Assembly Ministry of National Defence, Poland

Sergey Bludnov Agata Byczewska Third Secretary Journalist (CSDP & Transport) Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation Agence Europe to NATO Olivia Cahuzac Lt. Col. Klaus Blümel Consultant Military Counsellor European Company for Strategic Intelligence Mission of Austria to NATO (CEIS)

Annie Bollaert Daniel Calleja Crespo Programme and Information Officer Deputy Director General and Special Envoy for SMEs Political Section DG Enterprise and Industry Mission of Canada to the EU European Commission

Jan Borkowski Geert Cami Secretary of State Co-Founder & Director Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Poland Security & Defence Agenda (SDA)

Gabriele Borla Géraud Canet Head of Infrastructure Project Manager European Defence Agency (EDA) CEA LIST

Lt. Gen. Jürgen Bornemann Patrice Cardot Director General Advisor International Military Staff (IMS) Conseil General de l'Armement, France North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Marc Cathelineau Sixtine Bouygues Senior Vice President for NATO - European Union -UN Ad Interim Director, Communication Actions Thales DG Communication European Commission Lt. Col. Martin Cauchi Inglott Military Representative to the EUMC Franziska Katharina Brantner Permanent Representation of Malta to the EU Member Committee on Foreign Affairs Wg. Com. Sally Cawdery European Parliament Defence Advisor Permanent Representation of the United Kingdom Inge Brees to the EU Advocacy and Communication Officer Voluntary Organisations In Cooperation in Claire Chick Emergencies (VOICE) Defence Analyst Franco-British Council Comm. Yann Briand Military Assistant to the Chairman Sunjin Choi European Union Military Committee (EUMC) Associate Fellow European External Action Service (EEAS) Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies (RUSI) Laurens Jan Brinkhorst Member of the Praesidium Philippe Claeys Friends of Europe European Government Sector Advisor PwC SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 115

Brig. Gen. Jo Coelmont Vice Adm. Anne-François de Saint Salvy Senior Associate Fellow, Europe in the World programme Préfet Maritime Royal Institute for International Relations Préfecture Maritime EGMONT Rob de Wijk James Copping Director Policy Officer The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies DG Enterprise and Industry European Commission Pierre Defraigne Executive Director Benoît d'Aboville Madariaga - College of Europe Foundation Member, Foreign Policy Council Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs, France Lt. Col. Manfred Delaere Assistant to the Military Representative Anna Dabrowska Permanent Representation of Belgium to the EU Staff Assistant Central Europe Energy Partners (CEEP) Pauline Delleur European Affairs Analyst Olivier Darrason DCNS Brussels Office Chairman European Company for Strategic Intelligence Francis Delon (CEIS) Secretary General Secrétariat Général de la Défense et de la Sécurité Stanislav Daskalov Nationale (SGDSN) Deputy Head of the Brussels Liaison Office Regional Cooperation Council Themistoklis Demiris PSC Ambassador Justin Davies Permanent Representation of Greece to the EU Political Advisor European Union European External Action Service (EEAS) Bruno Dethomas Professeur Robin Davies Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Lille Head of EU Cultural Relations Team British Council Simone Disegni Policy Analyst Ariane de Bellefroid Think Young Assistant Madariaga - College of Europe Foundation Aleksandar Djelosevic Director Jaap de Hoop Scheffer Balkan Security Agenda SDA co-president and former NATO Secretary General Security & Defence Agenda (SDA) Jonathan Dowdall Policy Analyst & Market Development Marjanne de Kwaasteniet Security Europe PSC Ambassador Permanent Representation of the Netherlands Ovidiu Dranga to the EU Ambassador Embassy of Romania to Belgium Martin de Maupeou Junior Consultant Robert Draper European Company for Strategic Intelligence President (CEIS) AeroStrategies

Antonio De Palmas Anne Duquenne President, EU & NATO Relations Policy & Communications Assistant Boeing, Belgium International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) 116 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

Krzysztof Durczak Capt. Paolo Fantoni Key Account Manager Defence & Security Sector Advisor to the Chief of Staff, Policy & Planning Thales Department Ministry of Defence, Italy Axel Dyèvre Director Gert Fässler European Company for Strategic Intelligence External Relations staff (CEIS) Mission of Switzerland to the EU

Radmila Edererova Vice Adm. Lutz Feldt Counsellor Member Permanent Representation of the Czech Republic to Wise Pens Group the EU Natividad Fernández Sola Maria Elena Efthymiou Visiting Professor Administrator Moscow State Institute for International Relations Subcommittee on Security and Defence (MGIMO) European Parliament Jose Luis Figuero Ilze Eglite Defence Counsellor Information Specialist Permanent Representation of Spain to the EU European Parliament Florika Fink-Hooijer Christian Ehler Head of Cabinet Member Cabinet of EU Commissioner for Humanitarian Aid Committee on Industry, Research and Energy Kristalina Georgieva European Parliament European Commission

Johan Eidman Joachim Finkielman First Secretary Defence Advisor Permanent Representation of Sweden to the EU Delegation of Denmark to NATO

Juurd Eijsvoogel Com. Mike Finney Senior Editor, International Relations Deputy UK Military Representative NRC Handelsblad Permanent Representation of the United Kingdom to the EU Fredrik Ekfeldt Analyst Daniel Fiott Joint Situation Centre Research Fellow European External Action Service (EEAS) Madariaga - College of Europe Foundation

Drew Engel Paul Flaherty Special Advisor for Organized Crime Deputy Permanent Representative Office of the Prosecutor, Bosnia and Herzegovina Joint Delegation of the United Kingdom to NATO

Capt. Sandro Fabiani Latini Anthony Val Flynn Chief, NATO Permanent Liaison Team to the EU Humanitarian Aid & Civil Protection (ECHO) International Military Staff European Commission North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Michael Gahler Jean-Louis Falconi Member PSC Ambassador Committee on Foreign Affairs Permanent Representation of France to the EU European Parliament

Chiara Galluccio Research Assistant Madariaga - College of Europe Foundation SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 117

Vesko Garcevic Beate Gminder Ambassador Head of Unit Maritime Policy, Mediterranean Mission of Montenegro to NATO and Black Sea DG Fisheries & Maritime Affairs Col. Victor Manuel Garcia Sacristan European Commission Chief of Staff European Gendarmerie Force Laurent Goeb Conseiller au Conseil Général Armement Igor Garcia-Tapia Ministry of Defence and Veterans Affairs, France Project Manager Security & Defence Agenda (SDA) Pierre Goetz Consultant Michel Gari European Company for Strategic Intelligence Manager (CEIS) DMG Consult Hadrien-Laurent Goffinet Vesselin Garvalov Assistant to the Executive Director WMD Non-Proliferation Centre Institut des Relations Internationales et Stratégiques North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) (IRIS)

Lt. Col. Lucian Gavrila Didier Gondallier De Tugny ACOS Plan/Policy EU / NATO Affairs Director European Gendarmerie Force MBDA

Stanislava Gaydazhieva Capt. Julien Gossement Assistant Aide de Camp to the Secretary General Cabinet of EU Commissioner for Humanitarian Aid Secrétariat Général de la Défense et de la Sécurité Kristalina Georgieva Nationale (SGDSN) European Commission Marlene Gottwald Stefan Gehrold Researcher Director Finnish Institute of International Affairs (UPI) Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS) Kolinda Grabar-Kitarovic ICA Emmanuel Germond Assistant Secretary General Deputy Armaments Counsellor Public Diplomacy Division Permanent Representation of France to the EU North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

Andrea Ghianda Brigid Grauman Project Manager Freelance journalist Security & Defence Agenda (SDA) Marek Grela Carmen Giardiello Principal Adviser Project Assistant European External Action Service (EEAS) Agenzia d'Informazione Europea Sieglinde Gstöhl Laurent Giquello Director French National Expert EU International Relations and Diplomacy Studies Air Command Control System Management Agency College of Europe North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Francesco Guarascio Marco Giuli Correspondent Research Fellow Public Service Europe Madariaga - College of Europe Foundation 118 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

Perrine Guerroult Balazs Honti Associate Director Government Relations Independent Consultant Smiths Group Brig. Gen. Gabor Horvath Lada Guivarch Director, Concepts and Capabilities Budgetary reporter for external relations European Union Military Staff (EUMS) Directorate General for Budget European External Action Service (EEAS) European Commission Gunnar Hult Vugar Gurbanov Deputy National Armaments Director Second Secretary Swedish Defence Material Administration (FMV) Mission of Azerbaijan to NATO Liviu Mihail Iancu Julian Hale Counsellor Correspondent Permanent Representation of Romania to the EU Defense News Juan Carlos Iravedra Michael Hange Head of Surveillance Technologies Area President Ingenieria de Sistemas para la Defensa de España Federal Office for Information Security (BSI) (ISDEFE)

Michael Hartinger Aurélie Jablonski Project Officer, Capability Development Planning European Affairs Officer European Defence Agency (EDA) Club des Organismes de Recherche Associés (CLORA) Miguel Haubrich Seco Research Fellow Joanna Janiszewska Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) Head of CSDP Unit Permanent Representation of Poland to the EU Claus Hecking Reporter Joanna Jaskowiak Financial Times Deutschland Administrator, Civil Protection DG Justice & Home Affairs Tobias Heider Council of the European Union Political Advisor Group of the European Greens-European Free Thomas Jehanno Alliance (Greens-EFA) Staff officer Permanent Representation of France to the EU Juliane Heil Policy Officer, Justice Olivier Jehin Representation of Brandenburg to the EU Editor Agence Europe Luc Hellebooge NATO Business Development Director Gilberto Jeronimo Deloitte Consulting Defence Counsellor Delegation of Portugal to NATO Ernest J. Herold Account Manager, NATO Alexander "Sandy" Johnston IBM Belgium NATO and Europe Policy Ministry of Defence, United Kingdom Martin Hill Vice President, Defence Ana Cristina Jorge Thales Liaison Officer European Agency for the Management of Lt. Col. Christopher M. Hines Operational Cooperation Defence Attaché United States Mission to NATO SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 119

Gustav Kalbe Leonoor Kuijk Deputy Head of Unit, Trust and Security Brussels Correspondent DG Information Society & Media Trouw European Commission Julia Kulakovska Constantine Kapanadze Second Secretary First Secretary Mission of Ukraine to NATO Mission of Georgia to the EU Arkady Kuznetsov Ulrich Karock Second Secretary (Political Affairs) Policy Advisor Mission of the Russian Federation to the EU European Parliament Raquel Lages Ashish Katkar EU Affairs Officer Diplomat (on sabbatical) European Friends of Israel United States Department of State (DOS) Brig. Gen. Ilkka Laitinen Huub Keizers Executive Director Department Manager Energetic Materials European Agency for the Management of TNO Technical Sciences Operational Cooperation (FRONTEX)

Michalis Ketselidis Patrick Langlois Policy Officer, Crisis Management International Sales Representative Secretariat General Cockerill Maintenance & Ingenierie Defence (CMI) European Commission Hannah Ledger Gauri Khandekar Project Assistant Junior Researcher Security & Defence Agenda (SDA) Fundacion para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Dialogo Exterior (FRIDE) Carlos Lee Director General Irina Khokhlova Semiconductor Equipment and Materials Correspondent International (SEMI) Interfax Pascal Legai Olaf Kopczyľski Deputy Director First Secretary, Environmental Policy Section European Union Satellite Centre Permanent Representation of Poland to the EU Slobodan Lekic Sergey Kopyrkin NATO/EU Defence Correspondent Deputy Permanent Representative Associated Press Mission of the Russian Federation to the EU Pierre Lemoine Jan Kordys Editor-in-Chief Journalist Europolitics Agence Europe Maj. Pascal Levant Marek Kuberski Staff Officer, Military Representation Minister Counsellor Permanent Representation of France to the EU Embassy of Poland to Belgium Xinrui Li Reinhard Kuhlmann Military Attaché Senior Advisor Embassy of China to Belgium ThyssenKrupp 120 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

Angela Liberatore Marina Martinez-Garcia Research Programme Officer (Scientific Officer) Programme officer DG Research and Innovation Centro para el Desarrollo Technologico Industrial European Commission (CDTI)

Lt. Cdr. Helena Linder Giacomo Martinotti Aide de camp to the Director General Head of European Affairs International Military Staff (IMS) Avio North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Pauline Massart Agnieszka Lukaszczyk Senior Manager European Programme Manager Security & Defence Agenda (SDA) Secure World Foundation Capt. Isto Mattila François Lureau Policy Officer Independent Expert DG Fisheries & Maritime Affairs European Commission Marina Lynch Analyst Veronika Matysova Global Governance Institute Staff Officer Strategic Analysis Capability, Emerging Security Angela Macdonald Challenges Counsellor North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Embassy of Australia to Belgium Col. Michael McLaughlin Utimia Madaleno Air Attaché Research & Technology Assistant Director Embassy of the United States of America to European Defence Agency (EDA) Belgium

Isabelle Maelcamp d'Opstaele Natalia Melnyk Senior Commercial Specialist Second Secretary Mission of the United States of America to the EU Mission of Ukraine to NATO

Capt Tapio Maijala Jing Men Deputy Military Representative InBev-Baillet Latour Chair of European Union - China Delegation of Finland to NATO Relations College of Europe Jacques Malache Senior Director Giles Merritt International Press Agency Director Security & Defence Agenda (SDA) Ange Mancini Intelligence Coordinator Carlo Wilhelm Messina Office of the President, France Senior Analyst European External Action Service (EEAS) Anne Josephine Mannion Research Assistant Col. Rainer Meyer zum Felde Mission of Japan to the EU Vice-President Federal College for Security Studies Maurizio Martellini Secretary General Sandra Mezzadri Landau Network - Centro Volta Advisor Business Development EU IABG Vincent Martin-Pavaillier Adviser to the National Intelligence Coordinator Office of the President, France SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 121

Agostino Miozzo Gen. (ret) Klaus Naumann Managing Director for Crisis Response and Operational Vice President Coordination German Atlantic Association European External Action Service (EEAS) Phuong Nguyen João Mira Gomes Director, Public Sector Ambassador European Company for Strategic Intelligence Delegation of Portugal to NATO (CEIS)

Sebastian Mitrache Dang Nguyen Khoa First Secretary Journalist Delegation of Romania to NATO Vietnam News Agency

Sebastian Mitrowski Tobias Nickl Assistant of the Minister Staff Assistant Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Poland Reprsentation of the region of Lower Saxony to the EU Stanislava Mladenova Business Analyst Tõnu Nirk North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Director, Department of Communications Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications, Gabriel Moldoveanu Estonia Counsellor Delegation of Romania to NATO Antonio Nogueras Air Traffic Management Security Unit Milina Moncekova EUROCONTROL Press and Media Officer DG Employment Social Affairs and Inclusion Nina Obermaier European Commission Deputy Head of Unit, Protection and Crisis Management DG Human Resources and Security Ignacio Montiel-Sanchez European Commission R&T Technology Manager European Defence Agency (EDA) Andrey Ognev Diplomat Hans-Jürgen Moritz Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation Correspondent to NATO Focus Newsmagazine Grigory Orlov Valentina Morselli First Secretary PhD Candidate, Teaching assistant Mission of the Russian Federation to the EU Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Cdr. Sg. Thierry Paris James Moseman Head of Navy Personnel, Maritime Information Center Director, Europe and NATO (MIK) Northrop Grumman International Ministry of Defence, Belgium Capt. Pieter-Jan Parrein Federico Mozzi Researcher, Defence Cooperation Project Assistant Royal Higher Institute for Defence, Belgium Security & Defence Agenda (SDA) Caroline Persson Jonathan Mullin Director Government Relations EMEA Director, Capabilities Honeywell Europe European Defence Agency (EDA) Vivien Pertusot Jan M. Muys Head of Office Senior Policy Advisor Institut français des relations internationales (IFRI) Ministry of Defence, The Netherlands 122 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

Eric Peters Gerrard Quille Adviser for International and Economic Issues Specialist Foreign, Security and Defence Policy, Policy Bureau of European Policy Advisers (BEPA) Department European Commission Directorate General for External Policies European Parliament Brig. Gen. Dave Peterson Deputy Military Representative Laura Radulescu United States Mission to NATO Project Manager EFC Aircraft Systems European Defence Agency (EDA) Jasmina Petrovic First Secretary Sarah Raine Mission of Serbia to the EU Research Fellow, IISS International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) Jean-Marc Pisani Team Leader, Office of the Managing Director for Crisis Timur Rakhimov Response and Operational Coordination Counsellor European External Action Service (EEAS) Mission of Uzbekistan to NATO

Iga Pocztarek Alisher Rakhimov Assistant Senior Researcher Permanent Representation of Poland to the EU Coordination and Analytical Center for Foreign Policy Research Jérôme Poirot Adviser to the National Intelligence Coordinator Vincenzo Randazzo Office of the President, France Policy Officer DG Enterprise and Industry Jesus Prados European Commission Attaché Embassy of Spain to Belgium Gen. Jean Rannou Director of Security & Defence Darius Pranckeviÿius European Company for Strategic Intelligence Ambassador, Political and security commitee (CEIS) Permanent Representation of Lithuania to the EU Luigi Rebuffi Laurent Probst Chief Executive Officer Partner European Organisation for Security (EOS) PricewaterhouseCoopers Miguel Requena Cantos Col. Marek Pszczolka Counsellor Director Embassy of Spain to Belgium Military Communication & Information Security Agency Lt. Col. Anton Resch Ministry of National Defence, Poland Military Counsellor Permanent Representation of Austria to the EU Detlef Puhl Senior Advisor, Strategic Communications Delphine Resteigne Emerging Security Challenges Division Assistant Professor North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Royal Military Academy, Belgium

Steve Purser Pierre Reuland Head of the Technical Department Special Representative of Interpol to the EU European Network and Information Security International Criminal Police Organization Agency (ENISA) (INTERPOL)

Beata Pęksa-Krawiec Peter Rezo PSC Ambassador First Secretary Permanent Representation of Poland to the EU Embassy of Slovakia to Belgium SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 123

Jerome Rivet Federico Santopinto Journalist Researcher Agence France Presse (AFP) Group for Research and Information on Peace (GRIP) Carmen Rodriguez-Augustin Director of Corporate Relations Gen. Felix Sanz Roldan Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA) Director National Intelligence Centre (CNI) Mario Rogus Desk Officer, Homeland Security/Interior Mulyanto Sastrowiranu Representation of Brandenburg to the EU Third Secretary Mission of Indonesia to the EU Olivier Rol Chairman Guillaume Saveuse Vision International Political Advisor, Military Representation Permanent Representation of France to the EU Capt. Abel Romero Junquera Deputy Defence Counsellor Pierre Schanne Permanent Representation of Spain to the EU Secretary General for Armament Systems Architecture Délégation Générale pour l'Armement Rear Adm. Jacques Rosiers President Kathrin Schick Euro-Atlantic Association of Belgium Director Voluntary Organisations In Cooperation in Lt. Col. Fernand Rouvroi Emergencies (VOICE) R&T Domain Manager Royal Higher Institute for Defence, Belgium Gerrit Schlomach Assistant to Michael Gahler MEP Arlinda Rrüstemi European Parliament Research and Education Assistant University of Leiden Anne Schmidt Head of Institutional Relations David L. Rudd Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik Brussels Office Strategic Analyst (SWP) Department of National Defence, Canada Grégoire Schöller Michael Ruoff Member of Cabinet Independent EU Policy Advisor Cabinet of Commissioner Michel Barnier Internal Market and Services Col. Philippe Rutz European Commission Project Officer, Pooling & Sharing European Defence Agency (EDA) Frederik Schumann Project Manager Lt. Col. Herbert Sailer European Company for Strategic Intelligence Military Counsellor (CEIS) Permanent Representation of Austria to the EU Henne Schuwer Lars Salquist Ambassador Head of Department Embassy of the Netherlands to Belgium Ministry of Defence, Denmark José Antonio Segura Escamilla Sergio Sanchez Counsellor Member of the Director's Cabinet Embassy of Spain to Belgium National Intelligence Centre (CNI) 124 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

Cdr. Patrik Selling Andreas Striegnitz Military Assistant to the Chairman Administrator European Union Military Committee (EUMC) Subcommittee on Security and Defence European External Action Service (EEAS) European Parliament

Asinetta Serban Rainer Sulzer Consultant Special Advisor to SACEUR European Company for Strategic Intelligence, for International Affairs (CEIS) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

William H. Siefken Zeenat Syed Senior Associate Political-Military Officer Centre for Strategic and International Studies Embassy of the United States of America (CSIS) to Belgium

Michael Simm Gabor Szücs Policy and Planning Officer Third Secretary European Defence Agency (EDA) Delegation of Hungary to NATO

Michael Simpson Claus Haugaard Sørensen Senior Programme Officer Director General Secure World Foundation Humanitarian Aid & Civil Protection (ECHO) European Commission Aldo Siragusa Honorary Head of Division Irmtraud Taufer EU Council Head of Armaments Policy Departement Permanent Representation of Germany to the EU Karolina Sitek Public Diplomacy Officer Pierre Thibaudat Permanent Representation of Poland to the EU EU Affairs Advisor Fondation Robert Schuman Capt. Bart Smedts Research Fellow Pierre-Emmanuel Thomann Royal Higher Institute for Defence, Belgium Research Director Institut Européen des Relations Internationales Dan Solomon (IERI) Senior Partner Hawk ISM Brooks Tigner EU/NATO Affairs Correspondent Anastasiya Soltanovskaya Jane's Defence Weekly Mission of the Russian Federation to the EU Harri Tiido Ivan Soltanovskiy PSC Ambassador Director, European Cooperation Permanent Representation of Estonia to the EU Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Russia Bosco Tinoco Christoph Sommer Counsellor First Secretary Embassy of Mexico to Belgium, Luxembourg and Mission of Switzerland to the EU Mission to the European Union

Martin Stoussavljewitsch Jean-Claude Tourneur Principal Officer Armaments Chief Editor European Defence Agency (EDA) Enjeux

Maj. Andreas Strauss Col. Thomas Toussaint Military Counsellor Commander, Civ-Mil Taskforce Mission of Austria to NATO Ministry of Defence, France SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011 125

Maj. Pierre Truillet Luigi Vitiello Military Advisor Acting Head of Unit for Defence, Aerospace and Maritime Ministry of Defence, Belgium Industries DG Enterprise and Industry Maâgorzata Trzciľska European Commission Attaché Permanent Representation of Poland to the EU Emily von Sydow Reporter Manuela Tudosia The Bulletin Advisor Polit Bureau International Karl von Wogau Secretary General Neringa Vaisbrode Kangaroo Group Consultant Office of the President, Lithuania Anna Vvedenskaia EU Affairs Editor Jean-Pierre Van Aubel New Europe Defence Counsellor Permanent Representation of the Netherlands Catharina Wale-Grunditz to the EU Administrator/Desk Officer Crisis Management and Planning Directorate Leendert Van Bochoven (CMPD) NATO and European Defence Leader European External Action Service (EEAS) IBM Peiran Wang Maj. Serge Van Camp Visiting Scholar Military Advisor, EU Desk, Strategy Department Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) Ministry of Defence, Belgium Markus Weidinger Lt. Gen. Ton van Osch Counsellor Director General Mission of Austria to NATO European Union Military Staff (EUMS) European External Action Service (EEAS) Stefani Weiss Director, Programme Europe's Future Virag Szonja Varadi Bertelsmann Stiftung Counsellor Permanent Representation of Hungary to the EU Carol Wheeler Desk Officer Robert Verrue European External Action Service (EEAS) Hors Classe Adviser Secretariat General Olaf Wientzek European Commission Research Associate Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS) Annelies Verstichel Political Military Counsellor Maj. Gen. Wolfgang Wosolsobe Permanent Representation of Belgium to the EU Austrian Military Representative to EUMC and EAPMC Mission of Austria to NATO Pierre Vimont Executive Secretary General Paul Yuzapavik European External Action Service (EEAS) Senior Executive Cross Functional Political Advisor for European Engagement Vyta Vinciene North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Director E-Projects Centre for Security and Defence Olivier Zajec Defense & Security Consultant European Company for Strategic Intelligence (CEIS) 126 SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY 2011

Dick Zandee Rear Adm. Stanislaw Zarychta Senior Research Associate Commander Netherlands Institute of International Relations Maritime Operations Centre (Clingendael) Polish Navy

Irina Zarin Claudia Zulaika First Secretary, Political Affairs Academic assistant Mission of Serbia to the EU College of Europe SDA CO-PRESIDENTS Jaap De Hoop Scheffer, former NATO Secretary General Javier Solana, former EU High Representative for CFSP BRINGING THE CYBER-DEBATE DOWN TO EARTH

Cyber-attacks are making headlines daily. The Security & Defence Agenda (SDA) separates fact from hype in cyber-security, with topics spanning cyber-governance, ﬁnancial and political consequences of cyber-attacks, threat perceptions, US-EU cooperation, critical infrastructure protection, and freedom vs. security.

“ Cyber has redeﬁned the front lines of national security Willam J. Lynn III, US Deputy Secretary” of Defense “ The internet has become a national asset Suleyman Anil, Head of the Cyber” Defence Section, NATO “ The defences that we have today are defences against the threats of yesterday Jakub Boratynski,” Head of Unit, DG Home, European Commission

“ The internet is a blank page for Europe to reinvent itself on Robert Madelin, Director General” for Information Society and Media, European Commission “ Any future conﬂict will include a cyber dimension Tunne Kelam, Member of the Subcommittee” on Security and Defence, European Parliament g

eagenda.or The SDA is the only regular forum in Brussels devoted to analysing and debating defagenda the future of defence and security policies. The SDA brings clarity and new defenc om/s.d.agenda ideas to the rapidly changing security and defence policy scene through its er.com/sec regular roundtables, debates, reports, international conferences and JOIN THE SDA DEBATE press dinners. www.security.facebook.c http://twitt www Co-organised by

Under the patronage of the Polish Presidency of the EU