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N° 1582 Assemblée Nationale N° 1582 ______ ASSEMBLÉE NATIONALE CONSTITUTION DU 4 OCTOBRE 1958 QUATORZIÈME LÉGISLATURE Enregistré à la Présidence de l'Assemblée nationale le 27 novembre 2013 RAPPORT D’INFORMATION DÉPOSÉ en application de l’article 145 du Règlement PAR LA COMMISSION DES AFFAIRES ETRANGÈRES sur l’Europe de la Défense ET PRÉSENTÉ PAR MME ELISABETH GUIGOU Présidente —— — 3 — SOMMAIRE ___ Pages SYNTHÈSE DU RAPPORT ....................................................................................... 7 SUMMARY OF THE FACT-FINDING REPORT ................................................ 15 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 23 I. L’ÉCHEC DES PROJETS ÉLABORÉS APRÈS LA GUERRE FROIDE ............. 27 A. LES AVANCÉES DES ANNÉES 1990 ET 2000 ................................................. 27 B. LES RAISONS DE L’ÉCHEC ................................................................................. 31 1. Une Europe pacifiée ................................................................................................ 31 2. La crise irakienne de 2003 ...................................................................................... 31 3. La crise du projet européen ..................................................................................... 32 II. LES DIFFICULTÉS COMMUNES À L’OTAN ET À L’UNION EUROPÉENNE ............................................................................................................. 35 A. LES INTERROGATIONS SUR L’OPPORTUNITÉ DU RECOURS À LA FORCE ...................................................................................................................... 36 1. La montée du brouillard stratégique ....................................................................... 36 2. La crise syrienne : un paroxysme ? ......................................................................... 37 3. L’exception et le test maliens ................................................................................. 38 a. Un test militaire mitigé pour l’Europe de la défense ............................................. 38 b. Un test politique réussi ........................................................................................ 40 B. LES EFFETS DE LA CRISE ÉCONOMIQUE ET BUDGÉTAIRE .................... 41 1. Les risques d’une rupture capacitaire ..................................................................... 41 a. La baisse des budgets ........................................................................................... 41 b. Un décrochage européen ? ................................................................................... 42 2. Une industrie de défense européenne en danger ..................................................... 43 — 4 — C. LA NOUVELLE STRATÉGIE AMÉRICAINE ....................................................... 45 1. La fin de la « guerre contre le terrorisme » ............................................................. 45 2. Le « pivot » vers l’Asie ........................................................................................... 46 3. Un engagement moindre au Proche et Moyen Orient ? .......................................... 48 III. LES DIFFICULTÉS INTRINSÈQUES A L’UNION EUROPÉENNE : L’ABSENCE DE CONSENSUS ................................................................................. 49 A. TROIS PARTENAIRES CLÉS ............................................................................... 49 1. La spécificité britannique ........................................................................................ 50 a. Une opposition de principe à l’intégration européenne ......................................... 50 b. La crise britannique ............................................................................................. 51 c. La position britannique pour le prochain Conseil européen ................................... 52 2. La Pologne : une puissance militaire émergente en Europe ? ................................ 53 a. Une prise de distance à l’égard de l’OTAN .......................................................... 53 b. Une politique de défense ambitieuse .................................................................... 54 c. La position polonaise au prochain Conseil européen ............................................. 54 3. L’Allemagne : une puissance militaire en sommeil ? ............................................. 55 a. L’évolution de la politique de défense allemande ................................................. 55 b. Des moyens militaires appréciables ...................................................................... 57 c. La position allemande au Conseil européen .......................................................... 58 B. LA RESPONSABILITÉ FRANÇAISE .................................................................... 59 1. Maintenir notre position au sein de l’Alliance ........................................................ 59 2. Inscrire notre politique étrangère dans le cadre d’une politique étrangère européenne commune ............................................................................................. 61 3. Construire un moteur pour l’Europe de la défense ? .............................................. 62 IV. UN NOUVEL ÉLAN .................................................................................................... 65 A. LES TROIS PRIORITÉS À L’ORDRE DU JOUR DU CONSEIL EUROPÉEN ............................................................................................................. 67 1. Volet 1 : renforcer l’efficacité, la visibilité et l’impact de la PSDC ....................... 67 a. L’avenir des groupements tactiques européens ..................................................... 68 b. La plateforme d’aide à la décision ........................................................................ 69 c. La rationalisation des moyens européens .............................................................. 71 d. Se préparer aux défis opérationnels ...................................................................... 73 e. La question du partage du fardeau financier des opérations militaires ................... 76 2. Volet 2 : améliorer le développement des capacités ............................................... 77 a. Le ravitaillement en vol et l’extension de l’EATC ................................................ 77 b. Les drones ........................................................................................................... 80 c. La mise en place d’incitations fiscales .................................................................. 81 — 5 — 3. Volet 3 : renforcer l’industrie de défense européenne ............................................ 82 B. UNE FEUILLE DE ROUTE AMBITIEUSE ........................................................... 84 1. Faire le bilan de ce qui existe déjà et de ce qui fonctionne ..................................... 85 2. Élaboration d’une nouvelle stratégie européenne de sécurité ................................. 86 3. Clarifier la relation entre la Commission européenne et les États membres .......... 87 4. Relancer de grands programmes en coopération. ................................................... 88 5. Approfondir le partenariat euro-américain ............................................................. 89 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................ 91 EXAMEN EN COMMISSION .................................................................................... 93 CONTRIBUTIONS DES GROUPES POLITIQUES .......................................... 103 I. CONTRIBUTION PRÉSENTÉE PAR M. GUY-MICHEL CHAUVEAU, AU NOM DU GROUPE SRC ............................................................................................. 105 II. CONTRIBUTION PRÉSENTÉE PAR M. PIERRE LELLOUCHE, AU NOM DU GROUPE UMP ....................................................................................................... 111 III. CONTRIBUTION PRÉSENTÉE PAR M. ALAIN BOCQUET, AU NOM DU GROUPE GDR .............................................................................................................. 117 IV. CONTRIBUTION PRÉSENTÉE PAR M. GÉRARD CHARASSE, AU NOM DU GROUPE RRDP ..................................................................................................... 121 COMPTE-RENDUS DES TRAVAUX DE LA COMMISSION ....................... 129 1. Mercredi 3 octobre 2012, séance de 9h30, compte-rendu n° 1 : audition, conjointe avec la commission de la défense et des forces armées, de M. Hubert Védrine, ancien ministre des affaires étrangères, sur la mission d’évaluation sur le retour de la France dans le commandement militaire intégré de l’Alliance atlantique et sur le développement de la relation transatlantique et les perspectives de la politique de sécurité et de défense commune ...................... 131 2. Mercredi 5 décembre 2012, séance de 16h30, compte-rendu n° 19 : Audition, conjointe avec les commissions des affaires européennes et de la défense, de M. Jean-Yves Le Drian, ministre de la défense, sur la politique européenne de défense (ouverte à la presse) ......................................................... 151 ANNEXES ........................................................................................................................ 173 ANNEXE N° 1 : LISTE DES PERSONNES AUDITIONNÉES PAR LA RAPPORTEURE ..........................................................................................................
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