’    /  2012 . 52 . 3 .

Planning with Uncertainty ——— Planifi er pour faire face à l’incertitude     40010080    

PCQ2_2012_00_CoverFull_R1.indd 1 2012-09-19 12:00 PM Edmonton.... a city well planned

Edmonton has its eye on the future. Guided by a citizen-driven vision, The Way Ahead, and with billions of dollars worth of investment occurring in Alberta’s capital city, Edmonton is a city fuelled by the energy of its citizens with a solid plan to guide its development to 2040. Learn more about our vision for Edmonton in 2040 at www.edmonton.ca/vision2040 .

www.edmonton.ca

PCQ2_2012_00_CoverFull_R1.indd 2 2012-09-19 12:00 PM contents sommaire PLANNING columns 2 A Word from the President / Le mot de la Présidente WITH UNCERTAINTY / 4 cip news échos de l’icu

10 From the Editorial Board Chair / Planifier pour Le mot du président du Comité de rédaction Planning Journals: Between Orthodoxy and Contrarianism in Challenging Times/Les revues d’urbanisme : jongler entre confor- faire face à misme et contre-vérité en période d’incertitude By/par Michael Dudley, MCIP 44 the learning curve / l’incertitude l’acquisition du savoir Summer School: Learning Beyond the Classroom/L’école d’été : apprendre plan canada | fall · automne 2012 | vol. 52 no. 3 ailleurs qu’en classe By/par Abby Besharah

46 Planning Notes From Home and Articles Abroad/L’Urbanisme Chez Nous 13 What Ontario’s Greenbelt 32 A Tale of Two Suburbs: et à L’étranger and Places to Grow The physical plan and its implications The Spirit of Change: International Legislation Means for for active transportation Aboriginal Youth Internship/L’esprit Commuting in the GGH By Jeffrey Ward,MCIP , RPP du changement : stage international By Bruce Newbold and Darren Scott pour les jeunes autochtones 40 Walkability and Economic 16 Green Sprawl Development: 52 Fellows’ Corner / By Laura Taylor and Kirsten Valentine How Pedestrian and Transit-Oriented Du côté des Fellows Cadieux Environments Attract Creative Jobs in Transient Voices of Reason - Reading Hamilton Canadian Planners/La précarité des 22 revisiting food deserts in By Paul Shaker, MCIP, RPP voix de la raison : relire les urbanistes the Canadian Prairie: canadiens A case study from Saskatoon, By/par Bill Buholzer, FCIP Saskatchewan By Bruce Newbold and Darren Scott 56 Planners’ Bookshelf Sensing Changes: Technologies, 28 Infill in Mature Environments and the Everyday Neighbourhoods: by Joy Parr New Directions in Ottawa Reviewed by Sue Heffernan, RPP, MCIP By Alain Miguelez

PCQ3_2012_01_Front_R2.indd 1 2012-09-25 12:13 PM Plan Canada is the offi cial publication of: Wayne J. Caldwell, mcIp, Rpp acupp Canadian Institute of Planners (Association of Canadian University Planning a Word From tHe President | Le mot de La Presidente Plan Canada est le journal offi ciel de : Programs) Representative / Représentant L’ Institut canadien des urbanistes d’aucpua (Association universitaire canadienne 141 avenue Laurier Avenue West/ouest des programmes en urbanisme et aménagement) As usuAl, the summer has fl own by, and now we Suite/Bureau 1112 Ottawa, on K1p 5J3 Robert Lehman, fcIp, Rpp Fellows are “back to school” with Committee meetings, Council Tel/Tél. : (800) 207-2138 (613) 237-7526 Representative/Représentant des Fellows Fax/Téléc. : (613) 237-7045 meetings, client deadlines… and some important, inter- www.cip-icu.ca · [email protected] CIP National Offi ce/Bureau national de ICUl’ Steven Brasier, cae Executive Director/ esting, and fun-fi lled events for all of us. Plan Canada is published quarterly: March, Directeur général (ex-offi cio) June, September, November. All rights Most signifi cantly, the annual c onference in Banff , reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part Christine Helm Manager, Member Services October 9–12: The Great Exchange 2012: Putting Ideas without the expressed permission of cIp is and Administration/ Responsable des ser- strictly forbidden. Articles contained herein vices aux membres et de l’administration into Action will give us the opportunity to meet others do not necessarily represent the views of the Mercedes Déziel-Hupé (interim) Program from across the country to discuss how we turn plan- Canadian Institute of Planners. Coordinator Communications/ ning ideas into reality. We have a dynamic group of Coordonnatrice des communications Plan Canada paraît quatre fois par année, en keynote speakers in Chris Leinberger, Ken Greenberg, mars, en juin, en septembre et en novembre. Anissia Nasr Administrative Assistant, Tous droits réservés. La reproduction en tout National & International Aff airs/ and Johanne Gélinas; compelling presentations from ou en partie de cette publication sans le Adjointe administrative, Aff aires nationales across the country discussing planning initiatives and consentement écrit de l’Icu est strictement et internationales interdite. Les articles publiés dans ce journal their implementation; and of course, time to catch up Chantal Leduc Administrative Assistant, ne refl ètent pas nécessairement le point de with old friends, make new ones, and enjoy the beauty vue de l’Institut canadien des urbanistes. Member Services/Adjointe administrative, Services aux membres of Banff , Alberta. Editorial Board/Comité de rédaction Michael Dudley, mcIp (Chair/président) Jacklyn Nielsen Receptionist/Réceptionniste At the conference, I will be looking forward to Armand Robichaud, mcIp Mail undeliverable to Canadian addresses joining cIp’s affi liate partners in the signing of an Sasha Tsenkova, mcIp, Rpp should be returned to Plan Canada and sub- Steven Brasier, cae cIp Executive Director scriptions & back issues or members who Agreement to establish a Professional Standards ( e x o ffi c o) i have not received their copy of Plan Canada Committee. This means that all seven partners (cIp should contact: Managing Editor/Directrice de la rédaction and six affi liates) have agreed to a new structure and Michelle Garneau Prière de retourner le courrier non livrable mechanisms for which we will share responsibility for Copy Editor/Révision Patricia Brown à Plan Canada. Pour les abonnements, les numéros antérieurs ou en cas de non- the development, regular maintenance, and application Graphic Design/Conception graphique réception d’un numéro de Plan Canada, Ingrid Paulson, Michel Vrána prière de s’adresser à : of professional standards and membership processes. Production Manager/Directrice de Canadian Institute of Planners/ Although we have a few more steps to go through, the la production Institut canadien des urbanistes Kathleen Makenbach 141 avenue Laurier Avenue West/ouest Translation/Traduction Suite/Bureau 1112 Véronique Frenette, Mady Virgona Ottawa, on K1p 5J3 Plan Canada is published for The Canadian Canadian Institute of Planners Abstracted comme touJours, l’été est passé trop vite et nous Institute of Planners by: Plan Canada est in the Journal of Planning Literature. publié au nom de l’Institut canadien des Institut canadien des urbanistes abrégé devons déjà préparer notre « rentrée scolaire » en mettant urbanistes par : McCormick & Associates dans le Journal of Planning Literature. la dernière main aux prochaines réunions des comités et 9 5th Avenue Chateauguay, Qc J6K 3l5 cIp is a member of the Commonwealth du Conseil et en faisant face aux échéances trop serrées. Tel/Tél. : (450) 691-9515 Association of Planners. L’Icu est membre Fax/Téléc. : (450) 699-8869 de l’Association des urbanistes du Heureusement, d’importants événements aussi intéres- E-mail/courriel: [email protected] Commonwealth. sants que divertissants nous attendent au tournant! Advertising/Publicité Michelle Garneau Subscription Rates/Abonnement annuel (2012) Le plus important d’entre eux, le congrès annuel qui se McCormick & Associates Canada : $73.50 + applicable taxes* Publications Mail/Registration #/no de uS & Foreign/États-Unis et étranger : déroulera à Banff , en Alberta, du 9 au 12 octobre—Forum 2 publication/distribution postale : 40010080 $89.25 cad + applicable taxes d’échanges : grandes idées, grandes réalisations—nous cIp natIonal councIl—2012 * nt, nu, YK, aB, SK, mB, peI, Qc = 5% GSt; donnera la possibilité de faire des rencontres interna- conSeIl natIonal de l’Icu—2012 Bc = 12% HSt; nl, nB, on = 13% HSt; nS = 15% HSt tionales et de discuter de la façon dont nous pouvons Andrea Gabor, FCIP, RPP Legal Deposit/Dépôt légal National Library President/Présidente of Canada Bibliothèque nationale du Canada donner corps à nos idées en matière d’urbanisme. Animé Bibliothèque nationale du Québec Donovan Toews, MCIP par le dynamique trio de conférenciers d’honneur Vice President/Vice-président Chris Leinberger, Ken Greenberg et Johanne Gélinas, ce Manitoba Professional Planners Institute congrès nous promet de captivantes présentations sur Kate Green, mcIp, llp Atlantic Planners Institute/Institut des urba- les programmes de planifi cation mis en œuvre d’un bout nistes de l’Atlantique à l’autre du pays, en plus de nous donner l’occasion de Chantal Laliberté, mIcu, ouQ Ordre des revoir de vieux amis, de tisser de nouveaux liens et d’ad- urbanistes du Québec mirer la beauté de la ville hôte. Paul Stagl, mcIp, Rpp Ontario Professional Planners Institute/ Institut des planifi ca- Au congrès, j’aurai le plaisir de participer avec les teurs de l’Ontario sociétés affi liées de Icul’ à la signature d’un accord visant Karen Bolton, mcIp, ppS à créer un nouveau comité des normes professionnelles. Association of Professional Community Planners of Saskatchewan Cet accord signifi e concrètement que les sept partenaires plan canada | FALL · AUTOMNE 2012 Gary Buchanan, MCIP, RPP Alberta (l’Icu et ses six sociétés affi liées) ont convenu à la mise en Professional Planners Institute place d’une nouvelle structure et de nouveaux mécanis- Lindsay Chase, MCIP Planning Institute of mes d’élaboration, de révision périodique et d’application British Columbia de normes professionnelles et de processus d’adhésion Abby Besharah, Student Representative/ Représentante des étudiants dont ils partageront tous la responsabilité. Outre quelques

PCQ3_2012_Book 2 2012-09-19 12:30 PM a Word From tHe President | Le mot de La Presidente

foundations of the Planning for the Future (pff) project meet member needs”, and this is the prime objective are fully in place. The Professional Standards Board, of the plan. Final work on the draft document is well which will administer the new membership and under way and we expect to be able to release the new accreditation processes (acting as a service delivery Strategic Plan to all of our members during the sum- body to the partners) is expected to be incorporated mer 2012. and operational by early fall. The dozens of volunteer Finally, on the international front, I had the privi- members who spent more than six years working lege of attending the 2012 World Urban Forum (Wuf through all of the details to reach consensus on this vI) early in September in Naples, Italy. The Forum was very signifi cant initiative for our profession deserve established by the United Nations to examine one of accolades and our thanks for a job well done. the most pressing problems facing the world today: The transition to the new national membership rapid urbanization and its impact on communities, and accreditation processes provides an opportunity cities, economies, climate change and policies. The for cIp to redefi ne its role and provide new mecha- theme of this year’s Forum was “The Urban Future”. nisms to better serve our members. This transition I participated in a presentation organized by cmHc was the subject of great discussion at the June 2012 regarding the revitalization of urban land to vibrant strategic planning retreat, attended by cIp Council, new uses. Glenn Miller and I also made a presentation senior staff and our advisory committee chairs. on the evolution of Toronto’s waterfront. As part of a Optimus | SBR facilitated the process as we reviewed joint panel presentation with our part- our priorities and developed a new three-year Strategic ners from the Global Planners Network I Plan. Our mission this year was to look forward in had the chance to discuss cIp’s role in the view of the organizational changes arising from Caribbean over the past 25 years. PFF, and to redefi ne our role as a national institute. I sincerely look forward to seeing Collectively, participants recognized the need to you all in October at this year’s annual “continuously refi ne CIP’s role, capacity and impact to conference. I

dernières mises au point, les bases du projet Le futur repenser notre rôle à titre d’institut pan- de l’urbanisme sont maintenant bien établies et il est canadien. Ensemble, les participants ont prévu que l’organisme qui administrera les nouveaux mis en évidence la nécessité de « conti- processus d’adhésion et d’attestation—le Conseil des nuer à préciser le rôle de l’ICU, de même normes professionnelles (qui agira également comme que ses compétences et son impact à satis- AnDreA GABor, organisme de prestation de services à l’égard des par- faire les besoins de ses membres », et c’est précisément FciP, rPP tenaires)—soit constitué et en fonction dès le début de l’objectif principal du nouveau plan stratégique. Les CIP President / l’automne. Aux douzaines de membres bénévoles qui dernières touches au projet de document allant bon Présidente de l’icu ont passé plus de six ans à apporter les dernières pré- train, nous devrions être en mesure de le présenter à 3 cisions afi n de dégager un consensus sur ce projet de tous nos membres au cours de l’été 2012. grande valeur pour notre profession, nous adressons Sur la scène internationale, j’ai eu le privilège de nos félicitations et nos sincères remerciements pour participer au 6e Forum urbain mondial (fum) qui s’est leur excellent travail! tenu au début de septembre, à Naples, en Italie, sous le L’entrée en vigueur prochaine des nouveaux pro- thème « Le futur urbain ». Organisé par l’Organisation cessus d’adhésion et d’attestation à l’échelle nationale des Nations unies, le fum a pour but d’examiner l’un donne à l’Icu l’occasion de redéfi nir son rôle et de des enjeux planétaires actuels les plus importants : mettre en place de nouveaux mécanismes visant à l’urbanisation accélérée et son impact sur les com- mieux servir les intérêts de ses membres. Ce tournant munautés, les villes, les économies, le changement a d’ailleurs fait l’objet de discussions animées à la climatique et les politiques. En plus de prendre part à retraite de planifi cation stratégique qui s’est déroulée une présentation préparée par la ScHl sur la revitalisa- en juin dernier et à laquelle participaient tous les tion des secteurs à vocation urbaine, j’ai fait un exposé membres du Conseil, l’ensemble des dirigeants de en collaboration avec Glenn Miller sur l’évolution l’Icu et les présidents des comités consultatifs. Guidés du secteur riverain de Toronto et j’ai eu la chance de par la fi rme Optimus | SBR, nous avons passé en revue contribuer à une discussion de groupe avec nos parte- plan canada | FALL · AUTOMNE 2012 nos priorités et élaboré un nouveau plan stratégique naires du Global Planners Network sur le rôle de l’Icu triennal. Notre mission cette année consistait à prévoir dans les Caraïbes depuis les 25 dernières années. les changements organisationnels occasionnés par la Je compte sur le plaisir de vous voir en octobre, au mise en œuvre du projet Le futur de l’urbanisme et à congrès annuel de 2012! I

PCQ3_2012_Book 3 2012-09-19 12:30 PM ☛ Announcement oF 2012 ciP Forward: New Directions”—sets out cIp's AnnuAl GenerAl meetinG Mission: “to advance planning in Canada The Annual General Meeting of the and abroad by serving, educating, inform- Canadian Institute of Planners will be held ing and engaging our members”. It in Banff Alberta at the Banff Springs Hotel, includes a number of goals and objectives tHursDAY octoBer 11tH 2012 from 7:30 am to that cIp will work at over the next three 9:00 am. years to pursue our vision of “improved quality of life through excellence in profes- ☛ tHe neW ciP strAteGic PlAn, sional planning”. As Well As memBer & surVeY cIp extends sincere thanks to all mem- results, is noW AVAilABle bers who responded to the memBersHiP online surVeY conducted in May 2012. Your cIp is pleased to announce the release of its responses helped to evaluate member satis- new 2012–2015 strAteGic PlAn. The plan was faction, and increase awareness of cIp formulated during a series of meetings that products and services. We were able to began last spring and culminated in a June gain some insight into cIp member expecta- 2012 strategic planning retreat, with cIp tions and how members perceived the Council, staff , and advisory committee value and benefi ts of cIp services. CIP chairs in attendance. Members and retreat The greatest satisfaction expressed by participants were very forthcoming with members was as a result of cIp’s national their ideas, sparking lively discussion of level involvement in certifi cation, our pub- the changes, opportunities, and challenges lications, and our conferences. Members cIp must address over the next three years. were less satisfi ed and want to see cIp NEWS The new plan—entitled "Moving increase activity with regard to increasing

☛ conVocAtion De Intitulé Aller de l’avant : Nouvelles l’AssemBlÉe GÉnÉrAle orientations, le nouveau plan expose Annuelle 2012 De l’icu la mission de l’Icu qui consiste à L’assemblée générale annuelle de l’Institut « promouvoir l’urbanisme au Canada canadien des urbanistes se tiendra à Banff , et à l’étranger en servant les intérêts ÉCHOS en Alberta, au Banff Springs Hotel, le JeuDi de ses membres, en les éduquant, en 11 octoBre 2012, de 7 h 30 à 9 h. les informant et en encourageant leur participation ». Il comporte un certain 4 ☛ le nouVeAu PlAn nombre de buts et d’objectifs que l’Institut strAtÉGiQue De l’icu De mÊme a l’intention de poursuivre au cours des Que les rÉsultAts Du sonDAGe trois prochaines années afi n de concrétiser DE menÉ AuPrÈs Des memBres sa vision d’« améliorer la qualité de sont mAintenAnt en liGne vie par la promotion de l’excellence en C’est avec fi erté que l’Icu annonce la urbanisme ». publication de son nouveau PlAn L’Icu tient à remercier sincèrement tous strAtÉGiQue triennAl (2012–2015) élaboré les membres qui ont répondu au dans le cadre d’une série de rencontres qui QuestionnAire envoyé en mai 2012. Vos L’ICU se sont amorcées au printemps et ont réponses nous ont permis d’évaluer la culminé avec la retraite de planifi cation satisfaction des membres et de mieux faire stratégique de juin 2012. Étaient présents connaître les produits et services off erts tous les membres du Conseil, le personnel par l’Icu, en plus de nous aider à mieux de l’Icu et les présidents des comités comprendre les attentes des membres et la consultatifs. La participation active des façon dont ceux-ci perçoivent la valeur et plan canada | FALL · AUTOMNE 2012 membres de l’Icu et des participants à la les avantages des services qui leur sont retraite a suscité des discussions animées o ff e r t . s sur les changements, les perspectives et les Dans ce questionnaire, les membres ont défi s auxquels l’Icu doit faire face au cours exprimé leur plus grande satisfaction à des trois prochaines années. l’égard de la participation à l’échelle

PCQ3_2012_Book 4 2012-09-19 12:30 PM public awareness and focusing media atten- and Arminda Dumpierrez of the Toronto- ProFessionAl stAnDArDs BoArD (a service tion on the importance of the planning based consulting group Optimus | SBR. delivery body, not to be confused with the profession. The greatest degree of satisfac- To read the new Strategic Plan and sum- Professional Standards Committee). In an tion expressed by members resulted from mary survey results, please log in to the cIp era of labour mobility, this arrangement cIp’s work representing the profession on Members Only website soon! means that the professional planner’s offi - key issues, such as climate change and cial certifi cation will be recognized and healthy communities. The development of ☛ ciP/AFFiliAte PresiDents honored Canada-wide. The agreement is guides, tools and resources designed to siGn lAnDmArK AGreement yet another momentous highlight of the advance the practice of planning was The Canadian Institute of Planners (cIp) is Planning for the Future initiative which, greatly appreciated as was cIp’s stellar rep- pleased to announce that an agreement starting in 2007, engaged numerous cIp/ resentation of the profession to was signed in July 2012, formally establish- affi liate task forces in reviewing and rec- government, and to related professions and ing a new national ProFessionAl stAnDArDs ommending changes to our professional agencies. committee in cooperation with the membership standards and certifi cation Members also expressed an interest in Planning Institute of British Columbia, the processes. supplementary professional learning Alberta Professional Planners Institute, the In June 2011, cIp’s membership opportunities, so the new strategic plan Association of Professional Community endorsed a number of by-law amendments incorporates opportunities for cIp to work Planners of Saskatchewan, the Manitoba required to put the new standards and pro- more collaboratively with its affi liates to Professional Planners Institute, the Ontario cesses into practice. Since then, affi liates make more learning opportunities Professional Planners Institute, and the have also endorsed any necessary by-law available. Atlantic Planners Institute. amendments required for them to imple- The survey fi ndings were instrumental The new committee will allow the part- ment the changes. in providing membership input for the ners to review and revise the membership cIp, meanwhile, undertook activity in strategic planning retreat, delivered under standards and processes, and will be consultation with and on behalf of all of the guidance of facilitators Charles Hain administered by the newly established the parties to manage the establishment of

nationale de l’Icu dans le processus facilitateurs Charles Hain et Arminda Administré par le conseil Des normes d’attestation, de son travail de Dumpierrez de la fi rme Optimus | SBR—un ProFessionnelles nouvellement créé (un représentation de la profession sur des groupe d’experts-conseils de Toronto—les organisme de prestation de services à ne enjeux comme le changement climatique et résultats du questionnaire ont contribué à pas confondre avec le Comité des normes la santé des communautés, et de ses faire connaître les commentaires des professionnelles), le nouveau comité publications et congrès. Ils se sont membres aux participants à la retraite de permettra aux partenaires d’examiner et de

également déclarés fort satisfaits des planifi cation stratégique. réviser les normes et les processus l'ICU l'icu DE de newsNEWSÉCHOS échos cip CIP • • guides, outils et ressources conçus pour Le nouveau plan stratégique et le d’adhésion. À l’heure de la mobilité de la promouvoir la pratique de l’urbanisme, de résumé des résultats du questionnaire main-d’œuvre, cet accord consolide la 5 même que de la brillante représentation de seront affi chés sous peu sur le site Web reconnaissance professionnelle des l’Icu de la profession auprès du réservé aux membres de l’Icu. urbanistes dans l’ensemble du pays. gouvernement et des professions et L’accord constitue un autre point saillant du organisations connexes. Par contre, ils se ☛ les PrÉsiDents De l’icu et projet Le futur de l’urbanisme qui, depuis sa sont montrés moins satisfaits des activités De ses sociÉtÉs AFFiliÉes mise en œuvre en 2007, a permis à de de l’Icu en matière de sensibilisation du siGnent un AccorD HistoriQue nombreux groupes de travail représentant public et des médias à l’importance de la L’Institut canadien des urbanistes (Icu) a le l’Icu et ses organismes affi liés d’étudier et profession d’urbaniste et souhaitent que plaisir d’annoncer la signature, en juillet de recommander des changements à nos l’Institut multiplie ses eff orts à cet égard. 2012, d’un accord visant la création normes professionnelles d’adhésion et Étant donné que les membres avaient offi cielle d’un nouveau comitÉ nAtionAl Des processus d’attestation. manifesté leur intérêt à l’égard de futures normes ProFessionnelles en collaboration En juin 2011, les membres de l’Icu possibilités de perfectionnement avec le Planning Institute of British avaient approuvé un certain nombre de professionnel, le nouveau plan stratégique Columbia, l’Alberta Professional Planners modifi cations aux règlements nécessaires à comporte aussi des occasions de Institute, l’Association of Professional la mise en pratique des nouvelles normes et collaboration étroite entre l’Icu et ses Community Planners of Saskatchewan, le des nouveaux processus. Depuis, les plan canada | FALL · AUTOMNE 2012 sociétés affi liées dans le but de rendre Manitoba Professional Planners Institute, sociétés affi liées ont suivi leur exemple en accessible un plus grand nombre l’Institut des planifi cateurs professionnels approuvant également toutes les d’occasions d’apprentissage. de l’Ontario et l’Institut des urbanistes de modifi cations aux règlements requises Présentés avec l’assistance des l’Atlantique. pour la mise en œuvre des changements.

PCQ3_2012_Book 5 2012-09-19 12:30 PM the Professional Standards Board, includ- will be ready to accept applications for We are proud to be a part of the World ing hiring a managements fi rm to Candidate Membership. Town Planning Day VirtuAl conFerence administer the new body. The Institute > ProVisionAl memBers remain From noVemBer 6–7, a truly international also facilitated activity around develop- Provisional Members and continue discussion on the importance of connect- ment of and reaching accord on the new under the current membership process. ing smart communities. Visit www. pSc agreement. Information regarding the “old” process planningtheworld.net for more details. The Professional Standards Board has will be available on your respective affi l- held preliminary meetings and has applied iate website. You may be invited to ☛ tHe internAtionAl council for legal incorporation under Canadian not- transfer to the “new” system—details For locAl enVironmentAl for-profi t legislation. It is expected to be will follow. initiAtiVes (iclei) liVABle ready by early Fall 2012 to accept and han- > Full memBers remain Full Members. cities Forum dle Candidate (Provisional) Membership IcleI and the City of Hamilton have joined applications on behalf of the affi liates. ☛ WorlD toWn PlAnninG DAY forces to bring you the liVABle cities Forum This is an historic milestone for the noVemBer 8, 2012—connectinG which will take place on noVemBer 29–30, planning profession in Canada. Once the smArt communities 2012. The theme of this year’s forum is, new by-law and membership process Since 1949, WoRld toWn plannInG daY has “Creating Adaptive and Resilient comes into eff ect, what this change means been celebrated in more than 30 countries Communities”. The event will provide a to you depends on your current status: on four continents worldwide. tHe cAnADiAn platform for municipal practitioners and institute oF PlAnners, together with its elected offi cials to discuss the importance > stuDent memBers remain Student seven provincial affi liates, invites you to cel- of urban climate change adaptation, and its Members, and may eventually become ebrate the role of planning and how the vital role at the local level. Panel discus- Candidate Members under the new advances in technology shape our world—a sions, plenaries, and interactive workshops membership process. Please consult the world where mobility and access, virtual will highlight how adaptation can be incor- website Planning in Canada (www. communities and Internet connectivity help porated into everyday practice and policies. planningincanada.ca) to ascertain when bring us together and transform our cities Canadian municipalities are on board, and the new Professional Standards Board and rural areas into vibrant public spaces. will realize the benefi ts and opportunities

Parallèlement et en concertation avec notamment l’embauche d’un cabinet de accord relatif au Comité des normes toutes les parties et en leur nom, l’Icu s’est gestion afi n d’administrer le nouvel professionnelles. occupé de gérer la création du Conseil des organisme, et de favoriser l’élaboration et En plus de tenir des réunions prélimi- normes professionnelles, en assurant la conclusion d’une entente sur le nouvel naires, le Conseil des normes

cip news • échos de l'icu de news échos cip • professionnelles a fait une demande de constitution en vertu de la législation 6 canadienne relative aux organismes sans but lucratif. Il s’agit d’un jalon historique pour la profession au Canada et il est prévu que le conseil sera en mesure d’accepter et de traiter les demandes d’adhésion (provi- soire) des candidats au nom des organismes affi liés dès le début de l’automne 2012. L’entrée en vigueur du règlement autori- sant la mise en œuvre du nouveau processus d’adhésion se répercutera sur chaque statut comme suit :

> stAtut ÉtuDiAnt. Les membres étudiants conservent leur statut actuel et peuvent accéder au statut de candidat en vertu plan canada | FALL · AUTOMNE 2012 du nouveau processus d’adhésion. Pour vérifi er à quel moment le nouveau Conseil des normes professionnelles sera prêt à accepter les demandes d’adhésion au statut de candidat,

PCQ3_2012_Book 6 2012-09-19 12:30 PM that result from community engagement planning, led by the cH&pa. These goals to succeed. The project team included a and partnerships. Please join us for this wereOsborne to be attained Village, Winnipeg, by empowering Manitoba the project manager, project coordinator and exciting and timely event! cH&pa and with civil society participation, administrative assistant based in Ottawa, the ability to deliver and implement cdps working with a full-time project coordina- in the decision-making process related to tor and project intern based in Georgetown, community-level investment in social and Guyana. The project team worked closely physical infrastructure. with the staff of cH&pa to design and The Project was designed to: (1) implement the project work plan. The proj- Support to the preparation of Community ect team was further supported by young Development Plans (cdps); (2) Deliver a professional interns from Canada who were program of Training & Institutional hosted by the cH&pa which was funded ☛ cAnADA-GuYAnA Strengthening to Guyanese public sector through the cIda International Youth PArtnersHiP For communitY professionals and community leaders; (3) Internship Program (IYIp), under cIp’s PlAnninG (c-GPcP) Develop systems and tools to ensure Plan WorldLink internship program. A total of The cAnADA-GuYAnA PArtnersHiP For Implementation; and, (4) delivering a six IYIp-funded interns were hosted by communitY PlAnninG (c-Gpcp) was a cIda- series of Communications and Promotions cH&pa over the life of the project. The funded partnership between the Canadian intended to enhance good planning prac- c-Gpcp’s mandate was completed on March Institute of Planners (cIp) and the tice throughout the Caribbean region by 31, 2012. Government of Guyana’s Central Housing improving annual regional meetings, com- Please visit the project website (canguy- & Planning Authority (cH&pa) and was in munity engagement projects and media planningproject.org) for more information eff ect from April 2009 to March 2012. The engagement. about the Canada-Guyana Planning Project. Project’s purpose was to increase the trans- Year one was devoted to establishing parency and accountability in public sector the basic project infrastructure: putting ☛ 2013 PiBc/ciP nAtionAl decision-making, related to investment in the team together, developing new rela- conFerence Announcement social and physical infrastructure, by tionships, building new tools, and The Vision for the 2013 pIBc/cIp National means of community development acquiring the resources necessary Conference is a little diff erent. inFuse 2013

rendez-vous sur le site Web Planning in invite à rendre hommage au rôle de Villes ViABles qui se déroulera les 29 et 30 Canada (www.planningincanada.ca). l’urbanisme et des avancées noVemBre 2012 sous le thème « Créer des > stAtut ProVisoire. Les membres provi- technologiques dans le monde communautés résilientes et capables soires conservent leur statut actuel et d’aujourd’hui—un monde où la mobilité, d’adaptation ». L’événement donnera aux

continuent d’être assujettis au processus l’accessibilité, les communautés virtuelles intervenants municipaux et représentants l'icu de news échos cip • d’adhésion existant. L’information rela- et l’accès à Internet nous aident à élus une tribune pour leur permettre de tive à l’« ancien » processus sera rapprocher et faire de nos communautés discuter de l’importance de l’adaptation au 7 disponible sur le site Web de chaque urbaines et rurales des espaces publics changement climatique en milieu urbain et société affi liée. Il est possible qu’on vous dynamiques. de son rôle fondamental à l’échelle locale. invite à adopter le « nouveau » proces- Nous sommes fi ers de participer les 6 et Discussions en groupe, comités pléniers et sus. De plus amples détails seront 7 noVemBre prochains À lA conFÉrence ateliers interactifs mettront en relief la communiqués en temps et lieu. « Virtuelle » de la Journée mondiale de façon dont l’adaptation peut être intégrée à > stAtut À PArt entiÈre. Les membres à l’urbanisme qui permettra aux urbanistes la pratique et aux politiques quotidiennes. part entière conservent leur statut des quatre coins de la planète de discuter Les municipalités canadiennes sont actuel. de l’importance de connecter les collectivi- d’accord : cet événement leur permettra de tés ingénieuses. Plus d’info sur www. prendre conscience des avantages et des ☛ JournÉe monDiAle De planningtheworld.net (en anglais perspectives qui résultent de l’engagement l’urBAnisme Du 8 noVemBre seulement). et des partenariats communautaires. Ne 2012—connecter les manquez pas cet événement captivant et de collectiVitÉs inGÉnieuses ☛ le Forum Des Villes ViABles circonstance! Depuis 1949, la JournÉe monDiAle De Du conseil internAtionAl plan canada | FALL · AUTOMNE 2012 l’urBAnisme est célébrée dans plus d’une Pour les initiAtiVes ☛ PArtenAriAt cAnADA- trentaine de pays sur quatre continents. ÉcoloGiQues communAles GuYAnA Pour lA PlAniFicAtion L’Institut canadien des urbanistes, de (iclei) communAutAire (PcGPc) concert avec ses sept organismes Le IcleI et la ville d’Hamilton ont uni leurs Financé par l’acdI, le PArtenAriAt cAnADA- provinciaux et régionaux affi liés, vous forces pour vous présenter le Forum Des GuYAnA Pour lA PlAniFicAtion

PCQ3_2012_Book 7 2012-09-19 12:30 PM plans to ignite your practice with strong waterfront walkway is the backdrop. Bring questions. Join us in Vancouver for inFuse elements of professional development, new your creativity, your passion, your 2013! I ways of communicating and a more delib- erate focus on delegate interaction. Social change, Vancouver’s version of urbanism, inclusion, and the planning profession’s achievements and challenges in the Metro Vancouver laboratory will fan the fl ame. Cultural and social opportunities not only play a major role, but help defi ne the conference as they do our communi- ties. Keynote speakers cAnDY cHAnG and mArK KinGWell represent leading thinkers who transform people nationally and inter- nationally, and will challenge attendees to inFuse their practice with new concepts and strategies. The Westin Bayshore Hotel, located on Vancouver’s picturesque

communAutAire (pcGpc), un projet de communautaire et une participation des ☛ conGrÈs nAtionAl 2013 Du partenariat entre l’Institut canadien des médias, afi n de favoriser et d’améliorer les PiBc et De l’icu urbanistes (Icu) et la Central Housing & bonnes pratiques de planifi cation dans Organisé conjointement par le pIBc et l’Icu, Planning Authority (cH&pa) du toute la région des Caraïbes. le congrès national 2013 renouvelle sa gouvernement du Guyana, s’est déroulé Les trois années d’activité du projet de vision. insuFFler 2013 a pour but de pro- d’avril 2009 à mars 2012. Le projet visait à pcGpc ont pris fi n le 31 mars 2012. La pre- pulser votre carrière grâce à des activités accroître la transparence et la reddition de mière année du projet a été consacrée à soutenues de perfectionnement profession- compte du processus décisionnel du l’établissement de l’infrastructure du pro- nel, de nouvelles façons de communiquer secteur public touchant les investissements jet : mise en place de l’équipe, des et un accent plus délibéré sur les échanges dans l’infrastructure sociale et physique relations, des outils et des ressources néces- entre participants. Le changement social— grâce à une planifi cation du saires à l’atteinte des résultats. L’équipe du la version de l’urbanisme proposée par développement communautaire dirigée projet comprenait un gestionnaire de pro- Vancouver—l’inclusion et les réalisations

cip news • échos de l'icu de news échos cip • par la cH&pa. Cet objectif devait se réaliser jet, un coordonnateur de projet et un et les défi s de la profession dans la région en donnant à la cH&pa la capacité adjoint administratif travaillant à partir métropolitaine de Vancouver seront votre 8 d’élaborer et de mettre en œuvre des plans d’Ottawa (Canada) en collaboration avec source d’inspiration. Les possibilités cul- de développement communautaire un coordonnateur de projet et un stagiaire turelles et sociales jouent non seulement un contribuant à une augmentation de la sur place, à Georgetown (Guyana). L’équipe rôle majeur, elles défi nissent les fonctions transparence, de la reddition de compte et a travaillé en étroite collaboration avec le du congrès comme celles de nos commu- de la participation de la société civile dans personnel de la cH&pa à la conception et à nautés. Les conférenciers d’honneur cAnDY le processus décisionnel touchant la mise en œuvre du plan de travail du pro- cHAnG et mArK KinGWell—des penseurs de l’investissement communautaire dans jet. L’équipe de projet a également reçu premier plan qui transforment les gens ici l’infrastructure sociale et physique. l’aide de jeunes stagiaires professionnels comme à l’étranger—vous encourageront à Le projet était structuré de façon à : (1) canadiens qui étaient accueillis par la I n s u e r à votre profession de nouveaux soutenir la préparation de plans de déve- cH&pa et fi nancés par le Programme de concepts et stratégies. loppement communautaire (pdc); (2) off rir stages internationaux pour les jeunes (pSIJ) Surplombant le magnifi que front de un programme de formation et de renforce- de l’acdI, par l’intermédiaire du pro- mer de Vancouver, le Westin Bayshore ment des institutions aux professionnels du gramme de stages WorldLink de l’Icu. Au Hotel qui accueille le congrès national sera secteur public et aux dirigeants commu- total, six stagiaires fi nancés par le pSIJ ont l’endroit idéal pour laisser libre cours à nautaires du Guyana; (3) élaborer des été accueillis par la cH&pa au cours du votre créativité, votre passion et vos ques- plan canada | FALL · AUTOMNE 2012 systèmes et des outils pour assurer la mise projet. tions. Soyez des nôtres à Vancouver pour en œuvre des plans; (4) off rir une série Consultez le site http://canguyplanning- insuFFler 2013! I d’activités de communication et de promo- project.org pour obtenir de plus amples tion, incluant des réunions régionales renseignements sur le projet de planifi ca- annuelles, des projets de participation tion Canada-Guyana.

PCQ3_2012_Book 8 2012-09-19 12:30 PM ☛ neW memBers/nouVeAuX memBres cIp welcomes the following new full members to the Institute: L’Icu souhaite la bienvenue au sein de l’Institut aux nouveaux mem- bres à part entière suivants :

Wesley Andreas oppI Brad Bevill appI Indro Bhattacharyya oppI Margaretha Bloem appI Jaydean Boldt appI Marcia Bond pIBc Jason M. Brander oppI Jacqueline A. Candaras oppI Calvin Chan oppI Jason P. Chen oppI Tammy C. Chung oppI Tracey Connatty appI Bryan S. Cooper oppI Sarah Cooper mppI Matt Craig pIBc Liliana Da Silva oppI Michael Dhaliwal pIBc Steven J. Dixon oppI Ewa Downarowicz oppI Donna L. Doyle oppI Jeff D. Duggan oppI Jeanette Elmore pIBc Jane Evans pIBc Jessica A. Ferri oppI Natalie M. Hayhoe oppI Tomas Hertel oppI Tim P. Jessop oppI Andrew C. Jones apI Erik W. Karvinen oppI Nima Samimi Kia oppI Joyce L. Kwong oppI Ian T. Malczewski oppI Frank M. Marzo oppI Patrick R. Mason oppI Malcolm McGuire pIBc Michelle McNaughton pIBc Dwight G. Mercer apcpS l'icu de news échos cip • Katherine Mihaljevic oppI Ryan T. Moore oppI Calvin Cameron Nelson appI 9 Karin N. Phuong oppI Stephen Pratte mppI Robert G. Pringle oppI Maher Abdul Rahim oppI Michelle Reid appI Joshua D. Reis oppI Chris B. Russell oppI David C. N. Schulz oppI Cameron Scott pIBc Wayne Shanks appI Brianne Smith pIBc Thomas Stubbs appI Brad Toth apcpS Graig R. M. Uens oppI Carolyn J. Van Sligtenhorst oppI Natanella Vukojevic pIBc plan canada | FALL · AUTOMNE 2012 Marianne Wade appI Charlotte Wain pIBc Jessie Wang pIBc Erin Welk appI Dwayne Whiteside apcpS Blaine Yatabe apcpS

PCQ3_2012_Book 9 2012-09-19 12:30 PM From tHe eDitoriaL YeArs AGo, while researching my policies favouring compact urban form BoarD cHair thesis concerning city planning think- would not be as signifi cant in terms of Le mot DU PrÉsiDent ing in the 1940s and 50s, I came across reducing energy consumption, when com- DU comitÉ De rÉDaction an article from an American planning pared to improvements in technological journal which stated that “everyone is in effi ciencies or changes in modal choice. favor of fast and effi cient freeways”—the At the same time, such policies could also epitome of prevailing orthodoxy in an era result in negative externalities, including of Interstate Highway construction. Now, higher housing prices. when I share this quote with students, it For weeks, the planet listserv² lit up PLanninG only elicits derisive laughter. Clearly, plan- with planning academics arguing not only ning ideologies, like any other, change about the article’s methods and fi ndings, over time along with social conditions and but even the appropriateness of its pub- values, with the result that one generation’s lication in a major publication like Japa. JournaLs orthodoxies—and their expression in con- Contributors to the debate lamented that temporary professional journals such as the article made planning seem “incoher- Plan Canada—may become subject to con- ent”, with one policy maker pointing out BetWeen demnation or ridicule in the next. that, if planners couldn’t agree on some- These tensions are readily apparent thing this basic—whether urban form in the response to an article published matters—what then should politicians ortHodoXy and in the Spring 2012 issue of the Journal of think of their advice? the America Planning Association (Japa), One of the concerns off ered was that entitled “Growing Cities Sustainably: Does the article would give ready ammuni- Contrarianism in Urban Form Really Matter?”¹ In it, the tion to Smart Growth opponents, which authors applied a predictive urban develop- it did: on July 16th, well-known libertar- ment model to three metro regions in the ian Wendell Cox argued that the Japa CHaLLenGinG times uK. They determined that Smart Growth article was a case of planning insiders

il Y A Bien Des AnnÉes, alors que auteurs avaient appliqué un modèle dans le cadre de ma thèse, je faisais des prédictif de développement urbain recherches sur les modes de pensée en à trois régions métropolitaines du Les matière d’urbanisme dans les années Royaume-Uni. Tout en déterminant que 1940 et 1950, je suis tombé sur un article les politiques de croissance intelligente d’une revue d’urbanisme américaine qui privilégiant l’aménagement urbain affi rmait que « tout le monde est partisan compact n’auraient pas autant d’impact en 10 reVues des autoroutes rapides et effi caces »—la matière de réduction de la consommation quintessence de la doctrine dominante à d’énergie que l’amélioration de l’effi cacité l’époque de la construction des autoroutes des innovations technologiques ou le inter-États. Aujourd’hui, cette citation ne changement des modes utilisés, ils avaient d’urBanisme : fait que susciter des railleries de la part souligné que ces politiques pouvaient de mes étudiants. Manifestement, les également produire des eff ets pervers, idéologies en matière d’urbanisme, comme notamment l’augmentation des prix du JonGLer entre toutes les autres, changent avec le temps, logement. ainsi que les conditions et les valeurs Pendant des semaines, la liste de sociales, avec le résultat que les principes d i ff u s i o nplanet ² a été au centre de ConFormisme et d’une génération—et leur expression dans vifs débats entre divers enseignants les revues professionnelles contemporaines en urbanisme qui s’élevaient contre comme Plan Canada—peuvent être la méthodologie et les conclusions de Contre-VÉritÉ condamnés ou ridiculisés par la suivante. l’article, mettant en doute la pertinence Ces tensions sont apparentes dans de sa parution dans une publication plan canada | FALL · AUTOMNE 2012 la réponse à un article publié dans le de premier ordre comme le Japa. Les en PÉriode numéro du printemps 2012 du Journal of participants aux échanges déploraient la the America Planning Association (Japa), description apparemment « incohérente » intitulé « Growing Cities Sustainably: de l’urbanisme dans l’article, un décideur d’inCertitude Does Urban Form Really Matter?¹ » Les faisant observer que si les urbanistes ne

PCQ3_2012_Book 10 2012-09-19 12:30 PM questioning “messianic” Smart Growth to maintain legitimacy,” noting further planning solution carries with it the planning.³ But, countered critics, there that, “there is a big diff erence between potential for unexpected or unintended are serious limitations to drawing conclu- healthy debate/new thinking and attention- consequences, which make certainty sions for North American planning from grabbing contrarianism.” This is indeed a impossible. the Japa article, when the analysis was delicate balance, and one which a publica- This recognition runs through this undertaken in British city-regions, which tion like Plan Canada must continually issue of Plan Canada. Bruce Newbold are already much more dense, resulting in strive to maintain. argues that the good intentions behind understandably less signifi cant change.⁴ What I thought fascinating to observe Ontario’s Greenbelt have led to longer com- Of particular importance to readers in this e-mail forum (which is still ongoing mutes from beyond the greenbelt (p. 13), (and publishers) of current planning lit- as of this writing) was how the conversa- while Laura Taylor and Kirsten Valentine erature like Plan Canada, were ethical tion quickly shifted from a debate over the Cadieux (p. 16) explain the paradox of concerns expressed over professional jour- merits of the Japa article itself to broader exurban development: that it erodes the nals running such articles at all, or at least discussions; these ranged from the role very natural settings within which so many without qualifi cation or the soliciting of a of empirical research in policy-making are seeking to live. Robert J. Patrick and published counterpoint. Such was the case (“science takes a long time, and our real Deborah Cheesbrough explore the con- in the famous 1997 debate in Japa between world will not wait” as one correspondent cepts of food deserts, and fi nds that they Peter Gordon and Harry Richardson (“Are observed) to the problematic relationship can aff ect people of any income bracket, Compact Cities a Desirable Planning between planning and science, resur- not just those with lower incomes (p. 22), Goal?”⁵) and Reid Ewing (“Is Los Angeles- recting Rittel and Webber’s (1973) classic and Alain Miguelez (p. 28) explains how a Style Sprawl Desirable?”⁶). One dissenter characterization of planning problems as suggested that, by calling into question “wicked”.⁷ Wicked problems, they wrote, what had until now been general consen- have no end point, are always symptoms sus on the desirability of Smart Growth, of other problems, and are so aff ected by Japa was “undermin[ing] the planning every intervention that they can have no academy, the value of research, and the ultimate solution. health of a profession now struggling In other words, every potential

BY / PAr micHAel DuDleY

pouvaient s’entendre sur un point aussi problème éthique de la parution de ces fondamental que l’importance ou non articles dans des revues professionnelles, de l’aménagement urbain, que devraient ou du moins leur parution sans nuance penser les politiciens de leurs conseils? ou sans l’invitation de la publication (qui est toujours en cours au moment Les intervenants craignaient aussi d’une interprétation diff érente. Tel fut le où j’écris ces lignes), c’est la façon dont

que l’article donne de l’eau au moulin des cas dans le fameux débat de 1997 publié la conversation a rapidement passé from the editorial board chair • leLe mot du présidentprésIdent du comitéComité de rédaction détracteurs de la politique de la croissance dans le Japa, qui opposait Peter Gordon des mérites de l’article du Japa à des intelligente. Et ils avaient bien raison de et Harry Richardson (« Are Compact discussions beaucoup plus larges, portant 11 le croire puisque le 16 juillet dernier, le Cities a Desirable Planning Goal?⁵ ») à autant sur le rôle de la recherche empirique libertarien bien connu Wendell Cox a fait Reid Ewing (« Is Los Angeles-Style Sprawl dans l’élaboration de politiques (« la science valoir que l’article du Japa était un exemple Desirable?⁶ »). Une opinion dissidente avait exige beaucoup de temps, mais le monde de remise en question par les urbanistes de suggéré qu’en remettant en cause ce qui réel n’en a pas à perdre », un spécialiste l’application « messianique » de la politique avait jusqu’à maintenant fait consensus a-t-il constaté) que le lien problématique urbaine de la croissance intelligente³. relativement à l’avantage de la croissance entre l’urbanisme et la science, donnant Heureusement, les critiques ont répliqué intelligente, la revue Japa « s’attaqu[ait] du poids à la qualifi cation typique des qu’il était mal avisé de tirer des conclusions au milieu des urbanistes, à la valeur de la problèmes d’urbanisme de Rittel et relativement à l’urbanisme en Amérique recherche et à la santé d’une profession Webber (1973) comme étant « pernicieux⁷ ». du Nord puisque l’étude avait porté sur des peinant à assurer sa légitimité », notant Les problèmes pernicieux, écrivent- villes-régions britanniques, forcément plus en outre qu’« il y a une grande diff érence ils, n’ont pas de fi n : ils sont toujours densément peuplées et donc naturellement entre un débat constructif ou des idées symptomatiques d’autres problèmes et sont moins susceptibles de changer de façon novatrices et la contre-vérité qui ne sert tellement aggravés par chaque intervention importante⁴. qu’à attirer l’attention ». Et il s’agit en qu’ils ne peuvent produire aucune solution Une autre préoccupation soulevée par eff et d’un équilibre délicat auquel une défi nitive. plan canada | FALL · AUTOMNE 2012 les critiques, et qui revêt une importance publication comme Plan Canada doit En d’autres termes, chaque solution particulière pour les lecteurs (et éditeurs) toujours s’eff orcer de parvenir. potentielle à un problème d’urbanisme des revues actuelles sur l’urbanisme Ce que j’ai trouvé intéressant de comporte en soi le potentiel de comme Plan Canada, portait sur le constater dans cet échange de courriels conséquences inattendues ou involontaires,

PCQ3_2012_Book 11 2012-09-19 12:30 PM Smart Growth policy promoting infi ll but result of the collective behaviours of many reFerenCes / rÉFÉrenCes without design guidelines can lead to unex- thousands or millions of—ultimately unpre- 1. Echenique mH, Hargreaves aJ, Mitchell G, Namdeo A. pected problems in terms of what actually dictable—people. The best we can hope for, Growing Cities Sustainably: Does Urban Form Really gets built. Jeff Ward’s “Tale of Two Suburbs” it would appear, is “muddling through”.⁸ Matter? Journal of the American Planning Association 2012;78:2:121–37. (p. 32) shows how the installation of rec- So to, must our literature. Magazines 2. planet List at the / Liste planet à l’University of reational pathways in a neighbourhood such as Plan Canada and Japa remain the Buff alo. Available at / Récupérée de http://listserv. buff alo.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A0=planet won’t result in everyday use if they aren’t profession’s fora in which our ideas are 3. Cox W. Questioning the Messianic Conception of Smart connected to actual destinations, and, on tested, discussed, compared and recorded Growth. Heartlander July 16th / 16 juillet, 2012. Available at / Récupéré de : http://news.heartland.org/ a related note, Paul Shaker (p. 40) demon- for posterity. No single magazine article newspaper-article/2012/07/16/questioning-messianic- strates the intersections between economic should be seen as a threat to established conception-smart-growth 4. Pendall R. Simulating Sprawl Reduction: We’re not development and pedestrian environments, practice; that one can stimulate debate England. Metrotrends 2012 2 August. Available at / challenging assumptions about effi cient about our practice should only be seen as a Récupéré de : http://blog.metrotrends.org/2012/08/ simulating-sprawl-reduction-england/ road transport. good thing. 5. Gordon P. Richardson HW. Are Compact Cities a Of course, knowing that planning At their best, professional publications Desirable Planning Goal? Journal of the American Planning Association 1997;63(1):95–105. interventions may lead to unintended con- should provoke and inspire debate, rather 6. Ewing R. Is Los Angeles-style sprawl desirable? Journal sequences is no impeachment of planning than soothe, affi rm and congratulate; this of the American Planning Association 1997;63(1):107–26. I 7. Rittel H, Webber M. Dilemmas in a General Theory of itself; it simply means we need to expect is how a profession matures. Planning. Policy Sciences, Vol. 4, Elsevier Scientifi c the unexpected. As well, the very urgency Publishing Company, Inc., Amsterdam; 1973:155–69. of many of the issues with which we are micHAel DuDleY, mciP, is the 8. Lindblom C. The Science Of ‘Muddling Through’. Public Administration Review 1959;19:79–88. faced compels us to act on the information Indigenous and Urban Services Librarian we have at hand, and with the analysis that for the University of Winnipeg and an seems to make the most sense. We cannot adjunct faculty member of the Department have absolute certainty about urban out- of City Planning at the University of comes arising from our planning, especially Manitoba’s Faculty of Architecture. He can since cities are not merely artifacts but the be reached at: [email protected]

ce qui fait en sorte que la certitude est de sentiers récréatifs dans un quartier publications. Les revues comme Plan impossible. n’encourage guère leur usage quotidien si Canada et Japa demeurent le cadre au Et c’est ce principe d’une impossible ceux-ci ne mènent pas à des destinations sein duquel les idées de notre profession certitude qui imprègne le présent numéro précises. Enfi n, dans le même registre, sont éprouvées, discutées, comparées de Plan Canada. Bruce Newbold (p. 13) Paul Shaker (p. 40) fait le lien entre le et enregistrées pour la postérité. Aucun soutient que les bonnes intentions qui se développement économique et les zones article de magazine ne devrait être cachent derrière la ceinture de verdure piétonnes, mettant en doute le principe de perçu comme une menace à la pratique

from the editorial board chair • le mot du président du comité de rédaction de l’Ontario se sont soldées par de plus l’effi cacité du transport routier. établie, mais bien comme une façon de longs trajets, bien au-delà de cette ceinture Bien entendu, savoir que les interven- susciter le débat sur celle-ci. Au mieux, les 12 verte. De leur côté, Laura Taylor et Kirsten tions en matière d’urbanisme peuvent publications professionnelles devraient Valentine Cadieux (p. 16) expliquent le mener à des conséquences inattendues provoquer et inspirer le débat au lieu de paradoxe de l’expansion extra-urbaine ne remet pas en question l’urbanisme fl atter, affi rmer et féliciter; c’est seulement qui fragilise le cadre naturel à l’intérieur comme tel, cela signifi e simplement que ainsi qu’une profession parvient à duquel un si grand nombre cherchent nous devons prévoir l’imprévu. De plus, maturité. I à vivre. Robert J. Patrick et Deborah l’urgence de bon nombre des enjeux aux- Cheesbrough (p. 22) explore le concept quels nous faisons face nous oblige à agir micHAel DuDleY, micu, est biblio- des déserts alimentaires et constate qu’ils sur les données que nous avons en main thécaire, services autochtones et urbains à peuvent avoir des eff ets défavorables et sur l’analyse qui semble avoir le plus l’Université de Winnipeg, et membre auxili- sur n’importe quelle tranche de revenus, de sens. Il nous est impossible d’avoir aire du corps professoral du département de pas seulement les moins élevées. Alain une confi ance absolue aux résultats que l’urbanisme à la Faculté d’architecture de Miguelez (p. 28), quant à lui, précise notre planifi cation urbaine peut produire, l’Université du Manitoba. Il peut être joint à qu’une politique de croissance intelligente d’autant plus que les villes ne sont pas que l’adresse : [email protected] qui favorise l’édifi cation sur terrain de simples objets, mais bien le résultat de intercalaire, mais qui est dépourvue de comportements collectifs de plusieurs mil- plan canada | FALL · AUTOMNE 2012 lignes directrices sur la conception peut liers ou millions de personnes qui sont, en mener à des problèmes inattendus en défi nitive, imprévisibles. Il semblerait que matière de construction réelle. L’article ce que nous pouvons espérer de mieux c’est « Tale of Two Suburbs » de Jeff Ward (p. de « nous en sortir tant bien que mal⁸ ». 32) montre comment l’aménagement Et c’est également le lot de nos

PCQ3_2012_Book 12 2012-09-19 12:30 PM WHat ontario’s GreenBeLt and PLaCes to GroW LeGisLation means for Commuting in the GGH

BY K. Bruce neWBolD AnD DArren scott

summArY Ontario’s 2005 Greenbelt Plan and 2006 Growth Plan rÉsumÉ En Ontario, le plan de la ceinture de verdure de 2005 et for the Greater Golden Horseshoe (Places to Grow) established the le plan de croissance de la région élargie du Golden Horseshoe de legislative pieces to guide development and population growth 2006 (Place à la croissance) ont établi le cadre législatif permet- within Southern Ontario’s Greater Golden Horseshoe. In this arti- tant d’orienter l’aménagement et la croissance de la population cle, we focus on the intersection between migration and dans la région élargie du Golden Horseshoe située dans le sud de commuting distance in the GGH, within the context of ongoing la province. Cet article étudie les liens entre les mouvements population growth and legislative pieces. We show that migrants migratoires et les distances à parcourir dans cette région, dans le moving beyond the Greenbelt have generally longer commute dis- cadre de la croissance continue de la population et de la régle- tances, and discuss the implications for the sustainability of mentation existante. Il démontre que les distances à parcourir communities and government policies aimed at reducing the car- sont généralement plus longues pour ceux qui s’installent au-delà bon footprint. de la ceinture verte et propose une analyse des impacts sur la durabilité des communautés et les politiques gouvernementales visant à réduire l’empreinte carbone.

13 plan canada | FALL · AUTOMNE 2012 Does Ontario’s Greenbelt promote increased commuting distance? Our research suggests it does.

PCQ3_2012_Book 13 2012-09-19 12:30 PM ith some of the longest commute times in Canada (79 minutes round-trip), a our analysis on the 2006 ‘master fi le’ (rep- greater likelihood of commuting more than 25 km, and increasing commute resenting the 20% of the population that Wtimes,¹ residents of Southern Ontario’s Greater Golden Horseshoe (GGH) are all completed the long form), constraining too familiar with long commute times and distances. Throughout the GGH, and much of our sample to include only those aged 15 Canada, increased commuting time and distance refl ect the growth of suburban employ- years and older at the time of the census ment structures, loss of rural employment, transit options (i.e., public versus private and that reported paid employment in the week type of public transit), residential preferences, urban form, and population growth and prior to Census day and who lived within distribution. Work and residence are often increasingly separated, and decentralized set- the GGH study area. We were particularly tlement patterns have been associated with increased commute distances.² Similarly, the interested in the commuting impact of rapid growth of communities in the urban-rural fringe or rural areas has meant that more those who migrated from ‘inside’ the people are living in communities whose own labour markets may not provide a suffi cient Greenbelt (i.e., including the urbanized por- supply of jobs or a mismatch between skills and jobs, an outcome that often necessitates tions of Niagara, St. Catharines, Hamilton, long-distance commuting. Burlington, Oakville, Mississauga, Toronto, and Oshawa) to ‘outside’ the Greenbelt Recognizing that the GGH is Canada’s migration out of the core city and into prior to Census day in 2006. most heavily populated and urbanized smaller settlements, immigration, and Our analysis revealed that population region, and given its economic importance population ageing. The Toronto cma, for growth via migration in the Greenbelt’s and projected population growth, Ontario’s instance, grew by 9.2% between 2001 and outer ring is associated with an increase 2005 Greenbelt Plan and 2006 Growth Plan 2006, a rate greater than the provincial in commuter numbers and commuting for the Greater Golden Horseshoe (Places to average (6.6%). One of the highest rates distances. Between 2001 and 2006, an esti- Grow) established the legislative pieces to of population growth (23.8%) in all of mated 8,000 additional commuters crossed guide development and population growth Canada was in Barrie, Ontario, which the Greenbelt into the inner ring and in the region. Together, the plans identify is an approximate 80–100 minute com- the employment dense areas of Toronto, where growth must and must not occur mute from Toronto, and one that involves Mississauga, Oshawa and Hamilton, with by directing it to existing urban areas traversing the Greenbelt.³ Other areas a portion of this growth attributed to through intensifi cation and by providing that fall outside the Toronto cma and the migrants settling in outer-ring communi- permanent protection to the agricultural surrounding Greenbelt, but still within ties and then commuting back into the land base and the ecological features and Toronto’s commuter shed, including inner ring. Migration and settlement in functions occurring on this landscape, Bradford, Cambridge, Kitchener-Waterloo communities in the outer ring was also largely encircling metropolitan Toronto. and Guelph, also experienced strong, posi- associated with longer commute distances Future growth is directed to existing tive population growth over the 2001–06 as commuters crossed the Greenbelt. With built-up areas, and new greenfi eld lands period. one-way commute distances exceeding 50

Ontario’s Greenbelt and Places to Grow Legislation are to be planned and developed at higher The 2011 Census further confi rmed km, the average commute for individuals densities that can support transit and ‘live- growth patterns, with growth of the who migrated across the Greenbelt and 14 work’ communities, while promoting the Toronto cma (9.2% between 2006 and then commuted back into the inner ring increased use of public transit. Given the 2011) exceeding the provincial average was signifi cantly longer than for those who implementation of the Places to Grow and (5.7%). While growth rates between did not move in the fi ve years prior to the Greenbelt legislative pieces, we ask whether 2006–2011 tended to be less than those for census. On average, the commute distance they have inadvertently resulted in 2001–2006, population growth continued of these non-movers was just 9 km regard- increased commuting distance and growth in the Greenbelt’s ‘outer ring’ at or near the less of whether they lived in the inner or in the number of commuters crossing the provincial pace, including Barrie (5.6%), outer ring of the Greenbelt. Commute dis- Greenbelt. Brantford (8.7%), Kitchener-Waterloo- tances of new migrants were also greater Cambridge (5.7%), and Guelph (5.5%). than for those who hadn’t moved in the Much of this growth was fueled by migra- preceding fi ve years but were already com- increAsinG PoPulAtion, tion from the inner ring to the outer ring of muting across the Greenbelt. commuters, AnD commutinG the Greenbelt,⁴ often driven by preferences While the longest commute distances DistAnces for smaller communities (the rural or small (nearly 54 km) were observed amongst More likely than not, Canada’s largest town ideal), lower cost housing, greater individuals and families that had migrated Census Metropolitan Areas (cmas), includ- space, and natural amenities.⁵,⁶ across the Greenbelt in the year immedi- plan canada | FALL · AUTOMNE 2012 ing the Toronto cma and its surrounding The 2006 census was the last census to ately preceding Census Day in 2006, longer communities, will experience continued include the long form and information on commutes appear to be the outcome of lon- rapid urban growth and shifts to the loca- commuting and migration patterns which ger migrations. For people who moved less tion of that growth in the coming years. can be used to provide insight into com- than 15 km, the average commute distance This is linked to amenity preferences, muting distances in the GGH. We based was just 25.6 km. However, the average

PCQ3_2012_Book 14 2012-09-19 12:30 PM commute was over 75 km amongst those distances would have likely occurred natu- movement. Successful implementation of who migrated over 100 km, suggesting a rally as the urban-rural boundary expanded new transit options will further ensure the relative disconnect between residential outward due to urban sprawl, the Greenbelt success of the Greenbelt and Places to Grow location and workplace. Migration to more and Places to Grow legislation has rein- legislation. rural areas in the outer ring is also associ- forced population growth in the outer ring ated with longer commutes. Relative to of the region,⁷ which can be linked to an residents living in cmas, average commute increased number of commuters crossing AcKnoWleDGements distance was 75.5% greater for those in the the Greenbelt on a daily basis. The research was supported fi nancially most rural areas in the GGH. These impacts Such implications raise questions by a grant from the Social Sciences and on commuting distances remain even after around longer-term urban sustainability in Humanities Research Council of Canada accounting for demographic, household, the GGH.⁸ In an era of high gas prices, lim- (410-2009-1402). The authors would also and labour eff ects. ited (re-)investment in infrastructure, and like to acknowledge the work of Jeff Axisa Although commute distances tend to climate change, the trend toward increased who provided research support to this increase following migration, there is some commuting distance is problematic, given project. Please contact the lead author evidence that long-distance commuting that increased commuting distances are ([email protected]) for information is temporary, with time since migration likely to raise overall levels of vehicular on the full report. associated with some small reductions in carbon emissions. Suburban residents are commute distance. Reductions in distance already large greenhouse gas emitters, in Bruce neWBolD (newbold@mcmas- may be due to new job opportunities near part due to their greater transportation ter.ca) and DArren scott (scottdm@ the new home, as a reaction to the reali- needs, but also because of larger homes in mcmaster.ca) are professors in the School of ties of commuting, such as the cost and less dense environments. Increased com- Geography & Earth Sciences at McMaster time away from home and family, and/ muting distances also raise questions of University in Hamilton, Ontario. Bruce’s or are associated with migrations that work-life balance, community life, and research interests focus on migration, occur just before retirement, where long civic participation. Policies placing greater immigration, population and health issues. distance commutes are tolerated know- restrictions on new development in terms Darren Scott’s research interests include ing that it is short-term before retirement. of location, density, and job-housing mix geographic information systems for trans- For many individuals, there is likely a could encourage shorter commutes by portation (GIS-T), sustainable transportation trade-off between commuting distance providing greater employment options, issues, and activity-based approaches to and residential/work location, meaning particularly in the outer-ring communities. travel analysis and modelling. that long-distance commuting becomes a The need for urban sustainability also strategic decision that accounts for lifestyle necessitates greater emphasis on public preferences, life course, and household transit. While the Places to Grow legisla- reFerenCes

composition. Dual-earner households, tion promotes the development of public 1. Statistics Canada. Commuting Distance (km) (9), Age ontario’s greenbelt and places to grow legislation Groups (9) and Sex (3) for the Employed Labour Force 15 conversely, may need to balance commute transit linking urban areas, the challenge Years and Over Having a Usual Place of Work of Canada, distance and times between partners and is to better connect municipalities across Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census - 20% Sample Data; 15 family needs. Consequently, reductions in the region, a task which is outlined in 2006. Available at: http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census- commute distance are particularly notice- Metrolinx’s The Big Move. While laying recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?lanG=E&apat H=3&detaIl=0&dIm=0&fl=A&fRee=0&Gc=0&GId=0&GK able amongst dual earner households, out a long-term plan for public transporta- =0&GRp=1&pId=90655&pRId=0&ptYpe=88971,97154&S= households with young children, or single- tion within the GGH, the vast majority of 0&SHoWall=0&SuB=0&Temporal=2006&tHeme=76&vId parent families. projects continue the current radial system =0&vnamee=&vnamef= 2. Champion T, Coombes M, Brown D. Migration and longer which focuses on moving people into and distance commuting in Rural England. Regional Studies out of downtown Toronto. There are few 2008;42:1–15. imPlicAtions 3. Birnbaum L, Nicolet L, Taylor Z. Simcoe County: The new planned connections to the outer ring, growth frontier. Toronto, on: neptIS Foundation; 2004. While it is still too early to fully gauge the despite its expected population growth, 4. Axisa J, Newbold KB, Scott dm. Migration, Urban Growth, and Commuting Distance in Toronto’s Commute Shed impact of the Greenbelt and Places to Grow and fewer still of the proposed projects Area 2012: doi: 10.1111/j.1475–4762.2012.01097.x legislative pieces, developers were anticipat- are funded. While there is a need to rec- 5. Bourne L, Starkweather S, Basu R. New People, New Places: Social Change in the Greater Toronto Region. ing passage of the legislation as early as ognize the continued role of urban centres neptIS Foundation; 2000. 2004 by focusing new development oppor- inside the Greenbelt, there is also a need 6. Bourne lS, Bunce M, Taylor L, Luka N, Maurer J. Contested ground: The dynamics of peri-urban growth in tunities outside of the Greenbelt. Findings to develop public transit that will move the Toronto region. Canadian Journal of Regional Science from our research therefore suggest that an goods and people across the Greenbelt 2003; 26(2&3):251–69. plan canada | FALL · AUTOMNE 2012 7. Ontario Ministry of Infrastructure. Growth Plan for the unintended outcome of the Greenbelt and if development pressures continue in Greater Golden Horseshoe, 2006: Progress Report Five Places to Grow policies may be increased this area. Priority must also include link- Years In. Toronto; 2012. 8. Blais P. Inching Toward Sustainability: The Evolving commuting distances from the outer ring ing the various public transit providers Urban Structure of the Gta., Toronto: Neptis Foundation; of the Greenbelt. While increased commute within the region to enable more seamless 2000.

PCQ3_2012_Book 15 2012-09-19 12:30 PM PCQ3_2012_Book 16 16 plan canada | FALL · AUTOMNE 2012 GREEN SPRAWL 2012-09-19 12:30 PM Green sPraWL BY lAurA tAYlor AnD Kirsten VAlentine cADieuX

PCQ3_2012_Book 17 2012-09-19 12:30 PM summArY This article asks readers to think about rÉsumÉ Cet article permet aux lecteurs de se the ideology of nature driving “green sprawl”: the pencher sur l’idéologie de « l’étalement vert », c’est-à- complex exurban landscape beyond the urban fringe, dire le paysage extra-urbain complexe situé au-delà which is home to people who, paradoxically, want to de la frange urbaine et peuplé d’individus soucieux à both live in it and protect it. In the article, the authors la fois de le protéger et de le développer. Les auteures off er a unique perspective on the sprawl debate. de cet article off rent un point de vue unique sur le Academics and practitioners alike see sprawl as a débat entourant l’étalement. Autant les théoriciens problem of a growth economy, a fetish for consumer que les praticiens perçoivent l’étalement comme un goods, and they see the role of land use planning as problème de croissance économique et une obsession stopping such growth before it ruins the countryside à l’égard des biens de consommation, et estiment que and rural areas that people cherish. But the authors l’aménagement du territoire peut freiner cette crois- argue that in order to understand or address sprawl, sance avant qu’elle ne détruise la campagne et les there is a need to better understand why and how zones rurales que les gens ont à cœur. Cependant, people seek out nature and engage with the ways this pour bien comprendre ou étudier la question de tendency contributes to “green sprawl”. l’étalement, les auteures sont d’avis qu’il est néces- saire de mieux comprendre pourquoi et comment les gens recherchent la nature et d’analyser les façons dont cette tendance contribue à « l’étalement vert ».

Previous: Exurban homes in the countryside north of Something is happening out there, beyond the city, processes we describe as exurbanization—processes Toronto. beyond the suburbs. In the landscape, changes are tak- that are converging in similarity as they occur around Facing (clockwise ing place in ways that are so familiar, so taken for cities in Canada and in many diff erent parts of the from top): Exurban homes in the hillside granted, that the premise of this article may take you world. outside of Park City, by surprise. It is at once a social movement and a new In these debates, development beyond the city’s Utah; Exurban home on Burnamthorpe Road, form of settlement that is taking the continent by boundary is seen to undermine an urban planning ide- Oakville, Ontario; storm. This is eXuRBIa. Some readers will be very ology of dense living and vibrant, collegial Homes of amenity migrants, north of familiar with its planning implications: individual neighbourhoods. Exurban sprawl also allows the affl u- Toronto. families living in large homes in rural areas, tenuously ent access to nature, but denies and ruins it for Photo credit (for all connected to the services of the distant city. Some will everyone else (especially if natural greenspace isn’t photos): Laura Taylor. be familiar with the impacts of rural residential homes supposed to have people living in it). And exurbia’s

GREEN SPRAWL on watersheds and habitats, and the fragmentation of attempt to transform unique ecosystems and cultural farm and ranchlands. Some will have a personal view landscapes into idealized, naturalized residential set- 18 based on their own choices to live there. And some will tings ends up blanketing the spreading metropolis have a view based on their decisions to sell out and with generic sprawl. leave. Our interest in exurbia has resulted in a book, a For example, Toronto provides a good context for new collection of essays on exurbia entitled Landscape thinking about exurbia and tensions at the metropoli- and the Ideology of Nature in Exurbia: Green Sprawl. In tan edge. The main tension we considered is between the book, we and several chapter authors from urban the infl uence on the exurban landscape of the cultural design and landscape planning, geography, history, lit- desire for a relationship with “nature”, and the way erature, and journalism, explore the idea of the exurbs that the form and lifestyle of the exurbs make it diffi - in Canada and the United States. cult to talk about sustainable human-environment As we have worked on this book, just about every- relationships. Toronto’s placement vis-à-vis both ideas one we’ve talked to has a story of someone who hit of the Canadian wilderness and ideals of North some sort of life plan snag and turned to nature to sort American urbanism makes it ideal for thinking about it out. In the context of thinking about the near univer- this sort of tension. Toronto, like many other growing sality of the desirability of life in a natural setting, it’s cities, has been embroiled in dramatic, heated, and at easy to bring to mind the generic images of the exur- plan canada | FALL · AUTOMNE 2012 many times extremely emotional debates about the ban landscape. Rural sideroads and grand curvilinear fate of its urban perimeter. As the city grows, and as streets ease the boundaries of urbanization out beyond urbanites wish to live in a pleasant natural setting, the the traditional suburbs into landscapes identifi ed with pleasant natural settings of Central Ontario have their rural or natural attributes. When houses are built become increasingly settled, in part due to the in these landscapes, more trees are planted. Around

PCQ3_2012_Book 18 2012-09-19 12:30 PM PCQ3_2012_Book 19 2012-09-19 12:31 PM 19 plan canada | FALL · AUTOMNE 2012 green sprawl Above: Exurban homes outside of Denver, Colorado. Toronto, forest cover is the most notable diff erence at moraine and the air that blows through its trees. the edge between the suburbs, where vast tracts have Many of the trees on the moraine are on inaccessi- been cleared, fl attened, and relandscaped, and the ble private land, part of the large lot housing exurbs, where as few trees as possible are cut to build developments and lots repurposed from former agri- houses, and where reforestation is encouraged so heart- cultural lands. Almost no public transportation leads ily that aerial photographs of new building from the out from the city to the moraine (commuter trains only last few decades no longer show houses, just drives come in in the morning and only go out at night); but snaking off the main roads into the forest where they the moraine is important, nonetheless, as a mythic are swallowed up by the canopy. In the years that we presence in the minds of Torontonians, representing have studied Toronto, we have overwhelmed friends the possibility of nature, a potential, it turns out, with and strangers with questions about their relationship considerable urgency, no matter how unrealized it has with their land. The suburbs have pushed right up to been. Housing development corporations use this the edges of where people had moved to get away from promise of nature liberally in their advertising, as the the urban character of Toronto, and the distinction urban boundaries for the municipalities on the between the “greenspace” of the exurbs and the com- moraine climb toward its summit. The gently rolling paratively brown grey, or brick space of the city, has hill topography of the moraine is relieved by a series of become an issue of considerable contention. ravines, narrow wooded river valleys that are highly

green sprawl The debates over the Oak Ridges Moraine—a land prized in a fl at province. Signs promising “majestic form which has traditionally defi ned the edge of the ravine lots” (or “prime” or “spectacular” or “pictur- 20 city beyond which the landscape is no longer urban— esque” ravine lots), and “bordering established forest” highlight the contrast between exurbs and “the city” in advertise the landscape quickly disappearing beneath the minds of the people who live there, and of those earthbuilders. who don’t. The ideal of greenspace now legislated in The contrast between the idyllic natural landscape the Greenbelt Act is considered desirable on (just about) (immortalized on the signs) and the suburban planned all sides, but as a residential landscape, it presents landscape (rapidly taking shape in plywood and sod) some paradoxes. Considering, just as a point of con- on one hand, and between this suburban monoculture trast, how many of the leafy residential neighborhoods and the actual residential “greenspace” just beyond in cities have thick canopies: how many people can urban boundaries has been too much for those with a live in greenspace and still have it qualify as green? stake in the nature of the moraine. This move to stop The hyped green beyond the city’s edge, where exurban sprawl resulted fi rst in the Oak Ridges exurbs happen, may turn out to be not so important Conservation Plan, and subsequently in the Greenbelt for its material forest, (which could be much the same Plan. in many ways as its urban counterpart), as it is for its role in the urban imagination as a respite of green plan canada | FALL · AUTOMNE 2012 beyond the eternal-seeming stretch of the growing city. our VieW oF eXurBiA It is a stand against the potential infi nity of the As we tried to understand what the creation of this metropolis and a promise of a day in the country. It is particular set of landscapes says about our culture’s represented as the “lungs and kidneys of the city”, as residential imagination, and what the environmental the fi lter both for the water that sifts down through the impulse manifested in exurbia suggests (and why it’s

PCQ3_2012_Book 20 2012-09-19 12:31 PM Above, left to right: Exurban home on Kirsten VAlentine cADieuX is a researcher and Burnamthorpe Road, so hard for people to talk about), we made many trips Oakville, Ontario; out to the city’s edge. Watching the urban area expand lecturer in Geography and Sociology at the University of Exurban home in from our position standing atop the roof of Laura’s car, Minnesota studying the politics of everyday environ- “œnatureâ”. we kept trying to back up to get enough scope to photo- mental decision-making at the urban-rural interface. graph the city unfolding before us out to the edges. We She edited, with Patrick Hurley, a recent special issue of were also trying to gain a perspective that would let GeoJournal on amenity migration and exurbia. She can us get our minds around the compulsion to live beyond be reached at: [email protected] the reach of the city, one that would best allow us to understand the motivations of the people who were responding to exurbia’s promise of a deeper relation- ship with nature. Our perspective as planners and academics com- pelled us to explore the potentials and liabilities of the exurban construction of nature. Looking at what exur- bia represents to people in both good and bad terms allows us to explore both the opportunities and short- comings of one of our culture’s most compelling

residential dreams. The landscape of exurbia suggests green sprawl an attempt to inscribe residential environments with a story that says we want nature where we live. Might a 21 better understanding of this story help us to talk about how we might plan and manage our environmental interactions? How might a close look at exurbia help to reconceptualize residential relationships with the natu- ral environment? How could the kind of intentions driving exurbia be explored and mobilized toward the support of goals of sustainability? I Disclaimer: This article includes content appearing in the preface of the book.

lAurA tAYlor is a professional planner, Assistant Professor and Planning Programs Coordinator in the Faculty of Environmental Studies at York University, Toronto and a member of the Ontario Greenbelt Council. Her current research interest is in exurbia, studying the plan canada | FALL · AUTOMNE 2012 processes and discourses of landscape settlement and landscape conservation at the urban-rural fringe. She can be reached by e-mail at: [email protected]

PCQ3_2012_Book 21 2012-09-19 12:31 PM reVisitinG Food deserts in the Canadian Prarie

BY roBert J. PAtricK, PHD, mciP AnD DeBorAH cHeesBrouGH

A case study from Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

22 plan canada | FALL · AUTOMNE 2012

PCQ3_2012_Book 22 2012-09-19 12:31 PM summArY This article reports the fi ndings of a study into food rÉsumÉ Cet article retrace les conclusions d’une étude portant deserts in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. For the purposes of this sur les déserts alimentaires de Saskatoon, en Saskatchewan, et study, we have confi ned our study to a comparison between two établit une comparaison entre deux quartiers urbains urban neighbourhoods, one of high socio-economic status (SES) appartenant à deux catégories socio-économiques diff érentes : and one of low SES. While previous studies have examined super- l’une étant supérieure; l’autre, inférieure. Si plusieurs études ont market access in low socio-economic urban neighbourhoods, few examiné la problématique de l’accès des habitants des quartiers have taken an integrated approach to examine the relationship urbains appartenant à la catégorie socio-économique inférieure à between food store type, personal mobility and food deserts. The des supermarchés, peu ont adopté une approche intégrée dans aim of this research was to determine the relationship, if any, l’étude de la relation entre le type de magasins d’alimentation, la between SES and the geographic proximity of local retail food mobilité personnelle et les déserts alimentaires. L’objectif de cette supplies, food store type, and personal mobility in two divergent recherche était de déterminer la relation potentielle entre la caté- neighbourhoods. Data for this study were collected using fi eld gorie socio-économique et la proximité géographique de survey observations oriented around classifi cation of food outlet magasins locaux d’alimentation, le type de magasins type as well as calculation of distance from centre of each neigh- d’alimentation et la mobilité personnelle dans deux quartiers au bourhood to surrounding supermarkets using odometer readings. statut socio-économique diamétralement opposé. Les données ont Socio-economic data, including vehicle registration data were été recueillies au moyen d’observations et d’enquêtes sur le ter- provided by government sources. The results of this study indi- rain axées sur la classifi cation du type de magasins cate that the identifi cation of food deserts based on geographic d’alimentation off erts et de calculs à partir des relevés de proximity of a supermarket may be limiting. Personal mobility l’odomètre de la distance entre le centre de chaque quartier et les plays an important compensatory role in overcoming any food supermarchés avoisinants. Les données socio-économiques, y desert locale. Moreover, the work of planners and policy makers compris l’immatriculation des véhicules, proviennent de sources must take into consideration personal mobility options of low gouvernementales. Les résultats de cette recherche indiquent que socio-economic neighbourhoods when determining land use la défi nition des déserts alimentaires en fonction du critère de la changes, particularly respecting neighbourhood access to super- proximité géographique d’un supermarché peut être restrictive et markets. que la mobilité personnelle remplit une fonction compensatoire importante dans la recherche d’un commerce alimentaire. C’est donc dire qu’au moment d’introduire des changements dans l’utilisation des terres, les urbanistes et les décideurs doivent tenir compte des options en matière de mobilité personnelle des habi- tants des quartiers appartenant à la catégorie socio-économique inférieure, particulièrement leur accès à des supermarchés.

under-employed, of limited economic sta- correlation between SeS and human health introDuction tus or those too elderly to operate a private in areas such as diabetes and heart disease, REVISITING FOOD DESERTS IN THE CANADIAN PRARIE The topic of ‘food deserts’, defi ned here as vehicle. both of which are linked to dietary factors. areas within the built environment with In this article we report the fi ndings 23 poor access to healthy food, has become an of a comparative food desert study under- important issue aff ecting many residents of taken in a Canadian prairie city, Saskatoon, ‘FooD Desert-scAPes’ urban core neighbourhoods in Canada.¹,² Saskatchewan. For the purposes of this Human health is impacted by food choice.²,⁷ The absence of locally available, healthy analysis, we have confi ned our study to Yet, for many inner city residents of low food raises the likelihood of “convenience two urban neighbourhoods, one of high socio-economic status, local food choice is store” shopping where less healthy, more socio-economic status (SeS) and one of low restricted to ‘convenience store’ shopping. expensive food are present.³,⁴,⁵ It is shown SeS. The aim of this research was to deter- Evidence from the literature suggests that that many “convenience store” foods con- mine the relationship, if any, between SeS convenience store foods are inferior in tain higher fats and sugars, contributing to and physical proximity of local supermar- quality, more limited in choice, and higher heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke and ket, food store type, and personal mobility priced than supermarket foods.⁷ Human hypertension.³ Compounding the problem in two divergent neighbourhoods. Through health as determined by food availability of limited availability of healthy and this study it may be possible to infer a is therefore a function of place. The term aff ordable food is the restricted mobility of broader understanding of urban neigh- ‘food desert’ is commonly used in the litera- many urban core residents. In addition to bourhoods in the context of ‘food deserts’. ture to describe those ‘places’ in the urban typically lower rates of vehicle ownership, We feel this is an important topic given landscape void of healthy and aff ordable plan canada | FALL · AUTOMNE 2012 urban core residents contribute to a sizable that poor diet is a major contributing factor food opportunities. Yet, is it only place (geo- portion of society described as mobility to many health problems faced by resi- graphic location) that defi nes food desert? deprived.⁶ Mobility deprivation commonly dents of urban core areas. Recent research The literature provides no single describes those persons experiencing in Saskatoon has shown a signifi cant defi nition, nor standardized means of

PCQ3_2012_Book 23 2012-09-19 12:31 PM measurement, for the term ‘food desert’. For example, Apparicio et al studied food accessibility on the Island of Montreal.⁸ Their defi nition of food deserts used two variables; the fi rst variable is a low income/ deprivation index incorporating fi ve fac- tors including low income, single parent families, unemployment rate, low education and recent immigration all as a percentage of total population; the second variable is an accessibility metric incorporating three factors including proximity to clos- est supermarket, number of supermarkets within 1000 metres and variety of available supermarkets. They concluded that there were a few problematic areas on the Island of Montreal in terms of lack of access to supermarkets but did not investigate any links between health problems and the low income census tracts. Shaw (2006) cre- ated a comprehensive defi nition of food deserts by examining three diff erent fac- tors barring access to sources of healthy food: ability, asset and attitude.⁹ Ability was defi ned as any physical barriers prevent- ing access to food; assets was defi ned as physical things involved in acquiring food such as money or ways of cooking the food; and attitude was defi ned as state of mind that enhanced or interfered with acquir- ing food such as knowledge of healthy food choices or knowledge of cooking and food preparation. This defi nition looks to characteristics of the individual rather than the characteristics of place to defi ne food Photo 1 (top): Convenience store in Riversdale. Photo 2 (bottom): Briarwood streetscape. Photos credit: Deborah

revisiting food deserts in the canadian prarie deserts. In Shaw (2006) food deserts are a Cheesbrough. human condition and not a built environ- 24 ment condition.⁹ In a third study, Morland prices.¹ Cameron et al 2010 investigate the between healthcare utilization for the six et al (2001) analyzed 216 census tracts impact of land use restrictions on inner city low income districts and the two control across the uS for neighbourhood wealth, food availability. They conclude that the use groups in diff erent categories including including population density, proportion of of restrictive covenants to prohibit future suicide attempts, mental disorders, injuries renters to homeowners, racial segregation retail grocery use imposes long-term neigh- and poisonings, diabetes, chronic obstruc- and vehicle ownership, versus the number bourhood food desert landscapes.⁷ In what tive pulmonary disease and coronary heart of food sources in a neighbourhood.¹⁰ Their follows we report the results of our research disease. This study was cross-sectional results showed over three times as many into the importance of personal mobility in nature, and it cannot be assumed from supermarkets in wealthy neighbourhoods and land use restrictions as a determinant it that any causation is shown. While it compared with areas with lowest wealth; of food deserts. is possible that poor health of residents by contrast, fast food establishments were of Saskatoon’s inner city neighbourhoods highest in low to medium wealth areas. is a result of their lower SeS, the study The study also concluded that predomi- FooD Deserts AnD HumAn only shows correlation. However, it is nantly white neighbourhoods had roughly HeAltH in sAsKAtoon, sK clear that people in these neighbourhoods four times as many supermarkets as pre- Lemstra et al (2006) compared census are underprivileged in both income and plan canada | FALL · AUTOMNE 2012 dominantly black neighbourhoods. In other data and information from health records health. Perceptions of low income areas are Canadian studies empirical measurement maintained by Saskatchewan Health for frequently an important but unacknowl- was used to quantify food desert locations;² six low income neighbourhoods and six edged factor in policy decision-making. As the focus of another study was on the high income neighbourhoods, and for all of explained by Eisenhauer (2001), because the impact of farmers’ markets on local food Saskatoon.⁵ The results showed a diff erence problems of the poor are seen as a matter

PCQ3_2012_Book 24 2012-09-19 12:31 PM of individual human agency rather than table 1: neiGhbOurhOOd characteristics (saskatOOn, sk; 2006) societal circumstances, that is, the poor are seen as lazy, pathological or drug addicted, POPulatiOn hOMe hOusehOld ave. value and there is little political motivation to OWnershiP incOMe dWellinG assist them.¹¹ Some policy makers may Riversdale 1,930 41.7% $29,441 $121,082 perceive health as the sole responsibility of Briarwood 3,530 98.6% $105,651 $251,418 the individual rather than partly a product of external factors such as (in)accessibility Source: http://www.saskatoon.ca/org/city_planning/resources/neighbourhood_demographics/2007/ of healthy food choices. And conversely, the closure of an inner city retail grocery chain type of food stores by case study neigh- given the proximity of multiple supermar- may impose a negative health outcome bourhood; the second metric is distance of kets located along the commercial retail on the neighbourhood population.⁷ This full service supermarket from core of each strip of 8th Street East. The Briarwood is especially the case where a land owner neighbourhood; the third metric is vehicle neighbourhood exclusively serves as a registers a land use restriction prohibiting registration per capita in each neighbour- residential enclave of single family dwell- any future retail grocery chain at that loca- hood. In this study, type of food store was ings. On the other hand, the older, core tion. In this context, a zoning change or determined by surveying the full range neighbourhood of Riversdale has a long development permit approval for an inner of available food outlets in the case study history of mixed-use zoning and once had city supermarket enables much more than neighbourhoods. These include: full ser- a supermarket centrally located on 20th commercial development and land value vice supermarkets, farmers’ market, small Street and Avenue H. The use of this parcel appreciation. grocery/ethnic foods, convenience ‘corner’ has recently changed and is currently the stores, and ‘fast food’ outlets. Data for this site of City Centre Church. (see pHoto 3) study were collected using fi eld survey While City of Saskatoon zoning contin- cAse stuDY cHArActeristics observations which allowed classifi cation of ues to permit a full service supermarket The two Saskatoon neighbourhoods chosen food outlet type as well as the calculation of at this location the previous supermar- for this study were Riversdale (low relative the distance from the centre of each neigh- ket chain, upon vacating the building, SeS) and Briarwood (high relative SeS). The bourhood to surrounding supermarkets registered a restrictive covenant on the inner city neighbourhood of Riversdale is using odometer readings. Socio-economic land parcel prohibiting the sale of any one of the more economically challenged data, including vehicle registration data grocery foods on this land parcel. The areas of Saskatoon. Established before were provided by the City of Saskatoon and purpose behind such action is to allow the 1905, Riversdale is home to a wide ethnic Saskatchewan Government Insurance. retailer to relocate without fear of future diversity, including a large proportion of competition from the vacated site. Such urban Aboriginal people (approx. 13%). dark corporate behaviour is not unique to This percentage of Aboriginal peoples com- stuDY results Saskatoon (see Cameron et al 2010).⁷ This pares closely to that of Saskatchewan (15%) The absence of any full service supermar- action permanently removed any opportu- and of Saskatoon (10%). As indicated in ket was noted in both neighbourhoods (see nity for re-opening a supermarket at this

Table 1 the 2006 population of Riversdale Table 2). Zoning in the suburban neigh- key, and central, location. revisiting food deserts in the canadian prarie was 1,930 with home ownership at just over bourhood of Briarwood does not support In Riversdale, a broad range of smaller 40%. The 2006 average family income in full service commercial establishments scale “convenience store” food outlets 25 Riversdale was $29,441 and average value of a residential dwelling was $121,082. (See pHoto 1). By contrast, Briarwood was established in the early 1990s as a mid to high income neighbourhood. Also ethnically diverse but with a noticeable absence of peoples of Aboriginal origin (0%), in 2006 Briarwood had a population of 3,530 with home own- ership nearing 100%. The 2006 average family income in Briarwood was $105,651 and average value of a residential dwelling was $251,418. (see pHoto 2;taBle 1) plan canada | FALL · AUTOMNE 2012 metHoDoloGY For the purposes of our study, we approach the issue of ‘food deserts’ using three met- rics: The fi rst metric is the number and Photo 3: City Centre Church, on former site of retail chain supermarket. Photo credit: Deborah Cheesbrough.

PCQ3_2012_Book 25 2012-09-19 12:31 PM distance to each supermarket is roughly table 2: nuMber and tyPe Of fOOd stOres by neiGhbOurhOOds equal in both neighbourhoods (just over 3 saskatOOn suPer- cOnvenience farMers’ fast km), while the nearest supermarket to each neiGhbOurhOOd Market stOre Market (#) fOOds neighbourhood core is identical (2.1 km). (#) cOrner Markets (#) (#) (see taBle 3) Riversdale 0 12 1 4 Our third metric examined personal mobility as expressed by vehicle reg- Briarwood 0 0 0 0 istration per capita. Table 4 reports a * Up-scaled ‘Farmers’ Market’ open Saturday and Wednesday only, frequented by all city residents—Source: signifi cant diff erence between registered Deborah Cheesbrough vehicles per capita in each neighbour-

table 3: nuMber and distance tO nearest suPerMarkets hood. Signifi cantly higher car ownership in Briarwood enables greater levels of nuMber Of suPer- averaGe distance nearest suPer- personal mobility for neighbourhood resi- Markets Within 5 tO all Market tO dents. With such a relatively high number kM Of neiGhbOur- suPerMarkets neiGhbOurhOOd of vehicles per capita (greater than 1 reg- hOOd centre (kM) centre istered vehicle for each resident) personal (kM) mobility compensates for lack of supermar- Riversdale 5 3.12 2.1 ket accessibility. The same cannot be said of Riversdale. (see taBle 4) Briarwood 5 3.08 2.1 With almost half the level of car Source: Deborah Cheesbrough ownership in Riversdale compared with Briarwood, personal mobility is much more table 4: reGistered vehicles and vehicles Per caPita limited. While walking, cycling, and public tOtal reGistered tOtal nuMber res- vehicles Per transit are mobility options for residents of vehicles (2005) idents (2006) caPita Riversdale, the practicality of these trans- Riversdale 1471 1930 0.72 portation modes for supermarket shopping is less than ideal. Carrying multiple and Briarwood 4214 3530 1.19 weighty family grocery bags a distance of several kilometres or using public transit defi ne the food landscape. These range instead, is restricted to smaller scale food for grocery shopping is overly restrictive from neighbourhood-scale grocery; con- outlets and ‘fast food’ enterprise—raising for most people feeding a family. venience ‘corner store’; and ‘fast food’ important questions about healthy food outlets as shown in Table 2. A Saturday choices and food aff ordability. ‘Farmers’ Market’ was recently established The second metric for this study was conclusion in Riversdale serving mostly an upmarket distance to full service supermarkets This study examines the topic of ‘food

revisiting food deserts in the canadian prarie specialty food niche for (mostly non-Riv- from each neighbourhood centre. Table 3 deserts’ in two neighbourhoods in ersdale) Saskatoon residents. Limited hours indicates that within a 5 kilometre radius Saskatoon. Both neighbourhoods vary 26 of operation combined with emphasis on of the centre of each neighbourhood, fi ve distinctly in both SeS and food availability. non-grocery sales, specialty items and high supermarkets are accessible. The average For Briarwood, a neighbourhood of high relative prices severely limits the viability of this facility to service the grocery food needs of Riversdale residents. (see taBle 2) The large number of food outlets in COHOS EVAMY + HOTSON BAKKER BONIFACE HADEN Riversdale as compared to Briarwood may + MOLE WHITE ASSOCIATES + OFFICE FOR URBANISM suggest that lower SeS equates to greater food availability. Briarwood, with a much ARE NOW KNOWN AS higher SeS appears to be the ‘food desert’ given that there are no opportunities for food within the neighbourhood boundar- ies. This result contradicts much of the We are planners, urban designers, architects, engineers literature covering ‘food deserts’ which and interior designers who collaborate with you to suggest lower SeS equates to reduced access plan canada | FALL · AUTOMNE 2012 to food. (pHoto 4) create extraordinary results. Here it is important to distinguish food outlet type, recognizing in Table 2 that the food availability within Riversdale (total 17 Toronto | Calgary | Edmonton | Vancouver www.designdialog.ca outlets) is not full service supermarket, but

PCQ3_2012_Book 26 2012-09-19 12:31 PM reFerenCes 1. Larsen K, Gilliland J. Mapping the evolution of ‘food deserts’ in a Canadian city: Supermarket accessibility in London, Ontario, 1961–2005. International Journal of Health Geographics 2008;7(16). 2. Smoyer-Tomic Ke, Spence Jc, Amrhein C. Food deserts in the prairies? Supermarket accessibility and neighbourhood need in Edmonton, Canada. Professional Geographer 2006;58(3):307–26. 3. Latham J, Moff at T. Determinants of variation in food cost and availability in two scioeconomically contrasting neighbourhoods of Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Health & Place 2007;13(1):273–87. 4. Lemstra M, Neudorf C, Beaudin G. Health disparity knowledge and support for intervention in Saskatoon. Canadian Journal of Public Health-Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique 2007;98(6):484–88. 5. Lemstra M, Neudorf C, Opondo J. Health Disparity by Neighbourhood Income. Canadian Journal of Public Health- Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique 2006;97(6). 6. Engwicht D. Towards An Eco-City: Calming the Traffi c. Sydney, Australia: Envirobook; 1992. 7. Cameron N, Amrhein cG, Smoyer-Tomic Ke. Cornering the market: restriction of retail supermarket locations. Environment and Planning C-Government and Policy 2010;28(5):905–22. Photo 4: Riversdale foodscape . Photo credit: Deborah Cheesbrough. 8. Apparicio P, Cloutier M, Shearmur R. The case of Montréal’s missing food deserts: Evaluation of accessibility to food supermarkets. International Journal of Health Geographics 2007;6(4). SeS, there is no supermarket store and no restrictions that prohibit supermarket re- 9. Shaw H. Food Deserts: Towards the Development of a commercial food outlets. Riversdale, a com- opening at a key location all in a landscape Classifi cation.Geografi ska annaler Series B-Human Geography 2006;88B(2):231–47. munity of low SeS, also has no full service of fast food outlets and convenience store 10. Morland K, Wing S, Roux A, Poole, C. Neighborhood supermarket; however, numerous smaller food options. In combination these factors Characteristics Associated with the Location of Food Stores scale food outlets are available, including have created a “food desert” condition in and Food Service Places. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2001;22(1):23–9. corner grocery, farmers’ market and fast Riversdale. 11. Eisenhauer E. In poor health: Supermarket redlining and food. This result seems to indicate that This study positions the concept of ‘food urban nutrition. GeoJournal 2001;53:125–33. food deserts associate with neighbour- deserts’ in relation to food retail types, hoods of high SeS and that neighbourhoods neighbourhood distance to supermarkets, and joined the Department of Geography of low SeS have ready access to food stores. and personal mobility. Neighbourhoods and Planning at the University of To the contrary, food deserts may exist of lower SeS, such as Riversdale, exem- Saskatchewan in 2008 after 12 years as a even where sources of food are readily plify lower rates of personal mobility and regional planner in British Columbia. His accessible. In the case of Riversdale, con- higher proportions of convenience store teaching includes regional and environmen- venience stores and fast food outlets do and fast food menus—presented here as tal planning. His research interests include

not replace the variety of healthier, better indicators of “food deserts”. Planners and watershed planning for source water protec- revisiting food deserts in the canadian prarie priced foods available in full service super- policy makers should address the absence tion. This research takes place in various market stores. While numerous, small of supermarkets in older, urban core jurisdictions in Canada including British 27 food outlets may give the illusion of local neighbourhoods, and revisit existing legal Columbia, Alberta, the Northwest Territories food security quite the opposite is reality. arrangements that uphold land use restric- and Saskatchewan. Internationally, he has Further, personal mobility plays an impor- tions on full service supermarkets. worked in Peru and Australia in the areas tant role in defi ning ‘food deserts’. High This study broadens the discussion of of watershed protection and regional plan- rates of personal mobility in neighbour- food deserts in lower income neighbour- ning. His work in Canada is largely with hoods of high SeS may help to compensate hoods by linking access and mobility to Indigenous communities helping to improve for low accessibility to supermarket healthy and aff ordable food choices in source water quality through collaborative opportunities locally. For the residents of Saskatoon, SK. Suggested here is that any planning. Robert can be reached at: robert. Briarwood, high per capita vehicle regis- examination of ‘food deserts’ must go [email protected] tration facilitates access to numerous and beyond an inventory of food types to con- price competitive supermarket opportuni- sider as well personal mobility and related DeBorAH cHeesBrouGH is a long- ties outside the immediate neighbourhood human health implications. It is antici- time Saskatoon resident and lives in a on 8th Street East. In Riversdale, low per- pated that these conclusions are applicable newly-renovated 1930s home in the Caswell sonal mobility limits access to supermarket outside of Saskatoon to other urban areas Hill area with her husband, Roman. Deb opportunities outside the immediate in Canada. I is currently pursuing a psychology degree plan canada | FALL · AUTOMNE 2012 neighbourhood. The reality for Riversdale from the University of Saskatchewan while residents is not only physical isolation from roBert J. PAtricK, PHD, mciP, is working on various writing projects. supermarket opportunities but also limited Chair of the Regional and Urban Planning personal mobility options and land use program at the University of Saskatchewan

PCQ3_2012_Book 27 2012-09-19 12:31 PM PCQ3_2012_Book 28 28 plan canada | fall · automne 2012 2012-09-19 12:31 PM INFILL IN MATURE NEIGHBOURHOODS New Directions in Ottawa

BY AlAin miGueleZ, mciP, rPP

summArY With small-scale infi ll gaining momentum in the rÉsumÉ La popularité croissante des constructions intercalaires older neighbourhoods of Ottawa, the City analyzed the morphol- à petite échelle dans les vieux quartiers d’Ottawa a mené la Ville ogy of these new buildings and their relationship with the à eff ectuer une analyse de leur morphologie et de leur relation established urban fabric, and has enacted a package of zoning face au tissu urbain existant, et à adopter un ensemble de règle- regulations and urban design guidelines aimed at ensuring a bet- ments de zonage et de directives de conception urbaine qui visent ter integration between new and old into more cohesive à assurer une plus grande intégration entre le nouveau et l’ancien streetscapes. These measures address some of the more glaring afi n de rehausser la cohésion du paysage des rues. Ces mesures, elements of incompatibility (parking is a major one) and repre- qui répondent aux éléments d’incompatibilité les plus fl agrants sent a fi rst step in an ongoing discussion that will continue over (le stationnement étant une problématique critique), constituent the next few years, in order to deal with other elements of built la première étape d’un débat continu qui se poursuivra au cours form integration. des prochaines années et qui a pour but de faire face aux autres éléments de l’intégration des constructions.

hat happens when a city far, so good. This is the type of discreet opportunities along the urban area’s begins to see exactly what density that can go a long way toward pro- healthiest mainstreets. And what started its Offi cial Plan has called viding established neighbourhoods with happening is that these mixed-use build- for? Sometimes the answer reinvestment and new households. ings along the mainstreets gave a whole 29 is that it can be caught by Being a large, mature municipality, new desirability to the side streets that fed surprise by having to deal Ottawa has had permissive infi ll zoning for into them—and to the whole neighbour- with some unforeseen side decades, but the level of activity was negligi- hood served by the mainstreet. While eff ects of the policies it has ble until about the late 1980s. At that time, a condos were popular with younger and promoted. small number of infi ll homes started older buyers, an increasing number of The case I would like to appearing here and there in the city’s most households with children became attracted discuss is Ottawa’s success with small-scale desirable established neighbourhoods to the urban neighbourhoods and sought infiW ll. This is a common topic in urban (Sandy Hill, the Glebe, Golden Triangle). By infi lls on side streets as their preferred planning circles, only as a generality that and large, the city was happy to see any housing form. Between 2005 and 2010, in everyone espouses. The story usually goes such activity. The focus of most of the new the fi ve inner wards of Ottawa, more than like this: as an alternative to greenfi eld sub- residential construction remained the sub- 400 building permits were issued for low- urban development, opportunities for urbs. Urban infi ll activity continued to rise infi ll dwellings. small-scale infi ll should be supported in progress quietly until about the mid-2000s This is where the City of Ottawa began to Offi cial Plans and zoning by-laws, by allow- when it became a strong trend. take note of the form of these infi lls. New ing the conversion of single-detached By then, Ottawa had a full-fl edged construction in old urban neighbourhoods is plan canada | fall · automne 2012 homes into duplexes or triplexes, or their condo market, with new mid- and high-rise never easy; however much of what was hap- replacements by semis and townhouses. So buildings providing residential pening in Ottawa was simply the dropping

PCQ3_2012_Book 29 2012-09-19 12:31 PM of a suburban houseform onto a traditional with three front garage doors were pro- So we changed our zoning. For over a streetscape. What this meant was, fi rst and posed for a lot that had a small single year starting in early 2011, staff held open foremost, garage doors and driveways on the house. The neighbourhood where this was houses in many inner urban neighbour- façade instead of the porch, front lawn and proposed is an early 20th century streetcar hoods, meetings with community and side driveway that characterizes most of the suburb characterized by a tall tree canopy, industry groups, drawing mostly consensus old streets of Ottawa. As-of-right zoning, in rear parking accessed by shared driveways, from residents about the need to do some- some cases, allows properties with a single and houses with front porches. Because a thing, and hearing a whole lot more about detached house to be redeveloped into three- townhouse development in Ottawa scale, height, mass, architectural styles, and door townhouse rows on lots as narrow as requires site plan control, staff addressed a number of other topics. Most people gener- 4.5 metres per unit. In such cases, on a lot the issue of compatibility and design guide- ally stay aware through the news about the that might originally have been 15 metres lines at this stage with the developer. A city’s big development projects, but every- wide with one house, one curb cut, and a variety of options to better integrate these one has a deeply held opinion about how prominent front green yard with perhaps a proposed three units into the streetscape things should be on their street. Small-scale mature tree, redevelopment resulted in three were explored. The approach that staff pre- infi ll, staff realized, is truly where intensifi - garage doors, three driveways, three walk- ferred was to use a single curb cut and a cation has to work. The City absolutely had ways, no trees, a concealed front door, and carriageway, and locate parking at the rear. to address the issue. an end result that was completely unrelated Rear yard parking is normal in most of On May 9th 2012 Council adopted a to the established context. Another unin- Ottawa’s old neighbourhoods, with or with- package of changes to zoning and other by- tended consequence of this suburban format out rear lanes. The developer, in contrast, laws and regulations that start putting is that, incrementally, on-street parking wanted his buyers to have a front garage, a some urban design back into the as-of-right spaces started to disappear. The proliferation back yard, and lots of interior space. For permissions for infi ll. The most signifi cant of curb cuts on streets where several infi ll City planning staff , this posed the question change is that an infi ll dwelling can now projects have materialized has signifi cantly of whether the perceived wishes of even- be built without providing parking. That eroded parking capacity for visitors, and in tual buyers have the right to trump a public specifi c change removes the as-of-right con- some cases for the nearby mainstreet. realm that exists and is valued by the peo- dition whereby a developer is obligated to Neighbourhoods were also reporting other ple who inhabit it. fi t a car into a lot even if it causes a com- losses—street trees, green frontages, loss of We initially recommended refusal of pletely incorrect urban design condition. pervious area—that play a key role in defi n- the site plan based on its departure from This change is especially useful for inner ing the character of the aff ected areas. the Urban Design Guidelines for Low- and neighbourhoods where a residential on- What’s worse, this was allowed as-of-right in Medium-density Infi ll Housing. Legal then street parking program is in eff ect. People the zoning by-law. Although the City has advised us that this would mean an in those neighbourhoods typically live in urban design guidelines that guide infi ll Ontario Municipal Board (omB) hearing 19th century houses that may not have development, when push came to shove, the that would be fought on as-of-right zoning parking; in such cases people park on the as-of-right permissions in the zoning by-law versus guidelines. The developer’s lawyer street. Infi lls can now be consistent. What’s won the day. told us bluntly at Planning Committee: “If more, it’s now specifi cally forbidden to pro-

Infill in Mature Neighbourhoods Push did come to shove over one such you don’t like your zoning, change it, but vide off -street parking for secondary infi ll proposal where three townhouses we’re allowed to do this.” dwelling units. 30 Another signifi cant zoning change is that front garages are now prohibited on lots narrower than 7.6 metres. On lots wider than 7.6 m, where garage doors are allowed, they can’t be wider than 50% of the façade of a house. This removes the possibility of having a double-car garage door on the front of an infi ll on a street where nothing of the type exists. The zoning also establishes restrictions of the amount of hard surface area in the front yard, although as a last-minute com- promise with industry, the City consented to allow front-yard parking without a garage on the narrow lots. Although this plan canada | fall · automne 2012 doesn’t solve the problem of multiple curb cuts and allows the continued erosion of the tree canopy and front yard greenery, at least it does away with the front garage, so that the whole ground fl oor of the infi ll

PCQ3_2012_Book 30 2012-09-19 12:31 PM Left: A typical inner Ottawa infi ll as was permitted as-of-right in the zoning by-law: front garages, paved City of Ottawa. No matter where this goes, from a traditional heritage conservation per- front yard, one visible front door for three units, what has been established is that business spective, but from a broader, living complete contrast with the established streetscape. Photo credit: City of Ottawa as usual is no longer an option. Ottawa has organism perspective, one we see continu- Right: A preferable design: carriageway access to rear reached a size and stage of maturity that ing to evolve and mature. The fi rst step that parking, single curb cut, direct front door relationship requires our regulatory framework to catch the City has just taken is, in that sense, one to the public realm, more space for a green front yard and street trees. Photo credit: City of Ottawa up with the volume of activity taking place we are particularly proud to have taken. in the older neighbourhoods that everyone (Ottawa’s study of small-scale infi ll in cherishes, and ensure that the reinvest- mature neighbourhoods along with the house is designed to be inhabited. This is ment in them takes place in a way that whole package of changes that have just an interim step, which will be re-evaluated strengthens what people value in them. been adopted can be viewed at www. when the housing market feels more com- Solutions like on-street parking, rear lanes o t t a w a . c a / i n fi l . The staff report is available fortable with selling a new house on the and carriageways, which ironically harken at http://tinyurl.com/cyumdt6). I basis of on-street parking (something that back to the days where they were seen as is commonplace in every big city). inconvenient legacies of the horse-and- AlAin miGueleZ, mciP, rPP, is the Also, as part of the package of changes buggy days, have re-emerged as pragmatic, program manager of Development Review adopted by Council, there were revisions to big-city tools to deal with a wave of new for the Inner Urban Area of Ottawa. He has the infi ll urban design guidelines. These construction in the inner city. been with the City since 2002, starting in

were aimed at two things: fi rst, to better This topic is one that Ottawa will revisit, the Planning Policy branch. Prior to that, he infill in mature neighbourhoods illustrate what the City would consider to probably several times in the coming years. was Senior Market Analyst for Ottawa at be good urban design responses to estab- Staff is to report to Council within three CMHC. He started out in planning with 31 lished contexts of old streetscapes, based in years of the adoption of this package of new McNeely-Tunnock of Orleans and also con- particular on the location of parking. rules, and the Planning Department sees sulted with Maxgroup Associates of Ottawa. Ottawa is blessed with a vibrant core of up- this as a series of incremental steps being He can be reached at: alain.miguelez@ and-coming architects with whom staff has taken to care for our urban fabric, not just ottawa.ca had long and interesting discussions on how to integrate infi ll. Models such as the carriageway, the single driveway to a split interior garage, the side driveway to shared rear parking, the back-to-back with middle parking, as well as the more typical corner lot confi gurations, have been discussed with the architectural profession; some are illustrated in our Guidelines but this remains a work in progress, as staff contin- ues to accumulate experience with new plan canada | fall · automne 2012 projects being constructed. These zoning changes have, unfortu- nately, been appealed to the omB, where they will be vigorously defended by the

PCQ3_2012_Book 31 2012-09-19 12:31 PM A TALE

SUBURBSPCQ3_2012_Book 32 2012-09-19 12:31 PM OF TWO

The Physical Plan and Its Implications for Active Transportation

BY JeFFreY WArD, mciP, lPP

above, left and right: Parts of Don Mills’ trails seems virtually indistinguishable from . . . the Imkerspad in Houten. below, left and right: Shopping in Houten remains small in scale, while Don Mills retailing is focused on the region. SUBURBSPCQ3_2012_Book 33 2012-09-19 12:31 PM summArY In Canada, we build tens of thousands of new homes—detached, semi- Denmark is impractical, since there are detached and low rise apartments—in subdivisions across the land. At best, in our vast cultural diff erences between North planning documents we only pay lip service to the concept of human-powered transpor- Americans and Europeans and that there tation. Few if any examples of suburban land developments show any attempt to are longstanding histories of cycling use in address active transportation (AT) as a real and viable alternative transportation mode. Europe. While it is true that cycling is an We have plenty of trails, but few destinations. We seem to view trails as recreational old tradition there, it is also true that as assets; nothing more. In this article, I’ll compare the Dutch new town of Houten with a recently as the 1970s, bicycling as a travel model suburban Canadian community of about the same mid-20th century vintage— mode was endangered in many European Don Mills, Ontario—Canada’s most famous and infl uential planned community. I’ll cities that are now seen as cycling havens: compare the approach taken towards the physical plan specifi cally as it relates to AT— cars had overrun many urban centres. The highlighting the strong similarities and then focusing on the major diff erences which catalyst for change came by way of the make one community an AT paradise while the other remains highly reliant on cars. Energy Crisis of 1973, created when opec This article is not intended as a paean to European cycling culture nor a rebuke of past countries decided to limit oil sales to west- Canadian achievements, but a practical examination of what seems to make AT work. ern countries. While uS President Carter was urging Americans to burn less fuel oil rÉsumÉ Au Canada, des dizaines de milliers de nouvelles maisons unifamiliales ou and put on sweaters, in countries like jumelées et de bâtiments résidentiels bas sont construits chaque année sur des lotisse- Holland, oil shortages kept people off the ments à travers le pays. Au mieux, la notion de transport à propulsion humaine n’est highways on weekends, so people and gov- considérée que du bout des lèvres dans nos documents de planifi cation, et les exemples ernments chose another route. Bicycle sales d’aménagement du territoire en banlieue permettant d’adopter le transport actif en tant sky-rocketed and people demanded that que solution de rechange réelle et viable sont rares. Nous avons beaucoup de sentiers, more attention be given to creating cycling mais très peu de destinations, et ces sentiers semblent être perçus comme de simples facilities. Changes favouring the bicycle

infill in mature neighbourhoods biens récréatifs. Cet article compare la nouvelle ville néerlandaise de Houten avec Don began to be implemented and they con- Mills, en Ontario, la communauté organisée la plus célèbre et infl uente au Canada et tinue today. 34 une banlieue modèle développée au cours de la même période, soit le milieu du 20e siè- The Dutch have now had four decades cle. Il contraste l’approche adoptée en matière d’aménagement du territoire, notamment of experience in active transportation and par rapport au transport actif, et met en relief à la fois les points communs et les princi- they can off er Canadian planners useful pales diff érences permettant à une communauté de devenir un véritable paradis des lessons in terms of the design of new com- transports actifs alors qu’une autre demeure fortement tributaire des voitures. Cet arti- munities and retrofi tting old ones.² cle ne se veut pas un hymne à la culture européenne du vélo ni un reproche des This article focuses mainly on the new réalisations canadiennes antérieures, mais bien un examen pratique des critères clés du town of Houten. Houten was a farming transport actif. community until the late 1960s when it became slated for urban development as a satellite community for Utrecht. Today it is “If something exists, it must mobility options from walking and cycling, two towns—Houten North and Houten be possible.” to cars and Skytrains.¹ But for the other half, South—with a combined population —Amory Lovins those living in low density neighbourhoods, approaching 55,000 people and a cycling Urban Canada is really Suburban Canada, mode share of better than 50 percent for and the range of transportation choices can non-work trips. plan canada | fall · automne 2012 introDuction be much smaller. In most suburbs, the car is Research consisted of back-to-back fi eld In 2008, Statistics Canada reported that four still the only practical way of getting reviews and informal intercept interviews out of fi ve Canadians were living in areas around. It doesn’t need to be that way. in both Houten and Don Mills conducted classifi ed as urban. For roughly half of these Some will argue that looking to in November 2011. No offi cials were con- people, city life off ers a wide range of European examples in Holland and tacted in either community.

PCQ3_2012_Book 34 2012-09-19 12:31 PM Figure 1: Comparative Map—Don Mills and Houten olD WorlD, neW WorlD: Major Road Rail WorlDs APArt Bond Active Transportation Park One of the most striking similarities Urbanized between Houten and Don Mills is the trans- Town Centre port framework. Both communities feature Park/OS a ring road with an intersecting network at the centre. The town centres are located near this midpoint. The critical diff erence is that in Don Mills, the intersecting network Mocassin Trail consists of two pre-existing roads (Don Park Den Slag (see detail) Mills Road and Lawrence Avenue) and in Houten the intersecting links are a com- Original Town Centre muter railroad and a pedestrian/cycling path. The ring road in Don Mills (the Don Mills 0 200400 600 1000m Houten Donway) is located 200 to 600 metres from the centre while in Houten it varies in dis- tance from 750 to 1800 metres away. tABle 1: similArities AnD contrAsts Critically, Houten’s ring road (the Rondweg) In many respects Houten and Don Mills seem to share many of the same characteristics, yet there describes the outer edge of the community, are major di erences as revealed in the following table. whereas the Donway lies more or less half- siMilarities dOn Mills hOuten way between the centre of Don Mills and Transport framework Ring road with intersecting Ring road with intersecting the outer edge. Both roads have a limited network at centre network at centre number of access points. Dependency Self-contained Self-contained Beyond these surface similarities, there are deeper ones as well. Don Mills and Neighbourhoods Neighbourhood quadrants (4) Neighbourhood quadrants (19) Houten were both designed to be self-suffi - Pedestrian plan Separation of pedestrians and Separation of pedestrians cient communities, each off ering vehicles and vehicles employment opportunities, schools and Environment Former farming area with Former farming area with greenbelt shopping areas within their overall greenbelt designs. They both derive their workforces Retail Shopping at centre Shopping at centre from inside and outside the immediate area, and each was also expected to export Employment Employment (live-work) Employment (live-work) workers to other areas (in the case of Don Target population 25,000 people 38,000 people Mills, the Gta, and in the case of Houten,

Main road access to Don Valley Parkway A27 (national motorway) the city of Utrecht). In Houten, most resi- A TALE OF TWO SUBURBS larger centre (municipal expressway) dents appear to rely on the central retail Motor vehicles per 436 to 562 415 area, compared to other shopping possibili- 35 1,000 residents See note 1. See note 2. ties. In the early years, Don Mills was also well-used by local people, but it was Precedents Virtually unprecedented, Unique; the culmination of a though inspired by the work of number of smaller experiments. always aimed at a broader market area. Clarence Stein and others. Today, in its third generation of develop- ment, the shopping area still retains a differences dOn Mills hOuten regional focus, though this time the aim is Start date 1952 1976 (though envisioned earlier) on a decidedly up-scale market atmosphere. Substantial completion 1958 1988 Downtown Don Mills started out with a I n fl u e n c e Highly infl uential. Not infl uential until recently. low-rise indoor-outdoor shopping centre, including a grocery store, banks and a Dominant transport Car-dominated. Balance of cars and . futuristic, circular curling rink. The shop- Commuter transport Excellent bus transit. Excellent rail transit; poor bus transit. ping centre was later redeveloped as a Mode share Car: 70–71 / 75–84% Transit: Car: 58 / 35% Transit: 15 / 10 Walk/ fully-enclosed mall in the 1970s. In Its lat- (work/non-work) 24–27 / 11–16% Other: 3–5 / 5–9% Bike: 31 / 55% est incarnation, it has reverted to an See note 1. See note 2. outdoor “lifestyle centre” and there are plan canada | fall · automne 2012 1. Don Mills straddles two wards in the City of Toronto. The mode share numbers refl ect Statistics Canada journey to work plans to add some mid-rise residential data for Wards 25 and 34, as summarized in Ward Profi les published by the City in 2008. This source also contains the data on the number of vehicles per household as obtained from the Transportation Tomorrow Survey. The ttS reports buildings to the area. Aside from the local vehicle ownership per household from which the fi gures shown in the table were calculated. Metro grocery store, the downtown now 2. Contained in Nicole Foletta, Houten Case Study, Itdp Europe, 2010. The report states that 36 percent of households have more than two cars; only two percent of households do not own at least one bicycle. off ers little for the local shopper.

PCQ3_2012_Book 35 2012-09-19 12:31 PM Don Mills’ impressive new regional shopping centre features walkable streets and monumental art by Douglas Coupland. detached dwellings—in fact, more than Don Mills also continued pedestrian half the dwellings in its housing mix, par- and cyclist segregation, a tradition begun ticularly in its South Hills Village in Radburn and encouraged in Canada by neighbourhood, are multiples—semi- the cmHc 1940s superblock experiment detached, townhouses and low-rise used in such places as Winnipeg’s Don mills apartments. Wildwood and Halifax’s Westmount.⁴ Don

a tale of two suburbs Built between 1954 and 1958, Don Mills As designed by the late Macklin Mills featured some 7.5 kilometres of land- was developed on farmland a few miles Hancock and fi nanced by E.P. Taylor, Don scaped off road trails, and a handful of 36 northeast of downtown Toronto, and was Mills infl uenced countless suburban land special underpasses which allowed riders projected to eventually house a population developments across the country, from and pedestrians to cross streets without of 25,000. Greenbelt Heights Village and Flemington interference from cars.⁵ Don Mills also introduced the 60 by Village in Toronto to Clayton Park in More than half a century later, these 100 foot lot that became standard across Halifax. It also demonstrated the high level facilities still function as planned. But if you Canada and remained so for at least a quarter of achievement that was possible with an examine them carefully, you realize the century. imaginative design approach and the weakness of the trail system: its failure to John Sewell, one of Toronto’s former funds to realize it. connect housing to virtually any land use Mayors wrote about Don Mills in his 1993 Don Mills is also notable for introduc- other than schools. This is important book The Shape of the City: ing the idea of “live-work” to the suburbs, because Don Mills was so infl uential that its “Elbow room and closer contact with the and integrating retail into its core. This imitators seem to have perpetuated the land . . . result in large lots that emphasized innovation was possibly the least infl uen- same fault. While the Don Mills trail system the green space already present in the lav- tial one of those introduced. Most large made it safer for kids to get to school, it did ish park dedication and pedestrian suburban areas today tend to concentrate not help their mothers shop, nor their walkways. The large lot with a single storey retailing at their peripheries near highway fathers get to work. Today, as a result, the plan canada | fall · automne 2012 house set broadside to the street was what interchanges, with a distinct emphasis on Don Mills trail system functions primarily set Don Mills apart from other communi- regional markets, and less so on local ones. as a recreational walking trail and cycling ties in the city.”³ And very few off er substantial opportuni- path. There are very few routes that would But Sewell also notes that Don Mills ties for non-retail employment in the way facilitate travel between neighbouring areas. does not consist entirely of low density that Don Mills does. To borrow from Jarrett Walker’s defi nition

PCQ3_2012_Book 36 2012-09-19 12:31 PM of personal mobility, which he linked to Figure 2: De Slag neighbourhood of Houten (showing road network and single entry public transit, the Don Mills trail system point from the ring road). failed to provide people with “the freedom to move beyond their walking range.”⁶

0 200 metres

Houten Planning the Dutch new town of Houten was initiated less than a decade after Don Mills in 1966, but the major work was not started until about 1976 when construction of the ring road began.⁷ In the intervening years, the mayor and council of Houten Light agreed to allow the village of about 3,000 Industries RONDWEG (RING ROAD) and Services Eli Lilly residents to evolve into a national growth Nederland BV Aluminum centre, with the proviso that the quiet Centrum

nature of the village would be retained.⁸ Shared street, parking Walking and/or cycle path This resulted in a tremendous design chal- Canal Park lenge, one met by a young planner named De Slag Neighbourhood Houten Grade separation (AT under) Rob Denks. His approach was to separate pedestrian and cycling activities from road traffi c by creating virtually independent networks, (human-powered transportation) at the centre, and vehicular traffi c around property sales functions. Houten off ered a face the problem of convincing the build- the periphery. radical departure from traditional land ers of subdivisions to maintain road Within the new development, he cre- development designs, and its development allowances for future connections to abut- ated more than a dozen distinct but approach actually gave pedestrian and ting land. I would hope readers understand adjacent neighbourhoods, highly con- cycle traffi c the room it needed to fl ourish. that it is not always the road connection nected for at but only indirectly connected This resulted in a safer, quieter environ- that is important, but the at linkages. And for cars, thus making it more attractive to ment that still exists more than three certainly, if you create the at link it can be move from one area to another by walking decades after its initiation. made wide enough to accommodate emer- or cycling using a concept known as “fi l- gency vehicles. tered permeability”. As was the case in Don Mills, the lessons AnD oBserVAtions Consider the non-work trip: Many subur- designer placed the commercial core at the The following observations may off er guid- ban areas are often thought of as “bedroom

crossing of two transportation links and ance for planners as they strive to improve communities”. Thus, transportation plan- a tale of two suburbs made the entire development compact personal mobility through planning pol- ning tends to ignore transportation needs enough that the most distant resident had icy . . . especially in the suburban context. outside of rush hours. Yet the work trip 37 to travel less than 2 kilometres to reach the comparisons in Table 1 indicate that core. Every dwelling had at connectivity to Plan for user safety and comfort: Research Houten has succeeded most eff ectively in the town centre, so that access to schools published in 2010 by my collaborators at satisfying the non-work trip like going to and other services was virtually free of mRc indicates that users of separate cycle school, grocery shopping, getting to restau- vehicular interaction. paths feel safer and are more comfortable rants and general business destinations. Around the periphery of the town, cars than when they ride on the street. And Houten’s success seems to support the non- on the ring road travelled at 70 kilometres when riders feel comfortable, it follows regional approach to retailing (the grocery per hour, free of pedestrian or cyclist con- that they will also be more inclined to use stores are small in Houten). fl icts, while speeds inside the ring were a bike.⁹ Many communities have trail sys- limited to 30 kilometres per hour. The ten- tems. Seek to upgrade key corridors by Strive for varied destinations: Today, many dency to speed was reduced by the design of making them wider for pedestrians and walking and cycling facilities seem to be the internal street system and there are few cyclists alike. Make them straighter and useful mainly for recreation, because they long, straight “speedways” in Houten. more open for the safety of users. really don’t go anywhere. Changing this Interior streets are typically short and fea- As observed in Houten, parents seem to can be diffi cult in established neighbour- turing frequent jogs to help quiet the traffi c. be more confi dent in allowing their chil- hoods where land uses are already plan canada | fall · automne 2012 The town authority was the property dren to use the open bike path system. determined. The aim should be to shorten developer, with the support of regional and trips. One way to look at at routes is to national governments, and it exercised full Adopt the concept of fi ltered permeability: compare them to vehicular transportation control over design, contracting and Planners, especially in rural areas, often links. Considering use and purposes, they

PCQ3_2012_Book 37 2012-09-19 12:31 PM Left: Distinctive pairs of buildings mark the entry to each neighbourhood in Houten South. These buildings form the gateway to the De Slag neighbourhood. The Houten model might suggest the possi- Right: Newly-opened bicycle parking lot, known as the Fietstransferium, was constructed beneath the train bility of eliminating the central road and to station at Houten North. The facility holds 4,000 bicycles. serve the community using roads that would provide entrance from the periphery should have intersections and varying path between the Gta and future growth areas. with a light rail terminus at the core. The widths as needs dictate. Look for opportu- The greenbelt essentially espouses the sat- planning and development of Seton are

a tale of two suburbs nities to introduce new uses along key ellite community concept. The diff erence well under way, but the project is still sev- corridors and nodes that respond to the between the Dutch and Canadian example eral years from completion. 38 requirements of the population. For exam- is the greater distance that would have to In the largely undeveloped area south of ple, at the intersection of a road and trail, is be travelled to reach the core. One could Marquis of Lorne Trail, it would seem pos- there an opportunity for a coff ee shop or a easily envision a satellite development sible to consider a higher density of day care? Can a new trail be directed located signifi cantly beyond the green development, and issuing zoning permits towards an existing shopping plaza with zone and connected to the core by rail. that allow for an expanded employment safe and secure access directly to the Houten lies just seven kilometres from zone (i.e., similar mix to downtown). The doors? Could the owners of a commercial central Utrecht; in the Gta we may be look- area is already planned to accommodate a fi tness centre abutting a trail be convinced ing at places around Guelph or Brantford, new hospital, which opens this year. By to create an entrance from the trail as well that are much farther away than Don Mills increasing the allowable density at the cen- as from the front of the building? but which off er the benefi t of being reason- tre (as per the New Urbanist model) and ably fl at and therefore more conducive to using the freed-up central road right-of- cycling. way as a new employment zone, a PrActicAl APPlicAtions In Calgary, the serious potential and pedestrian and cycling-centred community Following are some specifi c examples of opportunity for at lies in the southeast might be in Calgary’s near future. how the lessons of Houten may be applied part of the city which is currently being For less rapidly expanding centres, the plan canada | fall · automne 2012 in the Canadian context. developed into several neighbourhoods col- potential may lie in using abandoned rail The Places to Grow initiative for the lectively named Seton. The C-Train light corridors, which could provide space for Golden Horseshoe off ers a logical opportu- rail service is now under development run- infi ll development. The key benefi t of old nity for a Houten-like approach to ning parallel to 52nd Street Se, and there is rail lines is the virtual lack of gradient. development, as it places a greenbelt a road grid surrounding the development. Rail lines are typically built

PCQ3_2012_Book 38 2012-09-19 12:31 PM cited in the Conservancy report include the Cape Cod Rail Trail and the Lachine Canal Trail in Montreal. What is opportune about rail trails is the fact that in many urban centres, the lands bordering the lines are often undervalued and underdeveloped because of the historic, long-term presence of rail traffi c. Removal of the rail activity makes it possible to attract new investment and transform previously undesirable areas for investors to consider. The ulti- mate goal should be to transform abandoned rail corridors into human-pow- ered transport links, and to create business as well as recreational assets. Consider the opportunities that might arise for a new residential development which is built with a trail running through its center.

A moDest ProPosAl A recent article in Bicycling magazine pointed out that in the uS, more and more schools are being built at the outer edges of suburbia where the land is cheap and plen- tiful, but at routes for pedestrians and cyclists are not created, so everyone must take the bus.¹¹ Many Canadian school boards follow a similar wasteful develop- using gradients no greater than one or two In the United States the “uS Rail to Trails ment model, often requiring large tracts of percent. This rate of increase is barely per- Conservancy” notes the economic benefi t land be made available for the school, ceptible to the pedestrian or the cyclist, that these corridors off er to municipalities.¹⁰ sports fi elds and parking areas, giving lit- which would make these routes into excel- Property values have been shown to tle thought to at. In Canada, we continue lent car-free travel corridors. By using increase when they abut these improved to build tens of thousands of new subur- abandoned rail rights-of-way, even rela- rights-of-way, and when businesses are ban housing units each year, meaning we

tively hilly communities like Halifax and located along the line, business profi ts are a long way from abandoning suburbia. a tale of two suburbs St. John’s could off er cycle friendly zones. have been shown to improve. Examples My modest proposal, addressed to elected offi cials and front-line planning staff is 39 this: do not approve a subdivision, school reFerenCes and notes or retail development again without fi rst 1. Turcotte M. The city/suburb contrast: How can we measure it? Canadian Social Trends, Statistics Canada, November 21, asking this fundamental question: Have 2008. pedestrians and cyclists been considered 2. This paragraph summarizes a number of sources. A useful overview of the Dutch experience can be viewed in the Irish before the car, can pedestrians and cyclists documentary The Pedal Project—Three Cycling Cities (30 min.), Dublin Community Television, 2010. (http://vimeo. com/9950110) get to their destinations safely and com- 3. Sewell J. The Shape of the City: Toronto Struggles with Modern Planning. University of Toronto Press; 1993:90. fortably without being exposed to the 4. MacKenzie S, Robson S, editors. Halifax Street Names: an Illustrated Guide. Formac Publishing; 2002:169. 5. As of 2011, the length of trails was increased by a further 3 kilometres by conversion of the abandoned cn Leaside spur line possibility of a dangerous encounter with to a multi-use trail between Bond Avenue and Overland Drive on the western edge of Don Mills. an automobile? If the answer isn’t yes to 6. Walker J. Human Transit: How clearer thinking about public transit can enrich our communities and our lives. Washington: Island Press; 2012:18. both questions, at should be requisite for 7. Foletta N. Case Study: Houten, Utrecht, Netherlands, Itdp Europe, 2010. the granting of these approvals from this 8. Houten lies a few kilometres southeast of Utrecht, of which it is a planned satellite. Houten’s growth occurred in two waves, the fi rst beginning in the late 1970s as described in the text (Houten North) and the latter beginning in 1994 day forward. I (Houten South). Houten South is still under development in 2012. The ultimate population of Houten North/South is expected to be about 55,000 people. 9. Copeland JJ, Chisholm Gl, Robinson JBl. Developing a cycling facility selection tool: Some observations. Paper prepared for JeFFreY WArD, mciP, lPP, is a Senior presentation at the “How to Encourage the Safe Coexistence of Diff erent Modes of Transport” Session of the 2011 Annual Planner with mRc, a Member of mmm plan canada | fall · automne 2012 Conference of the Transportation Association of Canada, Edmonton, Alberta, September 2011. Available at: http://www. tac- atc.ca/english/annualconference/tac2011/docs/t2/copeland.pdf Group, specializing in land use and trans- 10. Rails to Trails Conservancy. From Trails to Trod: Trails and Economic Development, August 2007. Available at: http:// portation planning. He can be reached at: www.railstotrails.org/resources/documents/whatwedo/TrailLink%2007%20program_Economic%20Develop.pdf 11. Darlington D. Why Johnny Can’t Ride. April 2012. Available at: http://www.bicycling.com/news/advocacy/why- johnny- [email protected] cant-ride?page=0,0

PCQ3_2012_Book 39 2012-09-19 12:31 PM WALKABILITY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

How Pedestrian and Transit-Oriented Environments Attract Creative Jobs to Hamilton

BY PAul sHAKer, mciP, rPP

summArY This article summarizes the outcomes of the report rÉsumÉ Cet article résume les conclusions de l’étude “Walkability and Economic Development” by CCS Urban « Walkability and Economic Development » (L’accessibilité pié- Research, commissioned by the Hamilton Chamber of tonne et le développement économique) réalisée par la CCS Commerce. The report investigated how pedestrian and transit- Urban Research à la demande de la Hamilton Chamber of oriented environments attract creative industries in the City of Commerce. L’étude s’est penchée sur les diff érentes façons dont Hamilton. This was done through a spatial analysis to see where les environnements qui favorisent les piétons et le transport en clusters of creative economic activity are located relative to the commun attirent les industries de la création vers la Ville de areas of the city where walkability and transit accessibility are Hamilton. Fondée sur une analyse spatiale, l’étude détermine at their greatest. The report puts the results into a broader con- l’emplacement des grappes d’activité économique créative par text of other relevant research as well as local policy goals to rapport aux zones urbaines qui off rent une très grande accessibi- show how community planning eff orts can help create urban lité aux piétons et au transport en commun. De plus, elle examine environments that are fertile ground for the development of cer- les résultats obtenus dans le contexte plus large d’autres études tain economic sectors. pertinentes et d’objectifs politiques locaux afi n de montrer com- ment les eff orts de planifi cation communautaire peuvent contribuer à créer des environnements urbains propices au déve- loppement de certains secteurs économiques. 40 lthough it is understood that pedes- embedded in the municipal Economic However, with the more contemporary trian friendly and transit-oriented Development Strategy which devotes a sec- view of economic development gaining trac- environments are elements of good tion to how Qol and livable communities, tion, a central question is what is the impact planning, they are not necessarily help attract workers, and makes Hamilton of walkable and transit accessible environ- understood as good business by a good place to invest in. However, while ments on jobs and economic development. the broader municipal decision- these over-arching goals sound good, what Just as certain economic sectors require making community. However, the does this mean on a practical level? robust road and rail links to make locations increased focus on the importance As the Metropolitan New Economy attractive for business, what is the link of Quality of Life (Qol) is begin- Index outlines, Qol goes beyond “high cul- between a hive of economic activity, and the ning to make this link. ture” to include elements like walkability, level of walkability and transit access. More and more, Qol is recognized as a how well workers and residents can navi- As an organization with a mandate to pro- keyA driver of economic development for gate the urban environment on foot, mote local business, the Hamilton Chamber cities. The uS-based Progressive Policy congregate and network, without the need of Commerce commissioned ccS Urban Institute’s comprehensive study of for a vehicle. Another dimension is how Research to conduct a study on this issue in plan canada | fall · automne 2012 American urban centres called The accessible certain areas are by transit. This Hamilton, with a focus on creative industries, Metropolitan New Economy Index, high- understanding hasn’t always been the case and the results were quite informative. lights Qol as a key factor in attracting the as these elements were long seen as second- First, why creative industries? From pre- knowledge workers of the new economy.¹ In ary factors, compared to vehicular access, in vious research we have conducted, we know the City of Hamilton, this understanding is creating fertile economic environments. there is a high concentration of creative

PCQ3_2012_Book 40 2012-09-19 12:31 PM Figure 1: The Walkability of Hamilton’s Neighbourhoods. Figure 2: Transit Score of Hamilton’s Neighbourhoods WALKABILITY AND :    :    ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

industries in the downtown core.² We also than one mile. Walk Score uses a variety of 13 neighbourhoods north of the Lincoln know about the signifi cant growth in cre- data sources including Google Earth and Alexander Expressway. ative industry jobs downtown over the last Open Street Map.³ few years. Finally, we know that the core is The Walk Score was measured in the one of the more walkable environments in centre of all of Hamilton’s neighbourhoods creAtiVe inDustries AnD the local urban structure. From this basis, a and the results were mapped according to a WAlKABilitY number of questions can be posed: scale of walkability (Figure 1). Most of the Creative industries can be found through- highly walkable neighbourhoods are out Hamilton, but they tend to cluster in > What is the measured level of walkabil- located in the lower city between the certain areas. Figure 3 shows a city-wide ity in the downtown? Niagara Escarpment and Hamilton scan of creative industries overlaid on the > Where else in the city can we see these Harbour and encompass downtown Walk Score map. The analysis shows a levels of walkability? Dundas through Westdale and Downtown, strong spatial relationship between areas of > What is the geography of transit access to Strathearne Avenue in the east. higher Walk Score and creative businesses in Hamilton? Along with the Walk Score, a Transit with almost half (Figure 4) being located in

> Is there a spatial relationship between Score was measured for Hamilton’s neigh- neighbourhoods ranked as the top two cat- Walkability and Economic Development walkability, transit accessibility and cre- bourhood planning units using a similar egories of Walk Score (“Walker’s Paradise” ative industry jobs city-wide? methodology. Transit Score is a measure of and “Very Walkable”). Particular clusters of 41 how well a location is served by public tran- note include the neighbourhoods in and In answering these questions, we can sit. Transit Score is based on data released in around downtown Hamilton (Central, begin by looking at the overall issue of a standard format by public transit agencies. Beasley, Durand, Corktown), the south-west walkability, economic development, and To calculate a Transit Score, a “usefulness” (Strathcona, and Kirkendall North), as well job creation in Hamilton. value is assigned to nearby transit routes as downtown Dundas. based on the frequency, type of route (rail, bus, etc.), and distance to the nearest stop on meAsurinG WAlKABilitY the route. The “usefulness” of all nearby creAtiVe inDustries AnD trAnsit AccessiBilitY routes is summed and normalized to give a AnD trAnsit To measure walkability in Hamilton, the score between 0–100.⁴ Figure 5 shows creative industries overlaid on-line tool Walk Score was utilized. Walk Figure 2 shows Hamilton’s neighbour- on the Transit Score map. The analysis once Score uses a special procedure to measure hoods categorized by Transit Score. Five again shows a strong spatial relationship the walkability of an address. The Walk neighbourhoods ranked as having between areas of higher Transit Score and Score algorithm awards points based on Excellent Transit surround the downtown. creative businesses with over half (Figure 6) the distance to amenities in each category. A number of neighbourhoods ranked as being located in neighbourhoods ranked in plan canada | fall · automne 2012 Amenities [e.g., grocery stores, restaurants, having Good Transit spanning much of the the top two categories of Transit Score shops, banks, parks, schools] within .25 lower city from Westdale past the Red Hill (“Excellent Transit” and “Good Transit”). In miles receive maximum points and no Valley to Green Road in the east as well as the “Excellent Transit” category alone, the points are awarded for amenities further extending onto the escarpment to include neighbourhoods of Central, Beasley, Durand,

PCQ3_2012_Book 41 2012-09-19 12:31 PM Figure 3: Creative Industries and Walkability :  . ;    Figure 4: Creative Industries by Walk Score* :  . ;    *Does not include all categories and thus does not total 100% 100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% 70–100 50–69 0–49 Walker’s Somewhat Car- Paradise + Walkable Dependent Very Walkable

and Corktown have a signifi cant cluster mass of economic activity, as has been be viewed as economic infrastructure that (25%) of all creative industries. Further, observed with creative industries. This attract employment and should be invested about 40% are within a 500 metre zone is the case with the creative clusters in accordingly. This means that just as along King Street from Highway 403 to the located on James Street North, James investments are made to ensure suburban Red Hill Valley Expressway, which is one of Street South, Locke Street and business parks have the required infra- the designated rapid transit corridors for Downtown Dundas. structure to make them centres of private future Light Rail Transit (lRt). > Residents of more walkable places have investment, walkable environments need lower transportation costs and higher to be created, enhanced, and maintained in transit access. In Hamilton, the areas order to attract jobs for other sectors. conclusions/oBserVAtions with higher walk and transit scores Practically speaking, this points to a whole The analysis reveals a number of interest- have many more options for mobility, host of planning issues, ranging from ing trends. There is a clear spatial creating economic fl exibility in trans- pedestrian-friendly urban design to intensi- relationship between creative industries portation. In addition, the diff erent fi cation. The same can be said for and neighbourhoods in Hamilton that rank clusters of creative industries are well transit-accessible environments and this higher in walk and transit scores. connected to one another with public links directly to eff orts at establishing lRt

walkability and economic development Additionally, there is distinct clustering of transit, because they are located along across the lower city of Hamilton. businesses in areas close to or within the the major east-west and north-south Strengthening the link between walk- 42 neighbourhoods that rank the highest on transit corridors. ability, transit accessibility and jobs will be both scores. Further, we know from recent > Residents of places with poor walkability important for Hamilton to eff ectively build survey data that creative industries are a are generally less affl uent and have a strong and diverse economy moving fast growing sector in Hamilton and this lower educational attainment than relationship points to a link between walk- places with good walkability. While this able and transit accessible environments is not uniformly the case in Hamilton, reFerenCes and areas of job growth.⁵ many of the clustered locations of cre- 1. Atkinson Rd, Gottleib pd. The Metropolitan New Economy Index, Progressive Policy Institute, 2001. Why does this link exist? Recent work ative industries which score higher on Available at: http://www.neweconomyindex.org/metro/ by urban researchers and professionals walk and transit scores are located in part6.html 2. Working in the Core: Downtown Hamilton Employment such as Christopher Leinberger and his more affl uent areas of Hamilton. Areas Analysis. Available at: http://www.hamilton.ca/nR/ study of Washington D.C., show that sev- where this isn’t the case, such as the cre- rdonlyres/Bc74Be57-A016-4093-Bfd1- F1ae3afffB33/0/ eral factors contribute to more walkable ative district of James Street North are Jan10edRmS_n112407_v1_7_1_ped11009.pdf 3. Walk Score Methodology. Available at: http://www. places that perform better economically:⁶ undergoing some gentrifi cation and the walkscore.com/methodology.shtml local creative workforce, rather than the 4. Transit Score Methodology. Available at: http://www. walkscore.com/transit-score- methodology.shtml > Walkable places benefi t from being near residential population, is more affl uent 5. 2011 Downtown Employment Statistics. Available at: plan canada | fall · automne 2012 other walkable places. In Hamilton, than the average. http://www.investinhamilton.ca/wp- content/ uploads/2012/01/2011-Downtown-Employment-Stats2.pdf more walkable neighbourhoods tend to 6. Walk this Way: The Economic Promise of Walkable be adjacent to one another, creating nat- Moving forward, these factors can help Places in Metropolitan Washington, D.C. Available at: http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/fi les/ ural clustered districts on the urban inform local eff orts at job creation. More papers/2012/5/25%20walkable%20places%20 landscape that can help create a critical specifi cally, walkable environments should leinberger/25%20walkable%20places%20leinberger.pdf

PCQ3_2012_Book 42 2012-09-19 12:31 PM Figure 5: Creative Industries and Transit :  . ;    Figure 6: Creative Industries by Transit Score* :  . ;    *Does not include all categories and thus does not total 100%

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% 50–100 25–49 0–24 Excellent and Some Minimal Good Transit Transit Transit

forward. With limited resources to spend will attract and retain mobile talent. The PAul sHAKer, mciP, rPP, is Executive on economic development, decision makers growth of creative industries, the talent Director and Senior Planner with ccS need to ensure they are investing in parts they attract, and the geographic clustering Urban Research. He can be reached at: of the city that will provide a sustained they exhibit, point to the types of locations [email protected] return-on-investment, and create jobs that that achieve this goal in Hamilton. I

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PCQ3_2012_Book 43 2012-09-19 12:31 PM tHe LearninG cUrVe L’acQUisition DU saVoir

in tHe liFe oF A stuDent, summer As students of planning, we may be in is the time for pleasurable reading. But the the classroom every day for most of the year, opportunity to learn does not end with the but just by running errands, walking, semester. When I’m able to escape from my cycling or using public transit to get where course reading with its endlessly dry text, I we are going, we can learn about the eff ect return to that personal favourite of mine: of urban form on our behaviour. We can see The Death and Life of Great American Cities, fi rsthand the eff ects of street life and social by Jane Jacobs. While re-reading it I am interaction that contribute to the residents’ able to revisit Ms. Jacobs’ tenets of commu- attachment and commitment to their neigh- nity, which awaken me to the learning bourhoods. Our observational skills allow summer opportunities available. There are inge- us to increase our understanding of what niously simple ideas within the book that community is, and what the building blocks can change the way we think about plan- of a great neighbourhood are made up of. ning and its purpose. Ms. Jacobs allowed Through Ms. Jacobs-inspired writing, I sCHooL: her environment to become her teacher. fall in love again and again with my wonder- Look up and look all around yourself. ful neighbourhood. I look around and Take a really close look at the diverse users observe the diversity, and the variedness of LearninG Beyond of the public space. Consider the local resi- the built form. I am greeted by name by chil- dents’ relationship with their own dren playing on quiet corners, and shop neighbourhood. Jane Jacobs did this, owners as they stand by open doors keeping tHe CLassroom because she was a consummate observer a watchful eye on them while they are hav- and a powerful advocate for the human ing fun. I can see the diff erences that element. abound, the rich and the less well off , old

DAns lA Vie D’un ÉtuDiAnt, l’été est À titre d’étudiants en urbanisme, nous la période de l’année réservée à la lecture passons la majeure partie de notre temps L’ÉCoLe récréative. Pourtant, l’occasion d’apprendre en classe; or, le simple fait de faire des ne se termine pas avec la fi n de la session. courses, de marcher, de faire du vélo ou Dès que j’ai la possibilité de me soustraire à d’utiliser le transport en commun peut mes textes de cours invariablement arides, nous faire découvrir les eff ets de la ville sur 44 d’ÉtÉ : je me replonge dans mon livre préféré : The notre comportement et nous aider à cons- Death and Life of Great American Cities par tater par nous-mêmes les répercussions de Jane Jacobs. À chaque relecture, je redécou- la vie de quartier et de l’interaction sociale aPPrendre aiLLeurs vre ses principes de la communauté et je qui favorisent le sentiment de loyauté et prends conscience des possibilités l’engagement des gens à l’égard de leur d’apprentissage qui se présentent à moi. La quartier. Nos capacités d’observation nous Qu’en CLasse simplicité ingénieuse de quelques-unes des permettent d’affi ner notre compréhension idées exposées dans son ouvrage peut de la communauté et de ce qui constitue les changer la façon dont nous envisageons éléments de base d’un quartier bien vivant. l’urbanisme et son utilité. Grâce à l’écriture inspirée de Jane Jacobs, À l’instar de madame Jacobs qui a su tirer l’amour que je ressens pour mon merveilleux des leçons de son propre milieu de vie, je quartier se renouvelle à chaque fois. Je vous encourage à lever les yeux et à regarder regarde autour de moi et j’observe la diver- autour de vous. Prenez le temps d’examiner sité, la variété des édifi ces. Sous l’œil vigilant attentivement tous ceux qui tirent profi t des des marchands du seuil de leurs boutiques, plan canada | fall · automne 2012 espaces publics. Considérez les rapports que les enfants jouent au coin des rues paisibles les gens entretiennent avec le quartier qu’ils et me saluent en m’appelant par mon nom. Je habitent. Jane Jacobs a pu faire tout ça, car elle remarque les innombrables diff érences— était une observatrice aguerrie et une ardente nantis, démunis, jeunes et vieux—et défenseure du comportement humain. constate que tous partagent les agréments de

PCQ3_2012_Book 44 2012-09-19 12:31 PM and young people all of whom share in the experts and academics educates in an it is an ideal time for students to refl ect on amenities of a common community. I am entirely diff erent way. The city does not their lessons outside the classroom and blessed to live in one of the most amazing and will not provide students with a lesson share their ideas with each other. In your neighbourhoods in Ontario, which fortu- plan. Learning comes from watching approach to planning, be realistic and open nately has yet to attract the interest of the engaged citizens, public servants, and to new ideas, but perform with respect to booming development of big city Toronto. elected representatives going about their the city as it exists today. After all, the city But the most important thing about my com- daily routines. With close observation is more than a conglomeration of land uses munity is that it’s really all one giant comes the recognition of the importance of for us to arrange; it is our workplace, it is classroom. This province, this city, my neigh- a healthy city and the key role planners our home, and it’s our playground. Let’s bourhood, they are all a part of my learning must play in making that happen. make it better! I environment. I almost feel as though I see what Jacobs could see when she wrote The “It may be that we have become so feckless ABBY BesHArAH is the 2012–2013 Death and Life of Great American Cities. I as a people that we no longer care how Canadian Institute of Planners Student can appreciate the eff ects of local policy deci- things do work, but only what kind of quick, Representative, and is entering year 4 of a sions and planning in action, and because of easy outer impression they give. If so, there Bachelor of Urban & Regional Planning at this, learn the diff erences between what is little hope for our cities or probably for Ryerson University. Abby can be reached at: works in theory, and what doesn’t. much else in our society. But I do not think [email protected] As a student of planning, where and this is so. ” how do you learn? — Jane Jacobs, The Death And Life Professionals as well as students have of Great American Cities, 1961¹ an opportunity each and every day to learn something more about planning. The tradi- As cIp gears up for The Great Exchange: tional classroom environment, with its Putting Ideas Into Action 2012 Conference,

BY / PAr ABBY BesHArAH

leur communauté. Je suis privilégiée de vivre engagés, fonctionnaires et représentants dans l’un des quartiers les plus remarquables élus. C’est cette observation attentive qui de l’Ontario qui, par chance, n’a pas encore permet de reconnaître l’importance d’une attiré l’attention de la grande métropole en ville en santé et le rôle déterminant que les

pleine expansion. En fait, ma communauté urbanistes doivent jouer à cet eff et. the learning curve | l’acquisition du savoir n’est rien de moins qu’une gigantesque salle jamais d’agir dans le respect de la ville telle de classe. Ma province, ma ville, mon quar- « Il se pourrait que d’une manière générale qu’elle existe aujourd’hui. Après tout, bien 45 tier, tous font partie de mon environnement nous soyons devenus tellement incapables plus qu’une combinaison d’utilisations de d’apprentissage. C’est presque comme si je d’agir que nous nous soucions peu de la terres à nous de déterminer, la ville est notre percevais ce que madame Jacobs pouvait bonne marche de nos villes et que nous nous lieu de travail, notre demeure et notre terrain voir lorsqu’elle a écrit son ouvrage. Je suis préoccupions uniquement de l’impression de jeu. Rendons-la meilleure! I sensible à l’impact des décisions politiques à superfi cielle et fugitive qu’elles produisent sur l’échelle locale et de la mise en pratique de les tiers. Si c’était le cas, il y aurait peu ABBY BesHArAH est la représentante l’aménagement urbain, et pour cette raison, d’espoir, ni pour nos grandes villes, ni proba- des étudiants en urbanisme auprès du conseil je sais distinguer la théorie prometteuse de blement pour grand-chose d’autre. Mais je ne d’administration de l’Institut canadien des l’application erronée. pense pas que cela soit le cas. » urbanistes pour 2012–2013. Elle entame sa En qualité d’étudiant en urbanisme, où — Jane Jacobs, The Death And Life of quatrième année de baccalauréat en urba- et comment apprenez-vous? Great American Cities, 1961¹ nisme et aménagement du territoire à Chaque jour, professionnels et étudiants l’Université Ryerson. Abby peut être jointe à ont l’occasion d’en apprendre un peu plus Alors que l’Icu se prépare pour le congrès l’adresse suivante : [email protected] sur leur profession. Contrairement à ce que 2012 Forum d’échanges : grandes idées, plan canada | fall · automne 2012 les experts et universitaires du milieu sco- grandes réalisations, le moment est tout indi- reFerenCe / rÉFÉrenCe laire traditionnel enseignent, la ville n’off re qué pour les étudiants de réfl échir aux leçons 1. Jacobs J. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. pas de plan de cours et ne le fera jamais. tirées hors de la salle de classe et de partager New York (nY): Random House; 1961. (Déclin et survie des Pour apprendre, les étudiants doivent leurs idées. Abordez l’urbanisme avec grandes villes américaines, traduction française par Claire Parin-Senemaud. Liège, Belgique: Édition Pierre observer le quotidien de ses citoyens réalisme et ouverture d’esprit, mais n’oubliez Mardaga, 1991).

PCQ3_2012_Book 45 2012-09-19 12:31 PM PLanninG notes From Home anD aBroaD L’UrBanisme cHeZ noUs et À L’ÉtranGer tHe internAtionAl Aboriginal Youth (moaa) both teams began their community Internship (IaYI) Program is a funded pilot development and engagement activities. The program by the Canadian International teams created several after-school programs Development Agency (cIda), designed to for children, and also developed manuals to provide opportunities for Aboriginal youth teach locals how to use computers. to participate in international internships “Team Moruca” was busy developing a in developing countries. The Canadian physical education curriculum, teaching tHe sPirit Institute of Planners had the opportunity music and volunteering in the kitchen. to implement the program on behalf of “Team Mabaruma” took a special interest cIda, and in January 2012, cIp sent seven in sharing First Nations traditional songs interns from First Nations from all across and dance with school children of diff erent oF CHanGe: Canada, to Guyana South America. These villages. One of the interns worked very young people were stationed in two vil- closely with pineapple farmers, helping lages within Region 1: three of them went them to use simple computer technology in internationaL to Moruca and the other four to the planning, monitoring and evaluation of Mabaruma, eff ectively creating two teams. the crop. Another intern, with the help of The interns were also paired with mem- local elders, developed classes to teach aBoriGinaL youtH bers of cIp throughout the internship, who Warreu, a traditional language, to local were assigned as mentors. youth and other villagers; this intern also Working with our local partner in started work on the fi rst Warreu diction- internsHiP Guyana, the Ministry of Amerindian Aff airs ary. Thanks to this intern’s initiative, the

FinAncÉ PAr l’Agence canadienne de L’« équipe Moruca » s’est appliquée à développement international (acdI), le pro- mettre sur pied un programme d’éducation L’esPrit du gramme pilote de stages internationaux physique, à donner des cours de musique et pour les jeunes autochtones (SIJa) a pour à participer bénévolement aux taches dans mission de donner aux jeunes autochtones la cuisine. De son côté, l’« équipe la possibilité de prendre part à des stages Mabaruma » s’est consacrée à partager avec CHanGement : internationaux dans les pays en développe- les écoliers des diff érents villages chants et ment. L’Institut canadien des urbanistes danses traditionnels. L’un des stagiaires a 46 (Icu) a eu l’honneur de mettre en œuvre le travaillé en étroite collaboration avec des staGe internationaL programme au nom de l’acdI et, en janvier cultivateurs d’ananas afi n de les aider à 2012, a envoyé au Guyana, en Amérique du intégrer des outils informatiques de base Sud, sept stagiaires des Premières nations aux étapes de planifi cation, suivi et évalua- Pour Les Jeunes provenant des quatre coins du pays. Ces tion des récoltes. Avec l’aide des anciens de stagiaires ont séjourné dans deux villages la localité, un autre stagiaire a organisé des de la région 1 : trois à Moruca et quatre à cours de warreu, une langue traditionnelle, autoCHtones Mabaruma, formant en fait deux équipes à l’intention des jeunes et des autres villa- distinctes. Les jeunes ont aussi été jumelés geois et il a même entamé la rédaction du à des membres de l’Icu qui ont fait offi ce de premier dictionnaire de warreu. Grâce à ses mentors pendant toute la durée du stage. eff orts, la préservation de la langue warreu En collaboration avec notre partenaire fait maintenant partie de la stratégie de local, le ministère des Aff aires amérin- préservation des langues du ministère des diennes du Guyana, les deux équipes ont Aff aires amérindiennes. On a demandé aux entrepris leurs activités de développement et stagiaires de sexe féminin séjournant à plan canada | fall · automne 2012 d’engagement communautaires, en mettant Mabaruma de créer une plate-forme visant en place plusieurs programmes parasco- à mettre en place des groupes de discussion laires pour les enfants et en élaborant des sur l’alcoolisme et la grossesse précoce. manuels d’utilisation des ordinateurs à Elles ont également collaboré avec des l’intention de la population locale. volontaires du Corps de la paix à la

PCQ3_2012_Book 46 2012-09-19 12:31 PM Warreu language has now been added to feasts, school presentations, and workshops the moaa’s Language Preservation Strategy. within their respective communities. An The female interns in Mabaruma were outstanding example of this communica- AiDinG in WArreAu asked to develop a platform to spring-board tions project is this short documentary lAnGuAGe PreserVAtion discussion groups on alcoholism and teen video photographed by a local fi lmmaker, By Cody Whiteman pregnancy. They also collaborated with Rustom Seegopaul, who was hired by cIp to Peace Corps volunteers in preparing and capture the interns’ experiences in the vil- delivering talks aimed at school-age chil- lages: https://vimeo.com/44520477 ProJect summArY dren in villages near Mabaruma. cIp would like to thank cIda, the IaYI As part of the cIp Worldlink International A number of these activities weren’t project team, the Indigenous Peoples Aboriginal Youth Internship Program, included in the original work plan, but Planning Committee, the mentors, and seven Indigenous youth with an interest in were developed on interns’ own initiatives moaa for their support and hard work! community development were paired with as a means of preserving local culture, and a mcIp mentor in Canada, and then sent to a concern for the needs of the community. 2012 IaYI Participants: Guyana, South America to work with the Upon their return to Canada, the partic- Blayne Barrow, Comox, Bc Ministry of Amerindian Aff airs. The pur- ipants were asked to share their Cody Whiteman, Belleville, on pose was to improve the quality of international development experiences Georgia Wilkins, Thunder Bay, on community planning in the Moruca and with cIp and members of their own com- Jade Monkman, Winnipeg, mB Mabaruma sub regions of region 1. Their munities. Two of them share their stories Kyle Edwards, Winnipeg, mB work in Guyana included assisting in an article prepared for this issue of Plan Scotty McLeod, Victoria, Bc Community Development Offi cerscdo ( s) Canada. Others organized community Shannon Campbell, Chilliwack, Bc with the monitoring and evaluation of

préparation et la présentation d’exposés du Guyana pour leur soutien et leur tra- collaborer avec le ministère des Aff aires destinés aux enfants en âge scolaire des vil- vail assidu! amérindiennes. L’objectif était d’améliorer lages avoisinants. la qualité de la planifi cation communau- Certaines de ces activités n’avaient pas été Participants des SIJa de 2012 : taire dans les sous-régions de la région 1. envisagées dans le plan de travail initial, mais Blayne Barrow, Comox, C.-B. Leur travail au Guyana a consisté à épauler ont été élaborées à l’initiative des stagiaires Cody Whiteman, Belleville, Ont. les agents de développement communau-

soucieux de la préservation de la culture et Georgia Wilkins, Thunder Bay, Ont. taire dans la supervision et l’évaluation des planning notes from home and abroad | l’urbanisme chez nous et à l’étranger des besoins de la communauté locale. Jade Monkman, Winnipeg, Man. projets de développement communautaire, De retour au Canada, les participants Kyle Edwards, Winnipeg, Man. à aider à cerner et faire connaître les enjeux 47 devaient partager leurs expériences de Scotty McLeod, Victoria, C.-B. sociaux auxquels font face les communau- développement international avec les mem- Shannon Campbell, Chilliwack, C.-B. tés locales, de même qu’à contribuer à la bres de l’Icu et de leur propre communauté. détermination d’autres projets de dévelop- Deux d’entre eux ont choisi de raconter leur pement pour les villages et à la préparation histoire dans deux articles rédigés spéciale- de plans de mise en œuvre. ment pour le présent numéro de Plan contriBuer À Canada. D’autres ont organisé des fêtes lA PrÉserVAtion De PArcours communautaires, des exposés dans les lA lAnGue WArreu écoles et des ateliers dans leurs communau- par Cody Whiteman Je m’appelle Cody Whiteman et j’ai 21 ans. tés respectives. Ce court documentaire J’appartiens au clan Heron de la nation (https://vimeo.com/44520477) en est un onondawagah (seneca) des Haudenosaunis exemple marquant. Il a été réalisé par un sommAire Du ProJet (peuple de la longue maison). J’ai entendu cinéaste local, Rustom Seegopaul, qui avait Dans le cadre du programme WorldLink de parler de ce stage par un ami. été engagé par l’Icu pour fi lmer les expé- stages internationaux pour les jeunes riences des stagiaires dans les villages. autochtones (SIJa) de l’Icu, sept jeunes plan canada | fall · automne 2012 L’Icu tient à remercier l’acdI, l’équipe autochtones s’intéressant au développe- conteXte du projet des SIJa, le comité de planifi ca- ment communautaire ont été jumelés à un J’ai travaillé avec la nation warreu pour tion des peuples autochtones, les mentors mentor de l’Icu au Canada, puis envoyés au contri buer à la préservation de la langue et le ministère des Aff aires amérindiennes Guyana, en Amérique du Sud, afi n de warreu. J’ai séjourné dans plusieurs villages

PCQ3_2012_Book 47 2012-09-19 12:31 PM community development projects, assisting “assimilate” with the Warreu people. Aside from the language situation, the with the identifi cation and recording of The Warreu are slowly losing their lan- Warreu people have lost a great deal of their social issues faced by local communities, as guage, and those who still speak it are 55 culture but still cling to some of their tradi- well as helping identify other development years of age and older. The loss of any lan- tional ways. These include hunting and projects for villages and preparing imple- guage is tragic because language connects fi shing, skilled crafts like basket making, mentation plans. all of us to our heritage and is one of the and bow, canoe and paddle making. They biggest factors identifying us as Indigenous continue to prepare traditional foods like people. Our language provides us with an Casava bread and pepper pot and alcoholic tHe JourneY understanding of life as lived by our ances- drinks like “Aru caba”. They also brew a My name is Cody Whiteman. I am 21 years tors, and allows us to learn valuable beer made from the Casava called “Piewari” old and a member of the Heron clan of the lessons, hearing stories verbally passed on and a wine made from sweet potatoes, Onondawagah (Seneca) Nation of the from generation to generation. By preserv- called “Fly”. They continue to make their tra- Haudenosaunee (people who build the ing Indigenous language, the Amerindian ditional dug-out canoes which are the longhouse). I learned about this internship people will maintain a connection to the Warreu’s main means of transportation. through a friend of mine. legacies of the past and maintain cultural practices well into the future. The Warreu have been shamed as a tHe communitY’s resPonse conteXt result of name calling incidents by non- I met with three village councils to discuss I was working with the Warreu nation to Amerindians. John, the Community the creation of Preservation Courses for the aid in the preservation of the Warreu lan- Development Offi cer told me that young languages of the Hotoquai, Kamwatta, and guage. I went into several Amerindian people in the village of Hotoquai under- Yarakita. The Councils and villagers were villages to observe the local lifestyle and to stand the language, but refuse to speak it glad of the opportunity to regain and retain learn the Warreu language, in an eff ort to because other Guyanese call them names. their languages and planned to devote at

autochtones afi n d’observer le style de vie des est un événement tragique parce que la vivaient nos ancêtres. En écoutant les his- habitants et d’apprendre leur langue pour langue est ce qui nous unit tous à notre toires transmises oralement d’une tenter de m’« intégrer » au peuple Warreu. patrimoine, c’est l’un des éléments fonda- génération à l’autre, nous sommes en Les Warreu sont en train de perdre leur mentaux de notre identité en tant que mesure de tirer de formidables leçons de vie. langue et ceux qui la parlent encore ont plus peuple autochtone. Notre langue nous En préservant une langue autochtone, les de 55 ans. Pour moi, la perte d’une langue permet de comprendre la vie telle que la peuples autochtones pourront entretenir un lien avec les héritages du passé et maintenir

planning notes from home and abroad | l’urbanisme chez nous et à l’étranger leurs pratiques culturelles pour l’avenir. Les Warreu se sentent humiliés parce 48 qu’ils ont fait l’objet d’injures proférées par des non-Autochtones. John, l’agent de dévelop pement communautaire m’a raconté que les jeunes du village d’Hotoquai com- prennent la langue, mais refusent de la parler parce que les autres Guyanais se moquent d’eux. Outre la perte de leur langue, les Warreu ont perdu une grande part de leur culture, mais continuent de s’accrocher à certaines de leurs traditions, MMM has played a role in the development of some of Canada’s most notamment la chasse et la pêche, les artisan- At MMM Group, dynamic places by applying our expertise in the provision of integrated ats comme la vannerie, de même que la we’re passionate and sustainable strategies for liveable and vibrant communities. fabrication d’arcs, de canots et de pagaies— about creating healthy legacies in the Our approaches use land efficiently, build social and economic capital, d’ailleurs les pirogues traditionnelles sont toujours leur principal moyen de transport.

plan canada | fall · automne 2012 communities where protect and restore natural systems, and integrate infrastructure, we live and work. resulting in adaptable, safe and prosperous communities. Ils préparent encore des mets traditionnels comme le pepperpot (ragoût de viande et de cassareep) que l’on déguste avec du pain de manioc et des boissons alcoolisées comme le www.mmm.ca « Aru caba », sans compter la bière à base de

PCQ3_2012_Book 48 2012-09-19 12:32 PM least one hour a day teaching the Warreu the whole class. The children learned how own version of my Alligator Dance which language. to say the following words: they call “Neyarabaka”. By April 1st, we were successful in set- ting up our fi rst Warreu language program Bokia (good morning/afternoon/night) in the village of Hotoquai. I met with the Cattekit (how are you) closinG Warreu elders; as a result four elders volun- Ene yakeria ( I’m alright) This internship has been very rewarding teered their time to host a one-hour Nana (pineapple) for me. It has brought me nothing but hap- language class each Saturday at the Natoo (grandmother) piness and excitement, and I am at a loss Hotoquai Primary School to teach the lan- Daka (little brother) for words regarding the progress being guage to the next generation. In fact, John Dahe ( big brother) made in Hotoquai. I developed some strong (cdo) overheard people talking about the Daku (uncle) bonds with the elders, and in particular language program and bragging about hav- with Emanuel Larose, who said I had ing the program in their village. It is Mr. Peters, one of the elders, played gui- earned the right to declare “Ene Warreu evident that the language program has tar and sang in Warreu to capture the Nebora”, which means “I am a Warreu given some pride back to the Warreu peo- children’s attention, who then sat and lis- man.” I was very sad to have to leave and ple of Hotoqua. tened to some traditional songs. The elders Vice Toshoa (the chief) asked me when I On April 21st, John and I returned to asked me if I would share some of my tra- would return, telling me they didn’t want Hotoquai for the fi rst lessons in the ditional Seneca songs and dances. I to see me go at all. Warreu Language Preservation Program. It performed the Alligator Dance, Old I hope you have enjoyed reading this was amazingly successful, with 15 to 20 Moccasin Dance, Smoke Dance, Rabbit article as much as I have enjoyed writing it. people in attendance on that fi rst day. Dance, and the Stomp Dance. They seemed I loved the time I spent in Guyana with Seven elders were on hand to teach six to really enjoy the songs and shared more them and I am hopeful that my work there adults and eight children who stayed for of their own. They also demonstrated their has opened the eyes of the Guyanese

manioc qu’ils appellent « Piewari » et le vin clair que ce programme a réussi à redonner danse de l’alligator, la danse du vieux fabriqué à partir de patates douces, connu de la fi erté au peuple warreu d’Hotoquai. mocassin, la danse de la fumée, la danse du sous le nom de « Fly ». Le 21 avril, John et moi sommes retournés lapin et la « Stomp Dance » (avec martèle- à Hotoquai pour les premières leçons de ment des pieds). Ils ont semblé beaucoup warreu dans le cadre du programme de aimer mes chants et se sont remis à chanter rÉActions De lA communAutÉ préservation de la langue warreu. Le premier d’autres chants, en plus de démontrer leur J’ai rencontré les membres des conseils de jour, nous avons eu de 15 à 20 participants. propre version de la danse de l’alligator

trois villages afi n de discuter de Quelle réussite formidable! Sept anciens qu’ils appellent « Neyarabaka ». planning notes from home and abroad | l’urbanisme chez nous et à l’étranger l’organisation de cours de préservation des avaient la responsabilité d’enseigner à six langues des Hotoquai, Kamwatta et adultes et huit enfants qui sont restés pen- 49 Yarakita. Les membres des conseils et les dant toute la durée de la classe. Les enfants BilAn villageois étaient heureux d’avoir la possi- ont appris à dire les mots suivants : Ce stage m’a beaucoup apporté. Je n’en ai bilité de reprendre possession de leurs retiré que du bonheur et de l’enthousiasme, langues et de les préserver. Ils ont prévu de Bokia (bonjour et bonne nuit) et les progrès réalisés par les villageois consacrer au moins une heure par jour à Cattekit (Comment vas-tu/allez-vous) d’Hotoquai me laissent bouche bée. J’ai enseigner la langue warreu. Ene yakeria (Bien) tissé des liens étroits avec les anciens, en D’ici au 1er avril, nous avions réussi à Nana (ananas) particulier Emanuel Larose qui m’a dit que mettre sur pied le premier programme Natoo (grand-mère) j’avais mérité le droit de déclarer « Ene d’enseignement de la langue warreu dans Daka (petit frère) Warreu Nebora », ce qui veut dire « Je suis le village d’Hotoquai. À la suite d’une ren- Dahe (grand frère) un Warreu ». J’ai été très attristé de partir et contre avec les anciens, quatre d’entre eux Daku (oncle) Vice Toshoa (le chef) m’a demandé de reve- se sont portés volontaires pour donner des nir, m’affi rmant qu’ils ne voulaient pas du cours d’une heure chaque samedi à l’école Monsieur Peters, l’un des anciens, a joué tout que je parte. primaire d’Hotoquai afi n de transmettre de la guitare et chanté en warreu afi n de J’espère que vous avez pris plaisir à lire leurs connaissances du warreu à la pro- retenir l’attention des enfants qui se sont cet article autant que j’ai eu à l’écrire. J’ai plan canada | fall · automne 2012 chaine génération. En fait, John (l’agent de alors assis pour écouter quelques chants adoré mon expérience au Guyana et développement communautaire) a entendu traditionnels. Les anciens m’ont ensuite j’espère que mon travail a ouvert les yeux les gens parler des cours de langue off erts demandé de partager avec eux certains au peuple guyanais sur le rôle primordial dans leur village et en tirer orgueil. Il est chants et danses en seneca. J’ai joué la des langues dans leur patrimoine culturel.

PCQ3_2012_Book 49 2012-09-19 12:32 PM people about the signifi cant role languages presented numerous challenges and deliv- disappeared. I had fi nally overcome my play in their cultural heritage. ered many highs as well as lows. At fi rst the homesickness. I had become a traveler! I feeling of isolation and loneliness was over- was seeing a diff erent side of the world . . . whelming and it nearly ended my Guyanese but at the end of the day I still had a job to adventure on the spot, but quitting just do. The objective: Community internAtionAl ABoriGinAl didn’t feel right. I couldn’t let myself down Development. My goal: to develop a sports YoutH internsHiP eXPerience any more than I could let down my family program for Amerindian youth. By Kyle Edwards or my friends back home. I wanted to share When it comes to sport, Guyana is not a this exciting experience with young people world leader, but when it comes to pure, I was fortunate enough to be one of seven of my own heritage throughout Manitoba, raw, naturally gifted athletes, Guyana is youth selected for the Canadian Institute of the province I call home. With the help of blessed. Guyana is often mistaken for an Planner’s Aboriginal youth internship pro- my fellow intern Jade Monkman, I learned African country but this South American gram, a pilot project off ered to Aboriginal about courage; courage is just being brave “third world” is bursting with great poten- youth across Canada. all day . . . minute by minute. I had to antici- tial, the potential to move beyond the I’ve never been away from home by pate waking up some mornings feeling worlds of cricket and soccer. The Guyanese myself for longer than 10 days. The idea miserable and that as my day progressed people are a nation with tremendous desire didn’t sit too well with my mother as she things would brighten up. and ability, so where are the medals? The watched her fi rst born disappearing into the I began to realize that things were about problem lies in the lack of resources and an vast tropical rainforest in the small South to change in a big way. As the days went absence of eff ective programs for young American country of Guyana. Venturing off by, I realized I was having the time of my people and eager athletes of all ages. I was on my own to a place I didn’t understand life and my negative feelings just fortunate to have been located in Moruca, a

à la maison. Je voulais partager cette alors où sont les médailles? Le problème expérience captivante avec les jeunes de réside dans le manque de ressources et eXPÉrience De stAGe mon propre sang, d’un bout à l’autre du l’absence de programmes effi caces pour les internAtionAl Pour les Manitoba, la province où j’habite. Avec jeunes et les athlètes passionnés de tous Jeunes AutocHtones l’aide d’un autre stagiaire, Jade Monkman, âges. J’ai eu la chance d’avoir été envoyé à par Kyle Edwards j’ai appris à être courageux. Le courage c’est Moruca, une sous-région de la région 1 du être brave toute la journée, une minute Guyana. J’habitais à Kumaka, le carrefour J’ai eu la chance d’être l’un des sept après l’autre. Je devais prévoir que certains central de Moruca. La région ne vit que de jeunes autochtones choisis dans le cadre matins, je me réveillerais démoralisé, mais sport et d’activité physique, mais aucun

planning notes from home and abroad | l’urbanisme chez nous et à l’étranger du programme de stages internationaux qu’au fur et à mesure je me sentirais mieux. programme n’avait été mis en place pour pour les jeunes autochtones de l’Institut Petit à petit, j’ai commencé à comprendre favoriser le sport ou l’organisation 50 canadien des urbanistes, un projet pilote à que ma vie allait changer radicalement. d’équipes. Je me suis donc attelé à changer l’intention des jeunes autochtones partout Au fi l du temps, j’ai pris conscience qu’il tout cela. Moi et d’autres stagiaires avons au Canada. s’agissait d’un grand moment dans ma vie décidé de prendre l’initiative et, par con- C’était la première fois que je quittais la et mes sentiments négatifs ont disparu. Je séquent, de demander conseil auprès du maison seul pendant plus de dix jours. Ma n’avais plus le mal du pays. J’étais devenu vice-directeur de l’école secondaire Santa mère n’était pas très enthousiaste à l’idée voyageur! Je découvrais une autre partie du Rosa, Marti Dazouza. Résultat : il nous a de voir son aîné disparaître dans monde . . . mais j’avais tout de même un travail demandé d’organiser des activités sportives l’immense forêt tropicale du Guyana, un à accomplir. L’objectif : le développement et musicales parascolaires à l’intention des petit pays de l’Amérique du Sud. Partir seul communautaire. Mon but : mettre sur pied 115 élèves résidant au dortoir de l’école qui dans un endroit que je ne comprenais pas un programme d’activités sportives pour ne les tenait guère occupés après les heures comportait plusieurs défi s et m’ont fait con- la jeunesse autochtone. de classe. naître bien des hauts et des bas. Au début, En sport, le Guyana n’est pas un chef de Nous avons dit oui sans hésiter! La le sentiment d’isolement et de solitude que fi le mondial; mais lorsqu’il s’agit d’athlètes grande quantité d’équipement sportif que j’ai ressenti a été tel que mon aventure au talent brut et naturel, le Guyana est nous avait remis le ministère des Aff aires guyanaise s’est presque terminée à peine béni. Même si on le prend souvent pour un amérindiennes allait enfi n être utilisé à plan canada | fall · automne 2012 commencée. Pourtant, si j’avais déclaré for- pays africain, ce « tiers-monde » sud-améri- bon escient. Nous avons décidé que Jade fait, j’aurais eu l’impression d’avoir fait une cain recèle un immense potentiel, le Monkman et moi nous occuperions de erreur. Je ne pouvais pas me laisser tomber potentiel d’aller au-delà du cricket et du l’organisation des activités sportives, alors moi-même comme je ne pouvais laisser soccer. Le peuple guyanais est bourré d’un que Blayne Barrow de la Colombie- tomber ma famille ou mes amis désir et d’une capacité hors du commun, Britannique donnerait les cours de guitare.

PCQ3_2012_Book 50 2012-09-19 12:32 PM sub-region within Guyana’s Region 1. I give guitar lessons. The music program the course of the next two months we con- lived in Kumaka, the central hub of came together faster than we had antici- tinued to develop their skills and abilities. Moruca. The region thrives on sport and pated, and very soon we had some very They really got good at Ultimate Frisbee physical activity, but had absolutely no pro- enthusiastic students. The students met and every day after school they could be grams in place to encourage games or three times a week for one hour of guitar seen in the school’s courtyard playing hard organize teams. I set out to change that. lessons—six students per session. A brand while honing their skills. They also played We interns decided to take the initiative, new week made its debut and suddenly we soccer and cricket quite well. During our and asked for guidance from Santa Rosa had 30 student athletes in front of us, remaining weeks with the kids, with no Secondary School’s Vice-Headmaster, gawking at us, cracking jokes about us more to teach them, we played with them. Marti Dazouza. He asked if we could orga- when our backs were turned and they were By challenging them at their newly nize some after school sports and music wearing the local traditional form of foot- acquired skills we could see that they were programs for the 115 students then residing wear . . . that is to say, none. winners. The program had become our in the school’s dormitory, who had very lit- Jade and I tag teamed to instruct them in purpose and the thing we looked forward tle to do after school hours. a variety of games, which changed each to most each day; in the process, these We immediately said yes! The large sup- week. Gym was a favourite. And Ultimate Guyanese young people became some of ply of sporting goods that had been Frisbee, American football, dodge ball, vol- our closest friends. donated to us by the Ministry of leyball and soccer also made the grade. My Guyana experience was a real step- Amerindian Aff airs was about to be put to Every time they hit the fi eld I was thrilled ping-stone for me, an incredible way to good use. Jade Monkman and I would orga- with their performance. Almost every stu- kick-start my travelling career and further nize the sports side of things while British dent was as dynamic and explosive as some my interest in Community Development. I Columbia native Blayne Barrow off ered to of the best athletes I’ve ever met and over would do it all over again in a second. I

Le programme musical a été mis sur pied et âme au jeu tout en peaufi nant leur objectif et le moment que nous attendions beaucoup plus rapidement que nous adresse. Ils jouaient aussi très bien au soc- avec impatience chaque jour. En plus, avec l’avions prévu et, très bientôt, des élèves cer et au cricket. Au cours des dernières le temps, ces jeunes guyanais sont deve- impatients d’apprendre se réunissaient semaines avec eux, alors que nous n’avions nus certains de nos amis les plus proches. trois fois par semaine pour suivre un cours plus rien à leur montrer, nous avons Mon expérience au Guyana s’est avérée de guitare d’une heure, à raison de six décidé de prendre part aux joutes sport- un véritable tremplin pour moi, une façon élèves par cours. Quant au programme ives. En les invitant à démontrer leurs extraordinaire de donner le coup d’envoi à sportif, nous nous sommes vite retrouvés aptitudes nouvellement acquises, nous ma carrière de voyageur et de promouvoir avec 30 jeunes athlètes nous regardant pouvions constater sans nul doute que mon goût du développement communau-

bouche bée, se moquant de nous dans nous avions aff aire à des gagnants. Le pro- taire. Si c’était à refaire, je n’hésiterais pas planning notes from home and abroad | l’urbanisme chez nous et à l’étranger notre dos et portant fi èrement la version gramme sportif était devenu notre seul une seconde! I traditionnelle locale des souliers de sport, 51 c’est-à-dire aucun! Jade et moi avons fait front commun pour leur inculquer une foule de sports, chaque semaine mettant en vedette un nou- veau sport. La gymnastique s’est avérée très populaire, tout comme le « frisbee suprême », le football américain, le ballon chasseur, le volleyball et le soccer. Chaque fois qu’ils se présentaient sur le terrain, j’étais ravi de leur performance. Presque tous les élèves sont aussi dynamiques et explosifs que quelques-uns des meilleurs athlètes que j’ai rencontrés et nous avons continué à développer leurs aptitudes et capacités pendant deux mois encore. plan canada | fall · automne 2012 Les élèves se sont rapidement montrés très habiles au « frisbee suprême » et, chaque jour après l’école, on pouvait les voir dans la cour d’école, se donnant corps

PCQ3_2012_Book 51 2012-09-19 12:32 PM FeLLoWs’ corner DU cÔtÉ Des FeLLoWs

A uBc HistorY mAster’s thesis,¹ writ- insights as to how planning of the day should ten in 2011, tracks the role of city planning in be done, using skills learned elsewhere. Since Vancouver’s civic governance during a criti- the profession was still in its infancy at the cal period of transition. William Langford time, these memoirists make brief appear- describes the planners of the 1940s and ances in one another’s writings, reinforcing transient 1950s as “transient voices of reason”. the perception that the profession was a sort They brought knowledge and expertise of extended family in those days. It’s unlikely gained elsewhere in the world to Canada, a that any of these planners would disagree country with no indigenous 20th-century with Langford’s use of the term “transient”; VoiCes oF city planning tradition. (Langford’s principal after all, Hans Blumenfeld subtitled his mem- subject was Gerald Sutton Brown, a Jamaican oirs “The not entirely candid autobiography trained in engineering in Southampton). of a drifter”, and Humphrey Carver wrote Sutton held a series of planning jobs in about “Places and people in a man’s life”. reason: England before being hired to head up Blumenfeld was born in 1892, a scion of Vancouver’s planning department in 1952. the Warburg family of merchant bankers in Fortunately for contemporary planners, some Hamburg, Germany. He began his profes- readinG Canadian of these “voices of reason” still resonate via sional career as an architect in New York their written memoirs which provide a City and spent much of the 1930s planning glimpse of the fascinating times these plan- cities in the Soviet Union, before his return PLanners ners experienced. Their accounts provide to the United States just before the outbreak

le rÔle De l’urBAnisme dans la gou- biais des compétences acquises à l’étranger. vernance citoyenne de Vancouver en pleine La profession n’en étant encore qu’à ses bal- La PrÉCaritÉ période de transition—voilà le sujet d’un butiements, ces auteurs font de brèves mémoire de maîtrise en histoire¹ rédigé en apparitions dans les écrits de leurs pairs, 2011 par William Langford pour renforçant la perception qu’alors, la profes- l’Université de la Colombie-Britannique. sion constituait en quelque sorte une famille des VoiX de Dans ce mémoire, M. Langford décrit les élargie. Il est probable que ces urbanistes urbanistes des années 1940 et 1950 comme seraient d’accord avec l’utilisation du terme les « voix précaires de la raison » et, plus « précaire » de William Langford. En eff et, le 52 particulièrement, Gerald Sutton Brown, un sous-titre des mémoires de Hans Blumenfeld La raison : ingénieur jamaïcain formé à Southampton. est à cet égard explicite : The not entirely Ces urbanistes d’une autre époque ont candid autobiography of a drifter (ce qui partagé le savoir et l’expertise qu’ils avaient donne à peu près « L’autobiographie quelque reLire Les urBanistes acquis à l’étranger avec le Canada, pays peu trompeuse d’un itinérant »), de même encore dépourvu de tradition locale en pla- que celui de Humphrey Carver, Places and nifi cation urbaine du 20e siècle. Gerald people in a man’s life (soit « Places et per- Canadiens Sutton Brown, sujet principal du mémoire sonnes dans la vie d’un homme »). de M. Langford, avait occupé plusieurs Né en 1892, Hans Blumenfeld est un postes d’urbaniste en Angleterre avant descendant des Warburg, une famille de d’être embauché par le Service d’urbanisme spécialistes des services de banque de la Ville de Vancouver en 1952. d’investissement de Hambourg, en Heureusement pour les urbanistes du 21e Allemagne (alors la Prusse). Il a commencé siècle, certaines de ces « voix de la raison » sa carrière professionnelle comme architecte continuent de résonner grâce aux mémoires à New York et passé la majeure partie des plan canada | fall · automne 2012 qu’ils ont rédigés afi n de nous laisser entre- années 1930 à façonner des villes en uRSS voir l’époque si intéressante qu’ils ont avant de retourner aux États-Unis, juste traversée. Ces écrits proposent des pistes de avant le déclenchement de la Seconde réfl exion sur la façon dont l’urbanisme Guerre mondiale. En 1944, il a trouvé un d’aujourd’hui devrait être pratiqué, par le emploi à temps plein en urbanisme à

PCQ3_2012_Book 52 2012-09-19 12:32 PM of the Second World War. He found full- responsibilities included raising funds to be a collection of Levin’s speeches (edited by time planning work in Philadelphia in used in establishing graduate schools of plan- Michael Dudley), which refl ect Levin’s 1944, but diffi culties related to his work in ning in Vancouver, Winnipeg, Toronto and thoughts on planning issues he had tackled the peace movement, aff ected his applica- Montreal. His wonderful memoir, over the years. Dr. Levin is the sole memoir- tion for a uS passport, and as a result he Compassionate Landscape, appeared in 1975. ist mentioned in this article who was not a came to Canada. He accepted a position Earl Levin was a graduate in architecture member of cIp’s College of Fellows; he did, with the Metro Toronto Planning Board in from the University of Manitoba. He however receive the College’s Distinguished 1955, and in 1987, when he was 95, his attended uBc’s school of planning in 1952 Career Award in 2011. book, “Life Begins at 65” was published. after studying planning at the Association Ira Robinson studied planning under Humphrey Carver’s arrival in Canada in for Planning and Regional Reconstruction in Harvey Perloff at the University of Chicago’s 1930 was due to the shortage of opportunities London, England. Levin was recruited, along new planning program in the late 1940s. He for junior architects in London, where he had with Gerald Sutton Brown, by Vancouver’s worked for the South Side Planning Board trained in the Architectural Association’s fi rst city planning department. In addition to and the Chicago Land Clearance Commission School of Architecture. Carver walked Queen teaching in the City Planning program at the before encountering Peter Oberlander at an Street to fi nd a job in a Toronto planning and University of Manitoba and the University of aIp conference in 1952, where he was recruit- landscape architecture fi rm. While he was Winnipeg’s Institute of Urban Studies, he ing staff for uBc’s new planning school. with the League for Social Reconstruction, also held staff planning positions and con- Oberlander off ered Robinson an instructor’s just prior to joining the cmHc in 1946 he was sulted in Manitoba and Saskatchewan at position at uBc, which Robinson accepted, the strongest proponent of social housing in both municipal and provincial levels. The and he taught there until 1961. He then joined Canada. While working at the cmHc Carver’s Institute of Urban Studies recently published the Arthur D. Little consulting fi rm in San

BY / PAr Bill BuHolZer, FciP

Philadelphie, mais sa demande de passeport il a fréquenté l’école d’urbanisme de Planning Board et la Chicago Land Clearance américain ayant été retardée en raison de l’Université de la Colombie-Britannique Commission avant de rencontrer Peter problèmes occasionnés par le travail qu’il après avoir étudié l’urbanisme à Oberlander au congrès de l’aIp en 1952, alors avait eff ectué en temps de paix, il s’est l’Association for Planning and Regional que celui-ci recrutait du personnel pour la installé au Canada. En 1955, il a accepté un Reconstruction de Londres. Il a été embau- nouvelle école d’urbanisme de l’Université de poste au sein du Metropolitan Toronto ché par le premier Service de l’urbanisme de la Colombie-Britannique. Il a accepté le poste Planning Board et, en 1987, à l’âge de 95 ans, la Ville de Vancouver, en même temps que d’enseignant que lui proposait Monsieur

il a publié son ouvrage Life Begins at 65. Gerald Sutton Brown. En plus d’enseigner au Oberlander et l’a occupé jusqu’en 1961. fellows’ corner · du côté des fellows Diplômé de l’Architectural Association département de l’urbanisme de l’Université Ensuite, il s’est joint au cabinet d’experts- School of Architecture de Londres, du Manitoba et à l’Institut d’études urbaines conseils Arthur D. Little à San Francisco, 53 Humphrey Carver est arrivé au Canada en de l’Université de Winnipeg, il a occupé plu- avant de retourner au milieu universitaire en 1930 afi n de fuir l’absence de perspectives sieurs postes en urbanisme et fait offi ce de 1965. Il a enseigné à l’University of Southern d’emploi pour les stagiaires en architecture conseiller des paliers municipal et provincial California, puis est retourné au Canada en à Londres. Pour trouver un emploi au sein du Manitoba et de la Saskatchewan. 1974, où il a pris un poste à la faculté d’un cabinet d’urbanisme et d’architecture L’Institut d’études urbaines a récemment d’aménagement de l’environnement de paysagère à Toronto, il parcourt inlassable- publié une sélection des écrits de M. Levin l’Université de Calgary. Les mémoires ment Queen Street. Juste avant de se (édité par Michael Dudley) qui refl ètent ses extrêmement personnels de Dr Robinson, An joindre à la ScHl en 1946 et à titre de mem- opinions sur les questions d’urbanisme qu’il Urban Life Journey, nous laissent entrevoir la bre du mouvement de la League for Social avait abordées au fi l des années. Dans le vie d’un conseiller et d’un professeur en Reconstruction, il s’est révélé le plus ardent présent article, Dr Levin est le seul auteur urbanisme dont les opinions ont été sollici- défenseur du logement social au Canada. À qui n’est pas membre du Collège des Fellows tées tout au long de sa longue carrière. Dans la ScHl, il a eu la responsabilité de collecter de l’Icu; cependant, le Collège lui a décerné les années 1950, une demande qu’il avait faite des fonds pour la fondation d’écoles en 2011 le prix du mérite pour carrière émi- auprès du doyen du département d’économie d’études supérieures en urbanisme à nente en urbanisme. de l’Université de la Colombie-Britannique Vancouver, Winnipeg, Toronto et Montréal. Ira Robinson a étudié l’urbanisme avec pour enseigner l’économie urbaine l’a mené à plan canada | fall · automne 2012 Son fascinant mémoire, Compassionate Harvey Perloff à l’University of Chicago qui participer à un projet de recherche interdisci- Landscape, est paru en 1975. venait alors de lancer son nouveau pro- plinaire sur l’urbanisation dans la province. Earl Levin a obtenu son diplôme en archi- gramme d’urbanisme, vers la fi n des années Sa bibliographie met en lumière plusieurs de tecture à l’Université du Manitoba. En 1952, 1940. Il a travaillé pour le South Side ses ouvrages bien connus, dont Planning

PCQ3_2012_Book 53 2012-09-19 12:32 PM Francisco, before returning to academia in City of Vancouver did not accept his proposal Act were based on his belief that existing hous- 1965. He taught at the University of Southern to “transform the [False Creek] basin into a ing in the inner neighbourhoods of Canadian California and returned to Canada in 1974 freshwater lake with a constant water level”. cities “was a vital part of our national wealth where he joined the University of Calgary’s One suspects that had Blumenfeld lived to and must be carefully conserved”. He was vin- Faculty of Environmental Design. Dr. witness the joy and civic pride Vancouver’s dicated 20 years later by the highly eff ective Robinson’s highly personal memoir, An citizens felt in 2010, his regrets would have Neighbourhood Improvement and Residential Urban Life Journey, provides glimpses of a vanished. The celebration occurred when a Rehabilitation Assistance Programs that were professional planning consultant and teacher grey whale swam under the Burrard Bridge fi nally initiated. What is most inspiring about whose advice, during a lengthy career, was into a pristine marine basin which had been these planners’ contributions is the broad always in demand. He made an off er to the reclaimed from the devastation caused by view they took of planning, and the relentless dean of uBc’s economics department in the industrial use. The signifi cance of such appar- idealism that was part of their work ethic. 1950s to lecture on urban land economics, ent missteps is lessened by the overriding They viewed the practice of planning in a which led to his involvement in an interdisci- sense that these authors were engaged in life- broad social context that enabled it, and actu- plinary research project on urbanization in long learning, and were never unwilling to set ally required it, to address the fundamental British Columbia. His bibliography highlights aside a long-held theory or belief in the face issues of human existence. Humphrey such well-known Robinson works as Planning of convincing evidence. They would all have Carver’s chapter, “A Housing Programme”, in Canadian Regions (2001), which many plan- echoed John Maynard Keynes who once said: the 1935 League for Social Reconstruction’s ners turn to for deeper insight into his “When the facts change, I change my mind; manifesto, Social Planning for Canada, is an contributions to Canadian planning practice. what do you do, sir?” And for every off -key uncompromising look at the housing market. Honest memoirs will usually strike some note, these memoirs off er an example of It points out the need for a federal government discordant notes, and there are a few examples impressive foresight; Humphrey Carver’s 1956 role in housing that is still relevant today of this in these works. In Life Begins at 65, recommendations for “home improvement and proved the need for the persuasive Blumenfeld expresses his regret that the loan” amendments to the National Housing advocacy of comprehensive planning.

Canadian Regions (L’aménagement régional avait déclaré un jour : « Lorsque les faits chan- faisant valoir le rôle que le gouvernement au Canada) publié en 2001, auquel bon nom- gent, je change d’idée—et vous monsieur? » Et fédéral doit jouer dans le secteur de bre d’urbanistes se réfèrent pour mieux pour chaque note discordante, ces mémoires l’habitation—un rôle toujours aussi pertinent comprendre sa contribution à la profession servent d’exemples de grande clairvoyance. aujourd’hui—et souligne la nécessité d’un d’urbaniste au Canada. Ainsi, les recommandations de 1956 de plaidoyer persuasif de l’urbanisme global. Règle générale, les mémoires lucides Humphrey Carver visant à modifi er le « prêt Dans le dernier chapitre de Life Begins jettent quelques notes discordantes et ceux-ci d’amélioration résidentielle » de la Loi natio- at 65 fi gure le passage « On East Germany

fellows’ corner · du côté des fellows ne font pas exception. Dans Life Begins at 65, nale sur l’habitation s’inspiraient de and Marx » qui illustre bien la profondeur M. Blumenfeld note qu’il est regrettable que la l’hypothèse que les logements existants dans de la pensée de Hans Blumenfeld. Celui-ci 54 Ville de Vancouver n’ait pas accepté sa propo- les quartiers des centres-villes canadiens « font remarque que tout en préférant compren- sition de « transformer le bassin [de False partie intégrante de notre patrimoine national dre le monde que le changer, il se défi nit Creek] en un lac d’eau douce à niveau et doivent être soigneusement préservés ». On comme un activiste, car sa compréhension constant ». On soupçonne que s’il avait été lui a donné raison 20 ans plus tard lors de la du comportement humain lui montre qu’il témoin de la joie et de la fi erté que les citoyens mise en œuvre défi nitive des très effi caces court droit à la catastrophe, « et la loi de Vancouver ont ressenties en 2010, ses programmes d’amélioration des quartiers et morale m’ordonne de tenter de le changer ». regrets se seraient évanouis. Les marques de d’aide à la remise en état des logements. Étant donné que M. Blumenfeld a participé gratitude se sont manifestées lorsqu’une bale- Pourtant, parmi toutes les réalisations de ces activement au maintien de la paix dans le ine grise a nagé sous le pont Burrard pour se urbanistes, les plus inspirantes sont la vue monde, il est probablement le seul urba- retrouver dans un bassin marin qui avait été d’ensemble qu’ils portaient sur l’urbanisme et niste canadien dont la notice nécrologique remis en parfait état après qu’un usage indus- l’idéalisme absolu qui sous-tendait leur a été publiée dans le magazine Peace. triel l’ait complètement dévasté. La portée de éthique de travail. En considérant la pratique Lors d’une allocution en 1980, à la faculté ce soi-disant faux pas s’atténue encore davan- de l’urbanisme dans un contexte social élargi, d’architecture de l’Université du Manitoba, tage au regard de l’apprentissage continu que ils étaient autorisés, voire obligés d’aborder les Earl Levin a fait remarquer que le plan M. Blumenfeld et ces pairs pratiquaient et qui problèmes fondamentaux de l’être humain. Le d’aménagement urbain d’aujourd’hui, même plan canada | fall · automne 2012 leur permettait de toujours être disposés à chapitre de Humphrey Carver, « A Housing s’il traite avant tout de l’utilisation et de mettre de côté une théorie ou une croyance Programme », dans le manifeste de 1935 de la l’aménagement des terres, « s’intéresse aussi acquise de longue date devant des preuves League for Social Reconstruction, Social aux besoins des gens—familles, jeunes et décisives. Ils auraient d’ailleurs tous abondé Planning for Canada, pose un regard sans personnes âgées; il s’intéresse à la pauvreté et dans le sens de John Maynard Keynes qui complaisance sur le marché du logement, à l’emploi, à la santé et aux loisirs, aux modes

PCQ3_2012_Book 54 2012-09-19 12:32 PM In the fi nal chapter of Life Begins at 65, aspirations for the future. It is in fact trying Bill BuHolZer, FciP, is a partner in in a passage “On East Germany and Marx” very hard to return to Plato’s notion, to be the Vancouver law fi rm Young, Anderson. that gives an indication of the breadth of ‘concerned with the ordering of the city’, as He has an MA in Community and Regional his thinking, Hans Blumenfeld remarks he put it, and in the sense that he meant.” Planning from UBC and worked as a planner that, while he had always been more inter- Ira Robinson’s deep commitment to in Alberta and BC before obtaining his law ested in understanding the world than in achieving social justice through an interdisci- degree from UBC. His legal practice focuses changing it, he was an activist because his plinary approach was refl ected in his studies on land use and development law in British understanding of human behaviour told at the University of Chicago and his subse- Columbia. Bill is the author of “British him that it is rushing toward catastrophe, quent work in a lifetime of planning. Columbia Planning Law and Practice”, a “and the moral law bids me to try to change Contemporary planners wrestle with practice manual for planners in BC, and the it”. Because Blumenfeld was very involved such routine matters as whether to propose Planning and Zoning volume in “Halsbury’s in world peace, he is likely the only or permit the fi lling of a small wetland, the Laws of Canada”. He was admitted to the Canadian planner to have had his obituary demolition of a sound heritage building, the College of Fellows of the Canadian Institute published in Peace magazine. twinning of a highway bridge or the con- of Planners in 2010. He can be reached at: Earl Levin, speaking in 1980 to the struction of another block of apartments in [email protected] University of Manitoba’s Faculty of an area poorly served by transit. These pio- Architecture, insisted that the contemporary neering planners’ insistence on placing city plan, though cast in terms of land uses every decision into the broader context that and physical development, “is also con- the planning profession is uniquely quali- reFerenCe / rÉFÉrenCe cerned with the needs of people—families, fi ed to address, can be both inspiring (as to 1. Langford W. Is Gerald Sutton Brown God? Planning Expertise and the Local State in Vancouver 1952–1973. young people and the aged; it is concerned why that context is important) and instruc- Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of British with poverty and employment, with health tive (as to how to make that context relevant Columbia, May 2011. and recreation, with present life-styles and to the decision in question). I For FurtHer readinG / LeCtures ComPLÉmentaires Hans Blumenfeld: The Modern Metropolis (1967), Metropolis . . . and Beyond (1979), Life Begins at 65 (1987) Humphrey Carver: Houses for Canadians (1948), Cities in the Suburbs (1962), Compassionate Landscape: Places and People in a Man’s Life (1975) Earl A. Levin: City Planning as Ideology and Practice (2011) de vie actuels et aux perspectives d’avenir. Bill BuHolZer, Ficu, est associé au Ira M. Robinson: Planning Canadian Regions (2001), An Urban En fait, ce plan tente très fort de retourner à bureau d’avocats Young, Anderson à Life Journey from the Bronx, NYC to Victoria, BC (2011) la notion de Platon qui “s’intéresse à la mise Vancouver. Il détient une maîtrise en planifi - en ordre de la ville”, comme il le dit lui-même cation communautaire et régionale de et dans le sens qu’il lui a donné. » l’Université de la Colombie-Britannique et a Columbia « Planning Law and Practice » , un L’engagement profond d’Ira Robinson à travaillé comme urbaniste en Alberta et en manuel pratique à l’intention des urbanistes l’égard de l’atteinte de la justice sociale par Colombie-Britannique avant d’obtenir son de la province, ainsi que du volume sur la

une approche interdisciplinaire a imprégné diplôme de droit à l’Université de la Planifi cation et le zonage de la publication fellows’ corner · du côté des fellows son enseignement à l’University of Chicago Colombie-Britannique. Sa pratique juridique « Halsbury’s Laws of Canada » . Il a été admis et les travaux en urbanisme qu’il a menés se concentre sur la loi concernant l’utilisation au Collège des Fellows de l’Institut canadien 55 tout au long de sa vie. et l’aménagement des terres en Colombie- des urbanistes en 2010 et peut être joint à De nos jours, les urbanistes se débattent Britannique. Bill est l’auteur de British l’adresse : [email protected] avec des questions aussi anodines que pro- poser ou permettre le remblayage des milieux humides de petite envergure, la démolition d’un édifi ce du patrimoine en bon état, le jumelage d’un pont routier ou la construction d’un autre immeuble d’appartements dans une zone mal desservie par les transports en commun. L’insistance de ces pionniers en urbanisme à prendre chaque décision dans un contexte plus large, à savoir que la profes- sion d’urbaniste comporte des compétences uniques et qu’elle peut être aussi inspirante (pour savoir pourquoi ce contexte importe plan canada | fall · automne 2012 autant) qu’instructive (pour savoir comment ce contexte peut avoir un rapport avec la déci- sion prise). I

PCQ3_2012_Book 55 2012-09-19 12:32 PM PLanner’s BooKsHeLF

Sensing Changes: Technologies, Environments and the Everyday, 1953–2003 By Joy Parr Vancouver: UBC Press 2010

reVieWeD BY sue HeFFernAn, rPP, mciP

in Her neW BooK, “Sensing The chapter on Walkerton is the saddest Changes”, Joy Parr looks at megaprojects in this text. Parr outlines something which across Canada and how these projects was not that noticeable in the initial media aff ected local people and workers—not frenzy on the E.coli contamination issue. just by examining relocations, but also That is, she emphasizes that residents of by describing the impact on human physi- contrast to this enjoyment, Parr draws a pic- Walkerton felt their water was safe because ology. While most planners would have ture of the pre-fl ooding stage and notes that “it tasted good”. They relied almost solely focused on changes to community structures local residents “. . . remember the village on their sense of taste to determine if the and physical landscapes, Parr examined being clear-cut . . . months of chainsaws run- water was “clean” and they demanded how megaprojects aff ected people’s ning, slash burning, and people weeping as lower levels of chlorine because it made senses—their sense of place, of smell, the maples fell.” (Parr, p.91) the water taste better. taste and even their sense of time. People in Iroquois were appalled by the Parr indicates that the case of Walkerton The projects Parr examined can be loss of their trees and former homes but demonstrates how the embodiment of grouped as Megaprojects and Infrastructure. they were most aff ected by their sense of senses failed the people in the community. sound—the sound of the waterfalls and They felt that senses alone (including their Megaprojects: These activities changed the river waves close to their homes: “common sense” compilation of observa- entire physical landscapes and required “. . . most days the river was (a) barely tions) could tell them the truth about their mass relocations of people from their per- perceptible yet comforting . . . kind of environment. Unfortunately, the problem manent residences to other locations. muted roar . . . (It was) always in the back- with E.coli and water was that the belief in

planner’sbookshelf Gagetown examined the relocation of local ground until the coff er dam built to hold contamination came only when severe ill- residents to make way for a military base. back the river so that construction could ness and death hit the community. 56 Parr scrutinized the disorientation of local begin, was closed. That day the river and In closing, Joy Parr’s book is a new way people as they watched the expropriation of its rapids became thunderously inaudible.” of looking at the past and the Megaprojects their properties and then witnessed (from (Parr, p.88) New Media series rounds out her written text. nearby) the destruction of forests and farms. My only recommendation is that you start Local people felt they had to support the Infrastructure: Parr’s book includes two by reading the Old Iroquois and Gagetown federal government as it entered the Cold chapters on nuclear plants and one on water chapters, and save Parr’s more complex War and faced demands for trained military treatment. The fi rst nuclear discussion prose —her introduction—for the end of staff , but over time they resented the fact examines the environment of workers your reading. Another option would be to that they had lost “their whole world”. within nuclear plants (from Ontario to New explore the aerial photos and satellite imag- Former residents described their return Brunswick). The second nuclear article ery at http://megaprojects.uwo.ca/Gagetown “anniversary” tour of the Gagetown site as looks at people who lived on land beside the and then pick up a copy of the book. Either almost like “driving in the dark” (Parr, p.46). Bruce Nuclear and Heavy Water plants and way, you will never look at redevelopment The Iroquois chapter examines “Old their exposure to sulphur dioxide plumes. and megaprojects in the same way. I Iroquois”, a small town that was eventually Finally, the water contamination chapter fl ooded by St. Lawrence Seaway construc- focuses on Walkerton, Ontario. sue HeFFernAn, rPP, mciP, teaches plan canada | fall · automne 2012 tion. Parr provides descriptions of people All of the projects examine the senses “Geography of Northern Canada” at enjoying (and being thrilled by) the beauti- and how people “embody” their experi- Laurentian University in Sudbury and ful canopies of the almost ancient maples ence of the world around them by is a PhD student in the Human Studies along their old Iroquois streets (some of the recording the smells, sights, and sounds of department. She can be reached at: trees were “nearly a metre in diameter”). In their world. sheff [email protected]

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