Penggambaran Perempuan Dalam Serial Televisi Glee Sebagai Konstruksi Identitas Dan Jender Perempuan

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Penggambaran Perempuan Dalam Serial Televisi Glee Sebagai Konstruksi Identitas Dan Jender Perempuan PENGGAMBARAN PEREMPUAN DALAM SERIAL TELEVISI GLEE SEBAGAI KONSTRUKSI IDENTITAS DAN JENDER PEREMPUAN Nabilla (210000200) Abstrak: Tujuan Penelitian: untuk mengetahui bagaimana perempuan digambarkan dalam serial televisi Glee sebagai konstruksi identitas dan jender perempuan di media massa. Metode Penelitian: penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan data kualitatif berupa gambar, narasi, dan penokohan tokoh dalam tujuh episode Glee. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah studi dokumentasi visual terhadap episode Glee, wawancara pada enam responden yang juga penonton Glee, dan studi literatur dan situs. Hasil Penelitian: perempuan digambarkan sebagai makluk sosial yang seksi, perempuan merupakan objek seks laki-laki, perempuan sangat emosional dan lemah, perempuan tidak dapat dipercaya, perempuan yang bersifat dan berperilaku tegas, tangguh, dan berani adalah hal aneh, dan perempuan berderajat lebih rendah daripada laki-laki. Kesimpulan: Glee berperan dalam mengakselerasikan nilai-nilai maskulinitas dengan penggambaran negatif terhadap perempuan. Tidak ada satupun tokoh yang menggambarkan upaya resistensi dari kaum subordinat terhadap kaum yang lebih dominan. Serial televisi ini mendukung konstruksi perempuan yang ada di masyarakat. Nilai-nilai maskulin yang diadopsi oleh beberapa tokoh perempuan malah dianggap sebagai hal aneh dan tidak pantas. Kata kunci: perempuan, kontruksi, identitas, jender, representasi 1 Pendahuluan Selama ini, media, terutama televisi dinilai sebagai alat strategis dalam penggambaran dan pembentukan realitas. Dengan karakteristik dan kapasitas media massa yang mampu menjangkau massa dalam waktu serentak adalah kelebihan dan kekuatan bagi produsen media untuk mengakselerasikan nilai-nilai dan ideologi yang dianut. Peneliti menitikberatkan peneliti ini pada sebuah serial televisi asal Amerika Serikat, “Glee” yang merupakan serial televisi dengan genre komedi menceritakan kehidupan remaja semasa menjalani studi di SMA dan universitas. Adapun rincian Glee adalah sebagai berikut: “Entering its fifth season, Glee is a musical comedy about a group of ambitious and talented kids who escape the harsh of realities of high school by joining a Glee club, where they find strength, acceptance, and, ultimately, their voice. Since its debut, GLEE has become a bona fide cultural phenomenon, received prestigious honors, including a Golden Globe Award and Peabody Award, and singlehandedly made Glee clubs cool again. The series boasts critical acclaim, a die-hard fanbase, two Grammy Award nominations, two platinum and five gold albums, more than 43 million songs and more than 13 million album sold worlwide, two sold-out concert tours, a 3-D movie and four Emmy Awards and three Golden Globes, including the award for Best Television Series – Comedy or Musical. (Memasuki musim kelima, Glee adalah sebuah serial televisi dengan genre komedi dan musikal bercerita tentang sekelompok anak-anak bertalenta dan berambisi yang menolak realitas dengan bergabung ke sebuah grup nyayi (Glee), dimana mereka menemukan kekuatan, merasa diterima, dan yang paling penting, suara mereka. Semenjak debut, Glee berhasil menjadi sebuah fenomena budaya yang bona fine, menerima bermacam penghargaan, meliputi sebuah Piala Golden Globe dan penghargaan Peabody, dan secara tidak langsung membuat kelompok bernyanyi di sekolah ‘keren’ lagi. Serial televisi ini menuai banyak kritik positif, dua nominasi Piala Grammy, dua album bersertifikat platinum dan lima album bersertifikat emas, lebih dari 43 juta lagu dan 13 juta album terjual, dua tur dengan tiket terjual habis, sebuah film tiga dimensi, empat Piala Emmy dan tiga Piala Golden Globe, termasuk Serial Televisi Komedi atau Musickal Terbaik), (http://www.fox.com/Glee/about/, diakses pada 1/1/2013 pada 12.09) Melihat fenomena di atas, peneliti menyimpulkan Glee berhasil menjadi tren dan tontonan favorit bagi anak muda. Hal ini terlihat dari terbentukan banyak kelompok penggemar seluruh dunia. Prestasi yang diraih seperti Piala Golden Globe dan Piala Emmy menunjukkan tingginya popularitas Glee di mata masyarakat dunia. Fakta-fakta tersebut mendorong peneliti untuk melakukan penelitian. Glee berlatar belakang remaja di Amerika Serikat yang penuh dengan tantangan. Para remaja yang tidak kuat menghadapi kerasnya realitas memilih untuk bergabung 2 bersama sebuah ekstrakulikuler yaitu Glee club. Fenomena ini menunjukkan realitas anak remaja secara umum di Amerika Serikat, dan menjadi lebih menarik ketika diangkat menjadi sebuah realitas di televisi. Sebelum membahas lebih lanjut tentang Glee, peneliti menjelaskan bagaimana ide-ide dan penggambaran dalam Glee dapat membentuk realitas di benak masyarakat. Media mengkonstruksi sebuah realitas, sebuah realitas yang semu, bias dan kerapkali tidak adil bagi kelompok tertentu. Seperti halnya yang dipaparkan oleh Karl Marx dan Friedrich Engels dengan wacana terkenal “The Rulling Class and The Rulling Idea”: The ideas of the rulling class are in every epoch of the rulling ideas: i.e, the class which is the rulling material force of society is at the same time its rulling intellectual force. The class which has the means of material production at its disposal, consequently also controls the means of mental production so that the ideas of those who lack the means of mental production are on the whole subject to it. The rulling ideas are nothing more than the ideal expression of the dominant material relations, the dominant material relations grasped as ideas; insofar, therefore, as they rule as a class and determine the extent and compass of an historical epoch, it is self-evident that they do this in its whole range, hence among other things rule also as thinkers, as producers of ideas, and regulate the production and distribution of the ideas of their age: thus their ideas are the rulling ideas of the epoch. (Ide-ide milik kelas berkuasa berada pada tiap-tiap era dimana ide-ide berkuasa: seperti kelas yang mengontrol teknologi atau materi dari sebuah masyarakat pada saat bersamaan juga mengontrol gaya berfikir masyarakat. Kelas yang mempunyai alat-alat untuk produksi materi, konsekuensinya juga mengontrol alat-alat untuk produksi mental maka ide-ide mereka yang tidak memiliki alat produksi adalah subjek dari mereka yang berkuasa. Ide-ide berkuasa adalah ekspresi ideal dari relasi materi dominan, dimana hal tersebut ditransmisikan lewat ide. Maka dari itu, ketika mereka menguasai sebuah kelas dan menentukan arah sebuah era, ini membuktikan jika mereka melakukannya pada ranah keseluruhan, yaitu mereka berperan sebagai pemikir, produsen ide-ide, and meregulasi produksi dan distribusi ide-ide pada zamannya: maka, ide-ide mereka adalah ide yang berkuasa), ( Durham dan Kellner, 2006: 9). Menurut penjelasan di atas, peneliti mengaitkannya dengan Glee dan berpendapat jika orang- orang yang berkerja untuk Glee, produser dan penulis cerita dan naskah menguasai baik teknologi dan ide-ide. Para penulis dinilai sebagai kelas yang berkuasa karena mereka mempunyai alat-alat untuk memproduksi film dan memegang kontrol atas pesan-pesan yang disampaikan lewat Glee. Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti melihat bagaimana mereka menggambarkan perempuan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Lebih lanjut lagi, peneliti berpendapat jika pesan-pesan yang disampaikan media dapat mendorong masyarakat memaknai realitas, 3 memanipulasi identitas, mengkonstruksi jender dan identitas, sebagai tempat resistensi, serta menjadi ruang politik untuk peran laki-laki dan perempuan. Glee diproduksi oleh FOX, sebuah raksasa media Amerika Serikat lewat Ryan Murphy Productions. Adapun Glee diciptakan oleh “Glee is produced by Ryan Murphy Television in association with 20th Century Fox Television. Ryan Murphy, Brad Falchuk, and Ian Brennan are co-creators of the series. Murphy, Falchuk, Brennan and Dante Di Loreto serve as executive producers.” (Glee diproduksi oleh Ryan Murphy Television dalam asosiasi dengan 20th Century Fox Television. Ryan Murphy, Brad Falchuk, dan Ian Brennan merupakan pencipta Glee. Murphy, Falchuk, Brennan dan Dante Di Loreto adalah produser eksekutif serial ini), (http://www.fox.com/Glee/about/, diakses pada 1/1/2013 pada 12.09). Merujuk penjelasan sebelumnya, Glee diciptakan oleh tiga laki-laki. Murphy, Falchuk, dan Brennan berperan sebagai penulis tetap di Glee. Sebagaiamana dijelaskan sebelumnya, peneliti melihat fenomena ini memberikan kerugian bagi kelompok tertentu, salah satunya perempuan. Perempuan sebagai kelompok yang dirugikan jelas mengalami pembentukan realitas sosial baik dalam jender dan identitas. Dalam film berjudul “Miss Representation”, disebutkan “Women only hold only 5% of clout positions in mainstream media. Women comprised 9% of directors and 15% of film writer in the top 250 grossing films of 2012.” (Hanya 5 % persen perempuan yang menduduki jabatan tinggi dalam media mainstream. Dan hanya terdapat 9% sutradara wanita dan 15% penulis film dalam 250 film dengan keuntungan terbanyak sepanjang 2012), (http://www.missrepresentation.org/resources/, diakses pada 1/1/2013 pada 12.11). Peneliti berpendapat kondisi ini mendorong media untuk membentuk realitas sosial tersendiri dari sosok perempuan. Sedikitnya perempuan di industri media menyebabkan kelompok dominan lebih leluasa memproduksi isi media. Selama ini, isi media tidak pernah lepas dari perempuan. Eksploitasi terhadap perempuan baik secara terang-terangan ataupun secara halus membantu pengukuhan jender dan identitas yang selama ini menjadi pemahaman mainstream. Penggambaran perempuan beragam, seperti
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