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Tracing Paths a Study of Combs from Viking Age Iceland

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Tracing Paths a Study of Combs from Viking Age Iceland Tracing Paths A Study of Combs from Viking Age Iceland Nicolai Andreas Eckhoff Master’s Thesis in Archaeology Spring 2014 Tracing Paths Front page illustration: Picture of a Viking Age grave in Straumur, Tunguhreppur and a comb [20] found at Hrísheimar. Comb [20] has been edited into the grave and is not related (illustration taken from Eldjárn and Friðriksson 2000:223, photo of comb [20] has been taken by the author) II Tracing Paths Preface A thesis does not write itself, and over the course of this year, plenty of people have helped me with either information, suggestions, corrections or moral support. The first person I would like to thank is my supervisor Unn Pedersen who has contributed with all of the above, and my thesis would probably have been a mess if it was not for her. Per Ditlef Fredriksen also needs to be thanked for helping me when I first started this project. During the course of this year I have had many illuminating conversations and both Morten Ramstad and Morten Kutschera have provided me with great insigth and ideas regarding culture and combs. Steve Ashby has been phenomonal and answered every question I had, and held the door open for the possibilities of raw material analysis. Furthermore, this study would not have been possible if not for the help of Lilja Árnadóttir, Steinunn Kristjánsdóttir and Jóhanna Bergmann at the National Museum of Iceland and Adolf Friðriksson, Mjöll Snæsdóttir and Guðrún Alda Gísladóttir at Fornleifastofnun Ísland, who granted me access to the Icelandic combs and made sure I had an enjoyable stay in Iceland. I would also like to thank Gitte Hansen and Jón Viðar Sigurðsson for tips and litterature regarding combs and Iceland respectively. Special thanks goes to the Isak Roalkvam, Eirik Haug Røe, Frida Espolin Norstein, Julia Kotthaus and Cathrine Bru Guldberg for proof reading. Frida and Cathrine also deserve extra credit as our discussions regarding cultural, ideological and technological aspects have certainly helped the outcome of this thesis. Last but not least I want to thank the usual crowd at B11 who made every single day of writing this thesis an enjoyable experience, and Eirin for not being angry when I was at my most annoying. Nicolai A. Eckhoff III Tracing Paths IV Tracing Paths TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VII List of Tables ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VII 1. Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 1.1 Point of focus --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 1.2 Structure --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 1.3 Terminology ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 2. A History of Combs -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 2.1 Construction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 2.2 Who were the comb makers? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 2.3 Trade -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 2.4 The value of the comb ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 3. Typology ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 3.1 Previous Typologies ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 3.2 Ashby’s typology -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 4. Theoretical and Methodological Framework ----------------------------------------------- 21 4.1 Chaîne opératoire ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 4.1.1 Agency theory ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 4.1.2 Agency and technology ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23 4.2 Constellations of Knowledge ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 4.2.1 Constellations of comb knowledge ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 4.2.2 Picking the combs apart ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 28 5. Combs From Iceland ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29 5.1 An introduction to Iceland ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 5.1.1 Iceland in the settlement period -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 5.1.2 Tephra ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 5.2 Combs from settlements ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32 5.2.1 Hofstaðir -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33 5.2.2 Sveigakot ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35 5.2.3 Hrísheimar------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 36 5.3 Combs from graves ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38 5.3.1 Southern Iceland ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38 5.3.2 Western Iceland ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39 5.3.3 Northern Iceland ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40 5.3.4 Eastern Iceland ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 41 5.4 Chronology ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41 6. Picking the Combs Apart ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 43 6.1 Final resting place ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 43 6.1.1 Deposit ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43 6.1.2 Gender and graves-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45 6.2 Decoration ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46 6.3 Construction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48 6.3.1 Connecting plates--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48 V Tracing Paths 6.3.2 Rivets ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 51 6.3.3 Tooth plates ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54 6.3.4 Cut marks ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55 6.4 Comb cases ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56 6.5 Putting the pieces back together ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56 6.5.1 Comparing combs -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57 7. Tracing Paths ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60 7.1 The value of the comb ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61 7.2 Trade, gift-exchange and migration ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 62 7.2.1 Migration ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62 7.2.2 Gift exchange -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63 7.2.3 Trade ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64 7.3 Where were the Icelandic combs constructed?
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