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Viikingid – Röövlid Või Kaupmehed?

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Viikingid – Röövlid Või Kaupmehed? KÄSITLUSED kasvab see number pealegi iga aastaga. Ent Viikingid – vaadakem neid münte lähemalt. Mis puutub 9. ja 10. sajandisse, siis koosnevad tolleaegsed röövlid või aarded kuni 980. aastateni peaaegu eranditult vaid idapoolsetest rahadest, dirhemitest, mis vermitud Araabia kalifaadis. Ainuüksi Root- kaupmehed? sist, peamiselt Ojamaalt, on neid teada ca 75 000 tk. Mujalt on Araabia münte teada küll märgatavalt vähem, kuid siiski tuhandeid.1 Keegi pole eriti kahtluse alla seadnud Ivar Leimus idapoolse hõbeda merkantilistlikku päritolu. Röövkäikudeks asus islamimaailm liiga kau- gel, retk Rootsist sinna ja tagasi võis, olenevalt valitud sihtkohast, võtta aastaid.2 Raske ku- iikingitest on kirjutatud sadu, kui mitte jutleda, et väike sõdalaste salk oleks suutnud V tuhandeid raamatuid. Peaaegu kõigis mõne kaliifi või emiiri hästiorganiseeritud väe neis jagatakse vaprad purjetajad kahte kate- vastu kaugel kodust midagi korda saata. Paral- gooriasse, lääne- ja idaviikingeiks. Esimesed leel Cortési ja Montezumaga pole siin vististi neist pärinesid peamiselt Taanist ja Norrast kohane. Liiati ei pääsenud viikingid vähemalt ning need olnud eelkõige ahned röövlid, jõh- 10. sajandil enam kaugemale Volga keskjook- kardid ja vägistajad, kelle ees on värisenud sul asuvast bulgarite riigist. Kaubitsemist Idaga kogu Lääne-Euroopa Briti saarte ja Iirimaani tõendavad ka araabia kirjalikud allikad, esma- välja. Teised lähtusid Rootsist ja nood saavu- joones Ibn Fadlani kuulus reisikiri.3 Peami- tanud vägevuse, kaubeldes muinasjutuliselt seks põhjamaadest itta viidud kaubaks näivad jõuka Idaga, kogudes makse alistatud ida- olevat olnud karusnahad, eriti kopranahad,4 slaavi hõimudelt ning loonud viimaks Vana- nende kõrval aga ka orjad. Seda viimast tu- Vene riigi. Tõenduseks tuuakse ühelt poolt leks vist küll võtta reservatsioonidega, sest on arvukad Lääne-Euroopa annaalides alates arvatud, et seoses kauge teega ei tulnud otse- 793. a. jäädvustatud teated viikingite rüüs- reisid Skandinaaviast itta kõne alla.5 Orjad aga teretkedest, teisalt Skandinaavia maades la- olid kergesti riknev kaup, mida sai vedada vaid destunud tohutud hõbedakogused Araabia ja suhteliselt lühikeste vahemaade taha. Lääne-Euroopa müntide ning mitmesuguste Et pikad kaubaretked polnud mõeldavad, ehete ja metallikangide näol. peetakse Araabia müntidest koosnevaid Root- Tõepoolest, Skandinaavias leitud 8.–11. sa- si aardeid mõnikord ka alistatud slaavi hõimu- jandi rahade täpset koguhulka ei söanda välja delt kogutud maksu või Idas sõjaväeteenistuse pakkuda keegi, ent kindlasti võib kõnelda mõ- eest saadud palga peegelduseks.6 Ent maksu nesajast tuhandest mündist. Esmajoones tänu koguti suuremalt jaolt ilmselt natuuras, näi- Ojamaal katkematult avastatavatele aaretele teks karusnahkades, mille kohta on andmeid 1 T. S. Noonan. Dirham exports to the Baltic in the Viking Age: some preliminary observations. – Commentationes de nummis saeculorum IX–XI in Suecia repertis. Nova series 6. Sigtuna Papers. Proceedings of the Sigtuna Symposium on Viking-Age Coinage 1–4 Juna 1989, ed. by K. Jonsson, B. Malmer. Stockholm–London, 1990, lk. 251– 257, siin: lk. 255; A. Omrani. Balkh. En islamisk myntort i det historiska Iran. C-uppsats i arkeologi, höstterminen 2004. Handledare: K. Jonsson. Numismatiska forskningsgruppen, Stockholms Universitet, 2004, lk. 10. 2 A. E. Lieber. Did a ‘silver crisis’ in central Asia affect the flow of Islamic coins into Scandinavia and Eastern Europe? – Sigtuna Papers. Stockholm–London, 1990, lk. 207–212, siin lk. 209. 3 A. P. Kovalevskij. Kniga Axmeda Ibn-Fadlana o ego putešestvii na Volgu v 921–922 gg. Xar’kov, 1956, lk. 143–146. 4 I. Leimus, M. Kiudsoo. Koprad ja hõbe. – Tuna 2004, nr. 4, lk. 31–47. 5 A. E. Lieber. Did a ‘silver crisis’ in central Asia…, lk. 209. 6 Seisukoha kriitika vt. T. S. Noonan. Dirham exports to the Baltic in the Viking Age…, lk. 215. Tuna 1/2006 17 KÄSITLUSED 859. ja 883. aastast (V god 6367 [859]. Varja- tama Saksa Ordu kõrgmeister Winrich von gi iz zamor’ja vzimali dan’ s čudi, i so sloven, Kniprode, hansalinn Lübeck ning Nürnbergi i s meri, i s krivičej. A xazary brali s poljan, i s linnusekrahv Friedrich V von Hohenzollern. severjan, i s vjatičej po serebrjanoj monete i po Ilmselt tahtis 14. sajandi vene munk (vanim belke ot dyma; V god 6391 [883]. Načal Oleg säilinud kroonika käsikiri pärineb 1377. a.) voevat’ protiv drevljan i, pokoriv ix, bral dan’ s terminit valides rõhutada, et maks tasuti pari- nix po černoj kunice).7 Niisiis maksid Dnepri mas mõeldavas hõberahas. Suure tõenäosuse- vesikonnas elanud slaavi hõimud poljaanid, ga võis selleks olla vaid dirhem, vene nogaata severjaanid, vjaatitšid ning drevljaanid orava- (naqd, mitm. nuqūd – araabia k. raha; algselt ja nugisenahkadega, samas kui põhjapoolsed – valitud, kõlisev münt), mis tõenäoliselt hõimud – tšuudid (läänemeresoomlased), slo- seisiski kroonika algupärandis. Muud raha veenid (Novgorodimaa slaavlased), merjalased Venemaale tollal lihtsalt ei liikunud, mõned (volgasoomlased), kriivitšid (Smolenskimaa üksikud Bütsantsi mündid ehk välja arvatud. slaavlased) – tasusid oma kohustused varjaa- Siiski ei maksa arvata, nagu oleksid var- gidele nähtavasti ka kopra-, soobli- ja teiste jaagid kogutud maksudirhemid Venemaalt hinnaliste karusloomanahkadega. kõik koju viinud või sugulastele saatnud. Kuid “Nestori” kroonika vestab muudki. Idast toodud raha peaks sel juhul heiastuma Osundatud 859. a. sissekandes räägitakse ka Rootsi leidudes, need aga erinevad oma oravanahkade kõrval hõbemüntidest, mida koosseisult Venemaa omadest tugevasti, vä- kasaarid võtsid poljaanidelt, severjaanidelt hemalt 10. sajandil. Ehkki mõlema võrreldava ja vjaatitšitelt, hilisema teate kohaselt ka ala aarded kuuluvad suurelt jaolt 10. sajan- radiimitšitelt, üks hõbemünt majapidamise di keskpaika, valitsevad Ojamaa leidudes 9. (suitsu) pealt. 885. a. lõi Oleg kasaaridelt üle sajandi lõpu – 10. sajandi alguse dirhemid, radiimitšid, hakates neid ise maksustama. Ja Venemaa rahapadades aga on tugevasti esin- alles 964.–966. a. õnnestus Svjatoslavil röövi- datud vahetult nende peitmisele eelnenud da kasaaridelt ka vjaatitšite rahamaks. Kroo- aastakümnete mündid. Ka kestis Araabia nika kasutab nii 885. kui ka 964. a. sündmusi müntide juurdevool ja kasutamine Venemaal kirjeldades mündi kohta küll lääneslaavi sõna palju kauem kui Skandinaavias, kus see kui- ščeljag (poola szelą g), mis tuleneb muinaspõh- vas kokku juba 10. sajandi keskpaiku.9 ja sklillingist (saksa Schilling, inglise shilling, T. Noonani arvestuste kohaselt jäi umbes eesti killing), kuid see on ilmselt ümberkir- 60% dirhemeid Venemaale ja vaid 40% liikus jutaja tarkus.8 Killing oli Euroopas algul ar- sealt edasi.10 Raha püsis niisiis peamiselt Vene- vestusühik (=12 penni), kuid kui Prantsuse maal ja käibis sellel alal. 882. a. kohta märgib kuningas Louis IX alustas 1266. a. oma aja kroonika järgmist: “Tot Oleg načal stavit’ goroda suurimate hõbemüntide gros turnois’de ver- i ustanovil dani slovenam, i krivičam, i meri,11 i mimist, said need Saksamaal Schillingi nime. ustanovil varjagam davat’ dan’ ot Novgoroda po 14. sajandi lõpul hakkasid killingeid valmis- 300 griven ežegodno radi soxranenija mira, čto i 7 Povest’ vremennyx let. Siin ja edaspidi on kasutatud D. S. Lihhatšovi tõlget vanavene keelest. “Meretagused varjaagid võtsid andamit tšuudidelt ja sloveenidelt ja merjalastelt ja krivitšitelt. Aga kasaarid võtsid poljaanidelt ja severjaanidelt ja vjaatitšitelt hõberaha ja oravanaha suitsu [st. majapidamise] pealt. Aastal 6391 [883] hakkas Oleg sõdima drevljaanidega ja, alistanud nad, võttis andamiks musta nugise naha [majapidamiselt].” 8 V. Egorov. Čitaja “Povest’ vremennyx let”. http://www.ipiran.ru/egorov/rpvl.htm#_Toc83716292 9 T. S. Noonan. Dirham exports to the Baltic in the Viking Age, lk. 254; vrd. T. S. Noonan. The Vikings in the East: Coins and Commerce. – Birka Studies 3. The Twelfth Viking Congress. Developments Around the Baltic and the North Sea in the Viking Age. Ed. by B. Ambrosiani, H. Clarke. Stockholm, lk. 230–234; I. Leimus. Finds of cufic coins in Estonia. Preliminary observations. – Wiadomości Numizmatyczne 2004, z. 2 (178), lk. 153–166, siin: lk. 154–155. 10 T. S. Noonan. Dirham exports to the Baltic in the Viking Age, lk. 251. 11 862. a. olid nood varjaagid minema ajanud ja endalt maksukoorma heitnud. Tagasi kutsuti nähtavasti mingid teised viikingid, kellega maksusuhet veel ei olnud. 18 Tuna 1/2006 Ivar Leimus / Viikingid – röövlid või kaupmehed? davalos’ varjagam do samoj smerti Jaroslava.”12 ja pakkunud valemi, mille järgi moodustavad Seega pidid Novgorodi varjaagid tasuma Kiie- leidudes registreeritud mündid umbes 1/2000 vi omadele igal aastal 300 grivnat lunaraha, kogu impordist.16 Selle kohaselt moodustanuks muidu oleks neile kallale mindud. Muide, pä- idamaise hõbeda import Venemaale umbes ris õpetlik näide sellest, kuidas ühed viikingid 380 000 000 (loe: 380 miljonit) eksemplari. Et riisusid teisi! Sama toimus ju ilmselt ka Lää- dirhem kaalus keskeltläbi kolm grammi, teeb nes. Me küll ei tea, mida tähendas grivna 9. see kokku üle tuhande tonni väärismetalli!17 sajandi lõpul – 10. sajandi algul, oli see hõbeda Venemaale siirdunud idaviikingite arvu pole kaaluühik nagu hiljem või tähistas hoopis tea- küll võimalik isegi oletada, kuid vaevalt, et see tavat hulka tollal veel küllaltki ühtlase kaaluga küündis üle mõne tuhande. See tähendaks aga valmistatud münte. Kuid igatahes oli ka siin, tsentnereid hõbedat ühe mehe kohta, mis on vähemalt algselt, tegemist rahamaksuga, mis ilmselt ebareaalne. Teiseks
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