DOCSLIB.ORG

… and Where Will the Hydrogen Come From?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
… and Where Will the Hydrogen Come From? … and where will the hydrogen come from? Pittsburgh Coal Conference Sandton, 12th September 2007 Chris Higman, Syngas Consultants Ltd. SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD “Water is the coal of the future” “Water is the coal of the future. Tomorrow’s energy will be water that has been split by an electric current. The elements, hydrogen and oxygen, thus recovered from the water will provide the the earth’s energy supply for an unforeseeable time to come.” Jules Verne, “The Island of Secrets”, 1874 SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD 2 $1.2 Billion Hydrogen Fuel Initiative “A simple chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen generates energy, which can be used to power a car producing only water, not exhaust fumes. With a new national commitment, our scientists and engineers will overcome obstacles to taking these cars from laboratory to showroom so that the first car driven by a child born today could be powered by hydrogen, and pollution-free. Join me in this important innovation to make our air significantly cleaner, and our country much less dependent on foreign sources of energy." President Bush, State of the Union Address, January 28, 2003 SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/presidents_initiative.htm3 l Auto Advertisement (I) The most promising energy source of the future is one that is endless in supply. Oil and natural gas are gradually being exhausted and the combustion of fossil fuels is detrimental to the environment. Hydrogen fuel, on the other hand, is available wherever there is water. It is renewable and is virtually emission-free. The only byproduct of combustion is liquid H2O. SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD http://www.bmwzentrum.com/exhibits/hydrogen_car_interactive/flash.asp4 Auto Advertisement (II) Using regenerative electricity, such as hydro, wind or solar power, water can be broken down into its component parts of hydrogen and oxygen by means of electrolysis. The hydrogen can then be stored and transported to filling stations. Electrolysis can be done wherever there is water, and because the process can be powered by inexhaustible energy sources, the production of hydrogen fuel is quite harmless to the environment. SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD http://www.bmwzentrum.com/exhibits/hydrogen_car_interactive/flash.asp5 BMW 750 hl SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD Source: BMW6 AG Overview • Background • Basics of hydrogen manufacture • How much hydrogen do we need? • What does it take to make it? • Role of coal in hydrogen manufacture • Concluding remarks SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD 7 The Hydrogen Cycle Distribution and filling Usage and hydrogen technology Hydrogen production from unlimited regenerative sources SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD Source: VDI, Technik in Hessen8 What Does the Hydrogen Economy Promise? SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD 9 Greenhouse Gas Emitters •CO2 Emissions from – Heating – Transport • Road • Rail •Air •Sea – Power SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD 10 CO2-Emissions Transport 25% Heat 42% Electricity 33% SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD 11 Why Hydrogen? • Generally – at the end user –No CO or SOx emissions – No unburnt hydrocarbon emissions – No soot particle emissions –No CO2 emissions • And with fuel cells –No NOx emissions – Increased efficiency at the end user SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD 12 ... and where does the hydrogen come from? 6 • From the oceans 1,3 x 10 km² H2O 17 or 1,4 x 10 t H2 • From natural gas CH4 • With the help of – Electric power (but produced from what?) – Oil and coal – Biomass SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD 13 Reserves of Fossil Fuels Reserves Production R/P • Nat. Gas 180x1012 m³ 2763x109 m³/a 65 a • Oil 163x109 t 3895x106 t/a 42 a • Coal 909x109 t 4555x106 toe/a 155 a SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD Source: BP,200614 Chemistry of Hydrogen Production MJ/kmol MJ/kmol H2 • From water 2 H2O ⇒ 2 H2 + O2 +484,00 +242,00 • From natural gas (and water) CH4+ H2O ⇒ 3H2 + CO +206,28 CO + H2O ⇒ H2 + CO2 - 41,16 CH4 + 2 H2O ⇒ 4 H2 + CO2 +165,12 + 41,28 SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD 15 Chemistry of Hydrogen Production • With coal MJ/kmol MJ/kmol H2 C + H2O ⇒ H2 + CO +131,38 CO + H2O ⇒ H2 + CO2 - 41,16 C + 2 H2O ⇒ 2 H2 + CO2 + 90,22 + 45,11 • From water with energy from coal 2H2O ⇒ 2H2 + O2 +484,00 +242,00 C + O2 ⇒ CO2 -393,78 C + 2 H2O ⇒ 2 H2 + CO2 + 90,22 + 45,11 SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD 16 Electrolysis Process water Hydrogen C.W. Dryer ~ Cell Filter Deoxo Oxygen Rectifier KOH SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD 17 Key figures: Electrolysis • 4.2 - 5 kWh per Nm³ H2 • 2.6 kg CO2 per Nm³ H2 •1.3 Nm³CH4 per Nm³ H2 (equivalent) SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD Source: Stoll & von Linde, HP Dec18 2000 Steam Reforming of Natural Gas SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD Source:19 Lurgi Steam Reforming of Natural Gas Steam Waste Heat Desulfurizer Reformer Boiler Fuel gas HP Steam MP HP Steam Steam Combustion air Process steam Natural gas BFW Syngas SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD Key figures: Steam Reformer • 0.46 Nm³ CH4 per Nm³ H2 (gross) • 0.40 Nm³ CH4 per Nm³ H2 (net) • 0.8 kg CO2 / Nm³ H2 SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD Source: Stoll & von Linde, HP Dec21 2000 Hydrogen with Coal SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD Source:22 UOP Hydrogen with Coal SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD Source:23 UOP CO2 Capture and Sequestration • Over 30 Mio. t/a CO2 in Enhanced Oil Recovery in USA • 30 years experience • 4000 MW power generation equivalent (coal basis) • 1.8 Mio. t/a from Dakota coal gasifiers now used in Weyburn EOR Project SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD Quellen: Simbeck24 2001, Dittus, 2001 How much hydrogen do we need? • World crude oil production 3895 Mio. t/a • of which 50% for transport fuels – (Gasoline, Kerosene and Diesel) • Assume: replace half with hydrogen – 41 x 109 GJ/a 9 – 3793 x 10 Nm³ H2/a or 6 433 x 10 Nm³ H2/h 6 –CO2 emissions: 3200 x 10 t/a SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD Source: BP,25 2006 World Hydrogen Market • World production 400 x 109 Nm³/a including ammonia und methanol • of which 96% from fossil fuel sources • 4% from electrolysis of water • Largest single steam reformer plants – 200 000 Nm³/h H2 as hydrogen plant – 800 000 Nm³/h H2+CO as Syngas for FT (3 trains at Mossel Bay) • Increase H2 Production by a factor of 9 SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD Source: Simbeck, 262004 Power Requirement for Electrolysis 9 • 3800 x 10 m³/a H2 requires 1950 GW • World power capacity 3871 GW • World power production 1895 GWh/h (16 599 090 GWh/a) • 20% Hydro, 10% Nuclear, 2% renewables • Power production must be doubled 6 •CO2 emissions: 9880 x 10 t/a SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD Source: EIA, 2007, 200527 data Natural Gas for Steam Reforming 9 • Requirement for 3800 x 10 Nm³/a H2 9 – 1748 x 10 Nm³/a natural gas (as CH4) • World production – 2763 x 109 Nm³/a natural gas • Increase natural gas production by 60% 6 •CO2 emissions: 3040 x 10 t/a SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD Source: BP, 200628 Water Requirement for Electrolysis 9 • for 3800 x 10 Nm³/a H2 3,05 x 109 t/a demineralised water (Stoichiometric requirement) • Is this also a problem? – Globally? – Locally? SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD 29 Water Desalination • World capacity (1997) 8,3 x 109 m³/a • of which in Persian Gulf 3,65 x 109 m³/a 9 • Corresponding to 1,29 x 10 Nm³H2/h • Energy requirement 1,8 kWh/m³ (MED) 5 kWh/m³ (SWRO) 0.005 kWh/Nm³ H2 SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD Source: Azoury, Journal of Power and Energy,30 2001 Wind Energy SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD Source: World Wind Energy Association,31 2007 Solar Energy Generation System Solar power (SEGS) in California Three plants with 354 MWp capacity. 800 GWh/a = 90 MW ave. SEGS 3-7 Kramer Junction, Ca. 165 MWp 7 km² Source: Azoury, Journal of Power and Energy, 2001 SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD 32DLR Solar Power Generation 20MWp in Beneixama, Spain Completed August 2007 €120 million 40MWp in Brandis, Germany Under construction €130million 110 ha (275 acres) SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD Source: City Solar GmbH, Juwi Solar GmbH, 200733 Power demand in developing countries • India 100 GW by 2012 (=1x Germany) • China 80 GW/a new build under way Primarily from coal! SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD 34 Other aspects of the H2 economy •Storage – in distribution network – In the vehicle • Distribution • Safety SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD 35 Hydrogen at work SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD Source: Weston, London Buses,200436 Conclusions • The hydrogen economy can make a genuine contribution to the improvement of urban microclimates. • Hydrogen production without CO2 emissions is the weakest link in the chain. • The portrayal of the hydrogen economy as the solution of the CO2 problem is exaggerated. •CO2 capture and sequestration can make a useful contribution. SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD 37 … and where will the hydrogen come from? Thank you SYNGAS CONSULTANTS LTD 38.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Solar Thermochemical Hydrogen Production Research (STCH)
    SANDIA REPORT SAND2011-3622 Unlimited Release Printed May 2011 Solar Thermochemical Hydrogen Production Research (STCH) Thermochemical Cycle Selection and Investment Priority Robert Perret Prepared by Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185 and Livermore, California 94550 Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. Approved for public release; further dissemination unlimited. Issued by Sandia National Laboratories, operated for the United States Department of Energy by Sandia Corporation. NOTICE: This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government, nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, make any warranty, express or implied, or assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represent that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government, any agency thereof, or any of their contractors or subcontractors. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government, any agency thereof, or any of their contractors. Printed in the United States of America. This report has been reproduced directly from the best available copy.
    [Show full text]
  • THE HYDROGEN ECONOMY. a Non-Technical Review
    Hydrogen holds out the promise of a truly sustainable global energy future. As a clean energy carrier that can be produced from any primary energy source, hydrogen used in highly efficient fuel cells could prove to be the answer to our growing concerns about energy security, urban pollution and climate change. This prize surely warrants For more information, contact: THE HYDROGEN ECONOMY the attention and resources currently being UNEP DTIE directed at hydrogen – even if the Energy Branch prospects for widespread 39-43 Quai André Citroën commercialisation of hydrogen in the A non-technical review 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France foreseeable future are uncertain. Tel. : +33 1 44 37 14 50 Fax.: +33 1 44 37 14 74 E-mail: [email protected] www.unep.fr/energy/ ROGRAMME P NVIRONMENT E ATIONS N NITED DTI-0762-PA U Copyright © United Nations Environment Programme, 2006 This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme. Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Environment Programme concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • HYDROGEN for HEATING: ATMOSPHERIC IMPACTS a Literature Review
    HYDROGEN FOR HEATING: ATMOSPHERIC IMPACTS A literature review BEIS Research Paper Number 2018: no. 21 November 2018 7th October 2018 HYDROGEN FOR HEATING: ATMOSPHERIC IMPACTS – A LITERATURE REVIEW R.G. (Dick) Derwent OBE rdscientific, Newbury The preparation of this review and assessment was supported by the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy under Purchase Order No. 13070002913. BEIS Research Paper No. 21 1 HYDROGEN FOR HEATING: ATMOSPHERIC IMPACTS – A LITERATURE REVIEW Summary Introduction The Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) is undertaking work to strengthen the evidence base on the potential long-term approaches for decarbonising heating. One approach being explored is whether hydrogen could be used in place of natural gas in the gas grid to provide a source of low-carbon heat in the future. BEIS commissioned rdscientific to carry out a literature review to assess the evidence on the potential atmospheric impacts of increased emissions to the atmosphere of hydrogen. Headline Findings This review summarises the present state of our understanding of the potential global atmospheric impacts of any future increased use of hydrogen through release of additional hydrogen into the atmosphere. This review has identified two global atmospheric dis- benefits from a future hydrogen economy: stratospheric ozone depletion through its moistening of the stratosphere, and contribution to climate change through increasing the growth rates of methane and tropospheric ozone. • The consensus from the limited number of studies using current stratospheric ozone models is that the impacts of hydrogen on the stratospheric ozone layer are small. • The best estimate of the carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalence of hydrogen is 4.3 megatonnes of carbon dioxide per 1 megatonne emission of hydrogen over a 100- year time horizon, the plausible range 0 – 9.8 expresses 95% confidence.
    [Show full text]
  • Biogeochemical Cycle
    Biogeochemical cycle In ecology and Earth science, a biogeochemical cycle or substance turnover or cycling of substances is a pathway by which a chemical substance moves through biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere) compartments of Earth. There are biogeochemical cycles for the chemical elements calcium, carbon, hydrogen, mercury, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, selenium, and sulfur; molecular cycles for water and silica; macroscopic cycles such as the rock cycle; as well as human-induced cycles for synthetic compounds such as An illustration of the oceanic whale pump polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB). In some showing how whales cycle nutrients cycles there are reservoirs where a through the water column substance remains for a long period of time. Contents Systems Reservoirs Important cycles See also References Further reading Systems Ecological systems (ecosystems) have many biogeochemical cycles operating as a part of the system, for example the water cycle, the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle, etc. All chemical elements occurring in organisms are part of biogeochemical cycles. In addition to being a part of living organisms, these chemical elements also cycle through abiotic factors of ecosystems such as water (hydrosphere), land (lithosphere), and/or the air (atmosphere).[1] The living factors of the planet can be referred to collectively as the biosphere. All the nutrients—such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur—used in ecosystems by living organisms are a part of a closed system; therefore, these chemicals are recycled instead of being lost and replenished constantly such as in an open system.[1] The flow of energy in an ecosystem is an open system; the sun constantly gives the planet energy in the form of light while it is eventually used and lost in the form of heat throughout the trophic levels of a food web.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrogen Storage Materials with Focus on Main Group I-II Elements Department: Materials Research Department
    Ris0-PhD-21(EN) Hydrogen Storage Materials with Focus on Main Group l-ll Elements Anders Andreasen Ris0 National Laboratory Roskilde Denmark October 2005 Hydrogen storage materials with focus on main group I II elements Preparation and characterization Ph.D. thesis by Anders Andreasen Rise National Laboratory Roskilde, 2005 Author: Anders Andreasen Riso-PhD-21(EN) 2005 Title: Hydrogen Storage Materials with Focus on Main Group I-II Elements Department: Materials Research Department This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph. D. degree at the Department of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Demnark Abstract (max. 2000 char.): ISBN 87-550-3498-5 A future hydrogen based society, viz. a society in which hydrogen is the primary energy carrier, is viewed by many as a solution to many of the energy related problems of the world { the ultimate problem being the eventual depletion of fossil fuels. Although, for the hydrogen based society to become realizable, several technical difficulties must be dealt with. Especially, the transport sector relies on a cheap, safe and reliable way of storing hydrogen with high storage capacity, fast kinetics and favourable thermodynamics. No potential hydrogen storage candidate has been found yet, which meets all the criteria just summarized. The hydrogen storage solution showing the greatest potential in fulfilling the hydrogen storage criteria with respect to storage capacity, is solid state storage in Contract no.: light metal hydrides e.g. alkali metals and alkali earth metals. The remaining issues to be dealt with mainly concerns the kinetics of hydrogen uptake/release and the thermal stability of the formed hydride.
    [Show full text]
  • Theory of the Origin, Evolution, and Nature of Life
    Life 2012, 2, 1-105; doi:10.3390/life2010001 OPEN ACCESS life ISSN 2075-1729 www.mdpi.com/journal/life Article Theory of the Origin, Evolution, and Nature of Life Erik D. Andrulis Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Wood Building, W212, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-216-368-0261; Fax: +1-216-368-3055 Received: 15 November 2011; in revised form: 10 December 2011 / Accepted: 13 December 2011 / Published: 23 December 2011 Abstract: Life is an inordinately complex unsolved puzzle. Despite significant theoretical progress, experimental anomalies, paradoxes, and enigmas have revealed paradigmatic limitations. Thus, the advancement of scientific understanding requires new models that resolve fundamental problems. Here, I present a theoretical framework that economically fits evidence accumulated from examinations of life. This theory is based upon a straightforward and non-mathematical core model and proposes unique yet empirically consistent explanations for major phenomena including, but not limited to, quantum gravity, phase transitions of water, why living systems are predominantly CHNOPS (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur), homochirality of sugars and amino acids, homeoviscous adaptation, triplet code, and DNA mutations. The theoretical framework unifies the macrocosmic and microcosmic realms, validates predicted laws of nature, and solves the puzzle of the origin and evolution of cellular life in the universe. Keywords: quantum; gyre; emergence; thermodynamics; singularity; natural law; adaptation; learning and memory 1. Introduction How life abides by the second law of thermodynamics yet evolutionarily complexifies and maintains its intrinsic order is a fundamental mystery in physics, chemistry, and biology [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Myths and Facts About Hydrogen Hazards
    913 A publication of CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS The Italian Association VOL. 31, 2013 of Chemical Engineering Online at: www.aidic.it/cet Guest Editors: Eddy De Rademaeker, Bruno Fabiano, Simberto Senni Buratti Copyright © 2013, AIDIC Servizi S.r.l., ISBN 978-88-95608-22-8; ISSN 1974-9791 Myths and Facts about Hydrogen Hazards Fotis Rigas*a, Paul Amyotteb a School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15700 Athens, Greece b Department of Process Engineering & Applied Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada [email protected] The anticipated entrance to the hydrogen economy has raised many concerns as regards its safe production, transport, storage and use, not excluding environmental concerns. Although it is true that hydrogen has been safely used for many decades, this has occurred until now in activities mainly in the chemical industry, where skilful and highly trained personnel are engaged. Yet, no one is certain what would happen when a layman handles a potentially hazardous material such as liquid hydrogen to refuel our cars. Such thoughts are sustained by the fact that there is still a significant shortage of knowledge on hazardous properties of hydrogen. Scepticism is also emerging on the environmental effects of large hydrogen leaks when hydrogen will be extensively used worldwide. This paper is a contribution to knowledge of hazardous properties of hydrogen and aims at offering a comprehensive overview on safety issues of this new energy carrier. It is shown that hydrogen safety concerns are not normally more severe, but they are simply different than those we are accustomed to with gasoline or natural gas.
    [Show full text]
  • Green Synthetic Fuels: Renewable Routes for the Conversion of Non-Fossil Feedstocks Into Gaseous Fuels and Their End Uses
    energies Review Green Synthetic Fuels: Renewable Routes for the Conversion of Non-Fossil Feedstocks into Gaseous Fuels and Their End Uses Elena Rozzi 1,2,*, Francesco Demetrio Minuto 1,2 , Andrea Lanzini 1,2 and Pierluigi Leone 1,2 1 Department of Energy, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; [email protected] (F.D.M.); [email protected] (A.L.); [email protected] (P.L.) 2 Energy Center Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 6 December 2019; Accepted: 10 January 2020; Published: 15 January 2020 Abstract: Innovative renewable routes are potentially able to sustain the transition to a decarbonized energy economy. Green synthetic fuels, including hydrogen and natural gas, are considered viable alternatives to fossil fuels. Indeed, they play a fundamental role in those sectors that are difficult to electrify (e.g., road mobility or high-heat industrial processes), are capable of mitigating problems related to flexibility and instantaneous balance of the electric grid, are suitable for large-size and long-term storage and can be transported through the gas network. This article is an overview of the overall supply chain, including production, transport, storage and end uses. Available fuel conversion technologies use renewable energy for the catalytic conversion of non-fossil feedstocks into hydrogen and syngas. We will show how relevant technologies involve thermochemical, electrochemical and photochemical processes. The syngas quality can be improved by catalytic CO and CO2 methanation reactions for the generation of synthetic natural gas. Finally, the produced gaseous fuels could follow several pathways for transport and lead to different final uses.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrogen Futures: Toward a Sustainable Energy System
    International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 27 (2002) 235–264 www.elsevier.com/locate/ijhydene Hydrogen futures: toward a sustainable energy system Seth Dunn ∗ Worldwatch Institute, 1776 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20036 1904, USA Abstract Fueled by concerns about urban air pollution, energy security, and climate change, the notion of a “hydrogen economy” is moving beyond the realm of scientists and engineers and into the lexicon of political and business leaders. Interest in hydrogen, the simplest and most abundant element in the universe, is also rising due to technical advances in fuel cells — the potential successors to batteries in portable electronics, power plants, and the internal combustion engine. But where will the hydrogen come from? Government and industry, keeping one foot in the hydrocarbon economy, are pursuing an incremental route, using gasoline or methanol as the source of the hydrogen, with the fuel reformed on board vehicles. A cleaner path, deriving hydrogen from natural gas and renewable energy and using the fuel directly on board vehicles, has received signiÿcantly less support, in part because the cost of building a hydrogen infrastructure is widely viewed as prohibitively high. Yet a number of recent studies suggest that moving to the direct use of hydrogen may be much cleaner and far less expensive. Just as government played a catalytic role in the creation of the Internet, government will have an essential part in building a hydrogen economy. Research and development, incentives and regulations, and partnerships with industry have sparked isolated initiatives. But stronger public policies and educational e8orts are needed to accelerate the process.
    [Show full text]
  • Prediction of Novel Humified Gas Turbine Cycle Parameters for Ammonia/Hydrogen Fuels
    energies Article Prediction of Novel Humified Gas Turbine Cycle Parameters for Ammonia/Hydrogen Fuels Milana Guteša Božo 1 and Agustin Valera-Medina 2,* 1 Research and Development Department, Termoinžinjering Ltd., 23000 Zrenjanin, Serbia; [email protected] 2 College of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Cardiff University, Queen’s Building, Cardiff CF243AA, UK * Correspondence: valeramedinaa1@cardiff.ac.uk Received: 1 September 2020; Accepted: 23 October 2020; Published: 2 November 2020 Abstract: Carbon emissions reduction via the increase of sustainable energy sources in need of storage defines chemicals such as ammonia as one of the promising solutions for reliable power decarbonisation. However, the implementation of ammonia for fuelling purposes in gas turbines for industry and energy production is challenging when compared to current gas turbines fuelled with methane. One major concern is the efficiency of such systems, as this has direct implications in the profitability of these power schemes. Previous works performed around parameters prediction of standard gas turbine cycles showed that the implementation of ammonia/hydrogen as a fuel for gas turbines presents very limited overall efficiencies. Therefore, this paper covers a new approach of parameters prediction consisting of series of analytical and numerical studies used to determine emissions and efficiencies of a redesigned Brayton cycle fuelled with humidified ammonia/hydrogen blends. The combustion analysis was done using CHEMKIN-PRO (ANSYS, Canonsburg, PA, USA), and the results were used for determination of the combustion efficiency. Chemical kinetic results denote the production of very low NOx as a consequence of the recombination of species in a post combustion zone, thus delivering atmospheres with 99.2% vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Fall-Winter 2006 Entire Issue
    21st CENTURY SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Vol. 19, No. 3-4 Fall-Winter 2006 Features News ENERGY REPORT 8 The Isotope Economy 52 The Great Fool’s Oil Swindle Dr. Jonathan Tennenbaum Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr. The technologies for creating and harnessing new “natural” resources 53 Ethanol: Not a Kernel are already known today. We need the political will to mobilize them Of Science in It now, for the benefit of mankind. Laurence Hecht Creating New Raw Materials for the 21st Century 56 ‘Satanic Sugar’ in Brazil 38 Cynthia Rush Marjorie Mazel Hecht NUCLEAR REPORT The fusion torch (or its lower temperature version, the plasma torch) 58 Yucca Mountain Should Be can create new mineral resources from ordinary dirt and rock, and get A Non-Issue rid of waste by reducing it to its constituent elements. Jim Muckerheide CHINA IN SPACE SPECIAL REPORT 48 A Look at China’s Ambitious Space Program 62 WHO Brings Back DDT To Stop Malaria Marsha Freeman Marjorie Mazel Hecht China is moving forward in space exploration—with or without the United States. 64 Africa Needs DDT Fiona Kobusingye-Boynes Science & The LaRouche Youth Movement INTERVIEW: DONALD R. ROBERTS 65 To Combat Malaria, We Need DDT! 72 Seattle LYM Conduct Between the Notes ANCIENT DISCOVERY At Superconductivity Conference INTERVIEW: GLORIA FARLEY Wesley Irwin 80 Discovering America’s ‘Old Country’ Roots INTERVIEW: DR. STEPHEN GOURLAY 75 Science Today Needs a ‘Grand Vision’ SCIENCE OUTLOOK 86 Biosphere Technology INTERVIEW: DR. DON GUBSER In the Nuclear Age 78 We Have to Get Youth Excited About Science Mohd Peter Davis Books CONFERENCE REPORT 95 ESSAYS ON GEOCHEMISTRY AND THE BIOSPHERE 94 Nanotech2006 by Vladimir I.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrogen Is an Energy Source for Hydrothermal Vent Symbioses
    ARTICLE doi:10.1038/nature10325 Hydrogen is an energy source for hydrothermal vent symbioses Jillian M. Petersen1*, Frank U. Zielinski1,2*,ThomasPape3, Richard Seifert4,CristinaMoraru1,RudolfAmann1, Stephane Hourdez5, Peter R. Girguis6, Scott D. Wankel6, ValerieBarbe7, Eric Pelletier7, Dennis Fink1, Christian Borowski1, WolfgangBach8 & Nicole Dubilier1 The discovery of deep-sea hydrothermal vents in 1977 revolutionized our understanding of the energy sources that fuel primary productivity on Earth. Hydrothermal vent ecosystems are dominated by animals that live in symbiosis with chemosynthetic bacteria. So far, only two energy sources have been shown to power chemosynthetic symbioses: reduced sulphur compounds and methane. Using metagenome sequencing, single-gene fluorescence in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, shipboard incubations and in situ mass spectrometry, we show here that the symbionts of the hydrothermal vent mussel Bathymodiolus from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge use hydrogen to power primary production. In addition, we show that the symbionts of Bathymodiolus mussels from Pacific vents have hupL, the key gene for hydrogen oxidation. Furthermore, the symbionts of other vent animals such as the tubeworm Riftia pachyptila and the shrimp Rimicaris exoculata also have hupL. We propose that the ability to use hydrogen as an energy source is widespread in hydrothermal vent symbioses, particularly at sites where hydrogen is abundant. Deep-sea hydrothermal vents and their associated chemosynthetic standard conditions12. In fact, our thermodynamic model predicts communities were discovered in 19771. Since then, two energy sources that at the Logatchev vent field, aerobic hydrogen oxidation could have been shown to fuel primary production by the symbiotic bacteria provide up to 7 times more energy per kilogram of vent fluid than that form the basis of the food chain in marine chemosynthetic eco- methane oxidation, and up to 18 times more energy per kilogram of systems.
    [Show full text]